🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Sách Giáo Khoa Ngữ Văn 11 Tập 2 Nâng Cao Ebooks Nhóm Zalo BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO TRAN OINH SQ (Tong Chu bien) H6N G DAN - NGUYI N DANG MANH - 0 6 NGOC THONG (dong Ciiu bien) HOANG DUNG - PHAN HUY DUNG - NGUYI N VAN HEP - HA TH! HOA CHU VAN SON - LUU DUC TRUNG - PHUNG VAN TUU - NGUYEN THj HONG VAN NGU VAN 1 1 NAN G CA O TAP HAI (Tdi bdn ldn thd nhdt) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC Ban quy^n thu6c Nha xu^it ban Giao due - B6 Giao due va Dao tao 720 - 2007/CXB/662 - 1571 / GD Ma s6': NHI 12T8 /v' LUtJ BIET KHI XUAT Dl/ONG > ()Qidt duang luu biet) PHAN BOI CHAU KET QUA CAN OAT Thdy duac chi ldn cdu nudc, khi phdch anh hiing, tinh thdn quyi't Hit cua nhdn vdt trd tinh trong bdi tha. Ndm duac net ddc sdc ve phuang dien nghe thudt cua bdi tha the hien qua gigng diiu, ldi dung tdvd mqch liin tuang. TIEU DAN Phan Boi Chau (1867 1940) von ten la Phan Van San, biet hieu Sao Nam, ngadi l^ng Dan Nhilm, nay thuoc thi tran Nam Dan, huyen Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An. Ong 1^ mot trong nhumg ngon cd cCia phong trao yeu ni/6c va each mang b Viet Nam trong khoang hai mt/oi ISm n§m dau the ki XX. Ong noi tieng than dong, mUdJi ba tuoi do dau huyen, mifdi s^u tudi do dHu xCr, ba muoi ba tudi do Giai nguyen trifdng Nghe An. Dac biet ong luon nung nifu y chi giai phong d§n t6c, nSm mi/cJi b^y tudi da vi§'t hjch Bini) Tiy tiiu Bic (Dep giSc Phap, khoi phuc dat Bac) d^n d gdc da dau lang de keu goi moi ngudi htfdng Cmg phong trao Can vi/dng. Phan Boi Chau la ngu'di van dong th^nh lap Duy tan hoi (1904), khdi xL/dng phong trao Dong du (1905 - 1908), thanh vien cCia Viet Nam Quang phuc hoi (1912). Nam 1912, dng bj trieu dinh nha Nguyen (dCmg sau la thUc dan Phap) ket an ti^ hinh vang mat. Nam 1925, thtfc dan Phap bat duoc ong d ThUdng Hai (Trung Qudc) dmh dem ve nifdc thCi tieu bi mat. Viec bai lo, Chung ph^i dUa 6ng>a xet xCf cong khai. Trade su da'u tranh manh me cCia quan chung nhan dan, k i thu danh ph^i xoa an khd sai chung than cho Phan B6i Chau va dUa ong ve giam long d Ben Ngu, Hue. Ong mKt tai dify nam 1940. il) Luu biit: di lai tnidc luc chia tay. )ikdft duang : ra nudc ngoai. Phien dm Dich nghia Trong cuoc ddi hoat dong each mang, Phan Boi Chau da sang tac rat nhieu tac pham thuoc nhieu thd loai khac nhau bang chC? Han, chO Ndm. Tho van cOa dng luon ndng bong nhiet tinh yeu nu6c, cd anh hudng sau rong trong quan chung sudt mot phan tu the ki. Phan Bdi Chau da cd nhieu each tan ddi vdi loai hinh sang tac mang ti'nh chat tuyen truyen, cd dong va dat duoc thanh cdng Idn. Cac tac pham chfnh : Bai tiiacti vi liuynti ptiCi (1897), Vi§t Nam vong qudc sd (1905), Hai ngoai iiuyet tfiu (1906), Nguc trung ttiu (1914), Trung Quang tam st? (1921 -1925), Van te Ptian Cfiau Trinii (1926), Ptian Bdi Ciiau ni&n biiu (1929), v.v. Sau khi Duy tan hoi dUdc thanh lap, theo chO truong cua td chijrc nay, nam 1905, Phan Boi Chau nhan nhiem vu xuat dUOng sang Nhat de dat co sd dao tao cdt can cho phong trao each mang trong nude. Luu biet l hinh nhu -^ may ra. c) NgMa tinh thii ehi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If Xet vi du: (9) [Tdi sdng vdi Cdu Trung Ddi, che't cung vdi Cdu Triing Ddi]. Tdi khdng the xa Cdu Triing Ddi mot budc. (Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu NhuTd) Ta thly khdng the chi mdt nghia vu, ndi rdng ra, la mdt su vide dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If. Viec phan biet nghia tinh thii cM kha nang xay ra cua su viec vdi nghia tinh thai chi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If khdng phai bao gid cung dl dang vi ed trudng hgp tilng Viet dung mdt each bilu thi dl chi ea hai thfi nghia tinh thii. Chang han hai cau sau, mdt cua Tf ndi vdi cha minh la Trin Van Sfiu va mdt cua Trin Van Sfiu ndi vdi Tf: 22 (10) - [Theo ldi cha tinh dd thi cha cdn sdng md ciing nhu cha chit]. Phdi gidu ten gidu hg hoai, con din thdm cung phdi nup lin, khong ddm din chdn chudng. (11) - Cha tinh phdi ldm nhu vdy mdi xong, con phdi nghe ldi cha md trdvidi. (H6 Bilu Chdnh - Cha con nghia ndng) Di xac dinh phdi d hai cau tren chi nghia tinh thii nao, ta cln xet din nhfing yiu td thudc ngfi canh. Nhd dd, cd the thly phdi d cau (10) bieu thi su tit yeu vl mat nhan thfic, tiic la nghia tinh thai chi kha nang xay ra cua su viec : Tf dau ddn thly rang dl cha dugc an toan, khdng trinh dugc viec phai len lut kM din tham cha. Trong khi dd, d cau (11), phdi chi mdt tit yiu vl mat ngMa vu, tfic la ngMa tinh thii ehi su viec dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If : Trin Van Sfiu khuyen eon nen trd vl nha, ehfi khdng dugc di theo cha. 2. Nghia tinh thai hudng ve ngudi dd'i thoai Day la loai nghia tinh thii thi hien thii dd, su danh gia cua ngudi ndi dd'i vdi ngudi dd'i thoai. Trong tilng Viet, nghia tinh thai hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai thudng dugc bilu dat nhd cle tfi ngfi tinh thai cud'i cau. Chang han, nlu vilt lai cau sau day cua ba Kiln ndi vdi ngudi lang dang xiim lai xem Chf Pheo rach mat an va : (12a) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bdnda, vi di thdi chic! i^SimCzo-Chi Pheo) thanh : (12b) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bd nita, vi di thdi nhi! ta thly d ca hai cau (12a) va (12b), bl Kiln diu thuc giue dan lang di vl; cai khac bilt la : d cau (12a), bl Kiln cho la hg dang cd y chin ehfi chua chiu di vl ; cdn d d u (12b), y mudn tranh thu su ddng tinh cua hg vdi mdt sac thai cd phin thin mat. Cln luu f cle tfi ngfi tinh thii cud'i cau khdng phai chi thi hidn nghia tinh thai hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai. Ching han, trong cau : (13) Khdn nan... Ong gido ai!...Nd cd bii't gi ddu ! (Nam Cao - Lao Hac) 23 thi ddu nhin manh su vile chua xay ra, tfic bilu thi loai ngMa tinh thai hudng vl suviec. LUYEN TAP 1. Nhfing tfi ngfi in dam trong cle elu sau dly bilu thi ngMa tinh thii nao trong cae loai nghia tinh thai da hgc : - Trdm lay me, con cam chiu tdi cung me. (1) iSan Hdu) - Nhung huang oi thu vi vdn cic bay sang. (2) (Nguyen Phan Hdch- Huang oi) - Tdi lien gdt ddu, chay viit di. (3) (Nguyen Hdng - Mo'DM) - Tao khong the Id ngudi luang thien nda. (4) -Hdng xdm phdi mdt bita diic tai, nhung co le trong bung thi hg hd : xUa nay hg mdi chi dugc nghe bd cd, bd hai, bd ba, bd tu nhd cii bd ehdi ngUdi ta, bdy gid hg mdi dugc nghe ngudi ta ehdi lai cd nhd cu bd. (5) - Trdi ndng ldm, nen dudng vdng. (6) (Nam Cao - Chi Pheo) - Nhung ban rdn tep nhep, vd nghia li nhung khong the khong nghi tdi, ngdn mgt phdn ldn thi gid cua hdn. (7) (Nam Cao - Ddi thda) - Ta sexdy mdt ddi vTdqi ditq Idng tri ki. (8) (Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu Nhu To) 2. CM ra su khac biet vl ngMa tinh thii gifia eac cau (a), gifia cac cau (b) va gifia cac cau (e) sau day : a) Trdi mua mdt! Trdi mua chdc ? 24 b) Xong rdi nhi! Xong rdi md I c) An rdi nhi I An di md I 3. Cho mdt su viec gdm cle yiu td: (1) chu thi la "bic Iy"; (2) hanh ddng "thudng"; (3) ngudi dugc thudng ia "em tdi" ; va (4) vat thudng la "ba cudn sleh". Hay vilt nhiing cau khic nhau dl diln dat: a) Nghia tinh thii ehi su viec da xay ra. b) Nghia tinh thai chi su viec chua xay ra. c) Nghia tinh thii chi kha nang xay ra eiia su viec. d) Nghia tinh thii chi sfi viec dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If. d) Nghia tinh thii chi sd lugng vat thudng la nhilu. e) Nghia tinh thai chi sd lugng vat thudng la ft. BAI VIET SO 5 (Nghi Man van hgc) KET QUA CAN DAT • Biit viit bdi vdn nghi ludn phdn tich mot tdc phdm vdn xudi hodc kfch. • Van dung dugc ki ndng phdn tich vdn hgc vd kiin thdc vi cdc tdc phdm dd hgc ; khdc phuc vd hqn chi dugc nhicng sai sdt d cdc bdi viit trudc. Tham khao cle dl van sau day : De 1. Tie dung eua nghl thuat midu ta tuong phan trong truyen ngin Hai dica tre (Thach Lam). 25 De 2. Nghe thult khic hoa tihh each nhin vat Hulh Cao trong tie phim Chttngudi tic tu cua Nguyin Tuln. De 3. Y ngMa phe phan sau kin cua doan trich phdng su Nghe thudt bdm thit ga trong tic phim Viec lang ciia Ngd Tit Td. De 4. Suy nghl vl mdt nhan vat hoac mdt cM tilt ma anh (chi) cho la cd ^ nghia sau sic nhit trong truyin ngin Ddi thita ciia Nam Cao. De 5. Phan tfch sd phan bi kich cua nhan vat Vu Nhu Td qua doan trich VTnh biet Cdu Trung Ddi trong tic phim Vu Nhu Td ciia Nguyin Huy Tudng. De 6. Nghe thuat trao phung eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan qua truydn ngin Tinh thdn the due. 26 VOI VANG XUAN DIEU^*^ KET QUA CAN OAT Cdm nhdn dugc long ham sdng bdng bdt, mdnh Hit cda nhd tha vdi mot quan niem mdi vi thdi gian, tudi tre vd hanh phuc. Thdy dugc sic kit hgp nhuan nhi gida mach cdm xiic ddi dao vd mqch triet ludn sdu sdc trong bdi tha ciing nhitng sdng tqo mdi la trong hinh thdc thi hien. TIEU DAN Tha tha (1938) la tap tho dau tay ciia Xuan Dieu. Dd \k tieng tho d^o dat eiia mot t§m hon tre luc nao cung them yeu, khat sdng, say dam cudc ddi, quyen luyen canh sac tran gian, the hien mot quan ni§m sdng mdi me, tfch CLfc. Tap tho cung tr^n day nhOrng cam nhan tinh vi ve su lanh lung cDa thdi gian va sir ed ddn giOra ddng ddi. Nd difdc viet bang mot hinh thifc hap din vdi nhieu each t§n tao bao v^ nhuan nhj. Bdi the, Tha tha d\JXic xem \k mot dinh cao ciia phong tr^o Tho mdi. V6i vang \k mot trong nhiimg b^i dae sac nh§'t cua tap Tha tha. * * * Tang Vu Dinh Lien Tdi mudn tdt ndng di Cho mdu ddng nhat mdt ; Tdi mudn budc gid lai Cho huang ddng bay di. Cda ong budm ndy ddy tudn thdng mat Ndy ddy hoa cda ddng ndi xanh ri; Ndy ddy la cda cdnh ta pha phdt; (*) Vl cudc ddi vd su nghiep van hoc ciia Xuan Dieu, xem bdi Xuan Dieu d trang 34. (1) Tudn thdng mat: cdch ndi khdc cua tudn trang mat. 27 Cda yin anh^^^ ndy ddy khuc tinh si; Vd ndy ddy dnh sdng chop hdng mi, 10. Mdi budi sdm, thdn Vui hdng gd cda ; Thdng gieng ngon nhu mdt cap mdi gdn ; Tdi sung sudng. Nhung vdi vdng mdt nda : (2) Tdi khdng chd ndng ha mdi hoai xuan . Xudn ducmg tdi, nghia la xudn duang qua, 15. Xudn cdn non, nghia la xudn se gid, Md xudn hit, nghia Id toi cung mdt. Ldng tdi rdng, nhung lucmg trdi cd chdt, Khdng cho ddi thdi tre cda nhdn gian, s (3) Ndi ldm chi rdng xudn vdn tudn hodn , 20. Niu tuoi tre chdng hai ldn thdm lai! Cdn trdi ddt, nhung chdng cdn toi mai, Nin bdng khudng tdi tiic cd ddt trdi ; Mui thdng ndm diu rdm vi chia phdi, Khdp sdng nui vdn than thdm tiin Met... 25. Con gid xinh thi thdo trong Id biic, Phdi chdng hdn vi ndi phdi bay di ? Chim rdn rdng bdng ddt tiing reo thi, Phdi chdng sg do phai tdn sdp sica ? Chdng bao gid, di! Chdng bao gid nda... 30. Mau di thdi! Mda chua ngd chiiu hdm, Ta mudn dm Cd su sdng mdi bdt ddu man mdn ; Ta mudn riit mdy dua vd gid lugn. (1) Yen anh-. chim yeh, chim oanh, con trdng, con mai qudh quyt nhau, thudng duoc sanh vdi sU quatt quyt trong tinh yeu nam nii, vo chdng. (2) Hodi xudn : nhd tiec miia xuan. (3) Tudn hodn : xoay vdn tudn tu, lap di lap lai. Awdn vdn tudn hodn : y ndi mila xuan vin trd di trd lai. 28 Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yeu, 35. Ta mudn thdu trong mgt cdi hdn nhiiu Vd non nudc, vd cdy, vd cd rang, Cho chinh chodng m.ui tham, cho daddy dnh sdng, Cho no ni thanh sdc cda thdi tuai; —Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn cdn vdo nguai! (Theo Tha tha, NXB Ddi nay, Ha Noi, 1938) HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Bai tho duge vilt nhu mdt ddng cam xuc hdi ha tudn trao, nhung vin tuan theo mdt bd cue khi rd rang, thi Men mach trilt Man sau sic va chat che. Hay tim bd cue a'y. 2. Dgc toan bai, anh (chi) ed cam nhan thi nao vl nhac dieu ciia bai tho ? Nhac dieu a'y dugc tao ra bang nhiing thu phap gi ? 3. Tie gia da cam nhan vl thdi gian nhu thi nao ? Phan tfch doan tfi cau 14 din cau 24 dl lam ndi bat cam nhan Iy. 4. Hinh anh thien nhien, su sd'ng quen thudc quanh ta dugc tic gia cam nhan va diln ta mdt cIch hip din nhu thi nao ? Dilu a'y thi Men quan niem gi eua Xuan Dieu vl cudc sd'ng, tu6i tre va hanh phiic ? 5. Phan tfch nghl thuat sfi dung ngdn tfi (diep tfi, tfnh tfi,...) trong doan tho tfi cau 31 de'n cau 39, qua dd lam ndi bat tuyen ngdn vl le sd'ng cua Xuan Dieu. 6. Qua bai tho ed thi hinh dung cdi tdi eua Xuan Dieu nhu thi nao ? 7. Hgc thudc ldng bai tho. BAI TAP NANG CAO Hay phan tfch nghe thuat eua Xuan Dieu trong viec sang tao nhiing cau tho va hinh anh tho mdi la, ddc dao trong bai Vdi vdng. 29 DOC THEM DAY MUA THU TOI XUAN DIEU TIEU DAN Day mua thu tdi la bai thd viet ve de t^i quen thudc Id miia thu vd vin dung nhieu thi lieu truyen thdng. Nhiitig tac gia da girl vao dd nhOng cam xuc mdi, dong thdi cd nhieu each tan tao bao trong xit If thi lieu, trong dien dat,... Chinh vi y$y bai thd vin dUdc xem la mdt thanh cdng xu£it sac, tieu bieu cho hon thd cua nhd thd mdi Xuan Dieu. * * Rang lieu diu hiu ddng chiu tang, Tdc budn budng xud'ng le ngdn hdng Ddy miia thu tdi -mua thu tdi Vdi do ma phai det la vdng. (2) Hem mgt loai hoa dd rung cdnh, Trong vudn sdc do rUa ' mdu xanh ; Nhdng luong run ray rung rinh Id... Ddi nhdnh khd gdy xuang mong manh. (1) Ma phai: mdu sdc md do, phai nhat, mo hd. Trong cau tha nay cd th^ hiiu la sac vang mo, sdc vdng phai. (2) Hon mgt: khdng ft, mdt sd (chiu anh hudng each ndi trong tie'ng Phdp). (3) Rua : mai mdn. Theo tdc gia Thi nhdn Viet Nam, luc ddu XuSm Dieu via la "riia" ngMa Id sdc dd xung ddt vdi mdu xanh, ldm mdt ve dep toan ven ciia mau xanh. VI sau, tac gia da siia thdnh "rua". Sdc do rUa mdu xanh : cd thi hiiu Id sdc dd mdi mdn sdc xanh, cdn sdc xanh phai nhat ddn. 30 . Thinh thoang ndng trdng tungdn nga ... Non xa khdi sif nhat suang md... Ddnghe ret mudt ludn trong gid... Dd vdng ngudi sang nhdng chuyen dd... Mdy vdn tdng khdng, chim bay di. Khi trdi u udt hdn chia li. It nhieu thii'u nd budn khdng ndi Tud cda nhin xa, nghT nggi gi. (Tuyin tap Xudn Dieu, tap I: Tha, NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1983) HUdNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Doc toan bd bai tho va tim hiiu tnnh tu triln khai mach tho. 2. Phan tich nhfing cam nhan tinh tl ciia nha tho vl thien nhiSn trong thdi dilm giao mua, luc ha sang thu. 3. Thu phdp lay am trong cdc cdu tho sau co hiSu qua nghe thuat nhu thi nao ? - Rang liiu diu hiu ddng chiu tang, Tdc budn budng xudng le ngdn hdng ; - Nhihig ludng run ray rung rinh Id... 4. Anh (chi) co nhdn xet gi vl each cam nhan thien nhien cua Xudn Dieu qua nhfing hinh anh: - Rang liiu diu hiu ddng chiu tang, Tdc budn budng xudng le ngdn hdng ; - ...mua thu tdi Vdi do ma phai det Id vdng. - Thinh thoang ndng trdng tUngdn nga... i\)Tu ngdn nga: ngdn ngd mdt minh, ngdn ngd vi chinh minh, vi mdt duyen cd mo hd ndo dd. (2) Khdi su: bdt ddu. (3) Vdn : cudn n6i Ifin ; mdy vdn : •$ ndi may tiing gon cudn n6i len tren tdng khdng. 31 THO DUYEN XUAN DIEU TIEU DA N Tha duyen la mdt trong nhiimg tac phim tieu bieu nhat ciia hon tho Xuan Dieu ma "sir bong bdt [...]b\iu hien ra mot each day dii hdn ca trong nhumg rung dong tinh vi" (Hoai Thanh). * * * Chieu mdng hod tha tren nhdnh duyen, Cdy me riu rit cap chim chuyen. Dd trdi xanh nggc qua mudn Id, Thu de'n - nai noi ddng tie'ng huyen . Con dudng nho nho, gid xieu xieu Ld Id cdnh hoang, ndng trd chieu ; . Budi dy long ta nghe y ban Ldn ddu rung ddng ndi thuang yeu. Em budc diem nhien khdng vUdng chdn, Anh di ldng ddng chdng theo gdn Vd tdm - nhung gida hdi tha diu Anh vdi em nhu mgt cap vdn. Mdy bie'c ve ddu bay gdp gdp Con cd tren rudng cdnh phdn vdn Chim nghe trdi rdng giang them cdnh Hoa lanh chieu thua suang xud'ng ddn. (1) Tie'ng huyen : tie'ng dan. Ci day, tdc gia mudn ndi tilng nhac ciia thien nhien tao nen bdi shod hop giiia tie'ng chim hdt, tilng gid th6i, tilng Id reo, v.v. 32 Ai hay tuy ldng budc thu em Tuy chdng bdng nhdn gq to niem Trdng thdy chieu hdm nga ngdn vdy Long anh thdi dd cudi long em. (Tong tap vdn hpc Viet Nam, tap 27, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Noi, 1990) HUdNG DAN OPC THEM 1. Anh (chi) co nhdn xet gi ve dac dilm cua the' gidi hinh tugng trong bai the hiSn iSn qua cap mat tre trung va da tinh ciia Xudn Dieu ? (Chii y : moi su vat tit trdi da't, co cay, chim muong de'n con ngudi deu nhu hoa hgp va giao cam vdi nhau). Tir nhan xet do, anh (chi) hiiu nghia chu "duyen" d nhan de bai tho nhu thi nao ? 2. Doc kl hai khd ddu cua bai tho va phan tich ve dep ddy tho mdng cua canh chidu thu dugc tac gia cam nhan va diSn ta mot each rdt tinh vi. 3. 6 kho ba cua bai tho, anh (chi) hieu quan he gifia "anh" va "em" nhu the' nao ma tac gia lai vie't: "Em budc dilm nhien khdng vudng chdn - Anh di lung diing chdng theo gan" ? Tfi "lung dung" co thi thay bang mot tfi khac hoan toan ddng nghia dugc khdng ? 4. Hay phdn tfch su cam nhan hit sfic tinh te' cua nha tho ddi vdi canh vdt thien nhien dugc diln dat qua hai cdu tha : "Con co tren rudng canh phan van" va "Chim nghe trcfi rdng giang them canh". 5. Anh (chi) hiiu thi nao vl hai cau cudi ciia bai tha : "Trdng thly ehilu hdm nga ngdn vdy - Ldng anh thdi da cudi long em" ? 6. Trong Thi nhdn Viet Nam, Hoai Thanh so sanh hinh anh con co trong tha Xudn Dilu : ("Mdy bie'c ve ddu bay gdp gdp - Con cd trdn rudng canh phan van") vdi hinh anh con cd trong tho Vuong Bdt thdi Dudng, Tmng Qudc : "Lac ha dfi co 16 te phi - Thu thuy cdng trudng thien nhd't sdc" (Rang chiiu va con co co dan cung bay - Nudc thu va bdu trdi mdt mau), de dua ra nhan dinh : "Tfi con co ciia Vuang Bdt lang le bay vdi rang chiiu de'n con cd cua Xudn Dieu khdng bay ma canh phan van, co su each biet cua han mdt ngan nam va cua hai the gidi". (1) Bdng nhdn : ngudi lam mdi cho trai gai ldy nhau. (2) Cudi : d day tac gia diing tfi "cudi" theo nghia md phdng tilng Phap. Trong tieng Phap, cudi (marier), khdng chi cd nghia la kit hdn gifia nam va nfi ma cdn cd y nghia la gdn ket, hoa hop gifia cdc su vat, mdu sdc hay long ngudi,... 33 3. NV11/2NC-/ -''' Nhan dinh tren cua Hoai Thanh ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl Men nrgng "phan van" nai canh cd trong cau tho Xuan Dieu ? (Ggi y : Hdn tha xua thudng yen tinh, chua bilt de'n trang thai co don, run riy, bang khuang cua cdi tdi ca nhan trudc vu tru va cudc ddi de truyen vao canh vat nhu cac nha tho mdi sau nay). XUAN DIEU KET QUA CAN DAT Hiiu dugc the gidi nghi thudt cda Xudn Dieu la su the hien niim khat khao giao cdm vdi ddi. Thdy dugc tdi ndng nhiiu mat cda Xudn Dieu vd vi tri quan trgng cda dng trong phong trao Tha mdi ndi rieng, trong tha ca Viet Nam hien dqi noi chung. I - CUOCDC)! 1. Tieu Slit Xuan Dieu (1916 - 1985) ten khai sinh la Ngd Xuan Dieu. Than sinh cua thi si la mdt nha nho, que d xa Trao Nha (nay la xa Dai Lde), huydn Can Lde, tinh Ha Unh. Ong dd Nghe vao day hgc d tinh Binh Dinh, lly ba hai ngudi van^^^ Gd Bdi, xa Tung Gian, huyen Tuy Phude va sinh ra Xuan Dieu. Xuan Dieu ldn ldn d Quy Nhom, hgc hit bae Thanh chung thi ra Ha Ndi, rdi vao Hud' hgc tie'p. Tdt nghiep tu tai, dng di day hgc tu va lam vidn chfic mdt thdi gian d Sd Doan*^^^ Mi Tho, nhung chu yeu boat ddng van hoc. (1) Van -. lang cua nhttng ngudi lam nghl chai ludi, budn ban thuy san, thudng sd'ng tren thuyln, tren mdt vung sdng nudc nao ddy. (2) SdDoan (tilng Phap : Douane): SdThulquan. 34 3. NV11/2NC.B Xuan Dieu bat diu cd tho dang bao tfi nam 1935. Ong ndi tilng nhu mdt "nha tho mdi nha't trong cle nha tho mdi" (Hoai Thanh) va dly tai nang tfi nam 1937, nhit la tfi khi xult ban Tha tha (1938) va Phdn thdng vdng (1939). Xuan Didu tham gia Mat tran Viet Minh tfi trudc Cach mang thing Tam 1945. Tfi dd, cudc ddi dng gin bd vdi each mang va nin van hgc each mang. Ong tfing la dai bieu Qud'c hdi, Uy vidn Ban Chip hanh Hdi Van nghe Viet Nam, Uy vien Ban Chip hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam nhilu khoa, v.v. Tit nhien, ddng gdp to ldn nhit ciia Xuan Dieu dd'i vdi dit nudc vin la vdi tu each nha tho, nha van. Ong da dl lai ngdt nam muoi tic phim thudc nhilu thi loai khic nhau. Xuan Dieu xiing dang dugc xem la mdt nghe sT ldn, mdt nha van hoi ldn. Nam 1983, dng dugc blu la Vien si thdng tin Vidn Han lam nghe thuat Cdng hoa dan chu Dfic. Ong dugc Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chf Minh vl van hgc va nghe thuat nam ] 996. 2. Con ngudi "Cha dang ngoai, me d dang trong - Ong dd JNghe deo khan gdi dd"^ '. Xuan Didu hgc dugc d cha - dng dd Nghe - dfic tfnh cln cu, kien nhin trong hgc tap, ren luyen va lao ddng nghe thuat. 6 Xuan Dieu, hgc tap, ren luyen va lao ddng sang tao vfia la mdt quyet tam khic kho, vfia la mdt le sdng, mdt nilm say me ldn. Sinh ra va ldn len d que me, Xuan Dieu thudng ndi din tac ddng cua thien nhien noi day (Quy Nhom) dd'i vdi hdn tho ndng nan, sdi ndi eiia dng, dac biet la nhftng ngon gio n6m ("Que me gio n6m th6i I6n tuori mat")^ va nhfing con song biln ("Nhu hdn mai ngan nam khdng thoa - Bdi yeu bd lam lam, em oi !") . Ngudi ta cdn nghi tdi mdt If do khic : dng la con vg le, phai xa me tfi nhd va thudng bi hat hiii. Hoan canh Iy khien dng ludn ludn khao khit tinh thuong va su cam thdng eua ngudi ddi. Vl qui trinh dao tao, Xuan Dieu mdt mat la tri thfic Tay hgc, da hip thu anh hudng cua tu tudng va van hoi Phip mdt each ed he thdng trdn ghi nha trucmg, mat khic do xult than tfi mdt gia dinh nha nho (con mdt dng tu kep, tfic hai lin dd tii tai HIn hgc), ndn lai tilp thii dugc mdt each tu nhien anh hudng eua nin van hoa truyin thdng. Vi the, cd thi tim thly d nha tho su kit hgp hai yeu td ed diln va (1), (2) Tho Xuan Dieu, bai Cha ddng ngodi, me a ddng trong. (3) Bai Bien. 35 hien dai, Ddng va Tay trong tu tudng va tinh cam thim ml. Tit nhidn, van hoa, van hgc phuomg Tay vin ed anh hudmg sau dam hom. Xuan Dieu la mdt tai nang nhilu mat: lam thor, vilt van, nghidn ciiu phi binh van hoc, dich thuat. Nhung dng trudc bet vin la mdt nha tho - mdt trong nhihig nha tho ldn cua nin van hgc Viet Nam hidn dai. I I - SI/NGHIEP VAN HOC A - TRUCfC CACH IVIANG THANG TA M 1945 1. Ve tha a) Nhin mdt each tong quit toan bd su nghiep van hgc eua Xuan Dieu, thly co mdt tu tudng chi phdi tit ca, Iy la mdt nilm kbit khao giao elm vdi ddi - cudc ddi hieu theo nghia trin thi nhit. Vdi Xuan Dieu, phuomg tien giao cam true tilp va linh dieu nhit, khdng gi bing tho. Sang tie tha, Xuan Dieu mudn tha nhiing manh hdn sdi noi va tinh tl eua minh dl'tim din nhiing tam hdn be ban d mgi phucmg trdi, 6 mgi the he, d mgi thdi khic, cua hdm nay va vinh viin mai sau iTinh mai sau). Tuy nhien, trong nilm giao cam Iy, Xuan Dieu ddng thdi mudn cdi tdi ciia minh phai dugc khang dinh ehdi loi : "Tha mdt phut huy hoang rdi chgt tdi - Cdn hom budn le ldi sud't tram nam"^ - nha tha sg nhit phai boa tan cdi tdi ca nhin cua minh trong biln ngudi vd danh "md md nhan anh"... Nhung sd'ng manh lilt, sd'ng huy hoang nhu thi nao, nha tha chua cd dinh hudng rd rIt. b) Tholt khdi he thdng udc le cua "tha cu" thdi trung dai, cle nha tha mdi nhu lin diu tien nhin cudc ddi va vu tru bing con mit cua chfnh minh. Nhung sU "thoat xac" Iy din Xuan Dieu mdi that trgn ven. Vdi cap mit "xanh non", cap mat "bile rdn" ngo ngle va dly vui sudng, nha tha da phIt bidn ra bilt bao ve ding yeu, dang say dim ciia thi gidi thidn nhien va con ngudi noi trin the' rIt ddi binh di va gin giii nay : Ta mudn dm Cd su sdng mdi bdt ddu man mdn ; Ta mudn riit mdy dua vd gid lugn, (1) Bki Giuc gid. 36 Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yiu, Ta mudn thdu trong mdt cdi hdn nhiiu Vd non nudc, vd cdy, vd cd rqng, Cho chinh chodng mui tham, cho daddy dnh sdng, Cho no ni thanh sdc cda thdi tuai; - Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn cdn vdo nguai! (ydi vdng) Vdi Xuan Didu, tit ca diu la "tinh yeu thfi nhit", la "miia xuan diu", bdi vi trong eon mit dng "Tinh khdng tuoi va xuan khdng ngay thing" . Co nhien dep nhit, vui nhit vin la mua xuan va tu6i xuan. Mdt the gidi nhu thi keu ggi eon ngudi ta phai biet sd'ng manh liet, sd'ng hit minh vdi nd : "Sd'ng toan tim, toan tri, sdng toan hdn - Sd'ng toan than va thfic nhgn giac quan" . Va khdng thi dfing dung trudc thdi gian mdt di khdng trd lai (Vdi vdng, Giuc gid). Vdi mdt hdn tho ydu ddi, yeu sd'ng nhu vay, Xuan Didu da thdi vao phong trio Tho mdi mdt ludng gid ndng nan, sdi sue ft cd trong tho ca truyin thdng. e) La mdt tam hdn kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi, tit nhien Xuan Dieu trudc hit phai la nha tho cua tinh yeu. Vi tinh yeu la mdt trong nhfing nilm giao cam manh lilt nhit, sau sic, toan ven nhit, vfia rIt muc trin thi, vfia hit sfic cao thugng. Vi tinh yeu bao gid cung ddi hdi vd bidn, khat khao tuyet dfeh va vinh viin. Mdt tinh ydu nhu thi, Xuan Dieu cam thly khdng thi tim duge trong thuc tl. Xuan Dieu thly tinh cam manh liet cua minh ehi nhu "Nudc dd la khoai", cang ydu cang thly "Dai khd"^^\ tham chf "Yeu la chit d trong ldng mdt ft"^'*^ Vi thi ndi dung cua hlu hit nhfing bai tha tinh eua Xuan Dieu la ndi dau cua mdt trai tim dim say, ndng nhidt ma khdng duge din dip xiing ding, la cam giac ed don, gia lanh trudc thii dd nhat nheo cua ngudi ddi. Ta bilu vi sao trong thi gidi nghe thuat cua Xuan Dieu, mua xuan va binh minh di liin vdi nhiing ehilu thu tan va nhiing dim trang lanh ; su ndng nan di liin vdi cam gilc bo vo ; su ham hd, vd vap vdi (1) Bdi )Oidn Ichdng mUa. (2) Bai Thanh nien. (3) Nudc dd' id Ichoai, Dai Idid; ten hai bai tho cua Xuan Dieu. (4) Bdi Yeu. 37 cudc ddi di liin vdi nhu ciu tholt li tit ca, tham chf mudn trdn trinh ca chfnh ban than minh iCdp hdi vqn dam). ^ d) Khi tha Xuan Didu mdi ra ddi, ngudi ta thly dng "Tay" qua. Dilu Iy khdng phai khdng cd If. Tuy nhidn, thuc ra tha mdi ndi chung, tha Xuan Dilu ndi rieng, tfi ban chat, vin ke thfia va phIt huy eli nhac dieu rieng, cai linh hdn rieng eua tho ea truyen thdng. Tit nhidn yeu elu each tan ciia tha mdi khie'n Xuan Dieu khdng the khdng hgc tap nhfing thanh tuu phong phii eua tha ea hiln dai phuomg Tay. Ngudi ta tha'y dng chii yiu cMu anh hudng cua trudng tha tugng trung Phap the ki XIX^'\ Trudng tha nay, ben canh nhiing mat ban chi, da ed ddng gdp to ldm vao su phat trien cua nghe thuat tha ca : lam phong phu kha nang cMe'm linh va diln dat the gidi mdt each tinh vi, mlu nhidm ban, nang cao tfnh nhac cua tho, mai sic giac quan cua nha tha, phat huy cao do y thfic vl quan he tuang giao gifia cac gilc quan khi cam thu thi gidi ,... Kinh nghidm eua Ddng va Tay, truyin thdng va hien dai, kit tinh d mdt tam hdn nghe si kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi da giiip Xuan Dieu kham pha dugc nhieu bie'n thii tinh vi cua thien nhien cung nhu ndi tam eon ngudi va the hien duge trong nhfing vin tha "ft ldi, nhilu y, siic tfch nhu dgng lai bao nhidu tinh hoa" (The Lfi). Cln chii y den dac diem ca ban nay cua tha Xuan Dieu : dly la mdt thi gidi nghe thuat dly xuan sic va tinh tfi, trong dd chuan muc cua cai dep khdng phai la thien nhien (nhu thudng thly trong tha ea truyin thdng), ma la eon ngudi - con ngudi gifia tudi tre va tinh yeu. Quan dilm ml hgc nay da khiln Xuan Dilu sang tao ra duge nhilu hinh anh mdi me, ddc dao, dep mdt cleh khoe kholn va dly sfic sd'ng. (1) Trudng tho Wong trung (symbolisme) cua Phap ra ddi vao nfia sau the ki XIX. Nhfing cay biit tieu bilu cho thdi ki ddu cua trudng tho nay la Bd-do-le (Baudelaire), Vec-len (Verlaine), Ranh-bd (Rimbaud). Trudng tho Wong tnmg quan nifm ban thi cua thi gidi la vd hinh dd'i vdi con mat ciia ngudi thudng, chi cac nha tho cd nang luc true giac dac biet mdi cam nhan vd dien ta duoc. Dd mdi dfeh thuc la dd'i tuong cua tho. Trudng tho nay da phat huy cao dd quan he tuong giao gitta cac giac quan, dong thdi dl cao tfnh nhac ciia tho (Vic-len quan niem tho tnidc hit la nhac). Trudng tho tuong trung cd ddng gdp ldn vao viec phat triln tho ca Phap, dem din cho tho Phdp kha nang diln ta nhung biln thai hit sfic tinh vi cua thien nhien va ldng ngudi. (2) Nha tho tuong trung Phap Bd-do-le phdt bilu quan niem nay trong bai Tuang giao (Correspondances). 38 2. Ve van xudi Xuan Didu khdng chi lam tha ma cdn vilt nMlu thi loai khac. Vdi hai tap Phdn thdng vdng (1939) va Trudng ca (1945), Xuan Dieu da dl lai nMlu trang vilt ding ggi la kiet tic. Phdn thdng vdng la mdt tap but ki, truyen ngin, dng ggi la loai "truydn y tudng". Trudng ca la mdt tap tuy but. NMn chung, van xudi Xuan Dieu giau chit tho trfi tinh, cam hiing lang man la chii dao, tuy khdng phai khdng cd nhfing trang vilt ngMeng vl cam hfing hien thue (Tod nhi kiiu, Cdi hod Id,...). Dgc van Xuan Dieu, ta gap lai nMlu y tfi vdn quen thudc trong tho dng, nhung dugc diln ta, phan tfch, If giai mdt each ranh mach, ti mi ban. Cam hfing trfi tinh dac bidt sdi ndi trong Trudng ca da khiln nhilu trang vilt trong tap my biit trd thanh nhfing ang tho van xudi dilm le, dly sfic hip din iLenh, Hoa hgc trd, Gid td tudi tha, Thu,...). B - SAU CACH MANG THANG TAIVI 1945 Vdi nilm kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi (ddi vdi Xuan Didu, ddi khdng ehi thu hep trong mdi trudng trf thfic tiiu tu san ma cdn bao gdm ca nhirng ldp ngudi "nhd be", CO cue ma dng tfing bay to ndi "thuang vay"^ d nhilu truydn, kf trong tap Phdn thdng vdng), hdn tho Xuan Dieu dl bit vao phong trao each mang de nhap vdi cudc sd'ng rdng ldn, sdi ddng cua nhan dan. Trudc biln ddi bao la Iy, nhfing chuyen tam tinh cua cdi tdi tiiu tu san du phong phu thi nao cung trd thanh nhd be, ngheo nan. Vi thi, Xuan Dieu mudn md rdng hdn tha dl dm Ip lly tit ea. Ong say sua vilt vl Td qud'c, nhan dan, vl Dang, Bic Hd, vl hai cudc khing ehiln vT dai chdng thuc dan Phip va de qud'c Mi, vl su nghiep xay dung dlt nudc, v.v. vdi mdt tinh thin lac quan sdi ndi. Va tai nang eua dng duge phat huy trdn nhilu ITnh vuc : tha, van xudi, nghidn ciiu, phe binh van hgc, dich thuat. Tinh cam edng dan la net ndi bat trong mgi sang tie cua dng. Nam 1960, tap tha Riing chung ra ddi, dinh diu su chuyin biln tu tudng sau sic va vfing chic cua Xuan Dieu vdi tu each nha tho each mang. Cung tfi dd, dng lai tiep tuc vilt vl tinh yeu (ben canh ddng trfi tinh cdng dan vin la chu yiu). Tho tinh Xuan Dieu sau Cach mang, vl ki thuat, cd dugc gia cdng hem nhung khdng cdn ed cai sdi sue, dim say ciia tuoi tre. Nlu trudc kia, dng hay ndi din xa each va ed dan, thi nay dng ndi nhilu din eli Im Ip eua su sum vly va tinh chung thuy. Vdi nhilt tinh cleh mang, tfi thing Tim nam 1945, Xuan Dieu da ddng gdp cho nin van hgc Viet Nam mdt khd'i lugng sing tac dd so : mudi ba tap tha, nam tap but kf, sau tie phim dich tho nudc ngoai. (1) Thuang vay : ten mdt truyen ngdn ciia Xuan Dieu trong tap Phdn thdng vdng. 39 Sau Cach mang thing Tam 1945, tai nang Xuln Dilu dac bilt phIt triln manh vl nghien ciiu, phd binh van hgc. Ong dl lai mudi sau tap nghien eiiu, phi binh vie't vl hlu nhu du loai dd'i tugng : tfi tha Hd Chi Minh, Td Hfiu, Huy Cln, Che Lan Vidn,... de'n tha Pham Tiln Dult, Hoang Nhuan Cim,... rdi ca tha ca quin chung cua bd ddi, cdng nhan, ndng din trong khing ehiln va cai elch rudng dlt. Ong vie't ea vl nhirng tap kf cua Nguyin Dfic Thuan iBdt khudt), Trin Dinh Van iSd'ng nhu Anh),... Nhung Xuan Dieu dac bilt ddn sfic vao viec nghien ciiu, phe binh eac nha tho co dien nhu Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Du, Hd Xuan Huang, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Nguyin Khuyin, Tu Xuomg,... Ong mudn ddc gia mudn ddi sau vin dgc dng va giao cam vdi dng khi tim bilu nhiing thidn tai bit tfi eua dan tdc. Ong rlt chii y phIt hien gia tri nhan van, nhan ban d cle nha tha nay. Vdi kinh nghiim sang tic phong phii eua minh, trong nghidn ciiu, phd binh, Xuan Didu thudng di sau vao chuyen "blp niie" eua tha ea. Nhilu cdng trinh cua dng, vi the, cd thi xem la nhiing tap giao trinh vl nghl nghiep cho nhiing ai mudn di vao edng vide dly khd khan, phfie tap va rlt ddi tinh vi nay. Ill - KET LUAN Xuan Dieu la mdt nha tha mdi, tuy ed luc ngao nghl coi minh nhu dinh Hi Ma Lap San ("Ta la Mgt, la Rieng, la Thfi Nhit - Khdng ed ehi be ban ndi cung ta"), nhung thue chit lai la mdt tam hdn ludn rdng md vdi ddi. Ong la mdt cay dan Ba Nha nhung khdng mudn cM ed mdt Chung Tfi Ki, ma khao khat hang van, hang trieu tri am, tri ki, 6 mgi noi, mgi thdi, thudc mgi loai ngudi khac nhau trdn thi gian nay. Mdt tam hdn nhu thi, tit nhien sin sang nhap vao phong trao elch mang dl trd thanh thi sT eiia nhan dan. Mdt tam hdn nhu the tit nhidn cung khdng thi tu giam ham minh trong mdt boat ddng van bdc nao. Vi vay, dng vfia lam tha vfia vid't nhieu thi van khic. Sau Cach mang, dng cang viet nhilu, viet khoe, vilt lien tuc. 6 ITnh vuc nao dng cung cd ddng gdp ldn va in dam hinh anh mdt Xuan Dieu - nha tha cua mua xuln va tudi tre, ludn ludn sdi ndi tinh ydu, dao dat tinh ddi. Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Dgc kT phin I eua bai hgc iCugc ddi), anh (ehi) cd nhan xet gi vl md'i quan hi gifia mdi trudng gia dinh, xa hdi, thidn nhien, van boa ciia Xuan Dieu thdi nien thilu vdi nhiing dac diem ea ban cua con ngudi nha tha ? 40 2. Tha mdi la tieng ndi tho ca eua cdi tdi ca. nhan. CIc nha tho mdi ndi chung diu cd y thfic khang dinh cdi tdi ea nhan eua minh. 6 Xuan Dieu, su khing dinh Iy cd gi dac bidt ? 3. Anh (chi) bilu the nao vl mau thuIn bi kich trong tha Xuan Dieu ndi chung, trong tha tinh (trudc CIch mang thing Tim) eua dng ndi rieng ? Mau thuIn Iy thi hien cu thi trong thi gidi hinh tugng ciia tho dng nhu the nao ? 4. Xuan Dieu coi con ngudi gifia tudi tre va tinh ydu la hoan mT nhit. Dilu Iy cd anh hudng gi tdi nhiing ddi mdi trong elch sing tao hinh anh tho eua dng so vdi nghe thuat tha ea truyin thdng ? Hay ndu vai din chiing cu thi. LUYEN TAP VE THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO KET QUA CAN OAT Ndm vdng thao tdc lap ludn bdc bd. Biit van dung thao tdc lap ludn bdc hd. 1. Dgc eac doan trich sau va cho bilt tie gia da sfi dung cleh bac bd nao : a) "Tfi trudc din nay da cd nhilu dinh nghTa vl tho, nhung ldi dinh nghTa nao ciing vin khdng du. Cd ngudi nghT ring tho la nhiing ldi dep. Nhung dau phai nhu vay. Dudi ngdi but ciia Hd Xiian Huang, nhiing ehfi tim thudng ciia ldi ndi hing ngay, ndm na mach que, da trd thanh nhiing ldi tho duge truyin tung mai. Va Nguyin Du khdng nhiing dl lai nhiing cau tho nhu "Mai cdt cleh, tuylt tinh thin", ma cdn vilt: Thodt trdng nhdn nh0 mdu da, An gi to beo ddy dd ldm sao I Cung khdng phai tho 11 nhiing dl tai "dep", phong hoa tuylt nguyet cua cle eu ngay xua, hoac nhfing nhd mong slu luy eua cle chang va nang mdt thdi trudc Cach mang. Nha tha Phip Baudelaire (Bd-do-le) da lam bai tho ndi tilng vl eli xac chd chit dly gidi bg, va d thdi chiing ta, eli xe dap, khiu ba dd ea, cho din cii 41 ba Id tren vai chil'n sT, bdng day thep gai hung ac eua ddn giac, diu cd thi dem ndi trong tha". (Nguyin Dinh Thi) b) "Co ngudi vin nghT rang : trong sang tie van nghl. If tfnh khdng tham du. Ndi the cung khdng dung. Danh rang khdi diem eua sing tao nghd thuat vin la mdt xuc ddng manh me, sau xa. Nhung khdng phai vi thi ma ndi ring tie phim nghe thuat khdng cln din If tfnh. Trudc het If tfnh cua nha sing tao tie ddng trong khi suy nghT vl dl tai, sip dat tu tudmg, phan tfch tai lidu, ngMdn ciiu hmh thfic thfch hgp cho mdt dl tai, van dung kinh nghiem vl but phip,... Biy nhieu cdng vide diu khdng thi hoan toan phd thic cho cam hfing. Lf tfnh vin phai ludn ludn tinh tlo dl lam cho hinh thfic phu hgp vdi ndi dung, phan lugng can xfing vdi ytfi". (Theo Dang Thai Mai) c) BAC BO MOT QUAN DIEM THL/C DUNG "Mdt nha van MT gd'c Nga, ba Ay Ren-da cho ring "Nhiing ke theo chu nghia nhan van - trdn nguyen tie va ca tren thuc tl - la nhfing ke an bim, bdi md'i quan tam hang diu cua hg la phan phat ehfi khdng phai san xult ; ndi dung ra la quan tam din viec phan phat nhiing gi ma hg khdng san xult ra. Nhiing ke an bam tM khdng bao gid dang kfnh hay tdt ca". Tfi dd, ba ndu ra nguyen tie dao dfic mdi: "Cd rdi hay cho", cd vii cho nhiing ngudi lam ra cua cai vat chit. Cln ndi ngay ring khdng cd gi khd khan lim trong viec nhan ra thuc chit cai quan dilm dudng nhu rlt "tan ki" eua Ay Ren-da. Thuc chit, nguyin tic dao dfic mdi nay la phai "tao" hay "san xult" ra cua cai vat chit thi mdi la ngudi td't. Cdn ngudi theo chu nghTa nhan van va boat ddng xa hdi, gdm ca nha chfnh tri, diu la ke an bIm, vi hg chang tao hay san xult cai bdng den nhu E-di-xan^^^ hay cai d td nhu Pho^ . Hg ehi "day mau an phin" khi phan phIt eli ma bg khdng tao ra hay san xult dugc ! Mudn bilt quan dilm nay dung hay sai, ta hay dem nd ap dung vao thue tiln. (1) E-di-xan (Thomas Alva Edison, 1847 - 1931) : nha phdt minh ngudi Mi da tttng cd tren mdt nghin phat minh. sang chi kT thuat, bao gdm may dien bao, dien thoai, may hat, may phat dito cd ldn, he thdng chiiu sang, v.v. (2) Pho (Henry Ford, 1863 -1947): ngudi sdng lap tap dodn Ford - hang xe hoi ldn thtt hai nudc Mi. 42 Chang ban, theo If thuyet dd tM ngay chfnh tai Mi, ehi khoang 20% dan sd la ngudi tdt, vi hg san xult. Cdn 80% cdn lai la ke an bIm vi hg cM lam dich vu, phan phdi, tham chf vilt van lam tho, boat ddng xa hdi, tdn giao va tfi thien hay nhiing viec "an bIm" khic. Rdi eli nude MT giau manh kia, hg sang tao nhilu va san xult den mdt phin ba cua cai toan thi gidi, chic chin hg dang kfnh va tdt ban nhiing nude sing tao va san xult ft horn, chang han nhu Viet Nam. Va Bin Ghe't^ thi td't ban Me Td-re-da^^^ vi vi nfi thanh tM chang san xult dugc gi ngoai viec mang tinh thUcmg din cho dan ngheo An Do trong tu each mdt ngudi nhan van ehii nghTa, tfic dfeh thi la ke an bam. • Dd la cai gi neu khdng phai la nguydn tic tdn thd vat chit va re rung cac gia tri tinh thin cua gidi trgc phii MT ? Rd rang tic gia cua quan dilm nay rlt tMlu Mlu bie't vl boat ddng eua xa hdi loai ngudi, nhit la kMa canh phan cdng lao ddng va hgp tie cung ed Igi. Va that dang tile, tuy la nha van nhumg Ay Ren-do lai khinh re chu nghia nhan van, khinh re ldng tdt va chu ngMa vi nhan sinh - dilu nguge vdi tMdn chfic cua van hgc. [...] Vl mat dao If, xem nhiing ngudi nhan van chu nghTa la an bIm cung la sai lim nghiem trgng. Tu do, binh dang, bac ai chfnh la tieu chi co ban cua mdt xa hdi bat diu bilu ban chit eon ngudi. Chiing ta sinh ra, ai cung ed quyIn binh ding, nhung tao hoi khdng the cdng bing vdi mdi mdt ca nhan. Tao hoa khdng thi phan phat tri tue va kT nang nhu nhau cho tit ca mgi ngudi. Chiing ta khdng thi chgn cha me, chgn gia canh dl sinh ra. Cd nghTa eon ngudi sinh ra vdn lai khdng binh dang, vay thi ai se mang lai cho chiing ta su binh dang neu khdng phai la nhfing ngudi theo chu nghTa nhan van - nhiing ngudi quan tam khdng chi tdi nhiing el nhan xult chiing ma cdn tdi timg manh ddi bit hanh - nin tang quan trgng eua mdt xa hdi tim kiem su cdng bing ? Va de dam bao su dinh gia cdng bing dd'i vdi ngudi san xult, cd thi din ra mdt quan diem, ai ddng nhilu thul va tao nhilu viec lam cho xa hdi la ngudi td't. Gil tri eua mdt ngudi chfnh la d chd ngudi dd phuc vu xa hdi nhu thi nao. Ma phue vu tM khdng chi la "tao" hay "san xult", ma quan trgng (1) Bin Ghet (William Henry Gates III, sinh nam 1955): nha doanh nghiep, nha hoat ddng tii thien, Chu tich tap doan phdn mim may tinh ldn nhdt the gidi Mai-crd-xdp (Microsoft), dng duoc coi la ngudi giau nhdt thi gidi. (2) Te-re-da (Theresa, 1910 - 1997) : nha hoat ddng tir thien An Do (ngudi gd'c An-ba-ni), nu tu si, nam 1960 thanh lap Hdi tu nu truyin giao nhan ai, sudi ddi phuc vu ngudi ngheo, tre md cdi, ngudi gid, ngudi benh tat. Bd duoc nhan Giai thudng Nd-ben Hod binh nam 1979. 43 ban ca la td chfic duge mdt xa hdi dan ehii, cdng bing, phat triln va van mmh, noi Igi fch ridng cua mdi ca nhan kit hgp nhuin nhi vdi Igi leh chung cua toan xa hdi. Khdng nin quin ring, chu nghTa thuc dung, tham chf chu nghia tdn thd vat chit, chu nghTa dan phuang mdi chi la mdt nfia su that vl ngudi Mi. Mdt nfia khic nim d Lu-tha Kinh^'\ Mo-ri-xan^^\ E-di-xcm va hang trilu ngudi nhan van ehii nghTa yiu edng If, chudng tinh thuang va giau long sing tao khac". (Theo Dd Kien Cudng, Dao dUc mdi la gi ?, Tap chf Tia sdng, 8 - 2002) 2. Lap dan y ble bd Man dilm sau : Chi cd vao dai hgc thi cudc ddi mdi co tuang lai. 3, Chgn mdt trong hai thanh ngfi sau lihlm bac bd y cu va tim y mdi : a) Mua riu qua mdt thg. b) Bdi long tim vit. Ggi y : Tim khfa canh ed the ble bd trong cae thanh ngfi. a) "Miia riu qua mit thg" la thanh ngfi cd y chd nhfing ai khoe tai trudc eac bae thly diu la dai, vi nhu thi vfia dl bdc Id chd yiu kem eua minh, vfia td ra thilu khiem ton. Nhung thanh ngfi dd ciing the hien mdt tam li tidu cue la ludn sg ngudi gidi hom ma khdng dim thi thd tai nang, vugt ldn phfa trudc. Nhu thi thi lim sao cd duge su tiln bd ? Dilu nay chiing td thanh ngfi nay cd ban che vl mat tu tudng. b) "Bdi ldng tim vlt" la thanh ngfi chi mdt thii do hay soi mdi, bit be, ham y che bai. Tuy nhien vl khach quan, "bdi ldng tim vlt" cung cd y nghTa tfch cue, giup phIt Men nhiing so hd, sai sdt ma ngudi ta thudng bd qua. (1) Lu-tha Kinh (Martin Luther King, 1929 - 1968) : lanh tu phong trao dan quyIn ngudi da den Ml. Nam 1957, duoc bdu lam Chu tich Hoi nghi lanh tu Co Dd'c gido miln Nam Mi, nam sau phat ddng phong trao dan quyIn ngudi da den MT, tttng budc tong thd'ng MT ki phdp lenh dan quyln. Nam 1968, dng bi bon phan biet chung tdc bdn chit tai Mem-phit (Memphis). (2) Mo-ri-xan : ngudi MT. Ngay 2-11-1965, Mo-ri-xon da be con gai (E-mi-ly) din bd sdng Pd-td-mdc, gdn Lau nam gdc, vd tai ddy, dng da cham lira tu thieu -dl phan ddi cudc ehiln tranh xam luoc Viet Nam cua bon cdm quyln MT. 44 DAY THON VI DA (1) HAN MAC TU KET QUA CAN OAT • Cdm nhdn dugc tinh yiu ddi, ldng ham sdng mdnh Hit md day udn khuc cda hdn tha Hdn Mac Tic. • Nhdn ra dugc dqng liin kit vda ddt doqn vda nhdt qudn cua mqch thavd ldi tqo hinh gidn di ma tdi hoa cda thi phdm. TIEU DAN Han Mac Tuf (1912 - 1940) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Tri, sinh tai lang Le IVIT, tdng Vd Xa, huyen Phong Loc, tinh Ddng Hdi (nay la Quang Binh), trong mot gia dinh cdng giao ngheo. Sau khi hoc trung hoc tai trudng Pe-lo-ranh (Pellerin) d Hue, dng lam d Sd Dac dien Binh Djnh, rdi vao Sai Gdn lam bao. De'n nam 1936, bj mac benh phong, dng ve hSn Quy Nhdn de chOa benh va mat tai trai phong Quy Hoa. Han MSc Tif noi tie'ng la than ddng thd d Quy Nhdn luc mudi bd'n, mi/di ISm tuoi. Ong cd nhieu but danh (Phong Tran, Le Thanh,...). TCr nam 1935, difdc mot ban thd la Quach Tan gdp y, mdi ddi thanh Han Mac Tif (Han : but, Mac : muc - ngu y coi minh la ngudi lam nghe but mifc, tifc sang tac van chUdng). Bat dau con dudng tho ca bang thd DUdng luat, khi thd mdi bung nd, dng chuyen sang sang tac theo khuynh hudng lang man. Han Mac Tif dUdc xem la hien tifdng thd ki la vao bac nha't cua phong trao Thd mdi. (I) Thdn VTDg (cd ban chip la VTGig), lit gd'c la VTDd (vTla. lau, dd la canh ddng): thdn ndm sat kinh dd Hul, bin bd sdng Huong, phong canh vudn tuoc rdt xinh x8n, nen tho, la noi cu ngu ciia nhilu vuong hdu, quy tdc, danh sT thdi midc. 45 Tac pham chinh gom cac tap thd : Tha Dien (ve sau ddi thanh Dau thuang, 1938), Xuan nhuy, Thugng thanh khi, Cam chau duyen va kjch thd : Duyen ki ngo (1939), Quan tien hoi (1940). Ngoai tap Gai que (1936) in luc sinh thdi, cdn toan bo thd Han Mac Tif chi dUdc in thanh tap sau khi dng mat. Dien mao het sifc phiic tap va day bi an ciia thd dng cd sir dan xen, rang rit cua ca nhiing gi than thuoc, thanh khiet, thieng lieng nha't, ca nhung gi ghe rdn, ma quai, cudng loan nha't. Trong dd trSng, hoa, nhac, hi/dng,... chen lin hdn, mau, yeu ma,... Ngay cac hinh anh dd cung khdng he thuan nhat, ma bien tudng moi khi mot khac. Tham chi, timg hinh anh cung tif phan than thanh cac dang dd'i choi, ti/dng phan, tifdng tranh vdi nhau kha gay gat. Tuy nhien, dang sau the gidi hinh anh phufc tap kia, vin hien rd mot con ngudi chura Chan Idng yeu sdng. Ngay ca luc linh hon mud'n rdi bo tran gian de bay len cdi sieu nhien - ma dng goi la cdi "ThUdng thanh khf - thi ngifdi ta van tha'y rd d dd mot tinh yeu de'n dau ddn hudng ve cudc ddi tran the. Do la can cdt lanh manh tich ci/c ciia thd Han Mac Tif. Day thon ViDa thudc tap Dau thuang, la kiet tac cOa Han Mac Tif va cung la mot trong nhung thi pham xuat sac ciia thd Viet Nam hien dai. • * Sao anh khdng vi chai thon Vi ? Nhin ndng hdng cau ndng mdi len Vudn ai mudt qud xanh nhu nggc Ld true che ngang mat chd diin . Gid theo ldi gio, mdy dudng mdy Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa bdp lay Thuyin ai ddu bin sdng trdng do Cd chd trdng vi kip tdi nay ? (1) Mat cha dien : Theo nhan tudng hpc, mat vudng chii diln dupc xem la loai tudng mao iing vdi dlic tfnh that tha, trung hau. Cau tho vira cd ve dep tao hinh don thudn : mdt khudn mat dep dn hien sau canh la mic day thi vi, viia gidu tfnh nipng uwig (triic bilu hien cho ve thanh cao, guong mat cha dien bilu hien cho su tmng hau). Tdt ca that hai hoa vdi khung canh vd'n don sO ma thanh tii bao trum ca vudn thdn VT trong ndng mai. (2) Bdp -. (cay) ngd. 46 Ma khdch dudng xa, khdch dudng xa Ao em trdng qud nhin khdng ra O ddy suang khdi md nhdn anh Ai biit tinh ai co dam dd ? (Dau thuang, NXB Hdi Nha van. Ha Ndi, 1995) Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Bii tho ed ba khd, mdi khd nghieng vl mdt canh sic, mdt tam tinh. Hay ndu nhan xet vl sac thai khac nhau d mdi khd tho vl mach lidn kit gifia cac khd. 2. Mdi khd tha trong bai diu ehfia dung cau hdi. Cle cau hdi ay da gdp phin tao ndn am dieu rieng cua bai tho. Am dieu Iy da thi Men mach tam trang gi cua tie gia ? 3. Hinh anh "nlng hang cau ning mdi len" that gian di, ciing that giau sfic ggi. Hay dung nhfing hiiu biet va trf tudng tugng cua minh de cam nhan va tii tao ve dep cua hinh anh Iy. 4. Anh (chi) cd cam nhan gi vl y nghTa cua hai can tho : "Gid theo ldi gid, may dudng may - Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa blp lay" ? 5. ICho tho thfi hai ed hai cau : "Thuyin ai dau bin sdng trang dd - Cd chd trang vl kip tdi hay ?". Chfi "kip" ggi ldn dilu gi vl mdi tam tu dly uln khiic cua tie gia ? 6. cau tha "Ai bilt tinh ai cd dam dl ?" ed chiit hoai nghi. Theo anh (chi), dd la ndi hoai nghi cua su chan ddi hay cua nilm tha thilt vdi cudc ddi ? Tai sao ? 7. Hgc thudc ldng bii tha. BAI TAP NANG CAO Cd cle each Mlu khac nhau vl cau tho "Ao em tring qui nhin khdng ra", chang ban : a) Do ao lin vao suong khdi ndn nhin khdng rd ; b) Day la mdt cleh ca tung sic lo trIng din la lung. Anh (ehi) hay dua ra cleh hieu eua minh va phan tich y ngMa eiia cau tho dd. (1) Nhdn dnh : bdng ngudi. (Nguyin Gia Thilu trong Cung odn ngdm khiic cd cau : "Md md nhan anh nhu ngudi di dim"). 47 TRANG GIANG HUY CAN KET QUA CAN DAT Cdm nhdn dugc ndi sdu cda mdt cai tdi cd dan trudc thiin nhien minh mdng hiu quanh, trong do thdm dugm cd ndi sdu nhdn thivd tdm ldng yeu nudc thdm kin cda thi si. Nhdn ra dugc nhdng ve dep co diin trong mdt bdi tha mdi. TIEU DAN Huy Can (1919 - 2005) ten khai sinh la Cu Huy Can, sinh-ra trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo, d lang An Phu, huyen HUdng Sdn (nay thudc xa DCfc An, huyen Vu Quang), tinh Ha TTnh. Nam 1939, dd tu tai toan phan tai Hue, nam 1943 do kTsif Canh ndng tai Ha Ndi. TCf nam 1942, dng tham gia Mat tran Vidt Minh trong td chifc Van hoa ciiu qudc, roi tham dif Qudc dan dai hdi Tan Trao. Tai day dng dUdc bau vao Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng toan qudc. Sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, dng ludn giiJ cac chufc vu quan trpng trong Chinh phii va trong Hoi Lien hiep van hpc - Nghe thuat Viet Nam. Ong dupe Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Ho Chi Minh ve van hpc va nghe thuat nam 1996. Hdi cdn di hpc, Huy Can da bat dau lam thd. Vdi tap Lda thi§ng (1940), dng dUdc bie't den nhu mot thi sT hang dau cGa phong trao Thd mdi. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, Huy Can phai mat mot khoang thdi gian de ddi mdi ti^ng thd. Tir nam 1958, ngudn thd dng lai tudn chay ddi dao, cac sang tac lien ti^p ra ddi : Trdi mdi ngay lai sang (1958), Oaf nd hoa (1960), Bai tha cudc ddi (1963), Hai ban tay em (1967), NhOtng nSm sau muai (1968), Chien tncdngin den chien trudng xa (1973), Ngay hang song, ngay hang tha (1975), v.v. Huy Can ludn khao khat va lang nghe sif hoa dieu giu'a hdn ngudi vdi tao vat, giiia ca the vdi nhan quan. 48 Trang giang la mdt trong nhCing bai thd tieu bieu nhat cua Huy Can in trong tap Lijra thieng. * * * Bang khuang trdi rdng nhd sdng dai H.C Song ggn trdng giang budn diep diep. Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song, Thuyin vi nudc Iqi, sdu trdm ngd ; Cdi mgt cdnh khd Iqc mdy ddng. La tha cdn nhd gid diu hiu, Ddu tiing ldng xa vdn chg chiiu. Ndng xud'ng, trdi lin sdu chdt vdt; Sdng ddi, trdi rdng, bin cd liiu . Beo dqt vi ddu, hdng ndi hdng ; Minh mdng khong mdt chuyin dd ngang. Khdng cdu ggi chut niim thdn mat, Lang lebdxanh tiip bdi vdng. Ldp ldp mdy cao dun nui bqc, Chim nghiing cdnh nhd : bdng chiiu sa. Ldng qui dgn dgn vdi con nudc, Khdng khdi hodng hdn cung nhd nhd . (Lica thieng. NXB Ddi nay, Ha Ndi, 1940) (1) Trdng : mdt am khac cua chii "trudng", nghTa la dai. Trdng giang : sdng dai (ham chiia ca rdng) chi sdng ldn. (2) Con : gd ddt (hoac cat), dam ddt (cat) ndi cao. (3) Cd lieu : tro trpi, vdng ve. (4) Trong bai Lau Hodng Hgc (Hodng Hgc idu) ndi tilng cua Thdi Hieu (704 - 754), thdi Dudng (Trung Qud'c), cd cau : Nhdt mg huong quan hd xU thi ? Yen ba giang thuang sii: nhdn sdu. Tan Da dich : Que huang Ichud't bong hodng hon, Tren song Ichdi sdng cho budn ldng ai ? Cd thi nhiing hinh anh trong dd da goi cho Huy Can viet nen hai cau kit ciia Trdng giang. 4. NV11/2NC-A 49 Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Anh (chi) ed elm nhan nhu the nao vl am dilu chung cua toan bai tha ? Am dieu ay da gdp phin the hiln tam trang gi cua tac gia trudc thien nhien ? 2. Hay nlu cam nhan eua anh (ehi) vl bfic tranh thiin nMdn dugc thi hiln trong bai tho. cau dl tfi "Bang khuang trdi rdng nhd sdng dai" cd md'i liin hi gi ddi vdi hinh anh tao vat thidn nhien va tam trang cua tic gia duge thi hiln trong bai ? 3. Hay phIt bieu nhan xet ve Mnh thfic t6 chfic cau tha va viec sfi dung ldi tho trong cac cap cau sau : Sdng ggn trdng giang budn diep diep. Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song. - Ndng xudng, trdi lin sdu chdt vdt; Sdng ddi, trdi rdng, ben cd lieu. 4. Hinh anh "Cui mdt canh khd lac miy ddng" va hinh anh "CMm ngMdng canh nhd : bdng ehilu sa" ggi cho anh (ehi) nhiing cam nghT gi ? 5. Tai sao ed the ndi tinh ydu thien nhien d day cung ehfia dung long ydu nudc thim kfn ? 6. Hgc thudc ldng bai tho. BAI TAP NANG CAO Hay tim bilu hai ehilu khdng gian va thdi gian va md'i quan he gifia chiing trong bai tho Trdng giang. LUYEN TAP VE NGHIA CUA CAU KET QUA CAN DAT Bii't van dung hiiu bii't vi nghia ciia cdu vdo viec phdn tich vd tqo lap cdu. 1. Nhiing tfi ngfi in dam trong eae cau sau day bilu thi nghTa tinh thii nao trong cle loai nghTa tinh thai da hgc ? - Bang chap ni gdnh vdc Ti triiu I Niim mdu tic at Id bi hai (chd chdng chai). ((San Hdu) 50 4. NV11/2NC.B - 0-gien mdc tui vd thdy khdng cdn ddng ndo, chdng budc phdi vay Cri-xtd-pha hai muai xu. (2) (Ban-ddc - Lao Gd-ri-o) - Di hg khdng phdi di ggi ddu. (3) - Chuyin tdu dim nay khdng ddng nhu mgi khi, thua vdng ngudi vd hinh nhu kem sdng hem. (4) (Thach Lam - Hai dUa tre) - Thoi di, dicng ndi din dng Lung, ngda cd rudt.' (5) (Nguyin Kien - Anh Keng) - Mdt duyin hai ng du danh phdn. (6) (Trdn Tl Xuong - Thuang vg) - Hdi thdi ta phdi ndi ra I Vi chicng hay ghit cung Id hay thuang. (7) (Nguyin Dinh Chiiu - Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) -[...]n0ndo ldy ddi muai ndm ldm mdt kiip [...]. (8) (Pham Thai - Vdn te Truong Quynh Nhu) - Ddng Id Gia-ve da tdm ldy cd do Gidng Van-gidng. (9) (Huy-gd - Nhang ngudi Ichd'n khd') - Tdi ddsuyt keu lin nhung cdhgng nghen hdn. (10) (Nguyen Hdng - MgDu) - Hdn vda gap dugc mdt doqn hay ldm nen ngdng dgc, ngdm nghl vd di cho cdi khodi cdm ngdn ra trong long. (11) (Nam Cao - Ddi thUa) - Mong cdc chu lucmg tinh cho cdi su Iqc hdu. (12) (Nguyin Minh Chau - Chiec thuyen ngodi xa) - Bdy gid minh udc gid md chuyin ndy chi Id mdt gidc ma vd minh chua hi cdu dugc con cd vd hdy cdn ndm ngd mdt minh trin ldp gidy bao. (13) (He-minh-ue - Ong gid vd bien cd) - ty, neu mdt ndng lin thay cho sao, vd sao xudng ndm dudi ddi ldng mdy kia thi thi ndo nhi ?il4) (Se'eh-xpia - Rd-me-o vd Giu-li-et) 51 - Ngudi vechdc khdng phdi chi ldm viec mdt budi tdi vi tdt cd gido vien a hai trudng nam nd, gido viin chdng vien, cdc vien chdc diu nhdn dugc mdi ngudi mdt bdn. (15) (Se-khd'p - NgUdi trong bao) 2. Trong nhiing cau sau cau nao chap nhan duge, cau nao thi khdng ? Giai thfch If do. - Anh ben dung bua ddp vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vda bay tung toe. (la) - Anh ben dimg bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (lb) - Anh tiip tuc dung bua dap vdo bdc tUdng ; vdi vUa bay tung toe. (2a) - Anh tiip tuc dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo lai thdi. (2b) - Anh vdn dung bua ddp vdo bdc tudng ; voi vita bay tung toe. (3a) - Anh vdn dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (3b) - Anh toan dung bua phd cda nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (4a) - Anh toan dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vda bay tung toe. (4b) - Anh dinh diing bua phd cua nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (5a) - Anh dinh dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vita bay tung toe. (5b) - Anh quyit diing bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi the ndo Iqi thdi. (6a) - Anh quyi't dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vita bay tung toe. (6b) 3. Dgc cac cau sau va thue hien nhiem vu neu d dudi. - Mai sau ddu cd bao gid ? I Ddt Id huang dy, so taphim ndy. (Nguyin Du - Truyen Kieu) -[...] mdt trdn nghia ddnh Tdy, tuy la md't tiing vang nhumd. (Nguyin Dinh Chiiu - Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc) - Tuy rdng giang san biin cdi, triiu dqi ddi thay cd mdy muai ldn, can hiem nguy biin loqn dd nhiiu, md chdnh hgc mdt ddng vdn khdng sa sut.[...] (Ngo Dlic Kl - Ludn ve chdnh hgc ciing td thuye't Qudc vdn - "Kim Vdn Kieu" - Nguyen Du) 52 - Hudng ta cung nuang tu, tuy chdng than kia thich ng, nhung tinh duyin timg ndy, cung Id mgt chut cuang thudng ! Ddu rdng ke ddy ngudi ddy, song dn di bdy Idu nay dd bii't bao nhieu tdm su! (Pham Thai - Vdn te'Truang Quynh Nim) - Bdc chdng a, ddu van chdng d I Tdi tuy thuang, ldy nhd ldm thuang. (Nguyin Khuyin - Khdc Duang Khue) - Song ddu tdo bqo din ddu, hg cung khdng mgt ldn ndo ddm ddng chd tdi, de ndi vdi minh, hay - thi cung thi- vdi tdt cd mgi ngudi. (Hoai Thanh - Mgt thdi dai trong thi ca) - Ddu trdi ndi, ddu cue khd thi ndo mac ldng, miin Id cd ke mang dai ddi mu ngdt ngudng ngdi trin, cd ke do rdng khdn den luc nhuc Iqy dudi, trdm nghin ndm nhu thi cung xong! (Phan Chau Trinh - Dgo due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy) - Mac dd bi tod dn Gido hdi kit tdi ndng ni, cdu cudi cung cda dng trudc phiin tod vdn Id :. "Ddu sao trdi ddt vdn quay". (Van Nhu Cuong - Hodi nghi lanh manh) a) CIc tfi ngfi in dam diln dat loai nghTa tinh thai gi ? b) Trong trudng hgp diu, nlu thay ddu bing tuy, thi cd chip nhan dugc khdng ? Tai sao ? e) Ci nhiing trudng hgp cdn lai, neu thay ddu I ddu bing tuy va nguge lai, thi nghTa cua cau cd khic bidt ra sao ? d) Thay ddu trong nhiing cau tren bing du I ddu, thi trudng hgp nao nghTa manh hom ? d) Nlu thay mdc du trong cau cud'i bing tuy, thi nghTa cua cau se thay ddi nhu thi nao ? 4. Cho mdt su viec gdm cle yiu td : (1) chu thi la "dng Ba", (2) trang thai "vui". Hay viet nhfing cau khac nhau de diln dat: a) NghTa tinh thai ehi su viec da xay ra. b) NghTa tinh thii ehi su viec chua xay ra. c) NgMa tinh thai ehi kha nang xay ra eua su viec. d) NghTa tinh thii chi su viec duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If. 53 TUONG TU NGUYEN BINH KET QUA CAN DAT Cdm nhdn dugc tdm trqng tuang tu cda chdng trai vdi nhitng diin biin chdn thuc ma tinh ti, trong do md'i duyen qui vd cdnh qui hod quyen vdi nhau that nhuan nhi. Nhdn ra dugc ve dep cda mdt bdi tha mdi ddm dd phong vi ca dao. TIEU DAN Nguyin Binh (1918 -1966) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Binh, hdi mdi trdi dat vao Nam Bp cdn lay ten la Nguyin Bi'nh Thuye't. Ong que 6 lang Thien Vjnh, xa Ddng Dpi (nay la xa Cdng Hoa), huyen Vu Ban, tinh Nam Dinh. Md cdi me tif sdm, cha lay vp ke, dUde ngudi cau rudt dua ve nudi day. Sau theo anh trai la nha thd True Dudng ra Ha Ndi. De kiem sd'ng, Nguyin Bi'nh da lifu lac nhieu ndi, vifa day hpc vira lam thd. Ddn Cach mang thang Tam 1945 va khang chien chdng thUc dan Phap, dng hoat ddng d Nam Bp, lam tuyen huan va van nghe. Nam 1954, Nguyin Binh tap ket ra Bac, tiep tuc lam vSn nghe va bao chi d Ha Ndi rdi Nam Djnh. Ong mat dot ngdt v^o sang 30 tet AtTi, tiic 20-1-1966. Ong dupc Nha nUdc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vl van hpc va nghe thuSt nam 2000. Nguyen Binh lam thd tif nam mudi ba tudi. Nam 1937, dng da doat giii thudng cua Tu lUc van doan vdi tap thd Tam h6n toi Nguyen Binh sang tac kha nhieu thi loai. Tac pham tieu bieu : cac tap thd Ld bUdc sang ngang (1940), Mudi hai ben nudc (1942), Gdi ngudi vg mien Nam (1955), Dem sao sdng (1962),... ; truyen thd Cay dan ti ba (1944), Tieng trong dem xuSn (1958),...; cheo Cd Son (1961); v.v. 54 Nhay cam vdi thdi dai day bien ddng, trong dd nhiJng nen nep nghin ddi sau luy tre xanh dang bj lung lay trudc su xam nhap cua cudc sdng do thj, Nguyin Bi'nh da the hien sau sac ndi bat an cua mdt tam hdn vdn thiet tha vdi nhumg gia trj cd truyen ma bay gid dang cd nguy cd mai mdt. La mdt nha tho mdi, nhUng Nguyin Binh lai trd ve dao sau vao truyen thdng dan gian nen da dem den cho tho minh ve dep "chan que". Canh sac va bdng dang con ngUdi trong thd dng deu tha'm dupm tinh que, duyen que va phang phat hdn xu'a dat ni/dc. Sau nay, dng cung dem dUdc vao thd minh hdi thd ciia each mang va khang chien. Tuy cd khdng it thanh cdng d the tho that ngdn, nhung Nguyin Bi'nh sd trudng nhat d the luc bat. Thd dng cd sifc phd cap rat Idn. Bai Tuang tu rut trong tap Ld budc sang ngang. * * * Thdn Dodi ngoi nhd thdn Ddng, Mgt ngUdi chin nhd mUdi mong mdt ngUdi. Gid mUa la benh cua gidi, Tuang tu la benh cua tdi yeu ndng. Hai thdn chung lai mdt ldng, Cd sao ben dy chdng sang ben ndy ? Ngdy qua ngdy lai qua ngay, Ld xanh nhudm da thdnh cdy la vdng. Bao rang cdch trd do giang^'K Khong sang la chdng dudng sang dd ddnh. Nhimg ddy cdch mgt ddu dinh, Cd xa xdi mdy md tinh xa xoL.. Tuang tu thdc mdy dem roi Biet cho ai, hoi ai ngudi biet cho ! Bao gid bin mdi gap do ? Hoa khue cdc, budm giang ho^^^ gap nhau ? (J) Cdch trd do giang : cdch sdng, each do. (2) Khue cdc : ndi 6 ciia ngtfdi phu ni? giau c6, quy phai. Giang ho : song ho, chi cuoc sdng nay day mai dd. 55 Nhd em cd mgt gidn gidu, Nhd anh cd mgt hdng cau lien phdng . Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng, Cau thdn Dodi nhd gidu khdng thdn ndo ? Hoang Mai - 1939 (Juyin tap Nguyin Binh, NXB Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1986) HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. "Tuang tu" cd nghTa la nhd nhung, nhung tam trang tuang tu b day cd phai chi dom thuIn la nhd nhung khdng ? Ndi tuong tu d bai tha nay da diln biln qua nhihig sic thai cam xiic nao ? 2. Trong bai tho, chang trai ed y trach mdc ed gli, dieu nay ed If hay vd If ? No giup ta hieu dugc gi ve quy Mat tam II trong tinh ydu ? 3. Tim hieu nghe thuat diln ta thdi gian va tam trang trong hai cau : "Ngay qua ngay lai qua ngay - La xanh nhudm da thanh cay la vang". 4. Md'i duyen que eiia Ifia ddi da hoa quyln trong canh qud nhu the nao ? 5. Phan tich hinh anh, tam trang va each diln ta dam chit dan gian cua tho Nguyin Binh (ldi bd cue, ldi lidn tudng, each dung dia danh va ngdn ngfl,...). 6. Khat vong Ifia ddi trong md'i tuong tu nay cdn duge bilu bidn tinh vi bing nMlu hinh anh cap ddi trong bai. Hay tim, thd'ng kd va phan tfch he thd'ng hinh anh ay. 7. Hgc thudc long bai tho. BAI TAP NANG CAO So sanh bai Tuang tu cua Nguyin Binh vdi nhiing bai Ca dao yeu thuang, tinh nghia trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 10 Ndng cao, tap mdt dl thly nhiing net truyen thdng va cleh tan vl nghe thuat cua tie pham nay. (I) Can lien pliong (cd hai each hieu) : hoac la ndi each trdng - cau trdng thanh hang lien tilp nhau ; hoac la chi mot gidng cau tha'p, ra qua quanh nam. 56 TRI THQC OOC - HIEU Ve ldi tha trong thd mdi Phong trao Thd mdi khdng chi la cudc each mang ve cam xuc tho, the thd, ma cdn la cudc each mang ve Idi thd. Trong thd cu, mau sac cam xiJc ca the trong Idi thd chUa dupc chu trpng nhieu. Ddng thdi, do tinh quy pham chi phdi, nen Idi tho thudng nang tinh udc le, each dieu. Sang thdi thd mdi, do nhu cau de cao manh me cai toi ciia thi sT, cung do ta chan la mot trong nhOrng yeu cau Idn bao triim len thd ca thdi bay gid, nen Idi thd trong thd mdi da khac xua rat nhieu. Mau sac ca the ciia cam xuc in dam trong mpi khfa canh ciia ngdn ti^ nhu vd'n tif, cac bien phap tu tCr hay ngO dieu, gipng dieu. Ldi thd dUdc td chifc theo hinh thufc gan vdi chudi Idi ndi tU nhien cua ca nhan hon, khdng cau ne vao nhuTig quy dinh gd bd ve sd lupng tCr, ve am thanh, ve van, ve luat, ve niem, v.v. Loai Idi ndi trong giao tiep ddi thudng ua vao tho nhieu hon. Tham chi, ca khau ngu" cung dUdc sif dung kha rdng rai. Vi nhufng le dd ma Idi thd trong thd mdi thudng thoai mai, linh hoat, uyen chuyen hdn hin so vdi tho cu. Nhung phan biet thd cu, thd mdi, dieu quan trpng nha't khdng phai la d phan "xac", ma d phan "hdn" ciia nd, hay ndi nhu Hoai Thanh, d "tinh than" cija tho mdi (Mpf thdi dai trong thi ca). Ay la cai toi ca nhan nhin ddi, nhin thien nhien bang cap mat "tuoi tre, xanh non" (Xuan Dieu) ddng thdi cam tha'y cd don trudc vu tru va cudc sdng. Su ddi mdi Idi tho trong thd mdi chfnh la the hien sU ddi mdi trong each nhin dd eOa cai toi ca nhan. DOC THEM TONG BIET HANH^^^ THAM TAM TIEU DAN Tham Tam (1917 -1950) ten khai sinh la Nguyen Tuan Trinh, sinh tai thi xa (nay la thanh phd) Hai DUdng, tinh Hai DUdng, trong mdt gia dinh nha nho ngheo. Nam 1938, dng theo gia dinh len Ha Ndi kiem sd'ng. Ong ve tranh, lam thd, vie't truyen, soan kjch, minh hoa sach bao, nhung thd vin difdc bie't de'n nhieu hdn ca. La mdt nha thd mdi mang tam sU ciia "thdi dai cai tdi", nhung Tham Tam cd gipng thd ran rdi, gan gudc, phang phat hoi thd cd, nhat la d (1) Tdng biet hdnh : Bai hanh tiln biet ngudi di xa. 57 nhOmg bai hanh (Can trudng hdnh, Vong nhSn hanh, Tong bi$t hiinh,...). Trong thd dng, sau nhiJng tam su u u^t dd day, la mot Idng ydu nU6c kin ddo va ca khat vpng "leri dudng" - trifdc hS't la de thoat khoi cuoc sdng quin quanh, be tie. Sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, ThSm Tam gia nhap quan dpi, l§n Viet Bac tham gia khang chidn chdng thUc dan Phap. 6ng vCfa lam thu ki toa soan bao Ve qudc quSn (nay la bao Quan ddi nhan din) vUa sang tac. Tr§n difdng tham gia chien djch Bien gidi, Tham Tam da ddt ngdt qua ddi. Tham Tam dUdc tang Giai thudng Nha nudc ve vSn hpc va ngh§ thudt nam 2007. Tong biet hanh la thi ph^m tieu bilu nh^t ciia Tham Tim trudc Cach mang thang Tam 1945. * * Dua ngudi, ta khdng dua qua sdng Sao cd tie'ng sdng d trong long Bdng chieu khdng thdm, khdng vdng vgt Sao day hodng hdn trong mdt trong ? Dua ngudi, ta chi dua ngudi dy Mdt gid gia dinh, mot ddng dung... (2) -Li khdch ! Li khdch ! Con dudng nho, Chi nhdn chua ve bdn tay khdng, Thi khdng bao gid ndi trd lai! Ba ndm me gid cdng ditng mong. Ta bie't ngudi budn chieu hdm trudc, Bdy gid mila hq sen nd not, Mdt chi, hai chi cdng nhu sen, Khuyen not em trai ddng le sdt. (\)Gia:l\ibitt. (2) Li khdch : ngudi ra di. 58 Ta biet ngudi budn sdng hdm nay : Gidi chua mUa thu tuai ldm thay, Em nho ngdy tha ddi mdt bie'c Gdi trdn thuang tiic chii'c khdn tay... Ngudi di ? Lfnhi, ngudi di thuc ! Me thd coi nhu chiec Id bay, Chi thd coi nhu Id hqt bui, Em thd coi nhu hai rugu say. 1940 (Tha Thdm Tdm, NXB Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1998) Hl/dNG DAN Dpc THEM 1. "Li khach" 6 ddy co gia canh nhu thi nao va co bin phdn ra sao trudc gia canh dy ? Vi sao nhdn vat nay lai tit gia gia dinh dl len dudng ? 2. M6t mat, "H khach" co thai dd "dimg dung" ("Mdt gia gia dinh, mdt dimg dung"), mat khac, "li khach" lai rlt bu6n ("Ta bie't ngudi bu6n chiiu hdm trudc", "Ta bie't ngudi budn sang hdm nay", "Sao dly hoang hdn trong mdt trong ?",...). Vi sao 6 "li khdch" lai cd tam trang mdu thudn nhu thi ? 3. Phan tich bd'n cau tho ddu : Dua ngudi, ta khdng dua qua sdng Sao cd tieng sdng d trong long Bdng chieu khdng thdm, khdng vdng vgt Sao day hodng hdn trong mdt trong ? 4. Anh (chi) hay nhan xet vl dm thanh va vin dieu cua bd'n cdu tho sau : Ta bie't ngudi budn chieu hdm trudc, Bdy gid mUa hq sen nd not, Mdt chi, hai chi cdng nhu sen, Khuyen not em trai ddng le sdt. Nhfing am thanh va vin dieu nhu thi gdp phin thi hien dugc dieu gi trong tam trang cua "li khach" ? 59 5. Anh (chi) co nhan xet gi ve each dat cau, ldi so sanh va trat tu hinh anh trong ba cdu cudi: Me thd coi nhu chiec Id bay, Chi thd coi nhu la hqt bui, Em thd coi nhu hai rugu say. Hay phan tich hinh anh va noi dung cam xiic trong ba cdu tho tren. 6. Qua bai tho, anh (chi) hieu "li khach" la ngudi nhu the nao ? Hay neu nhiing cam nhdn cua minh vl ve dep cua nhan vdt nay. CHIEU XUAN ANH THO TIEUDAN Anh Thd (1921 - 2005) ten khai sinh la VUdng Kieu An, qud 6 Bac Giang, sinh d thi tran (nay la thi xa) Ninh Giang, Hai DUdng, trong mot gia dinh vien chifc nhd xuat than Nho hpc. Anh Tho chUa hpc het bac tieu hpc, nhung ham van chUdng, chiu khd dpc sach. Sd'ng trong khdng khi budn te ciia mot gia dinh cdn nang nen nep phong kien 6 mot tinh nho, Anh Thd tim den thd ca di tu giai thoat va khing dinh minh nhU nhieu thanh nien tieu tU san d cac thj xa, thj tran thdi thudc Phap Idn len vao nhuTig nam ba mUdi cOa the ki XX. Anh Thd cung cd viet truyen (tieu thuyet Rang den, 1943), nhUng sU nghiep chinh la thd. Ba bat dau cd thd dang bao ti/ nam 1937, de'n nam 1941 thi xuat ban tap BUc tranh que, gdm 41 bai vie't ve canh ndng thdn. Thd ciia ba thien ve ta canh ~ toan nhufng canh binh dj, quen thudc : mdt bd tre, mot mai ra, mot lan khdi bep, mot ben sdng, mdt con dd, v.v. Tuy vay, mdt sd bai da lam xuc ddng Idng ngudi bdi nhOng net ve chan thuc, tinh te, tham dUdm mot tinh que dam tham, pha chut tam su bang khuang, u budn ciia cai toi thd mdi. Thang Tam 1945, Anh Thd hang hai tham gia each mang, nhiet tinh phuc vu khang chien va xay dung da't nudc bang sang tac thd ca. Ba tCmg la U^ vien Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam (khoa I va II). Anh Thd dupc Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chf Minh ve van hpc vd nghe thuat nam 2007. 60 Cac tac pham tieu bieu sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945 : cac tap thd Ke chuyen Vu Lang (1957), Theo canh chim cau (1960), Dao Ngoc (1963), Hoa dUa trang (1967), Mua xuan mau xanh (1974), Que chong (1977) va mot sd tap hdi kf. Bai Chieu xuan rut tu" tap BCtc tranh que. * Mua do bui em em tren bin vdng, Dd bii'ng ludi ndm mac nudc sdng trdi; Qudn tranh dicng im lim trong vdng ldng Ben chdm xoan hoa tim rung tai bdi. Ngodi dudng de cd non trdn bie'c co, Ddn sdo den sd xudng mo vu va; Mdy cdnh budm rap rdn trdi trudc gid, Nhitng trau bd thong thd cui dn mua. Trong ddng lua xanh rdn vd udt ldng, Ld cd con chdc chdc vut hay ra, Ldm gidt minh mgt cd ndng yem tham Ciii cudc cao cd rudng sdp ra hoa. (BUc tranh que, Nha xudt ban Hdi Nha van. Ha Ndi, 1995) HL/dNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Bai tho la radt bfic tranh que vao mua xudn. Hay chi ra nhiJng hinh anh, chi tilt tieu bilu cua canh mua xudn noi dong que mien Bdc nudc ta. 2. Doc khd thii nhat cua bai tho, anh (chi) cd cam nhdn gi ve khong khi va nhip sdng ciia ndng thon dugc ggi ta trong do ? Khdng khi va nhip sdng dy dugc ggi ta bdng nhung tit ngfi, chi tilt nao va bang thu phap gi ? 3. Ngudi ta thudng noi, trong nghe thudt van chuong co thu phap dung cai dong de noi cai tinh. Hay phdn tich thu phap d'y dugc sfi dung b khd thfi ba cua bai tho (chu y cdu 2 vl 3 cua khd tho). 61 •y^'^ LUYEN TAP PHAN TICH DE, LAP DAN Y CHO BAI NGHI LUAN VAN HOC KET QUA CAN DAT Biit phdn tich di cho bdi nghi ludn vdn hgc. Bii't tim y vd lap ddn y cho bdi nghi ludn vdn hgc. Cho cle dl van sau : De 1. Ve dep eua bai Tha duyen (Xuan Dieu). De 2. Nghe thuat trao phung eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan qua truydn ngin Tinh thdn thi due. De 3. Nha van Nga Ld-d-nft Le-d-nd'p eho ring : "Mdi tic phim phai la mdt phIt minh vl hinh thfic va mdt khim pha vl ndi dung". Anh (ehi) hay giai thfch va chiing minh y kiln trin. 1. Phan tich dl a) Vdi mdi d6 van trdn, anh (chi) hay xlc dinh : - Ndi dung trgng tam. - Cle thao tie lap luan chfnh. - Pham vi tu lidu cln huy ddng. b) Anh (ehi) cln dgc ki dl bai, tim nhumg tfi ngfi quan trgng, huy ddng kiln thfic vl dl van nghi luan da hgc dl xac dinh cle ydu ciu ca ban. Chang ban, 6 dl 3, cln tim hiiu ki y kiln eua Le-d-nd'p de nit ra vin dl trgng tim : yiu elu eua lao ddng nghe thuat cua nha van la phai ludn sing tao ra eli mdi. Tfi dd, xae dinh cac thao tic lap luan va pham vi tu lieu cln cho bai vilt. 2. Tim y Cd thi tim y eho bai van bing each dat ra va tra ldi elc cau hdi. a) Vdi dl 1, ed thi ndu len va tra ldi mdt so cau hdi sau : - Ve dep eua bai Tha duyin dugc thi hidn d nhfing phucmg diln nao ? Tra ldi cau hdi nay se tim duge elc y ldn : ve dep vl ndi dung, ve dep vl nghe thult. 62 - Ve dep ndi dung cua bai tha duge thi hidn nhu thi nio ? Vdi cau hdi nay, can cfi vao ndi dung bai tha cd thi tun dugc cle y : bai tho 11 nhiing cam xiie tmh te, manh liet vl md'i giao boa cua thidn nhien va mdi to duyen eua long ngudi. - Ve dep nghe thuat eua bai tho duge thi hien nhu thi nao ? Dd la nghe thuat sfi dung tfi ngfi, xay dung hmh anh, la cleh elu tfi, cleh the hien tinh cam, cam xiic, gigng dieu tho,... - Ve dep ndi dung va nghd thuat cd su thdng nhit, gin bd nhu thi nIo ? Dd la nhihig tinh cam, cam xuc tinh tl, ndng nhiet, dim say dugc thi hien qua mdt gigng tha tre trung, vdi nhfing hinh anh, ngdn ngfi mdi me, dly ggi cam. b) Vdi dl 2, ed thi dat mdt sd cau hdi sau : - Thi nao la nghe thuat trio phiing ? Nghe thuat trio phiing thudng sfi dung nhiing thu phip nao va bilu hien d nhfing phuang dien nao ? - Nghe thuat trao phung duge thi hien nhu thi nao trong truyen ngin Tinh thdn the due ? - Nghe thuat trao phiing cd y nghia, gil tri nhu thi nao trong viec thi hien ndi dung tu tudng cua tic phim ? Anh (chi) hay tra ldi elc cau hdi dl triln khai he thd'ng y eho dl 2. e) Bing cleh dat va tra ldi cle cau hdi, anh (chi) hay tim y cho dl 3. 3. L$p dan y a) Sau khi da ed y, cln sip xip elc y theo mdt trinh tu nhit dinh dl lam ndi bat vin dl. Dan y thudng dugc xay dung theo bd cue ba phin (md bii, than bai, kit bai). Vdi mdi dl bai cd thi ed nhilu elch sip xip y. Chang ban, d dl 1, dl lam ndi bat ve dep cua bai Tha duyin, cd thi trinh bay tach ridng hai y : ve dep ndi dung, ve dep nghe thuat; cd the phan tich tfing khd tho, trong mdi khd tho ndu rd nhiing net dep vl nghe thuat va ndi dung ; hoac ed thi tiinh bay theo hai y eua ndi dung : ve dep cua md'i giao hoi gifia eac canh sic thidn nhien, ve dep cua md'i to duydn ldng ngudi (trong mdi y kit hgp phan tfch nhihig nit dep ngi dung cam xuc va nghe thuat thi hien). b) Anh (ehi) hay so sinh eac cleh sip xep y cua dl 1 vfia neu va ehi ra uu dilm cung nhu ban chi (nlu ed) cua mdi cleh sip xep. e) Hay lip dan y eho dl 2 va 3. 63 TRA BAI VIET SO 5 KET QUA CAN OAT • Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yeu cdu ca bdn cua di vdn d Bai vie't sd 5. • Biit cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn vi mdt tdc phdm vdn xudi hodc kich vd. nhdn ra nhung sai sot cdn trdnh khi viit bdi ndy. Hgc sinh xem lai nhiing yeu ciu da neu d bai Trd bdi viit sd 1 (sach giao khoa Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao, tap mdt) va chu y thdm mdt sd diem sau. 1. Bdi vii't sd 5 tiep tuc luyen tap vl kieu van ban nghi luan, nhumg tap trung vao nghi luan van hgc. Cu the la phan tfch mdt vin dl dat ra trong elc tie phim van xudi Viet Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945. Dd la eae tie phim da hgc va dgc them d Hgc ki I nhu Hai dda tre (Thach Lam), ChQ ngudi td tu (Nguyin Tuan), Viec ldng (Ngd Tit 16), Vu Nhu Td (Nguyin Huy Tudmg), Ddi thda (Nam Cao), Tinh thdn thi due (Nguyin Cdng Hoan),... Nhu the, hgc sinh cln cd nhiing bilu bilt, trdn ca hai phucmg dien : a) Ndi dung, nghe thuat eua elc tac phim van xudi va kich giai doan 1930 - 1945, kl ea nhiing tie phim dgc them nhu Viec ldng, Tinh thdn the due,... b) Kl nang phan tich tie phim van xudi va kich da hgc. 2. Do tfnh chat va dae diem ciia dl b bai viet nay cd khac so vdi de cua eac bai vie't trudc nen cln xem xet each thfic lam bai cua minh da phu hgp chua. (Cac yiu elu vl kieu van ban, nhiing thao tie lap luan ea ban va cle phuomg thfic bilu dat cln van dung kit hgp, kT nang phan tfch van xudi; vah dl trgng tam ma bai vilt cln tap trung lam ndi bat; pham vi tu lieu ma dl yeu elu : kien thfic van hgc, kiln thiic ddi sd'ng,...). 3. Xem xet bai lam cu thi cua anh (chi) de thly nhfing ban chi nao da dUflc khic phue ; loai ldi nao vin cdn mac phai (vl ndi dung, vl ki nang vilt bai,...). Thd'ng ke cae ldi trong bai vilt va xae dinh each sfia ehfia. 64 BAI VIET SO 6 (Nghi luan van hgc - Bai lam d nha) KET QUA CAN DAT • Biit viit bdi vdn nghi ludn phdn tich mgt vd'n di cda tdc phdm tha. • Van dung dugc ki ndng phdn tich tha vd kiin thdc vi cdc tdc phdm dd hgc ; khdc phuc vd hqn chi dugc nhitng sai sdt a cdc bdi vii't trudc. Tham khao cle dl van sau day : De 1. Cdi tdi ddc dio cua Tan Da trong bai tho Hdu Trdi. De 2. Hinh tugng nhan vat trfi tinh trong bai Luu biit khi xudt duang eua Phan Bdi Chau. D^ 3. Thanh cdng eua Xuan Didu trong viec sfi dung hinh anh vl nhip dieu d cae bai tha Vgi vdng, Ddy mua thu'tdi, Tha duyen. Bi 4. Diu In tha ca dan gian trong bii Tuang tu eua Nguyin Binh. De 5. Thien nhien trong bai tho Trdng giang ciia Huy Can. D^ 6. VI mdt khd tho ma anh (ehi) cho la hay nhit trong bai Ddy thdn ViDa eua Han Mae Tfi. 5. NV11/2NC-A 65 X"- NHATKI TRONG TU CUA HO CHI MINH KET QUA CAN DAT Hiiu dugc hodn cdnh sdng tdc ddc biet cua Nhat ki trong tii (Nguc trung nhat M), tic do hieu thim quan diim sdng tdc vdn hgc cda Hd Chi Minh. Ndm dugc ndi dung tu tudng ca bdn, ddc diim vi but phdp vd phong cdch nghe thudt cda tap tha. I - HOAN CANH RA DC)I CUA NHAT KI TRONG TU Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, sau ba muoi nam hoat ddng d nudc ngoai, Nguydn Ai Qud'c ve nude true tie'p lanh dao elch mang giai phdng dan tdc. Ngay 13 - 8 - 1942, Nguyin Ai Qud'c luc nay lly tdn la Hd Chf Minh ldn dudng di Trung Qud'c vdi danh nghia dai bieu ciia Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh hdi^^^ va Phan bd qud'c tl phan xam luge cua Viet Nam, dl tranh thu su vien trg eua thi gidi. SaU nfia thing di bd, ngay 27 - 8 - 1942, vfia tdi xa Tue Vinh, thugc huyen Dfic Bao, tinh Quang Tay thi Ngudi bi bgn huong canh^ Trung Qud'c bat gifi vi bi tinh nghi la "Han gian"'^^''. Chung giam elm va day doa Ngudi rlt da man trong mudi ba thing, giai qua giai lai gin mudi tim nha giam cua mudi ba huydn. NguySn Ai Qudc {Thdi ki hoat dong d Quang Chau, Trung Quoc) Trong dilu kien bi giam elm, chd dgi ngay dugc tra lai tu do, Hd Chf Muih da lam tha di giai tri ddng thdi di td y chf va trang trai ndi long : (1) Viet Nam ddc lap dong minh hdi (goi tat la Viet Minh): mat tran do Nguyen Ai Qudc thanh lap cfPacBonam 1941. (2) Huang cdnh : canh sat o lang xa. (3) "Hdn gian" : a day chi nguoi Han lam tay sai cho Nhat - luc nay phat xit Nhat dang xam lupc Trung Qudc. 66 5. NV11/2NC-B. Ngdm tha ta vdn khdng ham, Nhung vi trong nguc biit ldm chi ddy ; Ngdy ddi ngdm nggi cho khudy, Vda ngdm vda dgi din ngdy tu do. (Mdddu tap "Nhdt Id ") De'n ngay 10 - 9 -1943, Ngudi dugc tra W do va tap nhat kf kit thuc. II - MOT SO DIEM CAN LUU Y VE TAP THO Tap tho gdm 134 bai tha chit Hdn (bao gdm ea bai dl tfi b trang diu). Xet vl thdi gian lam tha, thi trong mudi ba thing b tu, bd'n thing diu (can cfi vao thdi dilm ghi dudi bai tha) tic gia viet 103 bii, chfn thing cdn lai chi lam cd31bai. Xet vl thi tha, trong 134 bai, trfi 8 bai lam theo eae thi khic, cdn lai 126 bai diu la tha tfi tuydt. Cd thi ndi day 11 tap tho tfi tuydt eua Hd Chf Minh. Xlt vl dl tai, tap tho ed bd'n dl tai chfnh : a) Phe phin nhiing hien tugng ngang trai trong xa hdi va trong nha tu Trung Qud'c, b) nhiing ndi nilm va tam trang eua nhi tho, e) nhiing giai biy vl nhiem vu sang Trung Qud'c vi muc dich each mang ma bi bit oan, d) nhumg bai tha thu tilp. Hai dl tai a va b chiem ti le cao nha't, la ndi dung chfnh cua tap tho. Tap tho da dugc dich ra tilng Viet va in lin diu vio nam 1960. Tap tho ciing dugc in b Trung Qud'c va dugc dich d cle nudc Nga, Mdng Cd, Ba Lan, Anh, Phap, Hung-ga-ri, Nhat Ban, I-ta-li-a, Tay Ban Nha, Dan Mach, Mi, Dfic, Lao, Thii Lan, Han Qud'c,... III - NOI DUNG VA NGHE THUAT CUA TAC PHAM 1. Burc tranh nha tii va mgt phan xa hoi Trung Hoa dan qudc Mdt ndi dung cua tap nhat kf la nhfing ghi chip vl nhiing dilu tai nghe mit tha'y hing ngay cua tie gia trong nha tii va tren dudng chuyen lao, dem den cho nhilu bai tha tfnh hudmg ngoai vl yiu td tu su, ta thuc. Nhd the, tie phim da tai hiln duge bd mat den tdi eua nhi tu Qud'c dan dang Trung Qud'c rlt ti mi, ehi tilt nhu mdt cud'n phim tu liiu ed sfic phe phan manh me. Rdng ban nfia, tap tho cdn cho tha'y mdt phin eua tinh trang xa hdi Trung Qud'c nhung nam 1942 -1943. 67 tnt •fi- 'fLk % 3 o « But tich trang bia va trang cudi cOa tap Nhat ki trong tu Trang bia: ChO Han hang trgn : Wgyc (rung nhaf W (Nhat kf trong tu). Hai dong chO' so : ghi ngay thang dung vdi ngay H6 Chi Minh bi bat va ngay duoc tha. Ri§ng chQ s6 ghi nam co l