Tổng Hợp Ngữ Pháp Và Bài Tập Tiếng Anh 9 (Có Đáp Án)

" Tổng Hợp Ngữ Pháp Và Bài Tập Tiếng Anh 9 (Có Đáp Án) 🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Tổng Hợp Ngữ Pháp Và Bài Tập Tiếng Anh 9 (Có Đáp Án) Ebooks Nhóm Zalo 1 TỔNG HỢP NGỮ PHÁP VÀ BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 Unit 1: LOCAL ENVIRONMENT A. GRAMMAR I. COMPLEX SENTENCES 1. What is a complex sentence? (Câu phức là gì?) Câu phức là câu có ít nhất một mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause) và một mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) liên kết với nhau thông qua sử dụng các liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating conjuntions). Để thành thạo dạng câu này, chúng ta phải phân biệt được mệnh đề độc lập - “independent clause” và mệnh đề phụ thuộc - “dependent clause”. Vị trí của các mệnh đề phụ rất quan trọng dù nó không làm thay đổi nghĩa của câu nhưng sẽ quyết định xem câu của chúng ta nên thêm dấu phẩy hay không, qua đó quyết định tính đúng sai về mặt văn phạm của câu. 2. Subordinating conjunctions (Các liên từ phụ thuộc) Liên từ phụ thuộc được sử dụng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc, liên kết mệnh đề này và mệnh đề độc lập trong câu. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc có thể đứng trước hoặc đứng sau mệnh đề độc lập nhưng phải luôn được bắt đầu bằng liên từ phụ thuộc. Một số hên từ phụ thuộc hay gặp: although (mặc dù), though (mặc dù), because (bởi vì), since (vì), when (khi), as soon as (ngay sau khi), so that (vì vậy), in order that (để mà), if (nếu), unless (trừ khi),.. Ví dụ: Although I studied hard, I couldn’t pass the exam. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc Mệnh đề độc lập (Mặc dù tớ đã học hành chăm chỉ nhưng tớ không thể qua được kì thi.) I couldn’t pass the exam although I studied hard. Mệnh đề độc lập Mệnh đề phụ thuộc (Tớ không thể đỗ kì thi mặc dù tớ đã học hành chăm chỉ.) * Lưu ý: Nguyên tắc dùng dấu phẩy (,) với liên từ phụ thuộc Nếu mệnh đề phụ thuộc đứng trước mệnh đề độc lập thì giữa hai mệnh đề phải sử dụng dấu phẩy. Tuy nhiên, khi mệnh đề độc lập đứng trước thì không cần có dấu phẩy giữa hai mệnh đề. 3. Form (Công thức): subordinating conjunctions + dependent clause, + independent clause Or Independent clause + subordinating conjunctions + dependent clause (Liên từ phụ thuộc + Mệnh đề phụ thuộc, + Mệnh đề độc lập Hoặc Mệnh đề độc lập + Liên từ phụ thuộc + Mệnh đề phụ thuộc) 4. Types of dependent clause (Các loại mệnh đề phụ thuộc) a. Dependent clause of concession (Mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ sự nhượng bộ) Mệnh đề này bắt đầu bằng những liên từ phụ thuộc although, though hoặc eventhough. Nó thể hiện một kết quả không mong muốn. Ví dụ: Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning. (Mặc dù ông ấy đã cao tuổi nhưng ông ấy vẫn đi bộ vào mỗi sáng.) * Lưu ý: although/ though/ even though dùng với mệnh đề, ngoài ra có thể dùng despite và in spite of (+ cụm danh từ/ danh động từ) hoặc despite the fact that và in spite of the fact that (+ mệnh đề) để diễn đạt ý tương đương. Ví dụ: Despite his age, he goes jogging every morning. (Mặc dù tuổi cao nhưng ông ấy vẫn đi bộ vào mỗi sáng.) 2 b. Dependent clause of purpose (Mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ mục đích) Mệnh đề này bắt đầu bằng những liên từ phụ thuộc như so that hoặc in order that. Mệnh đề này được dùng để nói về mục đích của hành động trong mệnh đề độc lập. Ví dụ: We left early so that we wouldn’t be caught in the traffic jam. (Chúng tôi rời đi sớm để tránh bị tắc đường.) c. Dependent clause of reason (Mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ nguyên nhân) Mệnh đề này bắt đầu bằng những liên từ phụ thuộc because, since hoặc as. Mệnh đề này trả lời cho câu hỏi “tại sao” (Why?). Ví dụ: I didn’t go to school today because it rained so heavily. (Hôm nay, tớ không đi học bởi vì trời mưa quá to.) As this is the first time you are here, let me take you around. (Bởi vì đây là lần đầu tiên bạn đến đây, hãy để tớ đưa bạn đi thăm xung quanh.) * Lưu ý: Ngoài because/ since được dùng với mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ nguyên nhân, chúng ta có thể dùng because of/ due to + cụm danh từ/ V-ing để diễn đạt ý tương đương. Ví dụ: I didn’t go to school today because of the heavy rain. (Tớ không đi học hôm nay bởi vì trời mưa to.) d. Dependent clause of time (Mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ thời gian) Mệnh đề này bắt đầu bằng các liên từ phụ thuộc when (khi), while (trong khi), before (trước), after (sau), as soon as (ngay sau khi)... Mệnh đề này làm rõ thời điểm hành động ở mệnh đề độc lập diễn ra. Ví dụ: As soon as the teacher arrived, they started their lesson. (Ngay sau khi giáo viên đến lớp, cả lớp bắt đầu bài học.) I was washing the dishes while my sister was cleaning the floor. (Tờ đang rửa bát trong khi chị gái tớ đang lau nhà.) e. Dependent clause of condition (Mệnh đề phụ thuộc chỉ điều kiện) Mệnh đề này bắt đầu bằng các liên từ phụ thuộc if (nếu), as long as (với điều kiện), even if (thậm chí nếu) hoặc unless (= if... not)... Mệnh đề này đưa ra một điều kiện và kết quả của điều kiện đó. Ví dụ: I will lend you money as long as you pay me next month. (Tớ sẽ cho cậu vay tiền, với điều kiện là cậu trả tớ vào tháng tới.) The crop will die unless it rains soon. (Vụ mùa sẽ hỏng nếu trời không mưa sớm.) II. PHRASAL VERBS (CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ) 1. What is a phrasal verb? (Cụm động từ là gì?) Cụm động từ là một động từ được theo sau bởi tiểu từ (particles): giới từ (prepositions) hoặc trạng từ (adverbs): back, in, on, off, through, up... Sự kết hợp của động từ và tiểu từ thường tạo cho cụm động từ một ý nghĩa hoàn toàn khác so với ý nghĩa gốc của động từ. Ví dụ: If you don’t know the meaning of a word, you can look it up in the dictionary. look up = get the information (tra cứu) (Nếu bạn không biết nghĩa của từ vựng, bạn có thể tra cứu trong từ điển.) When my parents go on business, I must look after my younger brother. look after = take care of (chăm sóc, trông coi) (Khi bố mẹ tôi đi công tác, tôi phải trông coi em trai mình.) You should never look down on others just because they are poorer than you. look down on = show a lack of respect (coi thường) (Con không bao giờ được coi thường người khác chỉ vì họ nghèo khó hơn con.) Ý nghĩa của cụm động từ thường khó đoán do không phụ thuộc vào nghĩa của động từ gốc và 3 nghĩa của giới từ, do đó việc học cụm động từ thường gây nhiều khó khăn cho người học và chỉ có thể được ghi nhớ bằng cách học thuộc lòng và luyện tập. Lưu ý rằng các cụm động từ thường được dùng chủ yếu trong văn nói hoặc các văn bản viết không yêu cầu tính trang trọng, lịch sự. Nên tránh sử dụng cụm động từ trong các bài viết học thuật (trong bài viết học thuật, người ta thường có xu hướng sử dụng những động từ chuẩn tắc như “to postpone” thay vì cụm động từ “to put off”). 2. Separable phrasal verbs (Cụm động từ có thể tách rời) Cụm động từ có thể tách rời nghĩa là giữa động từ và giới từ có thể có một tân ngữ xen giữa. Ví dụ: I looked up the word in the dictionary. Hoặc I looked the word up in the dictionary. (Tớ đã tra nghĩa của từ này trong từ điển.) I need to pick up my friend at the station at 9.00 this morning. Hoặc I need to pick my friend up at the station at 9.00 this morning. (Tớ cần phải đi đón bạn tớ ở nhà ga lúc 9 giờ sáng nay.) * Lưu ý: Nếu tân ngữ là một đại từ thì tân ngữ bắt buộc phải đứng giữa động từ và giới từ. Ví dụ: I looked the number up in the phone book. → đúng I looked up the number in the phone book. → đúng I looked it up in the phone book, → đúng I looked up it in the phone book. → sai 3. Some common phrasal verbs (Các cụm động từ phổ biến.) getup (get out of bed) thức dậy find out (get information) tìm kiếm bring out (publish/ launch) xuất bản/giới thiệu look through (read) đọc pick up đón look up (get information) tra cứu break up đột nhập bring up (rear, educate a child) nuôi dưỡng, giáo dục call back (return a phone call) điện thoại lại cho ai carry on (continue) tiếp tục come across (find/ meet by chance) tình cờ bắt gặp come back (return) quay trở lại come up with (produce an idea) nảy ra, sáng tạo ra (ý tưởng) fall off (drop from) ngã, rơi xuống get along with (be in good terms with sb) hòa hợp, hòa thuận với ai get off >< get on lên >< xuống xe look after (take care of) chăm sóc look for (seek) tìm kiếm look forward to trông mong, mong chờ put off (postpone) trì hoãn put up with (accept) chịu đựng run away (escape) chạy trốn run out of hết, cạn kiệt take off (begin flight/ plane) cất cánh turn down (refuse/ reject) từ chối 4 turn off >< turn on tắt >< bật turnup (make an appearance) xuất hiện B. EXERCISES 1. Read the following sentences and underline the words are stressed. 1. Duong is living in a nuclear family. 2. Each member in Duong’s family has a private room now. 3. Nick likes the way that the family shared rooms in the past. 4. Nick didn’t like the way that Mrs Ha’s family had meals together. 6. Nick admires the way that the family reached an agreement. 2. Choose the odd one out. 1. A. paintings B. lanterns C. tourists D. drums 2. A. remind B. take over C. set up D. look round 3. A. park B. lacquerware C. zoo D. museum 4. A. bronze B. gold C. iron D. cloth 5. A. carve B. sweater C. weave D. mould 3. Identify the dependent clauses and independent ones in the following sentences by underlining them and labeling them. 1. He always spends time to do charity even though he is extremely busy. 2. Even though he is poor, he always helps other homeless people. 3. I didn’t take part in some community activities last Saturday because I was sick. 4. I got to the bus stop early so that I didn’t miss the bus. 5. If you had gone to the meeting yesterday, you would have met our former teacher. 4. Choose the correct prepositions to complete the sentences. 1. Please, turn the lights before leaving (off / over / out) 2. I usually get around nine o'clock every morning (on /up /at) 3. Our plane had taken by the time we arrived at the airport! (off / over / up) 4. The meeting was put because the chairman had suddenly got sick the day before (out / away / off) 5. I’m strongly determined. I never give things I planned to do. (in/ off / up) 6. We share the housework, I cook and my brother washes the dishes (over/ off/up) 7. We ran of petrol on the high way and had to walk our motorbike home (away / off / out) 8. His parents worked abroad many years, so he was brought by a nanny. (up / on /in/ of) 9. Why don’t you carry your work? You have finished almost a half of it (in /up /away /on) 10. We will need to find someone to look the baby while we are out tonight. (out /on /after /of) 5. Choose the best answers. 1. Many people in Hue City are trying to learn English well they can talk to the overseas visitors. A. despite B. so that C. in order that D. B and c are correct 2. I have been looking my school bag for over an hour. Have you seen it anywhere? A. up B. for C. after D. with 3. He wanted to improve his piano playing he really wanted to win the competition. A. so B. but C. because D. however 4. She invited her friend to go to Bat Trang village, but he down her invitation. A. turned B. put C. played D. passed 5. They are going to walk in the mountains play football. A. or B. because C. so that D. so 6. Hoi An is a famous old quarter in Da Nang city; , many tourists come here every year. A. because B. however C. therefore D. but 7. When we came home, we had a very delicious meal by my mother. 5 A. preparing B. to prepare C. prepared D. prepare 8. I like collecting handicrafts, so I have a big of them at home. A. collection B. collective C. collect D. collector 9. I know that you really like to find out about new places. I think Ha Long Bay is a place to travel to. A. wonderful B. woderfully C. wonder D. wordering 10. Are you looking forward from him soon? A. to hear B. to hearing C. hear D. hearing 11. I and my friends were late for the film we didn’t take a taxi. A. and B. but C. or D. so 12. Yesterday, I visited an art gallery a museum. A. therefore B. but C. so D. and 13. Last week was my grandmother’s birthday, I wanted to buy a gift for her. A. so B. however C. but D. because 14. He can’t go fast he fell off the bicycle hurt his foot. A. and / because B. because / and C. so / and D. so / because 15. We went to the shopping this morning but the shops were not open. A. house B. floor C. mall D. home 16. she tried really hard, she didn’t pass the exams. A. Although B. Despite C. Since D. Because 17. My father has smoking for five years because of his bad health. A. given up B. taken up C. look up D. waken up 18. we had finished our homework, we were allowed to hang out with our friends. A. Before B. By the time C. After D. Since 19. They have decided a visit to the conical hat making village in Hue. A. taking B. takes C. to take D. take 20. When he saw the fierce dog, he was very scared and A. ran up B. ran away C. ran over D. ran off 6. Complete the sentences with the following subordinating conjunctions. although as long as because even if so that unless until while 1. She turned down that job offer it involved working shift, which prevented her from taking care of her family. 2. You can use my car you bring it back before 5.00 as I will need it by then. 3. We will have a good harvest this year it rains and prevents us from harvesting our crop. 4. We are going to import a new assembly line we can improve our product quality. 5. he has become a millionaire, Tom still drives his old car to work and leads a modest life. 6. You have to finish your report it takes you all night. 7. The little girl didn’t eat anything her mother came back from work. 8. It’s difficult to find the parking lot. So you can stay in the car I go into the store. I’ll be back in just a few minutes. 9. University education is always necessary it’s possible to get a good job without a degree. 10. he’s eating a lot, he can’t gain weight and still looks very thin. 7. Choose the right phrasal verbs to replace the words in italics. 1. We cancelled the match 3 minutes after it started due to the heavy rain. A. called off B. carried on C. got off 2. He removed his coat and hang it on before coming into the room. A. put on B. put out C. took off 6 3. Sally looks like her mother, doesn’t she? A. looks at B. takes after C. looks after 4. His book will be published next summer. A. come in B. come out C. go out 5. He resigned from his job after getting involved in the argument with the boss. A. gave up B. gave back C. went out 6. That’s a good idea but I need time to meditate about it. A. run over B. think over C. get over 7. The World War I began in 1914. A. broke down B. broke into C. broke out 8. We need to discover how the information came out to the public. A. try on B. find out C. work out 9. You can search the meaning of these words in the dictionary instead of asking me. A. look at B. look on C. look up 10. A good friend will always support you. A. stand for B. stand by C. turn down 8. Underline the correct subordinators to complete these sentences. 1. I’m going to the bank because/though I need some money. 2. I made my lunch since /as soon as I got home. 3. Before/Although it’s raining, she’s going for a walk in the park. 4. Unless /Even if she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class. 5. He decided to trust Tim since/when he was an honest man. 6. So that/ When we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation. 7. Jennifer decided to leave Tom in order that/as he was too serious about his job. 8. Dennis bought a new jacket even though /after he had received one as a gift last week. 9. Brandley claims that there will be trouble though / if he doesn’t complete the job. 10. Janice will have finished the report by/for the time you receive the letter. 9. Use the following phrasal verbs to complete the following sentences. believe in fill in get on look for put out switch on take off throw away turn down try on 1. Quick! the bus. It’s ready to leave. 2. I don’t know where my book is. I have to it. 3. It’s dark inside. Can you the light, please? 4. the form, please. 5. A: I need some new clothes. B: Why don’t you these jeans? 6. It’s warm inside. your coat. 7. This pencil is really old. You can it . 8. It’s so loud here. Can you the radio a little? 9. The firemen were able to the fire on Church Street. 10. Does your little brother ghosts? 10. Choose the correct answers A, B, C, or D to complete the letter. Jane Goodall was (1) in London, England, on April 3, 1934. On her second birthday, her father gave her a toy chimpanzee named Jubilee. Jubilee was (2) a baby chimp in the London Zoo, and seemed to foretell the course Jane’s life would take. To this day, Jubilee sits in a chair in Janes’s London home. From an (3) age, Jane was was fascinated by animals and animal stories. By the age of 10, she was talking (4) going to Africa to live among the animals there. At the time, in the early 1940s, this was a radical idea (5) women did not go to Africa by themselves. 7 As a young woman, Jane finished school in London, (6) secretarial school, and then worked for a documentary film maker for a while. When a school friend invited her (7) Kenya, she worked as a waitress (8) she had earned the fare to travel there by boat. She was 23 years old. 1. A. bear B. bom C. to bear D. bearing 2. A. named up B. named with C. named by D. named after 3. A. early B. late C. beginning D. starting 4. A. with B. to C. about D. from 5. A. because B. since C. and D. A and B are correct 6. A. went B. worked C. attended D. organized 7. A. to visit B. visiting C. visits D. visited 8. A. so B. since C. until D. however 11. Combine the sentences, using the words or phrases in brackets. 1. Many people already have reservations for cheap flights. I doubt that I’ll get the chance to get a ticket (since) 2. I need to buy some shampoo. I can wash my hair (so that) 3. Many students failed the test. The teacher decided to give it again (since) 4. The room was hot. I turned on the fan. (because) 5. Beck borrowed my computer. He wanted to type his composition (so that) 6. I had missed my bus. I got to class on time (even though) 7. I go swimming. I have to keep my eyes closed underwater (when) 8. You shouldn’t exceed the speed limit. You are an experienced race car driver (even if) 9. We’re going to lose this game. The team doesn’t start playing better soon (if) 10. There was no electricity. I was able to read because I had a candle (though) C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 1: LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 1. 1. Duong is living in a nuclear family. 2. Each member in Duong’s family has a private room now. 3. Nick likes the way that the family shared rooms in the past. 4. Nick didn’t like the way that Mrs Ha’s family had meals together. 6. Nick admires the way that the family reached an agreement. 2. 1. C. tourists 2. A. remind 3. B. lacquerware 4. D. cloth 5. B. sweater 8 3. 1. He always spends time to do charity (independent clause) even though he is extremely busy (dependent clause) 2. Even though he is poor, (dependent clause) he always helps other homeless people (independent clause) 3. I didn’t take part in some community activities last Saturday (independent clause) because I was sick (dependent clause). 4. I got to the bus stop early (independent clause), so that I didn’t miss the bus (dependent clause). 5. If you had gone to the meeting yesterday (dependent clause), you would have met our former teacher (independent clause). 4. l. off 2. up 3. off 4. off 5. up 6. up 7. out 8. up 9. on 10 after 5. l. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A 9.B 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. B 6. 1. because 2. as long as 3. unless 4. so that 5. Although 6. even if 7. until 8. while 9. even if 10. Although 7. 1. A. called off 2. C. took off 3. B. takes after 4. B. come out 5. A. gave up 6. B. think over 7. C. broke out 8. B. find out 9. C. look up 10. B. standby 8. 1. because 2. as soon as 3. Although 4. Unless 5. since 6. When 7. as 8. even though 9. if 10. by 9. l. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 10. 1. A. don’t like 2. A. because 3. B. of 4. A. all 5. D. while 6. D. local 7. C. on 8. B. opportunity 11. 1. I’ve never taken any more memorable trip than this one. 2. He is the most interesting man I’ve ever talked to. 3. My mother is the most hard-working. 4. John is the hardest worker in this factory. 5. Is this the cheapest computer you have got? 6. I can’t sing as beautifully as she can. 7. Mary used to study better than she does now. 8. Last night, Tom didn’t come home as early as Peter. 9. She doesn’t always run as quickly as her sister. 10. No one in my brother’s English class is more handsome than him. 9 Unit 2: CITY LIFE A. GRAMMAR I. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ) 1. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs (So sánh của tính từ và trạng từ) Khi học về so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ chúng ta cần nắm được cách sử dụng cơ bản của hai loại từ này. Tính từ (adjective) được sử dụng sau động từ “to be” và sau các động từ kết nối (linking verbs) như: become (trở nên), feel (cảm thấy), look (trông có vẻ), appear (xuất hiện), seem (dường như), sound (cỏ vẻ), smell (ngửi), taste (có vị). để mô tả đặc điểm, tính chất của sự vật hiện tượng. Ví dụ: He has become very famous recently. (Dạo này, anh ta trở nên rất nổi tiếng.) This dish tastes so delicious. Mum! (Món ăn này có vị ngon quá, mẹ à!) Trạng từ (adverbs) được sử dụng sau động từ thường (ordinary verbs) để thể hiện cách thức của các hành động như: run, drive, drink, work, study (chạy, lái xe, uống, làm việc, học tập. ..) Ví dụ: My dad always drives carefully. (Bố tớ luôn luôn lái xe rất cẩn thận.) He studies very hard this semester. (Kì này cậu ấy học rất chăm chỉ.) * Lưu ý: Khi chuyển một tính từ sang trạng từ (chỉ cách thức), ta chỉ cần thêm đuôi -ly vào sau tính từ: careful - carefully (cẩn thận), quick - quickly (nhanh), slow - slowly (chậm). ...Có một số từ vừa là tính từ, vừa là trạng từ: hard (vất cả, chăm chỉ), fast (nhanh), late (muộn), early (sớm).... a. Comparative of adjectives and adverbs (So sánh hơn của tính từ và trạng từ) * Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn (short adj/ adv) S1 + V + short adj / adv + er + than + S2 Ví dụ: She is taller than her younger sister. (Cô ấy cao hơn em gái mình.) He always studies harder than me /I am. (Anh ấy luôn luôn học hành chăm chỉ hơn tôi.) * Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ dài (long adj/ adv) S1 + V + more + long adj / adv than + S2 Ví dụ: Mrs. Lan is more beautiful than she used to. (Cô Lan bây giờ xinh hơn so với trước đây.) Women usually drive more carefully than men. (Phụ nữ thường lái xe cẩn thận hơn nam giới.) b. Superlative of adjectives and adverbs (So sánh hơn nhất của tính từ và trạng từ.) * Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn (short adj/ adv) S + V + the + short adj / adv + est + of/ in + noun/ noun phrase Ví dụ: My brother is the strongest player in the school football team. (Anh trai tôi là cầu thủ khỏe nhất trong đội bóng đá trường.) He 10 ran the fastest in the race. (Anh ta chạy nhanh nhất trong cuộc đua.) * Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ dài (long adj/ adv) S + V + the + most + long adj / adv + of/ in + noun/ noun phrase Ví dụ: My mom is the most careful in my family. (Mẹ tôi là người cẩn thận nhất trong gia đình.) He drives the most carefully of all these drivers. (Anh ấy lái xe cẩn thận nhất trong so các lái xe ở đây.) c. Some notes on comparison (Một số chú ý trong cấu trúc so sánh.) + So sánh hơn có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm much /far / a lot / lots / a good deal/a great deal (nhiều) hoặc giảm nhẹ bằng cách thêm a bit/a little/ slightly (một chút) vào trước hình thức so sánh. Ví dụ: He is much taller than me (I am). (Anh ấy cao hơn tôi nhiều.) This TV is a lot more expensive than that one. (Chiếc TV này đắt hơn nhiều so với chiếc kia.) My sister studies a little better than me. (Chị gái tôi học tot hơn tôi một chút.) + Trong so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ, ta có thể dùng second, third, fourth.....để nói về vị trí thứ hai, thứ ba.... Ví dụ: Russian is the biggest country in the world and Canada is the second biggest one. (Nước Nga là nước lớn nhất trên thế giới và nước Canada là nước lớn thứ hai.) + So sánh hơn nhất có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm almost (hầu như); much (nhiều); quite (tương đối); by far / far (rất nhiều) vào trước hình thức so sánh. Ví dụ: She is by far the best. (Cô ấy hơn mọi người rất nhiều.) Harry Porter is by far the most interesting storv that I have read. (Harry Porter là truyện hay nhất mà tớ đã từng đọc.) II. PHRASAL VERBS - CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ (TIẾP) Ngoài việc học nghĩa của cụm động từ, chúng ta cũng cần biết liệu động từ đó và tiểu từ hay giới từ có luôn đi cạnh nhau hay chúng có thể tách rời nhau được. Ở bài trước chúng ta đã học về cụm động từ có thể tách rời (Separable verb phrases), nghĩa là tân ngữ của động từ có thể đứng ở giữa động từ và tiểu từ hay giới từ: put sth on, turn sth/sb down... Trong bài hôm nay chúng ta sẽ học về cụm động từ không thể tách rời (Inseparable phrasal verbs), nghĩa là động từ và giới từ luôn đi cạnh nhau không bao giờ tách rời: set off, look forward to, put up with.... Ví dụ: I am looking forward to seeing her soon. (Tôi đang mong chờ gặp cô ấy.) What time will you set off tomorrow morning? (Sáng mai mấy giờ cậu khởi hành?) * Lưu ý: Một số cụm động từ không thể tách rời: turn up xuất hiện get on with hòa hợp với ai đó set off khởi hành look forward to mong đợi put up with chịu đựng 11 keep up with theo kịp ai dress up mặc quần áo (lịch sự) grow up lớn lên get over vượt qua apply for nộp đơn xin việc go on with tiếp tục với get on tiến bộ break down hỏng xe break in đột nhập go over kiểm tra B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the odd one out. 1. A.races B. religions C. traditions D. attraction 2. A. tiredness B. excited C. interested D. surprised 3. A. good B. quick C. comfortable D. short 4. A. well B. tall C. bad D. far 5. A. remove B. museum C. refuse D. examine 2. Find the word with different sound in the underline part in each line. 1. A. wanted B. worked c. walked D. stopped 2. A. goes B. watches c. misses D. brushes 3. A. judo B. mother c. open D. homework 4. A. nation B. question c. action D. education 5. A. who B. when c. where D. what 3. Complete the following sentences with the correct comparative forms of the adjectives. 1. Ho Chi Minh City is a__________(big) city than Ha Noi, but Ha Noi is__________ (important) for the government. 2. After exercising regularly, she looked__________(thin) than last year. 3. Try to be__________(tidy). Your room is always in a mess. 4. People in the countryside lead a__________(simple) life than those living in the city. 5. Be__________(careful) with your report. You have made a lot of typos in the previous one. 6. I am feeling__________(bad) today than yesterday. I think I am coming down with the flu. 7. You should not run much__________(far) than 1 hour. It is not good for your health. 8. There were few mushrooms last winter, but there will be even (few) __________if pollution continues. 9. You can have__________(many) oranges. They are on the table. 10. Houses in big cities are a lot__________(expensive) this year than last year. 4. Rewrite comparative sentences using much, a lot, a little, a bit and than. Example: The fridge is 100 dollars and the stove is 120 dollars. → The fridge is a little cheaper than the stove. The fridge is 100 dollars and the stove is 180 dollars. → The fridge is much cheaper than the stove. expensive hot fast intelligent high long old strong heavy tall heavy 1. The newspaper is 2 dollars, and the book is 8 dollars. 12 2. The play is two and a half hours, but the film is only two hours. 3. He is 1.7 meters tall, but his wife is 1.6 meters. 4. The red car can do at 120 mph but the black one can do at 170 mph. 5. In the intelligence test, Jim has an IQ of 70 but Anna has got an IQ of 130. 6. John can lift 80 kilos, but Jim can lift 100 kilos. 7. The Park building was built in 1778 and the Green building was built in 1780. 8. Ha Noi is 27°C and Ho Chi Minh City is 37°C. 9. The old building is 100 meters in height and the new building is 80 meters in height. 10. The electric stove is 2 kilos in weight and the fruit mixer is 8 kilos in weight. 5. Change the following irregular adjectives into comparatives and superlatives. Adjectives Comparative Superlative Notes good/well bad/badly many/much little far (về khoảng cách) far (về thời gian + khoảng cách) near (về khoảng cách) near (về thứ tự) late (về thời gian) late (về thứ tự) old (về tuổi tác) old (về cấp bậc hơn) 6. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. My history teacher is one of the person I know A. funnier B. more funny C. funniest 2. My younger sister is of my family. She never does anything. A. lazyest B. the laziest C. most lazy 3. John is the friend of mine. He never cares about money. A. more generous B. generousest C. most generous 4. Today is the day in my life. I have been informed that I failed the exam. A. most sad B. saddest C. sadder 13 5. They were the employees, so they received bonuses. A. hard workingest B. hardest working C. working the hardest 6. She is the woman I have ever met. A. politest B. more polite C. politeest 7. I was the I could, but the machine was out of work anyway. A. carefulest B. most carefulest C. most careful 8. It was the movie I have ever seen. A. baddest B. worse C. worst 9. The way of going to the city center is by bus. A. better B. goodest C. best 10. He was the interested in the plan, so I didn’t want to explain to him. A. littlest B. less C. least 7. Choose the suitable verbs and prepositions to make correct phrasal verbs to complete these following sentences. 1. In a Japanese home, guesses are expected to (put / take / get / keep) (off/ out / away / in) their shoes before entering the room. 2. We will need to find someone to (take / look / put / see) (out/on /after/of) the baby while we are out tonight. 3. Could you (set / find / look / turn) (out / off /up / in) the radio? I am studying for the exam. 4. I didn’t (try / put / keep / take) (up / on / by / away) this dress at the shop, so I didn’t realize that it didn’t suit me very well. 5. (Hurry / Tidy / Rush / Run) (to / off /up / on)! The train is coming. 6. Why don’t you (sit / settle / turn / set) (of/ at/in/down) and we will talk about our problem in more details? 7. I got his call when I was (turning / getting / coming / going) (on/in /off/out) the train. 8. Can we (check / find / get / look) (for /up / over / into) the new words in a dictionary during the exam? 9. What do you do first after you (get / look / keep / see) (in /after /off / up) in the morning? 10. I was busy so I couldn’t (take / see / get / keep) him (in / off / by / without) at the station yesterday. 8. Fill in the blanks with the given phrasal verbs from those given. get off give up look after turn on look up Put on take off put out get on stand up 1. I often information in the Internet. 2. I dropped my wallet when I was trying to the bus yesterday. 3. Can I the TV, Mom? I have already finished my homework. 4. The doctor asked him to smoking. 5. It is so dark here, you really should your sunglasses now. 6. Can you and offer your seat to this old lady? 7. We tried to the fire with a few buckets of water. 8. I asked my grandma to my dog when I was on holiday? 9. If you finish your meal, dear, I will let you your new dress today. 10. We will the bus at the next stop, then take a taxi to the village. 9. Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences. 1. It’s just a small mistake! Don't worry! ! A. Cheer out B. Cheer up C. Laugh away D. Laugh out 2. What does this word mean? I’ll it in the dictionary. A. look - up B. look - for C. look - out D. look - in 3. This hot weather me ! I feel so uncomfortable. A. puts - down B. works - down C. gets - down D. breaks - down 4. We had to the trip until next week because of the bad weather. 14 A. put off B. call off C. call out D. take off 5. The police the bank robbery but they haven’t found anything yet. A. are finding in B. are finding out C. are looking into D. are looking on 6. He’s the kind of person who can any problems. You can trust in him. A. sort out B. sort off C. work in D. solve in 7. Brad Pitt and Jenifer Aniston after 4 years in relationship. A. split off B. broke down C. broke away D. broke up 8. If you are cold, I will the heating. A. put on B. turn up C. turn down D. get up 9. If you want to the other students in your class, you will have to work very hard. A. learn on B. catch up C. catch up with D. hurry up 10. The car in the middle of the motorway. A. work out B. broke down C. broke out D. work off 10. Underline the mistake and rewrite the correct sentences. 1. Green Park is more beautiful than all parks in the region. → 2. He asked for farther information about the accident. → . 3. Of the two films, tell me which you find interestinger. → 4. Her performance is more wonderfuller than mine. → 5. Tom is elder than his cousin. → 6. I paid less for my new car as for my old one. → 7. New York is a bigger city as Paris. → 8. English traditions are very different than continental. → . 9. Tim is more quicker than his partner John. → 10. This is the more interesting film I have ever seen. → 11. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings. 1. This is the most memorable trip I have ever taken. → I’ve 2. I have never talked to any more interesting man than him. → He is . 3. No one is as hard-working as my mother. → My mother is . 4. There is no harder worker in this factory than John. → John is . 5. Have you got any cheaper computer than this one? → Is this ? 6. She can sing much more beautifully than me. → I can’t . 15 7. Mary doesn’t study as well as she used to. →Mary . 8. Last night, Peter came home earlier than Tom. → Last night, Tom . 9. Her sister always runs more quickly than her. → She . 10. My brother is the most handsome in his English class. → No one . 12. Read the text and choose the best options. Big city is where you can see (1-many/more/so) vehicles, more skyscrapers, more people with a hurry pace of life than any other places. That place can fascinate us very much due to its light and luxury. Nowadays, (2 - more and more /good and good / many and many) people want to live there because they see many advantages. Indeed, in a big city, people can have the (3 - best/good/ better) chances to work as well as can enjoy the best service and entertainment. In a big city, people can take (4 - much more/better more/so more) chances to study and work best. There are many good universities for you to choose in a big city. There you can express your ability to study what you like. Moreover, when you graduate, you also find it (5 - easier /easiest/more easy) to find opportunities to get a good job with good salary in the city. In small cities or countryside, it is (6 - a lot more difficult/a lot difficult/the most difficult) to find a good job than in a city because there concentrates many big companies and groups. Hence, many graduate students choose big cities to live and work. In short, it is where you can take advantages of yourself. Many people can argue that living in a big city makesMhem tired with noise and dash. They like the slow pace of life in a countryside. But I think that you can live there for a long time because the young always like to enjoy new things and want to have much money, which is quite (7 - most/more /much) difficult to do in the countryside. However, when you get (8 - older/more old/oldest), especially, the countryside will be the best choice to live. In summary, living in a big city has many advantages. However, you have to try your (9 - most/good/best) to overcome all difficulties such as hard competition in workplace or polluted environment and you should not complain when (10 - facing up to /facing with to/facing down to) the disadvantages of it. C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 2: CITY LIFE 1. l. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 2. l. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 3. 1. bigger - more important 2. Thinner 3. tidier 4. simpler / more simple 5. more careful 6. worse 7. farther / further 8. Fewer 9. More 10. more expensive 4. 1. The book is much more expensive than the newspaper. 2. The play is a little longer than the film. 3. He is a bit higher than his wife. 4. The black car can do far / much faster than the red one. 5. Anna is much / a lot more intelligent than Tim. 6. Jim is a bit / a little stronger than John. 16 7. The Park building is a little older than the Green building. 8. Ho Chi Minh city is much hotter than Ha Noi. 9. The old building is a bit / a little higher than the new building. 10. The fruit mixer is much heavier than the electric stove. 5. Adjectives Comparative Superlative Notes good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther farthest (về khoảng cách) far further furthest (về thời gian + khoảng cách) near nearer nearest (về khoảng cách) near nearer next (về thứ tự) late later latest (về thời gian) late later last (về thứ tự) old older oldest (về tuổi tác) old elder eldest (về cấp bậc hơn) 6. l. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7.C 8. C 9. C 10. C 7. 1. take off 2. look after 3. turn off 4. try on 5. Hurry up 6. sit down 7. getting on 8. look up 9. get up 10. see off 8. 1. look up 2. get on 3. turn on 4. give up 5. take off 6. stand up 7. put out 8. look after 9. put on 10. get off 9. l. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. B 10. 1. Green Park is the most beautiful of all parks in the region. 2. He asked for further information about the accident. 3. Of the two films, tell me which you find more interesting. 4. Her performance is more wonderful than mine. 5. Tom is older than his cousin. 6. I paid less for my new car than for my old one. 7. New York is a bigger city than Paris. 8. English traditions are much more different than continental. 9. Tim is quicker than his partner John. 10. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 11. 1. I’ve never tasted a more delicious cake than this (one). 17 2. George is the most dependable person I have ever met. 3. Your mother is the most kind-hearted person I have ever met. 4. Mr. John is the best teacher in this school. 5. Is this the biggest one you have ever got? 6. I don’t learn math as well as him / he does. 7. My father used to speak English more fluently than he does/ him now. 8. Nam works as hard as Lan. 9. Elizabeth cannot play the piano as well as Helen. 10. He doesn’t start work as early as me. 12. 1. more 2. more and more 3. best 4. much more 5. easier 6. a lot more difficult 7. more 8. older 9. Best 10. facing up to 18 Unit 3: TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE A. GRAMMAR I. REPORTED SPEECH: LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP * Khi chuyển từ một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần nhớ có ba sự thay đổi: Thì của động từ, đại từ và trạng từ chỉ không gian và thời gian. 1. Thay đổi động từ (Changes in verbs) Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo nguyên tắc lùi về quá khứ (back-shift) như sau: Direct speech (Câu trực tiếp) Indirect speech (Câu gián tiếp) Simple present (hiện tại đơn) “I like potatoes.” Simple past (quá khứ đơn) He said he liked potatoes. Present continuous (hiện tại tiếp diễn) “I am working for FPT.” Past continuous (quá khứ tiếp diễn) He said he was working for FPT. Present perfect (hiện tại hoàn thành) “I haven’t had lunch.” Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) He said he hadn’t had lunch. Present perfect continuous (hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn) ‘I have been working on my project for 2 months.” Past perfect continuous (quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn) He said he had been working on his project for 2 months. Simple past (quá khứ đơn) “I arrived at 10.” Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) He said he had arrived at 10. Past continuous (quá khứ tiếp diễn) “I was living in Ha Noi then” Past perfect continuous (quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn) He said he had been living in Ha Noi then. Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) “I had finished my assignment by 10.” Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) He said he had finished his assignment by 10. Simple future (tương lai đơn) “I will contact you.” Future in the past (tương lai trong quá khứ) He said he would contact me. Future continuous (tương lai tiếp diễn.) “I will be having lunch at 2.” Future continuous in the past (tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ) He said he would be having lunch at 2. Future perfect (tương lai hoàn thành) “I will have left by 9” Future perfect in the past (tương lai hoàn thành trong quá khứ) He said he would have left by 9. 19 Modal verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu) Can: “I can help you.” May: “I may pick you up at the airport.” Must Will/shall Needn’t Past forms of modal verbs (Dạng quá khứ đơn của các động từ khuyết thiếu) Could/be able to: He said he could help me. Might: He said he might pick me up at the airport. Had to, must Would/should Needn ’t, didn’t need to, didn’t have to 2. Thay đổi đại từ Pronouns (Đại từ) Functions (Chức năng) Direct speech (Trực tiếp) Indirect speech (Gián tiếp) Đại từ nhân xưng Chủ ngữ I he, she we they you they Tân ngữ me him, her us them you them Tính từ sở hữu my his, her our their your their Đại từ sở hữu mine his, hers Đại từ sở hữu ours theirs yours theirs 3. Thay đổi tính từ và trạng từ chỉ khái niệm gần xa trong không gian và thời gian Direct speech (trực tiếp) Indirect speech (gián tiếp) today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow tomorrow morning (evening..) the day after tomorrow next (week/ year..) last (week/ year..) ago here this these now that day the previous day/ the day before two days before the next/ following day the next/ following morning (evening ...) two days after/ in two days’ time the following (week/ year...) / the (week, year..) after the previous (week/ year) / the (week, year...) before before there that those then 20 * Các loại câu trực tiếp: a. Statements (Câu trần thuật) - Câu trần thuật được đổi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thường sử dụng các động từ trần thuật như say, tell... - Công thức: Reporting verb (động từ trần thuật) + (that) + S + V Ví dụ: He said, “I am glad to see you today”. (Anh ấy nói: “Tôi rất vui được gặp anh ngày hôm nay ”.) He said (that) he was glad to see me that day. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy rất vui được gặp tôi ngày hôm đó.) b. Questions (Câu hỏi) - Câu hỏi gián tiếp sử dụng các động từ tường thuật mang nghĩa nghi vấn như want to know, wonder, ask... Ví dụ: She said, “Where are you going?”. (Cô ấy hỏi: “Cậu đang đi đâu đấy? ”.) She asked/ wanted to know / wondered where I was going. (Cô ấy hỏi/ muốn biết/ tự hỏi xem tôi đang đi đâu.) + Wh-questions (Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi) - Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi được bắt đầu bằng các từ để hỏi: what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, why, how. - Công thức: Reporting verb (động từ trần thuật) + (object) + wh-word + S + V Ví dụ: She said, “What did you do yesterday?” (Cô ấy hỏi: “Tối qua bạn làm gì? ”.) She asked (me)/ wanted to know/ wondered what I had done the previous day / the day before. (Cô ấy hỏi (tôi)/ muốn biết/ tự hỏi xem tôi đã làm gì vào ngày hôm trước.) + Yes - No questions (Câu hỏi có - không) - Khi tường thuật các loại câu hỏi này, càn phải thêm từ if hoặc whether (or not) (Có nghĩa là có phải ... không) trước chủ ngữ của câu hỏi được trần thuật. - Công thức: Reporting verb (động từ trần thuật) + (object) + if/ whether + S + V(or not) Ví dụ: He said, “Do you like English?” (Anh ấy nói: “Bạn có thích tiếng Anh không? ”.) He asked (me) if / whether I liked English (or not). (Anh ấy hỏi (tôi) xem liệu tôi có thích tiếng Anh không.) 21 c) Imperatives (Câu thức mệnh lệnh) - Nếu câu trực tiếp là một câu mệnh lệnh thì câu gián tiếp sẽ sử dụng các động từ chỉ mệnh lệnh như: tell (yêu cầu), ask (yêu cầu), order (ra lệnh)... theo sau là các tân ngữ trực tiếp và động từ nguyên mẫu (to infìnitive). - Công thức: reporting verb + object + not to - infinitive Ví dụ: He said, “Hurry up, Tim”. (Anh ấy nói: “Nhanh lên, Tim ”.) He told Tim to hurry up. (Anh ấy bảo Tim nhanh lên.) Ví dụ: He said, “Don’t move or you will be shot”. (Anh ấy nói: “Đừng động đậy nếu không bạn sẽ bị sẽ bắn’’.) He ordered me not to leave or I would be shot. (Anh ấy ra lệnh cho tôi không được động đậy nếu không tôi sẽ bị bắn.) II. QUESTION WORDS BEFORE TO INFINITIVE - Chúng ta có thể sử dụng các từ để hỏi như who, what, where, when, how trước “to - infinitive” để diễn đạt một tình huống khó hay không chắc chắn. Ví dụ: She doesn’t know who she should contact. (Cô ấy không biết cô ấy nên liên lạc với ai.) She doesn’t know who to contact. (Cô ấy không biết cần liên lạc với ai.) We don’t know how we cook this dish. (Chúng tôi không biết chúng tôi nấu món này như thế nào.) We don’t know how to cook this dish. (Chúng tôi không biết nấu món này như thế nào.) * Lưu ý: Từ để hỏi why không được sử dụng trước “to- infinitive”. - Chúng ta thường sử dụng các động từ như ask, wonder, (not) be sure, have no idea, (not) know, (not) decide, (not) tell trước từ để hỏi + “to-infinitive”. Ví dụ: We have no idea how to get the information about the resort. (Chúng tôi không biết làm cách nào để lấy được thông tin về khu nghỉ dưỡng.) He is wondering what to do before the exams. (Cậu ấy đang tự hỏi cần phải làm gì trước kì thi.) B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the odd one out. 1. A. frustrated B. independence C. iolescence D. experience 2. A. decision B. opinions C. stress D. friend 3. A. childhood B. advice C. information D. teenager 4. A. overcome B. embarrassed C. delighted D. different 5. A. stress B. pressure C. happiness D. tiredness 2. Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined in each line. 1. A. frightened B. amazed C. disappointed D. terrified 2. A. thread B. beam C. breath D. stead 22 3. A. there B. thanks C. thirsty D. youth 4. A. happy B. history C. hour D. hobby 5. A. my B. happy C. hobby D. every 3. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Please tell me . A. where is the bus stop B. where the bus stop be C. where stops the bus D. where the bus stop is 2. I told him A. what the homework was B. what was the homework C. what was to be the homework D. what is the homework 3. I think . A. will be the plane on time B. the plane will be on time C. the plane to be on time D. it will be on time the plane 4. I didn’t know A. what he mean B. what did he mean C. what did he meant D. what he meant 5. He said A. that the weather colder than usual B. the weather be colder than usual C. the weather was colder than usual D. the weather it is colder than usual 6. I think A. today it is Wednesday B. that is today Wednesday C. today is Wednesday D. today be Wednesday 7. He said A. that yesterday he gone downtown B. he goes downtown that day C. he go downtown that day D. he went downtown that day 8. I believe A. him he is right B. he is right C. he be right D. he right 9. She said A. that she was hungry B. he is right C. she be hungry D. he right 10. He told us A. that he enjoy the movie B. he enjoyed the movie C. he be enjoying the movie D. that enjoyed the movie 4. Choose the best answer to rewrite each of the following sentences. 1. "She is so selfish," he said. A. He said she was so selfish. B. He said she had been so selfish. C. He said she will be so selfish D. She said she had been being so selfish 2. She said: "I’m getting better". A. She said she was better. B. She said she was getting better. C. She said she had been better. D. She said she is getting better. 3. "I can do that for you,’ he said. A. He said he could do that for me. B. He said I will be able to do that for me. C. He said he could have done that 23 D. He said he had been able to do that for me. 4. "There is no milk in the fridge" she said. A. She said there had been no milk in the bridge. B. She said was there no milk in the bridge. C. She said there was no milk in the fridge. D. She said there will be no milk in the fridge. 5. "I have seen John lately" he told me. A. He told me he had seen John lately. B. He told me he had I seen John lately. C. He told me he saw John lately. D. He told me he will see John lately. 6. "He won’t come back", she said. A. She said he wouldn’t come back. B. She said he came back. C. She said he would come back. D. She said he will come back. 7. Tve been waiting for you for two hours,’ she said. A. She said she had waited for me for two hours. B. She said she had been waiting for me for two hours. C. She said she was waiting for me two hours. D. She said she has waited for me for two hours. 8. "I know her well", she said. A. She said she knows her well. B. She said she knew her well. C. She said she will know her well. D. She said she had known her well. 9. "I am going to get married", she claimed. A. She claimed she was going to get married. B. She claimed she is going to get married. C. She claimed she will get married. D. She claimed she had been going to get married. 10. He said, "He is a liar". A. He said he was a liar. B. She said he is a liar. C. He said he will be a liar. D. She said he was being a liar. 5. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Last week, he told us that we a picnic at the end of the week on Friday. A. can have B. did have C. would have D. had had 2. Four days ago she promised that she was going to visit me but she didn’t arrive. A. tomorrow B. next day C. the day before D. the next day 3. When I met her, she admitted that she to the park the night before. A. went B. had gone C. was going D. did go 4. When asked by the teacher, all students said they literature. A. liked B. are liking C. were liking D. had like 5. When I phoned him, he told me that he in the garden, reading a newspaper. A. sat B. was sitting C. had sat D. has sat 6. When I saw her, she told me that she hadn’t come to the party because she had gone to the embassy in London. A. yesterday B. before day C. the before day D. the day before 7. He called the school and said that he to school because he had an accident. A. didn’t come B. couldn’t come C. doesn’t come D. wasn’t come 8. My close friend told me that he studying in America. A. likes B. liked C. had liked D. was liking 9. When we asked her about the film, she told us that she a more interesting film than that. A. never saw B. never seen C. had never seen D. did never see 10. Diana told us that she was going to visit boyfriend in Rome the next week and wouldn’t 24 come to class. A. my B. her C. your D. their 11. He wanted to know where she from. A. come B. coming C. to come D. came 12. I asked her to pursue higher studies the next year. A. are you planning B. if she is planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning 13. I asked her when A. the movie began B. the movie begins C. does the movie begin D. did the movie begin 14. I promised I there before she came back. A. am going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be 15. Peter asked her, “Have you got a laptop?” → Peter asked her a laptop. A. if she got B. if she had got C. whether she got D. whether had she got 16. My mother told me her up at the airport. A. please pick B. to pick C. should pick D. I can pick 17. He revealed that they married A. were getting - tomorrow B. are getting - the next day C. were getting - the next day D. will getting - the day after 18. He wanted to know when A. did I arrive B. will I arrive C. I had arrived D. I can arrive 19. The father said, “I didn’t see her.” → The father said her. A. he had seen B. I hadn’t seen C. she didn’t see D. he hadn’t seen 20. I wondered the right thing. A. if I am doing B. was I doing C. am I doing D. whether I was doing 6. Change each of the following sentences into reported speech. 1. She told him: “Close the window!” → She told him 2. He said: “I am going to change my mobile phone number.” → He said (that) . 3. Sam asked her: “Have you got a change?” → Sam asked her . 4. He wanted to know: “Which program is on VTV3?” → He wanted to know 5. She said: “I was climbing the mountain at 9 a.m yesterday.” → She said (that) 6. He was told: “Fill in the form!” → He was told 7. She said: “I am working in the garden”. → She said (that) 8. They asked me: “Did he lose the game?” 25 → They asked me . 9. He told her: “Don’t wake me up before 8 a.m!” → He told her 10. Mother said to me: “I will go to the post office and post the letter.” → Mother said to me (that) 7. Fill in the blanks with the given words. when to start whether who to invite will show not sure what to say where to find how to 1. I really don’t know in my graduation speech. 2. We’re where to hang the painting. 3. Nguyen asked his teacher the computer. 4. He wondered to tell that to her. 5. Lan can’t decide to her birthday party. 6. A good dictionary tells you pronounce the words correctly. 7. I you how to do it. 8. Could you tell me a good hotel? 8. Rewrite the sentences with the following suggestions. Ex: How do I switch the camera on? (he/ not/ know) He doesn’t know how to switch the camera on. 1. What should I say? (he/ can’t/ think) 2. Where shall we go? (they/ not sure) 3. Where do we put the sofa? (we/ not know) 4. What should I write my home paper about? (I/have no idea of) 5. How should I start the engine? (no one/ could tell) 9. Read the questions below and complete the text about a prisoner by using “wh - words + to infinitive”. 0. How can she make him quit? 1. What should he eat? 2. Where should I go? 3. Which restaurant should he go in? 4. How can he start a healthy diet? 5. Who should I contact? 6. What can I do now? My best friend, Pete is gaining weight. I do not know (0) how to make him quit eating fast food. I advised him (1) to lose weight but nothing changed. I noticed that sometimes he would smell like hamburgers. I started to suspect that he had broken his promise to eat well. One day, I had no idea (2) , so I went for a walk. When I was walking along the street, I saw my best friend. It seemed that he couldn’t decide (3) . Finally, he came in McDonalds. I also went in and sat in front of him. He is so surprised and said to me that “I am sorry. I need some advice on (4) I promised to help him but in fact, I am not sure (5) to ask for advice. Could anyone can tell me (6) now? 10. Rewrite the sentences using “wh-word + to-infinitive”. 1. I don’t know what I should do. 26 2. Could you tell me where I can find more information about this? 3. He’s not sure when he should start the computer. 4. They wondered how they could deal with this problem. 5. I can’t decide whether I should answer his letter. 6. Tell me how I can improve my pronunciation of English. 7. He has no idea who he should call for help in case of emergency. 8. He asked his father when he should leave for the bus tomorrow. 9. She wondered how she can tell this news to her parents. 10. My mother couldn’t decide how much money she should spend on Tet holiday. 11. Complete the following pairs of sentences by using “wh-words + to-infinitive”. Rachel: Are you going to buy that overcoat? You: I don’t know (1) to buy it or not. Tom: What time do you think we should leave? You: I’m not really sure (2) David: Do you want to do business studies? You: I’m wondering (3) business studies or statictics. Rita: How much money should we spend on Tet holidays? You: I have no idea (4) on it. Jack: Do you intend to join the English club? I can’t decide (5) it or not. Mike: Which route should we take? You: It’s difficult to know (6) Michael: Which level are you going to choose? You: I haven’t decided (7) C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 3: TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE 1. 1. A. frustrated 2. B. opinions 3. D. teenager 4. A. overcome 5. C. happiness 2. 1. C. disappointed 2. B. beam 3. A. there 4. C. hour 5. A. my 3. l. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B 4. 27 l. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 5. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. D 6. 1. She told him to close the window. 2. He said (that) he was going to change his mobile phone number. 3. Sam asked her if/whether she had got a change (or not). 4. He wanted to know which program was on VTV3. 5. She said (that) she had been climbing the mountain at 9 a.m the previous day / the day before. 6. He was told to fill in the form. 7. She said (that) she was working in the garden. 8. They asked me if/whether he had lost the game (or not). 9. He told her not to wake him up before 8 a.m. 10. Mother said to me (that) she would go to the post office and post the letter. 7. 1. what to say 2. not sure 3. when to start 4. whether 5. who to invite 6. how to 7. will show 8. where to find 8. 1. He can’t think of what to say. 2. They are not sure where to go. 3. We don’t know where to put the sofa. 4. I have no idea of what to write my home paper about. 5. No one could tell me how to start the engine. 9. 1. what to eat 2. where to go 3. which restaurant to go in 4. how to start a healthy diet 5. who to contact 6. what to do 10. 1. I don’t know what to do. 2. Could you tell me where to find more information about this? 3. He’s not sure when to start the computer. 4. They wondered how to deal with this problem. 5. I can’t decide whether to answer his letter. 6. Tell me how to improve my pronunciation of English. 7. He has no idea who to call for help in case of emergency. 8. He asked his father when to leave for the bus tomorrow. 9. She wondered how to tell this news to her parents. 10. My mother couldn’t decide how much money to spend on Tet holiday. 11. 1. whether 2. what time to leave 3. whether to do 4. how much to spend 5. whether to join 6. which route to take 7. which level to choose 28 Unit 4: LIFE IN THE PAST A. GRAMMAR I. USED TO Form (Công thức): (+) S + used to + V-infinitive. (−) S + didn’t use to + V-infinitive. (?) Did + S + use to + V-infinitive? Yes, S + did. No, S + didn’t. Uses (Cách sử dung): Chúng ta sử dụng “used to” để nói về một sự việc, một hành động, một trạng thái hay một thói quen đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và bây giờ không còn xảy ra nữa. (Hay nói cách khác thì chúng ta sử dụng “used to ” để nói rằng ai đó trước đây thường làm việc gì và bây giờ không còn làm việc đó nữa.) Ví dụ: She used to be a long distance runner when she was younger. (Cô ấy trước đây đã từng là một người vận động viên chạy khi cô ấy còn trẻ.) I used to teach English for children when I was in Japan. (Tôi đã từng dạy tiếng Anh cho trẻ em khi tôi ở Nhật Bản.) * Lưu ý: Chỉ sử dụng “used to” để nói về thói quen trong quá khứ, còn khi nói về thói quen ở hiện tại chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn cùng các trạng từ chỉ tần suất: usually, always, often, never... Ví dụ: I often play volleyball at school stadium. Người học thường nhầm lẫn giữa “used to ” và “be/ get used to” bởi vì trông chúng khá giống nhau. Tuy nhiên, chúng hoàn toàn khác nhau về ý nghĩa. be/ get used to + V-ing/ noun = be/ get accustomed to + V-ing Chúng ta sử dụng “be/ get used to + V-ing” để nói rằng ai đó quen với làm việc gì hay quen với cái gì và nó có thể được sử dụng ở tất cả các thì quá khứ, hiện tại và tương lai. Ví dụ: I’m getting used to driving on the left. (Tôi đang quen với việc lái xe ở bên trái.) I can’t get used to getting up so early. I’m tired all the time. (Tôi không thể quen với việc ngủ dậy sớm. Tôi lúc nào cũng mệt.) He is not used to the weather here yet. He’s finding it very cold. (Anh ấy chưa quen với thời tiết ở đây. Anh ấy luôn cảm thấy rất lạnh.) You might find it strange at first but you will soon get used to it. (Ban đầu bạn có thể cảm thấy lạ nhưng bạn sẽ nhanh chóng quen với nó thôi.) He wasn’t used to the heat and he caught sunstroke. (Anh ấy đã không quen với khí hậu nóng và anh ấy đã bị say nắng.) II. WISHES FOR THE PRESENT (MONG ƯỚC Ở HIỆN TẠI) Điều ước ở hiện tại được sử dụng để diễn tả một mong muốn không có thật ở hiện tại. (Mong ước cho hiện tại khác đi). Form (Công thức): S + wish + S + past simple (quá khứ đơn) S + wish + S + past continuous (quá khứ tiếp diễn) Chúng ta sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn khi chúng ta đưa ra mong ước không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai và sử dụng quá khứ tiếp diễn khi chúng ta mong ước một điều gì đó xảy ra khác với những gì đang diễn ra ngay tại thời điểm nói, thời điểm hiện tại. 29 Ví dụ: She wishes her son spent less time playing computer games and more time outdoors. (In fact, her son spends lots of time playing games.) (Cô ấy mong ước con trai cô ấy dành ít thời gian để chơi trò chơi điện tử và dành nhiều thời gian tham gia các hoạt động ở ngoài trời - thực tế con trai cô ấy đang dành nhiều thời gian chơi trò chơi điện tử). My close friend wishes that he were studying Marketing instead of tourism. (In fact, he is studying tourism.) (Bạn thân của tôi ước gì cậu ấy đang học Marketing thay vì học ngành du lịch - nhưng thực tế cậu ấy đang học ngành du lịch.) * Lưu ý: Đối với động từ to be “was” và “were” thì sau wish, chúng ta có thể sử dụng was hoặc were cho I/ she/ he/ it. B. EXERCISES 1. Circle the word which has different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. versatile B. tomato C. marinate D. chocolate 2. A. include B. combine C. balance D. reduce 3. A. cucumber B. ingredient C. opinion D. nutritious 4. A. teaspoon B.cabbage C. pancake D. canteen 5. A. individual B. supermarket C. avocado D. information 2. Choose one suitable word in the box below to fill each blank. illiterate face to face street vendors entertain preserve behavior habit generations special occasion strict rules 1. My father often smokes a lot every day. I think it’s a bad__________ 2. You should not have some rude__________with older people. 3. They don’t want to talk on the telephone. They would like to meet you__________ 4. In the past, the number of people who are__________is very large. Many people cannot read and write. 5. If you come to my country, you can be surprised to see lots of__________who sell things on the street. 6. In the countryside, we often live in a big family which consists of three or four__________living together. 7. When I was at high school, I had to obey lots of__________of the teachers. 8. Tet holiday is a__________for many Vietnamese people. 9. Our responsibility now is to__________our country’s customs and traditions. 10. There are fewer activities for people in the country to__________than that in the city. 3. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. He likes to ski. He wishes he near a mountain. A. lives B. lived C. had lived D. would live 2. It’s hot today. I wish it cooler. A. is B. has been C. were D. had been 3. I wish I how to solve this, but I don’t. A. know B. knew C. had known D. would know 4. She wishes she longer legs. A. has B. had C. had had D. would have 5. She wishes she as rich as Bill Gates. A. is B. were C. will be D. would be 6. I have to go abroad twice a year. I wish I have to go abroad. A. don’t B. didn’t C. won’t D. wouldn’t 7. I wish you take my school things without permission. A. don’t B. won’t C. shouldn’t D. wouldn’t 8. He wishes he buy a house near a beautiful beach. 30 A. could B. may C. should D. will 9. She wishes he her some money while he is abroad. A. has sent B. will send C. would send D. would have sent 10. I wish I help you solve your problem but I can’t. A. can B. could C. will D. would 11. I wish I a teacher in the near future. A. am B. were C. had been D. would be 12. I wish that I able to live abroad one day. A. will be B. am C. would be D. had been 13. I wish I enough money to buy whatever I like. A. had B. have C. had had D. would have 14. He wishes he a famous writer when he grows up. A. is B. was C. will be D. would be 15. You talk more than you work. The teacher wishes that you more than you talk. A. work B. worked C. will work D. had worked 4. Complete the sentences with wish for present. 1. I don’t have a motorbike. 2. I can’t play the guitar. 3. I’m poor. 4. It’s summer. 5. I’m sick. 6. I don’t have new clothes. 7. I can’t afford to go abroad. 8. I don’t have time to relax myself. 9. I can’t swim. 10. My computer is broken. 5. Choose the best answers. 1. I don’t have a smart phone A. I wish I didn't buy a smart phone. B. I wish I had more smart phones. C. I wish 1 had a smart phone. D. I wish I didn't have a smart phone. 2. He has already flown to Ha Noi. A. I wish I was twenty again. B. I wish I was better-looking C. I wish they were smaller. D. I wish he was here. 3. I think I am so ugly. A. I wish I was twenty again. B. I wish I was better-looking. C. I wish I had a more powerful one D. I wish I had an interesting one. 4. I don’t have much free time. A. I wish I knew more people. B. I wish I had more time. C. I wish I wasn’t working. D. I wish I knew something about cars. 31 5. My computer is slow. A. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love. B. I wish I earned more money. C. I wish I had a more powerful one D. 1 wish 1 lived in a hotter country. 6. It’s really cold here. The climate is awful. A. I wish I knew more people. B. I wish I had more time. C. I wish I had a cigarette. D. I wish I lived in a hotter country. 7. I know few people. A. I wish I knew more people. B. I wish I were a better cook. C. I wish I wasn’t working. D. I wish I knew something about cars. 8. They are going to England but it’s not possible for me to go with them. A. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love. B. I wish I had more food. C. I wish 1 had a cigarette. D. I wish I lived in a smaller country. 9. I am now 50 years old. A. I wish I was twenty again. B. I wish I earned more money. C. I wish I had a more powerful one. D. I wish I had an interesting one. 10. My job is really boring. A. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love. B. I wish I saved more money. C. I wish I had a more powerful one. D. I wish I had an interesting one. 11. I can’t speak English. A. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love. B. I wish I earned more money. C. I wish I had a more powerful one. D. I wish I could as I love visiting England on holiday. 12. I don’t understand English much. A. I wish 1 lived in Paris. B. I wish 1 were a better cook. C. I wish I wasn’t working. D. I wish I understood it better. 13. I barely earn enough money. A. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love. B. I wish I earned more money. C. I wish I had a cigarette. D. I wish I lived in a hotter country. 14. Sorry. I can’t cook dinner for you. A. I wish I lived in London. B. I wish I were a better cook. C. I wish they were smaller. D. I wish he was here. 15. I am now living in Ha Noi but I don’t like this city. A. I wish I lived in London. B. I wish I was better-looking. c. I wish they were smaller. D. I wish he was here. 16. I don’t usually finish work until 5. A. I wish I knew more people. B. I wish I had more friends. C. I wish I had a cigarette. D. I wish I finished earlier. 17.I can’t go to the cinema because I have got to work. A. I wish I lived in London. B. I wish I were a better cook. C. I wish I wasn’t working. D. I wish he was here. 18. My car has broken down and I don’t know what to do. 32 A. 1 wish I lived in London. B. I wish 1 were a better cook. C. I wish I wasn’t working. D. I wish I knew something about cars. 19. I’ve got to go to school on Saturdays. A. I wish I was twenty again. B. I wish I was better-looking. C. I wish they were smaller. D. I wish I could have the weekend off. 20. I cannot buy trainers in ordinary shops because my feet are too big. A. I wish I was twenty again. B. I wish I was better-looking, C. I wish they were smaller. D. I wish I had an interesting one. 6. Choose the best answers. 1. When I started to learn at this school, I need a lot of help, but now all the subjects on my own. A. used to learn B. used to learning C. get used to learning 2. He several books a month, but he doesn’t have time anymore. A. was used to reading B. used to read C. got used to reading 3. We were surprised to see her driving, she when we first met her. A. got used to driving B. didn’t use to drive C. was used to driving 4. Don’t worry, it’s a simple program. You it in no time, I’m sure. A. are used to B. will get used to C. used to use 5. When I had to commute to school every day, I very early. A. used to getting up B. used to get up C. use to get up 6. I’m afraid I’ll never in this place. I simply don’t like it and never will. A. used to live B. got used to living C. get used to living 7. Whenever we came to Coventry, we always__________in the Central Hotel. We loved it. A. used to stay B. got used to staying C. get used to stay 8. When Peter Smith was the head of our office everything__________well organized. Now it’s total chaos here. A. got used to be B. used to be C. was used to being 9. Mr Lazy was shocked when he joined our busy company because he__________doing much work every day. A. wasn’t used to B. didn’t use to C. used to 10. At first, the employees didn’t like the new open - space office, but in the end they__________it. A. get used to B. are used to C. got used to 11. Jim doesn’t have a girlfriend now but he__________ A. didn’t use to B. used to C. was using to 12. People the Internet yet but in a few years time everybody will be surfing around like crazy. A. aren’t used to using B. doesn’t use C. isn’t used to using 13. I to play football when I was young. I’m too old and fat to play now. A. use B. got used to C. used 14. Nam was in London for a year. He liked England but he the insipid food and the miserable weather. A. could ever get used to B. could never get used to C. can ever get used to 15. I’ve been getting up early every day for years but I to it. A. used B. am still not used C. am already used 16. If you go to live in the United Kingdom, you on the left. A. will have to get used to drive B. will have to get used to driving C. would have had to get used to 33 17. At first, it was difficult for her to speak in French all the time but she to it now. A. is used B. uses C. used 18. After the holidays, it takes me a week up early again. A. to get used to getting B. to be used to get C. to get used to get 19. The queue in the baker’s to be so bad but now it’s terrible. It must be that new chapata bread they bake. It’s delicious. A. didn’t use B. didn’t used C. was used 20. Do you mind if I your phone? A. used B. am using C. use 7. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms using “used to V” I or “be / get use to V-ing”. I am going to school in New York as a part of an exchange programme. Things are certainly different here! School starts at 7 a.m. I am half asleep at that time, but American students (1) (get up) early. We all cycle to school - I (2) (take) the bus. When we get there, we do twenty minutes of gymnastics. Little by little, I (3) (do) exercise in the morning, and actually, I quite like it. Most classes have about 60 students - but they are very quiet. American students (4) (not ask) questions. We have a break of two hours for lunch but there’s no canteen. I (5) (not eat) in the classroom because in Viet Nam, it isn’t allowed. Monday is a special day. We clean the classroom! I (6) (not do) this yet. In fact, I don’t think I’ll never get used to it. 8. Rewrite the sentences with wish / if only for present. 1. We are very sorry that we live in a city with a lot of air pollution. → I wish . 2. It is a shame that we don’t have enough money to buy what our children want. → If only . 3. She feels sorry that her children live in poverty. → She wishes . 4. It is a pity that I have to work very late at night. → If only 5. Iam very sorry that I am not a millionaire. → I wish . 6. I am sorry that I cannot speak good English. → If only 7. What a pity that I am not as smart as her. → I wish . 8. I am sorry that I have a mean boyfriend. → If only 9. It is a great pity that young people drive carelessly. → I wish . 10. I am very sorry that I can’t help her. → If only . 9. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. Correct those which are false. Sentences True/ False Correction 1. I wish English was easier to learn. 2. I wish I won the lottery and become very rich some day. 3. I wish my children would work harder at school. They’re so lazy. 34 4. I wish my boss didn’t give us so much work to do today. 5. Sometimes I wish I could fly. Wouldn’t it be wonderful to do what birds do? 6. He is an elderly person now, and wishes he would be 20 again. 7. It’s Monday morning, but already I wish it was Friday. 8. I often wish I could stay in bed, instead of getting up to go to work every day. 9. I wish I would be brave enough to ask her out, but I’m afraid she would say ‘No’. 10. I wish it is sunny now so that I can go out after long rainy days. C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 4: LIFE IN THE PAST 1. 1. B. tomato 2. C. balance 3. A. cucumber 4. D. canteen 5. B. supermarket 2. 1. habit 2. Behavior 3. face to face 4. illiterate 5. street vendors 6. Generations 7. strict rules 8. special occasion 9. preserve 10. Entertain 3. l. B 2. C 3.B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. B 11.D12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 4. 1. I wish (that) I had a motorbike. 2. I wish (that) I could play the guitar. 3. I wish (that) I were rich. 4. I wish (that) it wasn’t / weren’t summer. 5. I wish (that) I wasn’t / weren’t sick. 6. I wish (that) I had new clothes. 7. I wish (that) I could afford to go abroad. 8. I wish (that) I had time to relax myself. 9. I wish (that) I could swim. 10. I wish (that) my computer wasn’t broken. 5. 1. C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5. C 6.D 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. C 6. 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. C 7. 1. are/ get used to getting up 2. d to 3. get / am used to doing 4. not / don’t get used to asking 5. am not / don’t get used to eating 6. I’t get / am not used to doing 8. 35 1. I wish we didn’t live in a city with a lot of air pollution 2. If only we had enough money to buy what our children want. 3. She wishes her children didn’t live in poverty. 4. If only I didn’t have to work very late at night. 5. I wish I were a millionaire. 6. If only I could speak good English. 7. I wish I were as smart as her. 8. If only I didn’t have a mean boyfriend. 9. I wish young people didn’t drive carelessly. 10. If only I could help her. 9. 1. T 2. F: I wish I would win the lottery and become very rich some day. 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F: He is an elderly person now, and wishes he were/was 20 again. 7. T 8. T 9. F: I wish I were brave enough to ask her out, but I’m afraid she would say ‘No’. 10. F: I wish it were/was sunny now so that I could go out after long rainy days. 36 Unit 5: WONDERS OF VIET NAM A. GRAMMAR I. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BỊ ĐỘNG CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT) Chúng ta sử dụng câu bị động có động từ tường thuật để diễn đạt quan điểm của những người khác. Các động từ tường thuật (reporting verbs) thường được sử dụng là: say, think, believe, know, hope, expect, report, understand, claim, consider.,. Câu chủ động thường có dạng: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + O + .... Đối với câu bị động này, chủ ngữ (S1) thường là các chủ ngữ chung chung như: People / They ... Có 2 cách để biến đổi sang câu bị động có động từ tường thuật: Active: S1 + V1 + that +S2 + V2 + O + .... Passive: (C1) It + be + P2 (của V1) + that + S2 + V2 + O + .... (C2) S2 + be + P2 (của V1 ) + to + V2 + * Một số lưu ý về cách chia động từ ”be” và ”V2” trong câu bị động. (C1) - Động từ "to be" sẽ chia theo thì của V1 - V2 - giữ nguyên giống V2 của câu trực tiếp. (C2) - Động từ "to be" chia theo thì của V1 nhưng sẽ chia số ít hay nhiều thì phụ thuộc và S2. - V2 - Nếu V1 là thì hiện tại đơn → to V - Nếu V1 là thì quá khứ đơn → to have + P2 - Nếu V1 là thì hiện tại tiếp diễn → to be +V-ing Ví dụ 1: People say that Ha Long is one of the seven natural wonders in the world. (Mọi người nói rằng Hạ Long là một trong 7 kì quan thiên nhiên của thế giới.) → It is said that Ha Long is one of the seven natural wonders in the world. (Hạ Long được cho là một trong 7 kì quan thiên nhiên của thế giới.) → Hoặc: Ha Long is said to be one of the seven natural wonders in the world. (Hạ Long được cho là một trong 7 kì quan thiên nhiên của thế giới.) Ví dụ 2: They think that he is a great student. (Họ nghĩ rằng anh ấy là một sinh viên giỏi.) → It is thought that he is a great student. (Anh ấy được nghĩ rằng là một sinh viên giỏi.) → He is thought to be a great student. (Anh ấy được nghĩ rằng là một sinh viên giỏi.) II. “SUGGEST + V-ING / (THAT) S (+ SHOULD) + V-INFINITIVE” (GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ) Form (Công thức): S + suggest + V-ing S + suggest + (that) + S + (should) + V -infinitive Uses (Cách sử dụng): + Chúng ta sử dụng cấu trúc trên để đưa ra những gợi ý của chúng ta khuyên mọi người nên làm gì, đi đâu... Ví dụ: I suggested that we (should) go out for a walk. (Tôi gợi ý là chúng ta nên ra ngoài đi dạo.) I suggested going to the city centre by bus. (Tôi gợi ý đi đến trung tâm thành phố bằng xe buýt.) + Ngoài ra, chúng ta cũng sử dụng cấu trúc này để tường thuật lại gợi ý của người khác khuyên ai đó nên làm gì và nên đi đâu... 37 Ví dụ: The teacher suggested that the students should study hard before the exam. (Giáo viên gợi ý rằng học sinh nên học hành chăm chỉ trước kì thi.) Her father suggested going to see the professor. (Bố cô ấy gợi ý đi đến gặp giáo sư đó.) B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the odd one out. 1. A. culture B. government C. tradition D. custom 2. A. wonders B. limestone C. sculpture D. tomb 3. A. historical B. beautiful C. citadel D. cultural 4. A. beauty spot B. landscape C. scenery D. statue 5. A. palaces B. monuments C. castles D. house 2. Find the word whose underlined part is different from the others each line. 1. A.believed B. prepared C. involved D. liked 2. A. decreases B. differences C. amounts D. reaches 3. A. those B. clothes C.shopping D. envelope 4. A. fields B. plants C. trees D. newspapers 5. A. ambulance B. bandage C. damage D. patient 3. Choose the correct passive sentences. 1. People think that he is a big liar. A. He is thought that he was a big liar. B. He is thought that he is a big liar. C. It is thought that he is a big liar. 2. They say that he was very kind. A. He is said to have been very kind. B. It is said that he was very kind. C. A&B 3. We know that the director has bought a new limousine. A. It is said that a new limousine has been bought by the director. B. The director is known to have bought a new limousine. C. It is known that the director had bought a new limousine. 4. I saw him take her to the park yesterday. A. He was seen to take her to the park yesterday. B. He was seen take her to the park yesterday. C. He was seen taking her to the park yesterday. 5. She hears me say bad words about my mother-in-law. A. I am heard to say bad words about my mother-in-law. B. I was heard to say bad words about my mother-in-law. C. A&B 6. The witness said that the robber had long hair. A. The robber was said to have long hair. B. It was said that robber had long hair. C. A & B 7. I watched her make this souvenir in just 10 minutes. A. She was watched to make this souvenir in just 10 minutes. B. She was watched make this souvenir in just 10 minutes. C. A&B 8. We believe that Dr. James is a caring person. A. It is believe that Dr. James is a caring person. B. It is believed that Dr. James is a caring person. C. It was believed that Dr. James is a caring person. 9. I saw her lock the safe carefully. 38 A. She was seen locking the safe carefully. B. She was seen to lock the safe carefully. C. I was seen her lock the safe carefully. 10. They estimate that about 100 people were injured in the storm. A. It is estimated that about 100 people were injured in the storm. B. About 100 people are estimated to have been injured in the storm. C. A&B 4. Rewrite the sentences using the impersonal passive. 1. It is said that Christopher Columbus discovered America. → Christopher Columbus is said 2. It is reported that many people become homeless after the flood. → Many people 3. It is expected that the Prime Minister will pass the new law. → The Prime Minister 4. It was expected that the Mr. Sarkozy would lose the second presidential election. → Mr. Sarkozy 5. It is believed that the thieves got in through the unlocked window. → The thieves 6. It is found that she exceeded the speed limit. → She 7. It is reported that 3 people were badly hurt in the accident. → Three people 8. It is reported that three suspects were arrested after the bomb attack. → Three suspects 9. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. → The prisoner 10. It is reported that the wanted man is hiding in a small house in the suburb. → The wanted man 5. Rewrite the sentences using the passive. 1. People believed that Pluto was a planet. → Pluto . 2. People think that the rebels are developing weapon secretly. → The rebels 3. People believe that the wanted man is living in New York. → The wanted man 4. People think that fish is the oldest creature existing on earth. → Fish . 5. People suppose that every film made by Cameroon is very good. → Every film . 6. People think that many people were killed in the accident. → Many people . 7. People think that the number of death in the hurricane is still rising. → It 8. People rumor that petrol prices will increase again this week. → It is . 9. People say that those dogs are very fierce. 39 → Those dogs 10. It is expected that the company will make a higher profit this year. → The company . 6. Put the verbs in brackets in correct forms. 1. He suggested (play)__________football in the schoolyard. 2. His father suggests that he (go) __________to Ha Long Bay this summer vacation. 3. Tom suggested that we (help) __________our mom make cakes. 4. When we went out yesterday, my mom suggested (bring) __________ umbrellas in case it rained. 5. My sister suggests that I (clean) __________my room before my mother comes back. 6. My teacher suggests that all students (finish) __________all homework before class. 7. His friends suggest that he (take) __________ this opportunity to enhance his skills. 8. Her boyfriend suggests (go) __________ to the cinema to relax at the weekend. 9. It’s snowing outside. My brother suggests (make) __________a snowman. 10. To prepare for the test, she suggests (study) __________in the library. 7. Rewrite the sentences using “suggest”. 1. “Why don’t you study hard before important exams?” said Peter. Peter suggested that 2. “Let’s go to the cinema at the weekend.” He suggested 3. “You had better go to bed early if you don’t want to be tired.” My mother suggested 4. “I think the government should limit the number of visitors every day.” I suggested 5. “It’s a good idea for us to go on holiday in the summer.” My friend suggested 6. “What about helping the poor in the countryside?” The student suggested 7. “Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, Babara?” said May May suggested Babara 8. “We should control the deforestation to conserve the forests.” He suggested 9. “How about recycling things to protect our environment?” They suggested 10. “Why don’t we invite some more guests?” said the man. The man suggested 8. Read the paragraph and choose the best answers. Peter was always prepared. His motto was “Never throw anything out, you never know when it might come in handy.” His bedroom was so (1) of flat bicycle tires, bent tennis rackets, deflated basketballs, and games with missing pieces (2) you could barely get in the door. His parents pleaded with him to (3) his room. “What use is a fish tank with a hole in the bottom?” his father asked. But Peter simply smiled (4) repeated his motto, “Never throw anything out, you never know when it might come in handy.” When Peter was (5) from home, he always carried his blue backpack. He liked to think of it as a smaller version of his bedroom - a place to store the many (6) that he collected. It was (7) worn and stretched that it hardly resembled a backpack anymore. It was full of the kind of things that seemed unimportant, but when used with (8) imagination, might come in handy. 1. A. so B. full C. many D. variety 2. A. which B. that C. who D. A and B are correct 3. A. clean out B. cleans out C. cleaning out D. cleaned out 40 4. A. but B. and C. so D. or 5. A. near B. away C. beside D. between 6. A. projects B. people C. objects D. children 7. A. such B. too C.enough D. so 8. A. many B. a few C. a little D. any C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 5: WONDERS OF VIET NAM 1. 1. B. government 2. A. wonders 3. C. citadel 4. D. statue 5. D. house 2. 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D 3. 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C 4. 1. Christopher Columbus is said to have discovered America. 2. Many people are reported to become homeless after the flood. 3. The Prime Minister is expected to pass the new law. 4. Mr. Sarkozy was expected to lose the second presidential election. 5. The thieves are believed to have got in through the unlocked window. 6. She is found to have exceed the speed limit. 7. Three people are reported to have been badly hurt in the accident. 8. Three suspects are reported to have been arrested after the bomb attack. 9. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall. 10. The wanted man is reported to be hiding in a small house in the suburb. 5. 1. Pluto was believed to be a planet. 2. The rebels are thought to be developing weapon secretly. 3. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York. 4. Fish is thought to be the oldest creature existing on earth. 5. Every film made by Cameroon is supposed to be very good. 6. Many people are thought to have been killed in the accident. 7. It is thought that the number of death in the hurricane is still rising. 8. It is rumored that petrol prices will increase again this week. 9. Those dogs are said to be very fierce. 10. The company is expected to make a higher profit this year. 6. 1. playing 2. (should) go 3. (should) help 4. bringing 5. (should) clean 6. (should) finish 7. (should) take 8. going 9. making 10. Studying 7. 1. Peter suggested that I (should) study hard before the important exams. 2. He suggested going to the cinema at the weekend. 3. My mother suggested I (should) go to bed early if I don’t want to be tired. 4. I suggested (that) the government (should) limit the number of visitors every day. 5. My friend suggested going on holiday this summer. 6. The students suggested helping the poor in the countryside. 41 7. May suggested Babara (should) put a better lock on the door. 8. He suggested controlling the deforestation to conserve the forest. 9. They suggested recycling things to protect our environment. 10. The man suggested inviting some more guests. 8. l. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 42 Unit 6: VIET NAM: THEN AND NOW A. GRAMMAR I. PAST PERFECT (QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH) 1. Form: (Cấu trúc) (+) S + had + P2 (-) S + hadn’t + P2 (?) Had + S + P2 ? Yes, S had. / No, S hadn’t. 2. Uses: (Cách sử dụng) Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra và đã kết thúc trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ hoặc trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: They had lived in Da Lat for 5 years before they moved to Ho Chi Minh City. (Họ đã sống ở Đà Lạt được 5 năm trước khi họ chuyển tới sống ở TP Hồ Chí Minh.) We had finished our work before 10 a.m yesterday. (Chúng tôi đã hoàn thành công việc trước 10 giờ hôm qua.) Cách nhận biết: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành hay dùng với các cụm từ như: after, before, as soon as, by the time, when, already, just, since, for... II. ADJECTIVE + TO-INFINITIVE AND ADJECTIVE + THAT-CLAUSE Chúng ta có thể sử dụng tính từ trong các cấu trúc khác nhau: 1. It + be + adjective + to - infinitive. Cấu trúc It + be + adjective + to-infinitive được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh một đặc tính của hành động phía sau. Chúng ta có thể thêm for/ of/ to + noun/ pronoun. Ví dụ: It is necessary (for you) to know about your country’s culture. (Rất cần thiết để bạn biết về văn hóa của đất nước bạn.) It is kind (of you) to help your classmates with their homework. Bạn thật là tốt bụng khi giúp đỡ các bạn cùng lớp với bài tập của họ.) 2. Subject + be + adjective + to - infinitive Cấu trúc này được sử dụng để thể hiện cảm xúc, sự tự tin hay những lo lắng... Các tính từ thường được dùng như happy (hạnh phúc), glad (vui vẻ), pleased (hài lòng), relieved (thở phào), sorry (tiếc), certain (chắc chắn), sure (chắc chắn), confident (tự tin), convinced (có tính thuyết phục), afraid (e ngại), annoyed (khó chịu), astonished (ngạc nhiên), aware (nhận thức), conscious (có ý thức). Ví dụ: I was happy to hear from you. (Mình rất vui khi nghe được thông tin từ bạn.) She is very confident to speak English in front of the class. (Cô ấy thật tự tin khi nói tiếng Anh trước lớp.) 3. Subject + be + adjective + that-clause. Cấu trúc này được sử dụng để thể hiện cảm xúc với các tính từ glad, pleased, relieved, sorry, và thể hiện sự tự tin hoặc lo lắng khi dùng các tính từ như: certain, sure, confident, convinced, afraid, annoyed, astonished, aware, conscious. Ví dụ: I was glad that you gained the scholarship. (Tớ đã thật vui mừng khi bạn nhận được học bổng.) They are afraid that she will come late. (Họ e rằng cô ấy sẽ đến muộn.) B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from the others. 1. A. exchange B. invite C. economic D. embroider 2. A. intermediate B. documentary C. reputation D. communicate 43 3. A. benefit B. environment C. wonderful D. category 4. A. century B. conclusion C. available D. ambition 5. A. contain B. achieve C. improve D. Visit 2. Choose a suitable word to complete each of the following sentences. nuclear family tolerant rubber sandals willing exhibition dramatically cooperative sympathetic obedient extended family 1. My parents used to live in an including 3 to 4 generations living together. 2. I have had a rude behavior with my cousin but he is really 3. The number of people moving to the city to look for a better life has increased 4. In modem society, we normally live in a . We live with only our parents. 5. Uncle Ho used to wear 6. The government is to help the people in the flooded area. 7. We are going to the photo this weekend. 8. My mother is a very person. She always understands and cares about others’ problems. 9. My little brother is so that he always does what he is told to do. 10. You should be with people. That means you work together with them towards a shared aim. 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the past perfect tense. 1. After we (finish) dinner, we went out. 2. The garden was dead because it (be) dry all summer. 3. He (meet) her before somewhere. 4. When I arrived at the cinema, the film (start). 5. She (live) in Ho Chi Minh city before she moved to Da Nang City. 6. After they (be) on holiday, they began to feel sick. 7. If you (listen) to me, you would have got the job. 8. Julie didn’t arrive until I (leave). 9. We were late for the plane because we (forget) our passports. 10. She told me that she (study) a lot before the exam. 4. Make ‘yes / no’ or ‘wh’ questions with past perfect tense. 1. What__________(they/cook) for dinner the night before last night? 2. When__________ (you/ arrive)? 3. How many glasses of beer__________ (he/drink) before he went out? 4. Where__________ (she/ work) before she move to this company? 5. __________ (I/ pay) the bill before we left? 6. __________(we/ visit) my parents already before that winter? 7. When you called, __________(they/ finish) dinner? 8. How__________(he/manage) to fix the cooker when you came in? 9. We were late for the plane because we__________(forget) our passports. 10. She told me that she__________(study) a lot before the exam. 5. Choose the best answer for each sentence. 1. The phone in the Sales department for ten minutes before the secretary finally answered it. A. is ringing B. rang C. was ringing D. had rung 2. Although Ms. Lan reservations, the hotel did not have a room for her. A. had made B. has made C. made D. had been making 3. By 2005, he for his company for 20 years. A. worked B. was working C. had worked D. works 4. When I arrived home, the place was in a mess. Someone into. A. broke B. had broken C. had been breaking D. was breaking 44 5. Mr. Brown had just finished reading the letter before the telephone on his desk A. rang B. had rung C. was ringing D. had been ringing 6. When I arrived, the manager A. was left B. had left C. had been leaving D. left 7. The patient when the doctor arrived. A. had slept B. slept C. was slept D. has slept 8. By the time we arrived, the party A. finished B. hadfinished C. was finishing D. was finished 9. I rang the shop as soon as I the contents of the box. A. checked B. was checking C. had checked D. checking 10. He to do the job in an hour, but he hadn’t still finished it yet by 10 o’clock. A. promised B. was promising C. had promised D. has promised 6. Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets in past simple or past perfect. On June 20th, I returned ome. I (1. be) away from home for two years. My family (2. meet) me at the airport with kisses and tears. They (3. miss) me as much as I had missed them. I was very happy to see them again. When I (4. get) the chance, I took a long look at them. My little brother was no longer little. He (5. grow) a lot. He was almost as tall as my father. My little sister was wearing a green dress. She (6. change) quite a bit, too, but she was still mischievous and inquisitive. She (7. ask) me a thousand questions a minute, or so it seemed. My father had gained some weight, and his hair (8. turn) a little grayer, but otherwise he was just as I had remembered him. My mother (9. look) a little older, but not much. She (10. smile) at me with wrinkles on her face. 7. Choose the most suitable word to fill in each blank. glad proud anxious shoked sorry surprised lucky ready 1. She was very to go back there after what had happened. 2. He’s rather to find out what’s happening. 3. I was really to see her again after all those years. 4. She was to hear the news of his invention. He was so intelligent. 5. She’s really of being the mother of such a successful young man. 6. Is everybody to go? The bus is waiting outside. 7. He is very to go in for this competition. He thinks he has a good chance. 8. I’m very to hear that. 8. Rewrite the sentences with “S + be + adj + that + clause”. 1. They are here. We are very happy about that. 2. We received the letter from the company. We were really pleased. 3. They heard about his bad marks. They were sad. 4. They heard about the birth of the baby. They were excited. 5. He couldn’t pass the entrance exams. He was so upset. 9. Rewrite the following sentences using the given words in the brackets. Ví dụ: I can’t guess what will happen. (difficult) It’s difficult for me to guess what will happen. 1. I don’t know exactly when a rat will get loose (hard) 45 2. I’m sure that I can’t do this project in 24 hours. (impossible) 3. You can work on your own project. (possible) 4. We are excited to be here. (exciting) 5. She can get cold in the mountains. (likely) 6. She is very interested to join the group discussion. (interesting) 7. We felt bored to see this kind of film. (boring) 8. I was so disappointed to know that he didn’t come to the party (disappointing) 10. Read the passage then choose correct answers to the questions. Traditionally, rural villages in Viet Nam produced handicrafts when they were not busy with planting or harvesting crops. Over time, many villages developed the expertise to make specialised products and so many particular villages became famous for such things as weaving, woodwork, lacquer work and metal products. With industrialisation many villagers moved to the cities but maintained their craft skills and networks to produce products for the city market, for example craft villages made furniture, grow flowers or made utensils for the urban population. Other villages changed from making traditional crafts to producing different products desired by industrialised society. For example, the villagers of Trieu Khuc changed from making traditional paper to recycling plastic. There are now many craft villages in Viet Nam basing on recycling plastic, paper or metal. 1. When did rural villages in Viet Nam produce handicrafts traditionally? A. When they were not busy with planting or harvesting crops. B. When they were busy with planting or harvesting crops. C. After they finish harvesting crops. D. Before they finish harvesting crops. 2. What did many villages develope over time? A. They developed the expertise to make daily products. B. They developed the expertise to make specialised products. C. They developed the expertise to make their own furniture. D. They developed their old furniture. 3. What does the word maintained in line 5 refer to? A. ignored B. conservđ C. madde D. improvd 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? A. Rural villages produced handicrafts in their free time. B. Some villages were popular with weaving, woodwork, lacquer work and metal products. C. Many craft villages based on fanning. D. Some villages make furniture, grow flowers or make utensils C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) 46 ANSWER KEY UNIT 6: VIET NAM: THEN AND NOW 1. 1. C. Economic 2. D. Communicate 3. B. environment 4. A. Century 5. D. visit 2. 1. extended family 2. Tolerant 3. Dramatically 4. nuclear family 5. rubber sandals 6. Willing 7. Exhibition 8. sympathetic 9. obedient 10. cooperative 3. 1. had finished 2. had been 3. had met 4. had started 5. had lived 6. had been 7. had listened 8. had left 9. had forgotten 10. had studied 4. 1. What had they cooked for dinner the night before last night? 2. When had you arrived? 3. How many glasses of beer had he drunk before he went out? 4. Where had she worked before she moved to this company? 5. Had I paid the bill before we left? 6. Had we visited my parents already before that winter? 7. When you called, had they finished dinner? 8. How had he managed to fix the cooker when you came in? 9. Had your sister been sick for a long time when you came in? 10. How much had she studied before the exam before she died? 5. l. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8.B 9. C 10. C 6. 1. had been 2. Met 3. had missed / missed 4. got 5. had grown 6. had changed 7. Asked 8. had turned 9. looked 10. smiled 7. 1. anxious / sorry / shocked 2. shocked / anxious / sorry 3. glad 4. sad 5. proud 6. Ready 7. lucky 8. sorry/ anxious/ shocked 8. 1. We are very happy that they are here. 2. We were really pleased that we received the letter from the company. 3. They were sad that they heard about his bad marks. 4. They were excited that they heard about the birth of the baby. 5. He was so upset that he couldn’t pass the entrance exams. 9. 1. It’s hard for me to know exactly when a rat will get loose. 2. It’s impossible for me to do this project in 24 hours. 3. It’s possible for you to work on your own project. 4. It’s exciting for us to be here. 5. It’s likely for her to get cold in the mountains. 6. It’s interesting for her to join the group discussion. 7. It was boring to see this kind of film. 8. It was disappointing to me to know that he didn’t come to the party. 10. l. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 47 Unit 7: RECIPES AND EATING HABITS A. GRAMMAR I. QUANTIFIERS (TỪ CHỈ SỔ LƯỢNG) Trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh, từ chỉ số lượng là một từ (hay cụm từ) dùng để xác định số lượng. Nó thường đứng trước danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ. 1. a / an: được sử dụng trước danh từ đếm được số ít và có nghĩa là “một”, (a / an = one). Ví dụ : a book (một quyển sách) an ink pot (một lọ mực) 2. Some / any: được sử dụng với cả danh từ đếm được số nhiều và danh từ không đếm được và có nghĩa là “một số, một vài”. Ví dụ: some students (một số học sinh) some water (một ít nước) any chairs (một vài cái ghế) any milk (một ít sữa) Tuy nhiên, some được sử dụng trong câu khẳng định. Any được sử dụng trong câu hỏi và phủ định. Some chỉ được sử dụng trong câu hỏi khi đó là một lời đề nghị hay yêu cầu. Ví dụ: There are some books on the table. (Có một vài cuốn sách ở trên bàn.) I have some pocket money to buy candies. (Tớ có một ít tiền tiêu vặt để mua kẹo.) Is there any milk in the bottle? (Có còn ít sữa nào trong chai không?) I do not have any interesting novels. (Mình chẳng có quyển tiểu thuyết thú vị nào cả.) Can you give me some paper, please? (request) (Bạn có thể đưa giúp cho mình ít giấy được không?) (Câu yêu cầu) 3. Much / many / a lot of: 3 từ chỉ số lượng này đều có nghĩa là nhiều, chúng được dùng để nói về số lượng lớn của cái gì đó. Tuy nhiên, many được sử dụng với danh từ đếm được số nhiều, much sử dụng với danh từ không đếm được còn a lot of dùng với cả danh từ đếm được số nhiều và danh từ không đếm được. * Lưu ý: Many và much thường sử dụng trong câu hỏi và phủ định còn a lot of thường sử dụng trong câu khẳng định. Ví dụ: They didn’t invite many friends to their son’s wedding. (Họ đã không mời nhiều bạn bè đến dự lễ cưới của con trai họ.) How much money do you need to buy this toy? (Con cần bao nhiêu tiền để mua đồ chơi đó?) I have a lot of books to read at home. (Tờ có nhiều sách để đọc ở nhà.) 4. Other quantifiers: Ngoài ra khi nói về đồ ăn và công thức nấu ăn, chúng ta thường sử dụng các cụm từ chỉ số lượng như sau: a teaspoon of (một thìa cà phê) a teaspoon of pepper a tablespoon of (một thìa to) a tablespoon of sugar a cup of (một cốc nhỏ) a cup of tea a bottle of (một chai) a bottle of milk a bag of (một túi/ bịch) a bag of flour a carton of (một hộp giấy) a carton of milk a tin of (một lon nhỏ) a tin of jam a kilo of (một cân) a kilo of beef 48 100 grams of (một trăm gam) 100 grams of meat a pinch of (một nhúm) a pinch of flour a stick of (một cây) a stick of celery a bunch of (một nải/bó) a bunch of bananas a head of (một cái/ chiếc) a head of cabbage a handful of (một nắm) a handful of flour a slice of (một lát) a slice of butter a loaf of (một ổ) a loaf of bread a clove of (một nhánh) a clove of garlic II. MODAL VERBS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE I (ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIỂU TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI I) Câu điều kiện loại I diễn tả hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, khi có một điều kiện tác động vào. If + present tense, S + will + bare infinitive Tuy nhiên, chúng ta cũng có thể sử dụng các động từ khuyết thiếu như can, must, may, might hoặc should trong mệnh đề chính thay cho will để diễn đạt khả năng, sự cho phép, lời khuyên, các khả năng, sự cần thiết (ability, permission, advice, possibilities, necessity) vv... If + present tense, S + can + bare infinitive must may might should Ví dụ: If you don’t work hard, you won’t earn a lot of money (mẫu chuẩn) If you finish you homework, you can watch TV. (sự cho phép) If she tries her best to study well, she can become a doctor (khả năng) If you like eating spicy food, you may add some chili (khả năng) If you don’t want to get lost, you must follow these instructions (sự cần thiết) If you don’t feel well, you should go to bed early (lời khuyên) B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the odd one out. 1. A. curry B. sushi C. spicy D. lasagne 2. A. Mexico B. Viet Nam C. Thailand D. Japan 3. A.cook B. steak pie C. bake D. fry 4. A. beef steak B. beef noodle soup C. sticky rice D. marinate 5. A. roast B. grill C. bake D. steam 2. Circle the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. opened B. closed C. contained D. finished 2. A. laughter B. sightseeing C. daughter D. fight 3. A. island B. foodstuff C. stream D. service 4. A. paper B.receipt C. complain D. envelop 5. A. official B. ocean C. convenient D. precious 3. Fill in the blanks with a, an, some or any. 1. John had sandwich in his bag. 2. There were mistakes in your essay. 3. It was very sunny day yesterday. 4. Bring me water, please. 5. Are there passengers on the bus? 6. He took out egg from the fridge. 49 7. I sent the letter week ago. 4. Fill in the blanks with some, any or no. 1. Only__________of his friends came. Not all of them. 2. There isn’t __________food in the refrigerator, is there? 3. We are broke. We have__________ money to buy our grandpa a gift. 4. I bought a loaf of bread and__________cheese at the supermarket yesterday. 5. Don’t you know the proverb: “__________news is good news”? 6. We don’t have__________flour to make the cake. 7. __________places he chooses to go will be fine. 8. Don’t close the door. There are still __________ children outside. 9. Why don’t you decorate the room with__________ white flowers. 10. I’m busy. I have__________time to chat with you now. 11. __________people prefer to study in the morning; others at night. 12. If you have__________problems, please call me. 13. There aren’t__________books on this topic in the library. 5. Match the words of containers with the pictures. a package of a bowl of a can of a bunch of a bag of a carton of a loaf of a piece of a bottle of a bar of a spoon of a glass of a tin of a cup of a head of 1.___________chocolate 2. ___________water 3.___________ cereal 4.___________ cabbage 5.___________ bread 6.___________ syrup 7.___________ milk 8.___________ soup 9.___________ coke 50 10.___________ grapes 10.___________ jam 12.___________ coffee 13.___________ popcorn 14.___________ cake 15.___________ orange juice 6. Choose one word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. There is sugar in the jar. A. a little B. a few C. any D. many 2. My mother has milk, not enough to feed my little brother. A. a lot of B. little C. any D. many 3. They have rice, enough to cook a meal. A. a lot B. little C. many D. a little 4. I have white shirts, not enough to wear during a week. A. few B. a few C. many D. Little 5. He has comics, enough to read at weekend. A. much B. Few C. A few D. A little 6. There information given about the course so I feel confused A. are too many B. is too much C. are too a lot D. are too little 7. The chef cooked food for the party. A. many B. Few C. Much D. a few 8. the students she studies with are very helpful and friendly. A. Some B. Some of C. A little of D. A few 9. the money was spent on clothes. A. Some B. A few of C. Many D. None of 10. We don’t like drinking soft drink. A. many B. some C. much D. a few 11. There are children playing in the playground. A. too many B. too a little C. too much D. too little 12. Do you make friends with students in this class? A. much B. a little C. many D. little 13. Would you like to have to drink? A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 14. My father couldn’t find his wallet A. somewhere B. nowhere C. everyplace D. anywhere 15. She enjoys this film . A. so many B. any much C. so much D. so some 16. You must be hurry. The bus is coming so there is very time left. A. much B. Many C. A lot of D. Little 17. Would you like to go out for a meal? We still have time left A. much B. a few C. a few D. Little 18. There are two air-conditioners in classroom. 51 A. every B. anything C. Something D. No 19. I took care of child very carefully. A. every B. Some C. Many D. A lot of 20. has his / her own room to sleep. A. Something B. Everyone C. Many people D. Some people 7. Choose the best word from each pair to complete each blank in the passage. all / both any / some many / a lot of my / mine a few / a little either / neither that / the When we were young, (0) my sister and I spent (1) time together on our own. Our parents (2) worked and they always seemed to be busy with (3) big projects. One of them was usually there when we came home from school, but sometimes (4) of them could make it home before dark and they would ask our neighbour, Mrs. Green, to check if we were okay. I remember one time when we were playing basketball. My sister got annoyed and threw the ball at me. I turned my back and it bounced off and hit her straight in (5) face. As her nose started to bleed, Mrs. Green arrived and let out a terrible shriek. We all got a fright, but there was only (6) blood. It wasn’t serious. We decided not to tell our parents about it. 8. Match the first half of the sentence in A with second half in B A B 1. If I work hard, a. if you see her in her new dress. 2. He must go to see the doctor, b. she should study harder. 3. If the exams are coming, c. you can win the first prize. 4. If he finishes his exercises, d. I will succeed soon. 5. You may be surprised e. he can go out with his friends. 6. If you try your best to practice, f. if he doesn’t feel well. 9. Fill in each blank with suitable quantifiers in the box. any few fewer less little lot many most much no The President of the Students’ Union said today that the government was spending (1) on education every year. She called on the Priminister to allocate as (2) money as possible on education in the next period. She also said that too (3) students were performing below standards. She accused the government of doing (4) to improve the situation. Hardly did (5) child from inner city schools go to university when (6) of them, about 70%, went (7) further than school. She added that another problem for students was finance, as very (8) students could pay for their university courses and even (9) could get by without working during term time. A (10) of them had no choice but to work and study at the same time. 10. Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question. EATING A BALANCED DIET Eating a balanced diet means choosing a wide variety of foods and drinks from all the food groups. It also means eating certain things in moderation, namely saturated fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, and salt. The goal is to take in nutrients you need for health at the recommended levels. Your balanced diet must be planned at your own calorie level, and portion size is key. You can get the most nutrients by choosing foods with a high-nutrient density. Nutrient-dense foods provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, lean meat and fish, and whole grains and beans. Low-nutrient dense foods have few vitamins but lots of calories, such as candy bars, soda, donuts and onion rings. Necessary to the building, maintenance, and repair of body tissue like our skin, muscles, 52 and internal organs, proteins are the major components of our immune system and hormones. When choosing proteinrich foods, pay attention to what else you are getting with that selection. Foods high in saturated fats will raise your blood cholesterol levels putting you at risk of heart diseases or strokes. Vegetable sources of protein, such as nuts, beans, and whole grains are great choices and offer vitamins, minerals and healthy fibers. The best protein choices are poultry and fish. For those who love red meat, you should stick with the leanest cuts, choose moderate portion sizes, and make it only an occasional part of your diet. Developing healthy eating habits is not as confusing or as restrictive as you may imagine. The first principle of a healthy diet is simply to eat a wide variety of foods. This is important because different foods make different nutritional contributions. Fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes-foods high in complex carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, low in fat and free of cholesterol-should make up the bulk of the calories you consume. The rest should come from low-fat dairy products, lean meat and poultry, and fish. 1. A balanced diet is the one which is A. tasty B. nutritious C. healthy D. both B and C 2. Your balanced diet must be planned at your own calorie level, and portion size is key. Is this statement correct or incorrect? A. correct B. incorrect 3. Fruits and vegetables are rich in A. carbohydrates B. vitamins C. both A and B D. fats 4. The best protein choices are A. fish B. poultry C. both A and B D. grains C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 7: RECIPES AND EATING HABITS 1. 1. C. spicy 2. 1. D. finished 3. 2. A. Mexico 2. A. laughter 3. B. steak pie 3. A. island 4. D. marinate 4. B. receipt 5. D. Steam 5. C. convenient l. a 2. some 3. a 4. some 5. any 6. an 7. A 4. 1. some 2. any 3. no 4. some 5. No 6. any 7. No 8. some 9. some 10. no 11. Some 12. any 13. Any 5. 1. a bar of chocolate 2. a bottle of water 3. a package of cereal 4. a head of cabbage 5. a loaf of bread 6. a spoon of syrup 7. a carton of milk 8. a bowl of soup 9. a can of coke 10. a bunch of grapes 11. a tin of jam 12. a cup of coffee 13. a bag of popcorn 14. apiece of cake 15. a glass of orange juice 6. l. A 2. B 3.D 4. A 5.C 6.B 7. C 8. B 9.D 10. C 11. A 12 . C 13.A 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. A 19.A 20. B 7. 1. a lot of 2. both 3. some 4. neither 5. The 6. a little 8. 53 1-d 9. 1.less 2-f 2. much 3-b 3. many 4 - e 4. little 5 - a 5. any 6 – c 6. most 7. no 8. few 9. fewer 10. Lot 10. 1. D 2. A 3.C 4.C 54 Unit 8: TOURISM A. GRAMMAR Quantifiers: Articles (other uses) - Mạo từ Trong tiếng Anh có 2 loại mạo từ, mạo từ không xác định (indefinite articles) là a / an và mạo từ xác định (definite article) - the. I. INDEFINITE ARTICLES (MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH): a / an - được sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. A / an được sử dụng để nói đến một cái gì đó được nhắc đến lần đầu tiên (hay người nghe và người nói chưa biết gì về nó). Ví dụ: K2 is a peak in the Himalayas. (K2 là một đỉnh ở dãy núi Hi-ma-lay-a.) I have just had a great idea. (Tôi vừa có một ý tưởng lớn.) 2. A / an được sử dụng trước một cụm danh từ (tính từ + danh từ) dùng để miêu tả một ai đó hay một cái gì đó. Ví dụ: That is an unreliable travel agency. (Đó là một hãng du lịch không đáng tin cậy.) Carol is a very beautiful city. (Carol là một thành phố rất đẹp.) 3. A / an được sử dụng trước danh từ chỉ nghề nghiệp. Ví dụ: My father is a truck driver. (Bố mình là một tài xế xe tải.) He is an engineer. (Ông ấy là một kỹ sư.) II. DEFINITE ARTICLE (MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH): the - được sử dụng trong các trường hộp sau đây: 1. The được sử dụng với những danh từ đã được nhắc đến trước đó. Ví dụ: He has a son and a daughter. The son is only 3 months old. (Anh ấy có một con trai và một con gái. Cậu con trai mới chỉ 3 tháng tuổi.) 2. The được sử dụng khi cả người nghe và người nói đều biết rõ là họ đang nói về ai hay cái gì. Ví dụ: Can you pass me the salt, please? (Cậu có thể chuyển giúp cho tớ lọ muối được chứ?) Give me the money. (Đưa cho mình tiền đi.) 3. The được sử dụng trước những danh từ được theo sau bởi một cụm từ hay mệnh đề miêu tả giúp cho chúng trở nên xác định. Ví dụ: Where are the tickets I gave you yesterday? (Những tấm vé mà tớ đưa cho cậu ngày hôm qua ở đầu rồi nhỉ?) This is the student I told you about. (Đây là cậu sinh viên mà tớ đã nói với cậu.) 4. The được sử dụng trước những danh từ được coi là duy nhất như mặt trăng, mặt trời, trái đất, Đại Tây Dương, Thái Bình Dương... Ví dụ: Neil Amstrong landed on the moon in 1969. (Neil Amstrong đã đặt chân lên mặt trăng vào năm 1969.) The moon is full tonight. (Trăng tối nay tròn quá.) 55 5. The được sử dụng với những danh từ chỉ tên nước số nhiều như the Philippins, the Neitherlands, the USA, the United Kingdom.... 6. The được sử dụng trước các danh từ chỉ nhạc cụ như the piano, the guitar... Ví dụ: He can play the guitar but he cannot play the piano. (Cậu ấy có thể chơi ghi ta nhưng không thể chơi đàn dương cầm.) III. ZERO ARTICLE (KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG MẠO TỪ): 1. Không sử dụng mạo từ với các danh từ số nhiều và danh từ không đếm được khi chúng ta nói về chúng một cách chung chung. Ví dụ: Passwords protect our personal information. (Mật khẩu bảo vệ thông tin cá nhân của chúng ta.) All the things he talks about are cars. (Tất cả những gì anh ta nói là về ô tô.) Football is life. (Bóng đá là cuộc sống.) 2. Không sử dụng mạo từ với tên các bữa ăn nói chung, tháng, thứ và thời gian đặc biệt trong năm. Ví dụ: It’s time for lunch. Let’s go to the canteen. (Đã đến giờ ăn trưa. Chúng ta đi đến căng tin nào.) I was bom in May. (Mình sinh vào tháng 5.) I often visit my grandparents on New Year’s Day. (Tớ thường đến thăm ông bà tớ vào dịp năm mới.) 3. Không sử dụng mạo từ với hầu hết tên người, tên địa điểm (đa phần tên nước, tên bang và tên thành phố). Ví dụ: Ha Noi is the capital of Viet Nam. (Hà Nội là thủ đô của Việt Nam.) We took the train from Ha Noi to Sai Gon. (Chúng tôi bắt tàu từ Hà Nội vào Sài Gòn.) 4. Không sử dụng mạo từ với tên riêng các khu vực địa lý, hồ, núi và quần đảo. Ví dụ: We visited West Lake in Ha Noi. (Chúng tôi đã đến thăm Hồ Tây ở Hà Nội.) We live in France. (Chúng tôi sống ở Pháp.) Do you know Everest is the highest mountain in the world? (Bạn có nghĩ rằng Everest là đỉnh núi cao nhất trên thế giới không?) B. EXERCISES 1. Choose the odd one out. 1. A. trip B. voyage C. tour D. weather 2. A. souvemirs B. gifts C. postcards D. presents 3. A. interesting B. destination C. accommodation D. hotel 4. A. planes B. tickets C. trains D. coaches 5. A. tourists B. visitors C. booking D. travellers 2. Choose the word that has a different stress pattern from the others 1. A. summer B. package C. adventure D. holiday 2. A. tourist B. seaside C. business D. controlling 3. A. sightseeing B. introduce C. popularity D. interesting 4. A. international B. destination C. accommodation D. conversation 5. A. decision B. luggage C. souvemir D. travelling 56 3. Match the countries with the pictures. 1. Japan 2. Russia 3. France 4. United States 5. Viet Nam 6. Germany 7. United Kingdom 8. Italy 57 4. Collocations: Match the verbs with the words or phrases. 1. book a. different places 2. stay b. in the swimming pool 3. go c. at the airport 4. travel d. tickets 5. explore e. my mind 6. made up f. one place to another 7. arrive g. the caves 8. swim h. on a business trip 9. visit i. at a luxury hotel 10. move from k. to London 5. Fill a/ an, the or ∅ in each blank to complete the following sentences. 1. I think I need pencil to draw a picture first. 2. If you want to meet her, let’s go to second floor. 3. My father has just found job in factory near my house. 4. Can you see drug store on comer of Tran Phu Street. 5. The weather is so hot today. Could you please open door for me? 6. Would you like to go to supermarket with me? 7. She is very beautiful girl. She is most beautiful one of three girls. 8. Do you know name of boy who is sitting next to the window? 9. I know that you can play piano very well. 10. “Can you show me way to the nearest market?” - “Go straight ahead and it’s next to bank.” 11. He sometimes goes to movies at weekends or he sometimes goes to gyms. 12. He will find job he likes soon. He should go to employment centre to ask for some information about available jobs. 13. place where you want to go to must be very nice. It may be most beautiful of all. 14. Where do you often have lunch? - I often have breakfast at home and lunch at school canteen. 15. If you want study in foreign country, you should ask consultant for some advice. 16. teacher who teaches me English always says that “life is always beautiful.” 17. My family has visited Paris in France for two weeks. 18. tallest building in HaNoi is Kang Nam. 19. Can you see boy sitting between Nam and Hung? 20. Is Me Kong river longest one in Asia? 6. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 1. When are you going to pay back I lent you? A. a money B. the money C. money D. moneys 2. Yoshi and Takashi on a business trip now. A. is B. are C. am D. be 3. Should do more to help themselves? A. employed people B. an unemployed people C. the unemployed people D. unemployed people 4. The people who live in are called the Dutch. A. Netherlands B. Netherland C. the Netherlands D. a Netherlands 5. David learned to play the violin when he was at A. an university B. the university C. university D. a university 58 6. Columbus was one of to cross the Atlantic. A. the first people B. a first people C. an first people D. first people. 7. We went by train to of England. A. West B. a West C. the West D. the Wests 8. The Prime Minister will give this afternoon. A. the speech B. a speech C. speech D. an speech 9. I haven’t been to theater before. A. a open air B. open air C. the open air D. an open air 10. Most people think that is an important part of life. A. the good job B. goodjob C. goodjobs D. a goodjob 11. I don’t believe that a third of should be paid in tax. A. the person’s income B. a person ’s income C. person’s income D. person income 12. The number of loyal customers on the rise thanks to the company’s effective advertising campaign. A. is B. are C. am D. be 13. I try to go jogging at least four times A. the week B. of the week C. a week D. of a week 14. People always willing to switch to a better product. A. is B. Are C. Be D. Am 15. Too much rubbish is being dumped in A. sea B. The sea C. A sea D. Some sea 16. the Sales Manager away? A. is B. Are C. Am D. Be 17. Learning foreign languages important. A. is B. are C. Was D. Has 18. Sally spent six months out of A. work B. A work C. The work D. Some work 19. Hann never watches TV because he too busy. A. does B. Is C. Isn’t D. Doesn’t 20. Why don’t we go to the park ? A. by the car B. with the car C. with car D. by car 7. Read the story and fill “a/an/ the or x (without article) in each blank. There was (1) knock on (2) door. I opened it and found (3) small dark man in (4) blue overcoat and (5) woolen cap. He said he was (6) employee of (7) gas company and had come to read (8) meter. But I had (9) suspicion that he wasn’t speaking (10) truth because (11) meter readers usually wore (12) peaked caps. However, I took him to (13) meter, which was in (14) dark comer under (15) stairs. I asked if he had (16) torch; he said he disliked torches and always read (17) meters by (18) light of (19) match. I remarked that if there was (20) leak in (21) gas pipe there might be (22) explosion while he was reading (23) meter. He said, “As (24) matter of (25) fact, there was (26) explosion in (27) last house I visited; and Mr. Smith, (28) owner of (29) house, was burnt in (30) face.” “Mr.Smith was holding (31) lighted match at (32) time of (33) explosion.” To prevent (34) possible repetition of this accident, I lent him (35) torch. He switched on (36) torch, read (37) meter and wrote (38) reading down on (39) back of (40) envelope. I said in (41) surprise that (42) 59 meter readers usually put (43) readings down in (44) book. He said that he had had (45) book but that it had been burnt in (46) fire in (47) Mr. Smith’s house. By this time I had come to (48) conclusion that he wasn’t (49) genuine meter reader; and (50) moment he left (51) house I rang (52) police. 8. I dentify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected and rewritten. Circle your choice. 1. Pierre and Marie is employees here. They are from the IT department. Both are from France but only A B C Pierre is married. D 2. It is 9 o’clock. This are the news from the Stock Exchange today. My name’s Juan. A B C D 3. A government has urged businesses not to give pay rises. A B C D 4. I go to meetings in London twice the month. A B C D 5. The advertisements will be aimed mainly at young. A B C D 6. I’m doing a evening course in accounting, but that takes up an hour a week. A B C D 7. The computer software is not as expensive as you may think. A B C D 8. I’m thinking about buying new car. What would you recommend? A B C D 9. She said to me that I should consider doing the course in Business Administration. A B C D 10. If you go by train, you can have quite comfortable journey. A B C D 11. On the Sundays, my father stays in bed till 10 o’clock, reading the Sunday papers. A B C D 12. My mother goes to the church in the morning. A B C D 13. He gets up, puts on old clothes, has breakfast and starts work in garden. A B C D 14. Everything are so expensive these days, especially food. A B C D 15. The police is closing the street so that workmen can repair the broken water main. A B C D 9. Read the text and choose the best answers. Health is the general condition of a person’s mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be (1) from illness, injury or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Generally, the context in (2) an individual lives is of great importance on health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized (3) health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, (4) 60 through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According (5) the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviors. In fact, an (6) number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, (7) lifestyle, environments, health care organization, and health policy. Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from different studies suggested that people can (8) their health via: exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use and avoid smoking. 1. A. busy B. free C. different D. excited 2. A. which B. that C. there D. when 3. A. then B. which C. when D. that 4. A. and B. as well C. but also D. so 5. A. with B. to C. on D. in 6. A. increasing B. Increasingly C. increased D. increase 7. A. include B. includes C. to include D. including 8. A. improve B. protect C. prevent D. avoid 10. Read the text and choose the suitable word to fill each blank. parents tickets four-star hotel sleep animals whether better amazing I’m planning my holiday for next summer and I don’t know (1) I should have a lazy holiday or an exciting one. Last year I went on holiday to Southern Spain with my best friends, Nam and Linh. We stayed in a brilliant (2) , which had three swimming pools. It was quite expensive but we really enjoyed ourselves and we all got great suntans! This year, Nam is going away with her (3) to Greece so it’ll be just Linh and me. Linh wants us to go on an adventure holiday in Africa, the type where you have to go walking in the desert and (4) out in the open. She said it would be interesting and (5) than having a lazy holiday because we would learn about the world around us and see some wild (6) . I’m not sure whether I want to go to Africa. For me, a holiday means relaxing on a beach, not trekking across the middle of nowhere. Linh said that we’d see elephants and zebras and have some (7) experiences. I think she’s bored with lying in the sun all day and fancies a change. I’ve got to make up my mind by next Monday at the latest so that she can book the (8) . It will cost £1,400 each to go to Africa, but less than half of the amount for two weeks in Portugal. C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 8: TOURISM 1. 1. D. weather 2. C. postcards 3. A. interesting 4. B. tickets 5. C. booking 2. 1. C. adventure 2. D. controlling 3. C. popularity 4. c. Accommodation 5. A. Decision 3. 1-g 2-f 3-a 4-e 5 - c 6-h 7-b 8-d 4. 1 - d. book tickets 6 - e. made up my mind 2 - i. stay at a luxury hotel 7 - c arrive at the airport 61 3 - h. go on a business trip 8 - b. swim in the swimming pool 4 - k. travel to London 9 - a. visit different places / g. the caves 5 - g. explore the caves / a. different palces 10 - f. move from one place to another 5. l. a 2. The 3. a-a 4. a – the 5. The 6. The 7. a - the – the 8. the - the 9. The 10. the-the 11. the-the 12. the - the - ∅ / the 13. the-the 14. ∅-∅ 15. a-the 16. the-∅ 17. ∅-the 18. the-∅-∅ 19. the-∅-∅20. ∅ - the – ∅ 6. l. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. D 7. 1. a 2. the 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. an 7. the 8. the 9. a 10. the 11.x 12.x 13. the 14. the 15. the 16. a 17. x 18. the 19. a 20. a 21. the 22. an 23. the 24. a 25. x 26. an 27. the 28. the 29. the 30. the 31. a 32. the 33. the 34. a 35. a 36. the 37. the 38. the 39. the 40. an 41. x 42. x 43. the 44. a 45. a 46. the 47.x 48. the 49. a 50. the 51. the 52. the 8. l. A 2. B 3. A 4. D 5.D 6. A 7. A 8.B 9. C 10. D 11.A 12. B 13. D 14. B 15.A 9. l. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. A 10. Read the text and choose the suitable word to fill each blank 1. whether 2. four-star hotel 3. Parents 4. Sleep 5. better 6. animals 7. Amazing 8. Tickets 62 Unit 9: ENGLISH IN THE WORLD A. GRAMMAR I. CONDITIONALS SENTENCES TYPE 2 (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2) 1. Form (Cấu trúc): IF + past simple, S + would + V-infi IF + past simple, S + would + V-infi could might 2. Uses (Cách sử dụng): Câu điều kiện loại 2 diễn tả một điều kiện không thể xảy ra hoặc người nói không muốn xảy ra ở tương lai hoặc hiện tại (Hypothetical conditions at the present or in the future.) Ví dụ: If I could go on holiday, I would be touring Paris now. If we did not win that project, we might miss a lot of good opportunities. * Lưu ý: Động từ TO BE ở quá khứ đơn thường được chia là WERE với tất cả các ngôi (trừ văn nói) Ví dụ: If I were you, I would not get up early. II. RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) Một mệnh đề quan hệ thường được bắt đầu bởi một đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) như là who, whom, which, that, whose, where, why và when. Ví dụ: This is the girl who is the best student in my class. Relative clause Relative pronoun Chúng ta sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ để cung cấp thêm thông tin về một ai đó, một cái gì đó hoặc để xác định đối tượng mà chúng ta đang nói đến. 1. WHO: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: Her teacher, who is kind, asked her to study abroad. (Cô giáo của cô ấy, người rất tốt bụng, đã bảo cô ấy nên đi du học.) Who ở ví dụ trên là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: That is the girl who I am looking for. (Đây là cô gái tôi đang tìm kiếm.) Ở ví dụ trên who là tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. 2. WHOM: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ cho động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: She talked to a boy whom she did not know much about. (Cô ấy nói chuyện với một câu bé - người mình không biết rõ lắm.) Ở ví dụ trên whom là tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. 3. WHOSE: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người đóng vai trò chủ sở hữu trong mối quan hệ. Chú ý sau whose phải là 1 danh từ. “Whose + N” có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: We often do not like people whose ideas are contrary to ours. (Chúng ta thường không thích những người có ý tưởng khác với chúng ta.) Whose là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sự sở hữu đứng sau danh từ chỉ người people, có chức năng là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. 4. WHICH: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, thay thế cho các danh từ chỉ con vật, đồ vật, sự vật, làm chức năng chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: This is the sport which I often practice whenever I have free time. (Đây là môn thể thao mà tôi thường tập luyện mỗi khi có thời gian rỗi.) Which thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật "sport" và đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. 63 Ví dụ: The shorts which is dark-green are mine. (Chiếc quần sooc màu xanh sẫm là của tôi.) Which thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật "shorts" và đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. 5. Of which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu được dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật làm chủ hữu trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Chú ý danh từ chỉ vật bị sở hữu thường đứng trước “of which” . Ví dụ: The house whose windows = the windows of which are broken is mine. (Ngôi nhà có cửa sổ bị vỡ là ngôi nhà của tôi.) 6. THAT: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người hoặc vật, dùng để thay thế cho các danh từ chỉ, người, vật, hoặc cả người và vật để làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ * Chú ý: - “That” có thể dùng để thay thế who, whom, which. - “That” thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: + khi mang nghĩa so sánh hơn nhất, số thứ tự: the most, the last/only/ first person... + that + khi đi sau: all, same, any, only, none, little... và đôi khi sau It is/ It was + khi là các đại từ bất định: no one, nobody, nothing, something, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, anything, everything ... + khi danh từ đứng trước bao gồm cả người lẫn vật Ví dụ (1): She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever met. (Cô ấy là cô gái xinh nhất mà tôi đã từng gặp.) Ví dụ (2): The firemen managed to rescue the old lady and her cat that were stuck in the house. (Người lính cứu hỏa cố gắng cứu cả bà cụ và con mèo của bà đang bị kẹt trong ngôi nhà). That thay thế cho cả người (the old lady) và vật (her cat.) 7. WHEN = Prepositions of time (giói từ chỉ thời gian) + which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian được dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ thời gian trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: I still remember the day when = on which we first met. (Em vẫn nhớ ngày đầu tiên chúng ta gặp nhau.) 8. WHERE = Prepositions of place (giới từ chỉ noi chốn) + which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn được dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: This is the city where = in which I was bom. (Đây là thành phố nơi tôi đã sinh ra.) 9. WHY = for which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ lỷ do, thường theo sau bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “the reason”. Ví dụ: That isn’t the reason why they were late. (Đó không phải là lý do tại sao họ lại đến muộn.) B. EXERCISES 1. Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. simmer B. grill C. whisk D. slice 2. A. cube B. tunnel C. manual D. puree 3. A. grate B. staple C. citadel D. occasion 4. A. spread B. measure C. breath D. break 5. A. delicious B. lemon C. pepper D. vegetable 2. Choose the word that has a different stress pattern from the others 1. A. bilingual B. subject C. language D. practicing 2. A. degree B. invent C. accent D. mistake 3. A. communication B. international C. conversation D. immigration 4. A. immersion B. importance C. vocabulary D. pronunciation 5. A. immitate B. today C. global D. learner 3. Put the verbs in brackets with Conditional sentences - type 2. 1. If I (meet) her not him now, I (tell) her about yournew job. 64 2. If the dish (not be) so hot now, we (eat) it. 3. What (you/do) if you (go) bankrupt? 4. He (give) me a helping hand if he (be) here. 5. If he (not prepare) for the exam at present, he (not pass) it. 6. My mother (not be) angry with me if I (not get) bad marks in the Maths’ test today. 7. We (not/ have) a pet if we (live) in a flat. 8. If he (can /speak) English well, he (have) many job opportunities. 9. If you (take) the 7:20 flight today, you (must/ not/ change) to Heathrow Airport. 10. I (not/ stay) any longer if I (have) no time. 4. Choose the correct phrases to complete the following sentences. 1. If you (turn / could turn / will turn) the volume down, the the music (would sound / sounded / would have sounded) clearer. 2. This song (might win / will have won / wins) an award if it (was recorded / had recorded / would be recorded) in a studio. 3. Your pencils (will not break / wouldn’t break / broke) if you (pack / will pack / packed) your school bag more carefully. 4. If the boys (sleep / are sleeping / slept) soundly enough, they (did not feel/ wouldn't feel/ wouldn’t have felt) sleepy every day. 5. (Would you like / Like you / Will you like) a new house if you (have / had / would have) enough money? 6. If he (had been burned / would burn / burned) a fire, it (won’t be / wouldn’t be / isn’t) so cold. 7. I (don’t need / wouldn’t need / wouldn’t have needed) a computer to gather research data if I (will have had / had / will have) my mobile phone. 8. If the students (kept / have kept/ should keep) a diary, they (wouldn’t forget / wouldn’t have been forgotten / must not forget) their homework so often. 9. If they (relax /relaxed /had been relaxed) before the exam, they (would pass / would passed / will have passed) it. 10. I (wouldn’t go / wouldn’t have gone / go) on holiday if I (would be / were / would have been) you. 5. Complete the second sentences so that they have similar meanings to the first ones. 1. I am too hungry to do my work properly. → If I weren’t 2. Perhaps I went on holiday in HCM city and visit the theme park there. → If I went 3. I don’t speak English well enough to find a job in a foreign company. → If I spoke 4. I think you should not marry her. → If I were 5. My dream is to become rich and travel around the world. → If I were 6. Supposing you were a billionaire, what would you do? → What 7. Why don’t you ask for her help? That is what I’d do. → If I 8. Imagine you live in Mars. How would you feel? → How 65 9. You should invest in that company. That’s what I’d do. → If I 10. You’d better live in the countryside. → If I 6. Choose the correct relative pronouns to complete the sentences 1. You should speak to Peter manages the sales department. (who / whose / whom) 2. He arrived late for the meeting, was a stupid thing to do. (that / who / which) 3. Mr. Smith, wife works for us, can provide more details. (who / which / whose) 4. It is not good for your health to live in a city the population is too big. (who /which / where) 5. The young man is standing on the comer works for an overseas company (whose / who / which) 6. The woman lives on Green Street was a member of the security council (who /whom /which) 7. The house has been sold to him used to be in a very bad situation (which / whose / where) 8. The employees were hired last month helped improve profits (that / whose / which) 9. The actor, wife was also famous, was cast as the villain. (that/whose / which) 10. That’s the shop I often go to buy fresh meat (which / where / whose) 7. Choose the correct pronouns among who, which, whose, whom to complete these sentences. 1. I talked to the woman husband was a kind doctor. 2. Mr. Richards, is an engineer, is our neighbour. 3. We often visit our uncle in North Star is in East Anglia. 4. This is the girl we like best. 5. That’s John, the boy we picked up at the airport. 6. Thank you very much for your assistance helped me overcome it. 7. The man, father is the president of a big group, is very rich. 8. The children, shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9. The car, driver is a young man, has collided with a train. 10. What did you do with the money your best friend lent you? 8. Choose the correct relative adverbs among where, when, why to complete the following sentences. 1. This is the restaurant I first met my husband. 2. July and August are the months most people go on holiday. 3. Do you know the reason she left so early? 4. This is the school I and my best friends attended. 5. This is the town the greatest leader of the country came from. 6. 14th February is the day lovers exchange their gifts. 7. Becoming rich is the reason so many people work like crazy. 8. A supermarket is a shopping center you can buy almost anything. 9. The day he arrived was very nice. 10. A plane crash was the reason I couldn’t sleep last night. 9. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. This is the place I first met her. 66 A. what B. where C. which D. that 2. John is the man I admire. A. who B. which C. whom D. A and C 3. My husband, is an engineer, works at ABC Engineering. A. who B. which C. whom D. that 4. Only one of the staff work for the company receives a bonus. A. what B. which C. who D. where 5. She is the one I think is the best student in the class. A. what B. which C. whose D. whom 6. Those had worked hard got a raise. A. what B. which C. who D. whose 7. The book you lent me is worth to read. A. what B. which C. whom D. whose 8. The boy is talking with John is my best friend. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose 9. The house Ms Diana bought was very expensive. A. whom B. whose C. which D. where 10. The women I informed of the news were excited. A. to whom B. to that C. for whom D. for that 11. Those CVs were very good were shortlisted. A. who B. whose C. which D. that 12. Yesterday, I spoke to your manager, seemed to be very out going. A. that B. whom C. whose D. who 13. We finally came to a conclusion on every one could agree. A. which B. what C. who D. whom 14. The company, name has been subject to frequent changes, is now called Axeg Group. A. which B. who C. whose D. that 15. I am now talking with a client I have known for many years. A. which B. whose C. that D. whom 16. The room the meeting was held was very spacious. A. which B. where C. who D. that 17. The cougar is a member of the cat family grows to around 8 feet in length. A. which B. who C. whose D. when 18. The cougar has powerful legs, it uses to climb and jump into trees. A. that B. who C. which D. with which 19. Cougars rarely attack humans, of they are usually afraid. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 20. There is a doctor on-call at the hotel, you can call in emergency situations. A. who B. which C. when D. that 10. Combine the following pairs of sentences using clause beginning with “WHO”, “WHOM”, “WHICH” or “THAT . 1. The drugs only exacerbated the pain. The doctor gave the drugs to me yesterday. 2. The film was terrible. We saw the film last week. 3. The little girl was very poor. The sailors found her on a deserted island the other day. 4. The novels are very difficult to read. He wrote the novels late in life. 5. The sights interested him a great deal. The sailors saw the sights in Istanbul. 67 6. The houses are very expensive. My father wanted to buy them last week. 7. I am in love with the woman. I saw the woman at the theatre last week. 8. I will sell the antiques. I found them in my grandmother’s attic. 9. Everybody knows the girl. You met her at the party last night. 10. I am cross with the girl. My father advised her to see a doctor right away. 11. Read the two paragraphs below and fill each blank with one suitable word from the boxes. matter widely international spoken either differently English has achieved prime status by becoming the most (1) spoken language in the world ahead of Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. English is (2) in 101 countries, while Arabic is spoken in 60, French in 51, Chinese in 33, and Spanish in 31. From one small island, English has gone on to acquire lingua franca status in (3) business, worldwide diplomacy, and science. But the success of English as a “universal” language comes with a hefty price, in terms of vulnerability. Problems arise when English is a second language to (4) speakers, listeners, or both. No (5) how proficient they are, their own understanding of English, and their first language can change what they believe is being said. When someone uses their second language, they seem to operate slightly (6) than when they function in their native language. This phenomenon has been referred to as the “foreign language effect”. 12. Read the paragraph and choose the best answers. The English language is one of the (1) commonly spoken in the world. Originating from a (2) of different languages, the English language still plays a part in many cultures across the world. The reason for this is not because English is any more (3) than other languages but because of historical and political circumstances. Originally, the English language was spread by (4) travelling to different parts of the world such as tradesmen, soldiers and sailors. Overtime, immigration led to many languages, (5) English spreading to different countries. One of the main countries that English is so widely spoken in is of course the United States of America and their influence in cultures around the globe has helped keep the English language in such a (6) position. Over the 18th century, as the British Empire spread to almost a quarter of the world, so did the language. Trade was the (7) aim of the British Empire meaning that (8) people did not settle in the territories being ruled by the United Kingdom. English did not become a dominant language in places in Asia and Africa amongst the (9) . It did however mean that English played an important (10) in business and education and still does so today. 1. A. more B. most C. much D. many 2. A. source B. origin C. variety D. lots 3. A. special B. specially C. specialty D. especially 4. A. who B. which C. that D. those 5. A. to include B. includes C. including D. include 6. A. high B. huge C. big D. prominent 7. A. main B. mainly C. minor D. tiny 8. A. few B. many C. little D. much 9. A. natives B. nations C. nationality D. countries 10. A. proportion B. part C. piece D. course C. GÓC GHI NHỚ 68 Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 9: ENGLISH IN THE WORLD 1. l. D. slice 2. B. tunnel 3. C. citadel 4. D. break 5. A. Delicious 2. l. A. bilingual 2. C. accent 3. A. communication 4. D. pronunciation 5. B. today 3. 1. met, would tell 6. wouldn’t be, didn’t get 2. weren’t, would eat 7. wouldn’t have, lived 3. would you do, went 8. could speak, would have 4. would give, were 9. took, wouldn’t have to change 5. was preparing, wouldn’t pass 10. wouldn’t stay, had 4. 1. could turn, would sound 6. burned, wouldn’t be 2. might win, was recorded 7. wouldn’t need, had 3. wouldn’t break, packed 8. kept, wouldn’t forget 4. slept, wouldn’t feel 9. relaxed, would pass 5. would you like, had 10. wouldn’t go, were 5. 1. If I weren’t hungry, I would be able to do my work properly (I could do my work properly). 2. If I went on holiday in HCM city, I would visit the theme park there. 3. If I spoke English better (well), I would find a job in a foreign company. 4. If I were you, I wouldn’t marry her. 5. If I were rich, I would travel around the world. 6. What would you do if you were a billionaire? 7. If I were you, I’d ask for her help. 8. How would you feel if you lived in Mars? 9. If I were you, I would invest in that company. 10. If I were you, I’d live in the countryside. 6. 1. who 6. who 7. 2. which 7. which 3. whose 4. where 8. that 9. whose 5. who 10. Where 1. whose 2. who 3. which 4. who / whom / 5. who / whom / 6. which 7. whose 8. who 9. whose 10. Which 8. 1. where 2. when 3. why 4. where 5. where 6. when 7. why 8. where 9. when 10. Why 9. 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 D 6 C 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 B 12 D 13 A 14 C 15 D 16 B 17 A 18 C 19 D 20 A 10. 1. The drugs which/that the doctor gave to me yesterday only exacerbated the pain. 2. The film which/that we saw last week was terrible. 69 3. The little girl who/whom/that the sailors found on a deserted island the other day was very poor. 4. The novels which/that he wrote late in life are very difficult to read. 5. The sights which/that/ the sailors saw in Istanbul interested him a great deal. 6. The houses which/that my father wanted to buy last week are very expensive. 7. I am in love with the woman who/whom/that I saw at the theatre last week. 8. I will sell the antiques which/that I found in my grandmother’s attic. 9. Everybody knows the girl who/whom/that you met at the party last night. 10. I am cross with the girl who/whom/that my father advised to see a doctor right away. 11. 1. widely 2. spoken 3. international 4. either 5. matter 6. Differently 12. l. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B 70 Unit 10: SPACE TRAVEL A. GRAMMAR I. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST PERFECT (QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN VÀ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH) PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT 1. Form: (Cấu trúc) (+) S + V _quá khứ (-) S+ didn’t + V-infi. (?) Did + S+ V-infi? Yes, S did / No, S didn’t. 2. Uses: (Cách sử dụng) + Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với thời gian xác định. Ví dụ: She came back last Sunday. (Cô ấy đã quay trở lại vào Chủ nhật tuần trước.) She didn’t have breakfast this morning. (Sáng nay, cô ấy không ăn sáng.) + Thì quá khứ đơn kể lại / tường thuật lại các hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: Last Sunday, she got up early, had breakfast and then she went out. (Chủ nhật tuần trước, cô ấy dậy sớm, ăn sáng và đi ra ngoài.) * Cách nhận biết: Thì quá khứ đơn hay dùng với các trạng từ chỉ thời gian ở quá khứ như yesterday, yesterday morning, last week, las month, last year, last night, in the past, in (1975; 19th century ....), from ... to.... và ago. 1. Form: (Cấu trúc) (+) S + had + P2. (-) S +hadn’t+ P2. (?) Had + S + P2? Yes, S had / No, S hadn’t 2. Uses: (Cách sử dụng) + Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả 1 hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ hoặc trước một hành động khác cũng đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: They had lived in Da Lat for 5 years before they moved to Ho Chi Minh city. (Họ đã sống ở Đà Lạt được 5 năm trước khi họ chuyển tới sống ở TP Hồ Chí Minh.) We had finished our work before 10 a.m yesterday. (Chúng tôi đã hoàn thành công việc trước 10 giờ sáng hôm qua.) * Cách nhận biết: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành hay dùng với các cụm trạng từ chỉ thời gian như: after, before, as soon as, by the time, when, already, just, since, for …. II. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ XÁC ĐỊNH) 1. Use (cách sử dụng): - Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định có chức năng xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này câu thường không đủ nghĩa, do đó mệnh đề này là một thành phần quan trọng của câu. Ví dụ: The man who is talking to Mary is my husband. (Người đàn ông đang nói chuyện với Mary là chồng của tôi.) - Mệnh đề “who is talking to Mary” là mệnh đề quan hệ xác định có chức năng xác định danh từ tiền ngữ the man. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này, người đọc không biết danh từ đề cập đến ai. 2. Relative pronouns in definining relative clauses (Đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định): Persons (chỉ người) Things (chỉ vật) 71 Subject (Chủ ngữ) Who /that He is the man who/that helps me a lot. Which /that This is the club which/that opens overnight. (Anh ấy là người đã giúp tôi rất nhiều.) (Đây là câu lạc bộ mở cửa cả đêm.) Object (Tân ngữ) Who / whom / that / ∅ The man who/whom/that vou talked to is a doctor (Người đàn ông mà bạn đã nói chuyện cùng là một bác sỹ.) * Chú ý: Khi đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ thì đại từ đó có thể được lược bỏ. The man you talked to is a doctor. Which/ that / ∅ The club which/that I often go to opens overnight. (Câu lạc bộ mà tôi thường lui tới mở cửa cả đêm.) * Chú ý: Khi đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ thì đại từ đó có thể được lược bỏ. The club I often go to opens overnight. Possession (sở hữu) Whose The girl whose father is mv boss is my girlfriend. (Cô gái có bố là sếp tôi là bạn gái của tôi) Whose/ of which The house whose windows / the windows of which are broken is mine. (Ngôi nhà có cửa sổ bị vỡ là ngôi nhà của tôi) B. EXERCISES 1. Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. amazing B. planet C. spaceship D. phase 2. A. attach B. accent C. astronaut D. habitable A. breadwinner B. environment C. mission D. without A. float B. global C. role D. content A. cosmonaut B. occasion C. operate D. parabolic 2. Choose the odd one out. A. Venus B. river C. Jupiter D. Neptune A. sun B. moon C. earth D. water A. operate B. spaceship C. spacecraft D. spacewalk A. rocket B. spacecraft C. launch D. space ship A. astronaut B. cosmonaut C. astronomy D. traveller 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses - Past Perfect or Simple Past. 1. After Lan (spend) her holiday in Japan she (want) to learn Japanese. 2. She (phone) her mother at work before she (leave) for her trip. 3. Janet (turn on) the T.V after she (wash) the dishes. 4. When we (arrive) the show already (start). 5. After my brother (come) home he (feed) thedog. 6. Before she (sing) a song she (play) the violin. 7. We (watch) a film after the children (go) to bed. 8. After Julia (make) coffee, she (phone) her friend. 72 9. I (be) very tired because I (work) too hard. 10. We (talk) to the children’s parents before we (meet) them. 11. Yesterday Peter (go) to the pub before he (go) home. 12. Our father (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) Paris in 1990. 13. When we got to the theater, the movie (start) already. 14. Before Anna (go) to sleep, she (call) her family. 15. Before the phone (ring), we (have) lunch. 16. Mary (agree) with other members in the last meeting. 17. What you (do) at 9 a.m yesterday? 18. The boy asked what (happen) to his toys. 19. He (work) for this company before he (leave) for Hai Phong. 20. He (win) the gold medal in 1998. 4. Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms. 1. Mr. Brown for the day when the phone call came. A. has already left B. already leaves C. already lef D. had already left 2. Ms. Hoa the package when she discovered the address was wrong. A. had mailed B. has mailed C. will mail D. would mail 3. We in the sitting-room for hours when he finally came home. A. had been sitting B. have sat C. will be sitting D. sat 4. Before the cancellation letter arrived, they the goods. A. send B. had sent C. have sent D. had been sending 5. The accident happened when one of the workers the chemical tank. A. was cleaning B. were cleaning C. cleaned D. had been cleaning 6. When I left the office, the building was empty because everyone A. was leaving B. had been leaving C. were leaving D. had left 7. When the company went public, Mr. Smith it for four years. A. is running B. was running C. had been running D. ran 8. She fainted because she for 10 miles without a rest. A. run B. had been running C. was running D. had run 9. Mr. Hung a trip to the islands until he realized it was hurricane season. A. planned B. has planned C. had planned D. had been planning 10. Last night I had dinner with the Browns, who for Sonny for a couple of years in the 90s, and then over here to set up his own business. A. was working / was coming B. was working / came C. worked / came D. worked / was coming 11. When I arrived at this house, he A. slept B. sleep C. is sleeping D. was sleeping 12. Two weeks ago, Mr. John his reservations. A. makes B. was made C. made D. has made 13. When I called on her, Mary her room. A. clean B. cleans C. cleaning D. was cleaning 14. Sahar and her husband the movies last Saturday. A. was going B. went to C. they went D. went they to 15. The oil price last month. A. was falling B. had been fallen C. fell D. felt 16. Mr. Han his bags when he found out his flight was canceled. A. packed B. were packing C. was packing D. has packed 17. Going on a business trip last month a lot of fun. A. were B. was C. are D. is 18. Before she died, the old woman to take a walk with her husband daily. A. used B. ought C. might D. should 73 19. The president a large number of employees and business partners to the reception last week. A. was inviting B. invites C. had invited D. invited 20. The security guard noticed the broken window while he round the warehouse. A. was walking B. walked C. had walked D. walks 5. Identify mistakes in the sentences below by circling A, B, C or D. 1. The (A) first edition of the book had already (B) come out by (C) the time they discover (D) the error. 2. When I had called (A) you up last night, I knew (B) you would be busy (C), but you didn’t have to (D) be so rude. 3. The waiters at (A) the new restaurants haven’t received (B) proper training in (C) food service before they came to work there (D). 4. I was (A) quite surprised when I walked into (B) my office yesterday because I didn’t know (C) that my colleagues planned (D) a birthday celebration for me. 5. I waited (A) for her for (B) 2 hours when she arrived (C) so I got (D) very angry with her and told her not to be late again. 6. Because (A) the survey has produced (B) unexpected results, the (C) team decided to test (D) the questions again. 7. He asked (A) several investors to invest (B) in (C) his company before he finally found (D) somebody to agree. 8. The reassuring (A) financial report made the stock holders much (B) happier about their investments than (C) they will be (D). 9. Mrs. Barner drove (A) his car to (B) work when the accident happened (C) and damaged (D) her car. 10. The owner of the restaurant told (A) me that her new head chief, who received (B) his training at culinary schools in (C) Europe was (D) very good at cooking European dishes. 6. Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms. Mark Twain, the author of the The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, is one of America’s best loved storytellers. He (1) (grow up) in a small town on the Mississippi River. As a young boy, he (2) (greatly/ admire) the pilots of the riverboats and dreamed about being a riverboat pilot on the mighty river. He pursued his dream, and by the age of 22, he himself (3) (be come) a riverboat pilot. Later in life, when he (4) (become) a writer, many of his stories (5) (Contain) elements of his own experiences. He (6) (write) many humorous stories and articles about life on the Mississippi River before he (7) (die) in 1910 at the age of 74. Sadly, Twain (8) (work) on a new story for several months before his death, but he (9) (never/finish) it. Over the years since his death, his boyhood home in Hannibal, Missouri, (10) (become) a favorite place for Americans to visit to learn about Twain and life on the Mississippi at the turn of the 19th century. 7. Decide whether the relative pronouns must be used or not. If yes, write “Yes”, if no, write “No”. 1. A computer is a working tool which helps increase productivity. 2. Strikers are soccer players who try to score goals for their teams. 3. She is a person who plays a vital role in the team. 4. A stamp is something which you put on a letter if you want to send it. 5. Hong river is a river which is the longest in the North of Viet Nam. 6. Vegetables are a type of food which vegetarians like eating. 7. A racket is something which you use to hit a ball when you play tennis or badminton. 8. Socks are things which you wear on your feet. 9. A guide is a person who shows tourists around a place. 10. Love is a feeling which nobody can describe. 11. The car which is on exhibit is the latest release of the company. 12. The park which we visited last month has a wide collection of exotic animals. 13. The man who you saw at the party is my teacher. 74 14. John, who I know very well, is dating with my cousin. 15. I cannot forget the food which they served me last night. 16. The woman who is talking to Diana is my mother. 17. I cannot remember the name that he told me. 18. Lucy, who I haven’t seen for ages, rang me last night. 19. A person that you don’t like won’t like you either. 20. My father, whom I helped to install his computer, always forgets his password. 8. Choose a word/ phrase from a box to complete each blank in the passange parabolic flights good health spacewalks a flight suit operate HOW ASTRONAUTS ARE TRAINED Anyone can apply to train as an astronaut as long as they have a bachelor’s degree in science, mathematics or engineering, experience as a jet pilot, and are in (1) If they get accepted, there are several phases of training. The first phase requires them to pass a swimming test in (2) They take (3) that produce weightlessness. They also learn about various spaceship systems. In the second phase, they are trained to (4) spacecraft systems and deal with emergencies. The training often takes place in a water tank laboratory so that trainees become familiar with crew activities in simulated microgravity in order to perform (5) 9. Read the text and choose the best answers. People began traveling in space in 1961 in tiny spacecraft (1) capsules, which were (2) from Earth by powerful rockets. Russian crews still travel in this kind of craft, in Soyuz capsules, but Americans now travel into space in shuttles, (3) are rocket-powered space planes. There is no oxygen in space, so all crewed spacecraft carry a life-support system. This supplies air for people (4) . The system also includes equipment to keep the air at a comfortable temperature (5) pressure and to remove carbon dioxide and odors. Gravity in space is much weaker than it is on Earth. When people travel in space, they seem to become (6) . This often makes them feel sick. Their bodies do not have to work as hard, (7) they are not fighting gravity to sit or stand up. If they stay in space for a long time, the lack of gravity makes their muscles start to waste away. Exercise and a (8) diet help to combat these effects. 1. A. calling 2. A. launched 3. A. who 4. A. breathing B. be called B. launching B. which B. breathe C. called C. launch C. that C. breathes D. is called D. launches D. when D. to breathe 5. A. and B. so C. but D. or 6. A. weight B. weigh C. weightless D. weightness 7. A. however B. because C. after D. but 8. A. specially B. specialty C. special D. especial 10. Read the text, fill in the gaps and answer the questions. but also possible taken why wait achievement Humans have always looked at the heavens and wondered about the nature of the objects seen in the night sky. With the development of rockets and the advances in electronics and other technologies in the 20th century, it became (1) to send machines and animals and then people above Earth’s atmosphere into outer space. Well before technology made these (2) possible, however, 75 space exploration had already captured the minds of many people, not only aircraft pilots and scientists (3) writers and artists. The strong hold that space travel has always had on the imagination may well explain (4) professional astronauts and laypeople alike consent at their great peril, in the words of Tom Wolfe in The Right Stuff (1979), to sit “on top of an enormous Roman candle, such as a Redstone, Atlas, Titan or Saturn rocket, and (5) someone to light the fuse.” It perhaps also explains why space exploration has been a common and enduring theme in literature and art. As cen- turies of speculative fiction in books and more recently in films make clear, “one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” was (6) by the human spirit many times and in many ways before Neil Armstrong stamped hu-mankind’s first footprint on the Moon. Answer the following questions: 1. What can people do thanks to the development of rockets and the advances in electronics and other technologies in the 20th century? → 2. Who had the space exploration already captured the minds? → 3. Who was the person stamping humankind’s first footprint on the Moon? → C. GÓC GHI NHỚ Bạn hãy tổng hợp những kiến thức, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, từ vựng cần ghi nhớ. (Có thể viết dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy Mind Map hoặc dạng hình ảnh Inforgraphic) ANSWER KEY UNIT 10: SPACE TRAVEL 1. 1. B. Planet 2. A. Attach 3. B. Environment 4. D. content 5. B. occasion 2. 1. B. River 2. D. Water 3. A. operate 4. C. Launch 5. C. Astronomy 3. 1. had spent; wanted 8. had made; phoned 15. rang, had had 2. had phoned; left 9. was; had worked 16. agreed 3. turned; had washed 10. had talked; met 17. were you doing 4. arrived; had already started 11. had gone, went 18. had happened 5. had come; fed 12. told, visited 19. had worked, left 6. sang; had played 13. had already started 20. won 7. watched; had gone 14. went, had called 4. 1. D 2.A 3.A 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A 5. 1. D: discovered 2. A: called 3. B: hadn’t received 4. D: had planned 5. A: had been waiting 6. B: had produced 7. A: had asked 8. D: had been 9. A: was driving 10. B: had received 6. 1. grew up 2. greatly admired 3. had become 4. became 5. contained 6. had writter 7. Died 8. had been working 76 9. never finished 10. has become 7. 1. Yes 4. No 7. No 10. No 13. No 16. Yes 19. No 2. Yes 3. Yes 8. 1. good health 9. l. C 2. A 10. 5. Yes 6. No 3. B 8. No 9. Yes 2. a flight suit 4. D 5. A 6. C 11. Yes 14. Yes 12. No 15. No 3. parabolic flights 7. B 8. C 17. No 18. Yes 4. operate 20. No 5. Spacewalks a. Fill in the ga ps 1. possible 2. Achievements 3. but also 4. why 5. wait for 6. Taken b. Answer the questions 1. People can send machines and animals and then people above Earth’s atmosphere into outer space. 2. The space exploration had already captured the minds of many people, not only aircraft pilots and scientists but also writers and artists. 3. The person stamping humankind’s first footprint on the Moon was Neil Armstrong. 77 Unit 11: CHANGING ROLES IN SOCIETY A. GRAMMAR I. FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE (BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA THÌ TƯƠNG LAI) Form (công thức) Active Passive S + will + V-infi + O S + will be + P2 + (by O) II. NON - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH) 1. Cách dùng: - Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có chức năng cung cấp thêm thông tin để xác định cho danh từ đã xác định đứng trước nó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này câu vẫn đầy đủ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định luôn ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. Ví dụ: Peter, who got scholarship two days ago, is my classmate. (Peter, người nhận học bổng hai ngày trước, là bạn lớp tôi.) Mệnh đề “who got scholarship two days ago” là mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có chức năng bổ sung thông tin cho tiền ngữ đã xác định Peter. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này câu vẫn đầy đủ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: (1) Dùng với danh từ riêng (proper nouns) Ví dụ: Last year, I went on holiday in Paris, which is the capital city of France. (Năm ngoái tôi đi nghỉ ở Paris - thủ đô của nước Pháp.) (2) Dùng với danh từ chỉ những đối tượng duy nhất như the sun, the earth, the moon, my father/my mother... Ví dụ: My mother, who is an accountant, is now retired. (Mẹ tôi - một kế toán viên - hiện đã nghỉ hưu.) (3) Dùng với danh từ đã được xác định mà thường đi kèm với các từ chỉ định như this, that, these, those ... Ví dụ: This house, which I bought two years ago, is now almost double in price. (Căn nhà này - được tôi mua hai năm về trước - hiện đã gần như tăng giá gấp đôi.) (4) Khi đại từ quan hệ đi kèm với các từ chỉ số lượng như: all of (tất cả), some of (một vài), many of (nhiều), most of (phần lớn), none of (không), half of (một nửa), each of (mỗi).... Ví dụ: I bought a lot of books, all of which are about wildlife. (Tôi mua rất nhiều sách - tất cả các cuốn sách đó đều viết về thiên nhiên hoang dã.) 2. Relative pronouns in Non-defining relative clamse (Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định): - Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định cũng giống như cách dùng đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định trừ trường hợp THAT. THAT không được dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Persons (Chỉ ngưòi) Things (Chỉ vật) Subject (Chủ ngữ) Who My father, who helps me a loti plays a very important role in my life. Which Star English club, which opens on weekends is my favorite destination. (Star English Club, câu lạc bộ mở cửa vào cuối tuần, là điểm 78 (Bố tôi — người đã giúp đỡ tôi rất nhiều - có vai trò rất quan trọng trong cuộc đời tôi.) đến yêu thích của tôi.) Object (Tân ngữ) Who / whom Peter, who/whom vou talked to. is a doctor (Peter - người mà bạn đang nói chuyện cùng là một bác sĩ.) Which Star English club, which I often go toa opens on weekends. (Star English Club - câu lạc bộ mà tôi thường lui tới mở cửa vào ngày cuối tuần.) Possession (Sở hữu) Whose Mary, whose father is my boss, is my girlfriend. (Mary, người mà bố của cô ấy là sếp tôi là bạn gái của tôi.) Whose/ of which My house, whose price / the price of which is very high, is located downtown. (Ngôi nhà của tôi - ngôi nhà có giá rất cao - nằm ở trung tâm thành phố.) B. EXERCISES 1. Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. student B. future C. support D. evaluate 2. A. facility B. family C. negative D. company 3. A. developer B. attend C. complete D. technology 4. A. tonight B. dominate C. economic D. support 5. A. facilitate B. applicant C. interview D. provide 2. Choose the word that has a different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. attend B. provide C. apply D. evaluate 2. A. interview B. facility C. provision D. development 3. A. appointment B. discussion C. responsibility D. domination 4. A. independent B. participation C. application D. decision 5. A. necessary B. remarkable C. involment D. performance 3. Rewrite the sentences in future simple passive voice. 1. Jane will buy a new computer. 2. Her boyfriend will install it. 3. Millions of people will visit the museum. 4. Our boss will sign the contract. 5. You will not do it. 6. They will not show the new film. 79 """