🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Sách Giáo Khoa Ngữ Văn 11 Tập 1 Nâng Cao Ebooks Nhóm Zalo W^l^ /v r \ -x BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO TAP MOT NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIEThttps://thuvienpdf.com NAM https://thuvienpdf.com B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO TRAN DINH SU (Tdng Chu bien) H6N G DAN - NGUYI N DANG MANH - D 6 NGOC THONG (dong Chu bien) HOANG DUNG PHAN HUY DONG - NGUYEN VAN HIEP NGUYI N TRQNG HOAN - NGUYI N DANG NA - NGUYEN THANH THI PHUNG VAN TIJU - NGUYEN THI H6N G VAN NGU VAN 1 1 NAN G CA O TAP MOT (Tdi bdn ldn thii hai) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC Viei NAM https://thuvienpdf.com Ban quyen thuoc Nha xu& ban Giao due Viet Nam - B6 Giao due va Dao tao 01-2010/CXB/750-1485/GD Ma sd: NHI 1ITO https://thuvienpdf.com VAO PHU CHUA TRINH (Trich Thucmg kinh ki sir ) LE HUtJ TRAC K^T QUA CAN DAT • Thdy dugc su cdm nhan ciia Le Hitu Trdc ve " uy quyen vd cudc sdng cua chua Trinh. • Hieu dugc dgc diem biit doan trich. phdp ki su cua tdc gid qua Tiiu DAN Le HOM Tr^c (1724 1791) 1^ danh y loi lac, nh^ van tai hoa, ngUdi l^ng LiSu X^, huyfen Oi/dng Hao, phO Thi/png H6ng, trifn Hai Di/ong (nay thuoc huydn Yen MT, tinh Hi/ng Yen), biet hidu Hai ThU'ong Lan 6ng^^^ Ik con thir bay cua quan Hull thj lang bo C6ng ndn Li HiJu Trie c6n co tdn \k Chidu Bay. Tuy sinh ra, ldn Idn d qud cha, nhimg khi gan ba mifoi tudi, 6ng ve s6'ng tai que me thuoc XIJT Bau ThLfOng, xa Tinh Dienn (nay thuoc xa Son Quang) huyen Hifong Son, tinh H^ TTnh, Oa c6 m6t thdi Ld HuTu Trac theo Ld HOu Trac (Nguyen Tien Chung ve) nghe vo. Sau, dng nhan thay "ngoai vide luydn cau van cho hay, mai li/di gi/om cho sac, c6n phai dem h^t tam li/c chiJa bdnh cho ngifdi". Jit3ay, tac gia di sau vao nghien ciJu y hoc, due kd't thdinh bo sach gdm sau mifoi sau quyen vdi nhan de Hai Tlii/ang y tdng tam Ifnh. Quyen cudi cung (quyen vl) cua bo sach nay la mot tac pham van hoc dSc sac: Thuang kinh kf sU. (1) Thucfng kinh ki su: Ki su d6i kinh dd. (2) Hdi Thucmg Ldn dng: 6ng ludi d dft Thupng H6ng, Hai Duong. https://thuvienpdf.com Thuang kinh ki si/ danh diu sir phat trien mdi ciia the kf Vidt Nam thdi trung dai. Tac gia ghi lai nhiimg cam nhan cOa ban thSn tridflc hien thifc v l canh vat va con ngifdi m^ minh tin mat chifng kien ke tif khi nhSn dUOc Idnh tridu ve kinh dd chiJa bdnh cho the tiJT Can ng^y 12 thang gidng nam Nhim Dan (1782) cho ddn luc xong vide, ve tdi nha d HifOng Son ngiy mdng 2 thang 11 (tdng cong l i 9 thing 20 ngiy). Tic pham md dau bang canh u nha d HUOng Sdn, difa ngifdi doc vao thd gidi mong ma cua mot an sT linh ddi. Bong cd ehr ' tridu vao kinh. Cuoc sdng dm dem bi. phi tan. Lan 6ng buoc phai Idn di/dng. Cic sif vide euTdien ra theo thdi gian va de nang Idn tam trang tic gia. Sau khi ddn kinh dd, Le HQU Trie difpe mdi den d nhi ngUdi em cOa Quin Huy. Tidp dd tic gia bat dau vio phij chua de khim bdnh eho the tCr Cin. Ooan trich thuat lai vide Le HOfu Trie vao phu chua Trjnh. * M6ng 1 thang 2. Sang tinh mo, t6i nghe tie'ng go cvra r^t gSp. T6i chay ra mcf cvta. Thi ra m6t ngUod d^y td quan Chanh ditcmg^ ' vifa noi vufa thd h6n h^n : - Co thanh chi tridu cu vao ! Quan truydn mSnh^ ^ hidn dang 6 nha cu ldn con, con vang I6nh chay d6'n dSy bao tin. Linh d dinh da dem cang d^n don cu b ngoai cfta. Xin cu vao phu chdu ngay. T6i ben svta sang ao mu chinh ti, \tn cang vao phu. Tdn My i6 chay dang tnrd'c het ducmg. Gang chay nhu ngUa I6ng, t6i bi xoc m6t me, khd khdng noi h^t. Chung tdi di cvta sau vao phu. Ngirdi truyin mdnh dSn tdi qua m^'y Mn cita niia, theo dudng bdn trai ma di. Tdi ng£ng d^u ldn : dau dau cung la cay cdi um turn, chim kdu riu rit, danh hoa dua tham, gid dila thoang thoang mui huong. Nhflng day hanh lang quanh co ndi nhau lidn tidp. NgUdi gifl cita truyin bao rdn rang, ngudi cd vide quan qua lai nhu mac cM. Yd si canh gifl cita. cung, ai mudn ra vao phai cd the . Tdi nghl bung : Minh vdn con quan, sinh trudng d chdn phdn hoa, chd nao trong c&i thanh minh cung da tflng bid't. Chi cd nhflng vide d trong phu chua Ik (1) Chi: chi^u chi ciia vua, d day la chi^u chi cua chua Trinh Stoi. (2) Quan Chdnh du&ng : chiic quan diing diu trdng coi moi vi6c trong phu chua ; 6 day chi Quan Huy. (3) Quan truyen menh (cung goi la quan tniyen chi): quan chuyfin lam nhi^m vu truydn mSnh 16nh cua vua cho bd tOi; d day la quan truydn chi ciia chua. (4) The: nhu giSy ra vao cdng sd ngay nay. https://thuvienpdf.com minh chi mdi nghe ndi thdi. Budc chan dd'n day mdi hay canh giau sang cua vua chua thuc khac han ngudi thudng ! Ben ngam mdt bai tho di ghi nhd vide nay : Linh nghin cica vdc dong' nghiem nhgt, Cd trdi Nam sang nhdt Id ddy ! Ldu titng gdc ve tung mdy, . Rem chdu, hien nggc, hong mai dnh vdo. Hoa cung thodng nggt ngao dua tdi, Vudn ngu nghe vet noi ddi phen. Que mila, cung cdm chua quen, Khdc gl ngu phii ddo nguyen thud ndo ! Di dugc vki tram budc, qua ma!y Mn cita mdi dd'n cai did'm "Hau ma quan tiic truc"^ \ Dilm lam bdn mdt cai hd, cd nhflng cdi cdy la lung va nhflng hdn da ki la. Trong didm, cdt va bao Ion luon vdng, kilu each that la xinh dep. Quan Chanh dudng mdi khi d trilu ra thi nghi d da'y. Tha'y tdi, dng bao quan truyin chi: - Chiiu qua, tdi da tau ldn. Thdnh thucmg cho phep cu vao dl hdu mach Ddng cung thi tiJt^^^ Ong cung vao vdi quan truyin chi, bao tdi di theo cung md'y ngudi tiiu hoang mdn . Di bd dd'n mdt cai cifa ldn, thi vd, quan si tha'y tdi an mac cd ve la liing, mudn gifl lai. Quan truyin chi ndi: - Cd thdnh ehi tridu. (1) Vdc ddng: dich thodt ^ tif chfl "kim qua" - cdi mic, mdt loai vu khi thdi xua. (2) Ddo nguyen : ia[y f trong Ddo Hoa nguyen ki (truySn Suoi Hoa ddo) cua Dao Tidm thdi Ddng Tah (Trung Qudc), kd chuyfin mdt ngudi ddnh cd lac ddn sudi Hoa dao. Sau dung hai chii "dao nguyen" dd chi thd gidi th ^ tifin. (3) Nguyen bai tho duoc vidt theo thd th^t ngdn bat cii Dudng ludt. 6 day ngudi dich da chuydn sang tho song thdt luc bdt. (4) Die'm : ngdi nhd ddng dd diing chdn nghi ngoi hoac chd dgi ; diem "Hdu md qudn tuc true" : noi qudn hau ma ludn c6 mat dd doi sai phdi. (5) Thdnh thuomg: tit dimg dd chi nha vua, d ddy chi chiia Trinh Sam. (6) Ddng cung: noi d ciia thdi tii - ngudi se ISn ndi ngdi vua ; the'tue: ngudi se ldn nd'i ngdi chiia, d ddy Id Trinh Cdn. (7) Tieu hodng mdn : ten goi quan hoan thdi xua. https://thuvienpdf.com Ho ben dl cho tdi di. Qua day hanh lang phia tay, dd'n mdt cai nha ldn that \h cao va rdng. Hai bdn la hai cdi kidu dl vua chua di. Dd nghi trUOng^ diu sofn son thd'p vang. CJ gifla dat mdt cdi sap thdp vang. Trdn sap mac,mdt cai vdng dilu. Trudc sdp va hai bdn, bay ban ghd', nhiing dd dac nhdn gian chua tufng thdy. Tdi chi dam ngudc mdt nhin rdi lai cui ddu di. Lai qua mdt cfla nfla, din mdt cai ldu cao va rdng. O day, cdt diu son son thdp vang. Tdi hdi nhd quan truyin ehi, dng ta ndi: - Ta vfla di qua nha "Dai dudng''. Nha dy goi la "Quyln bdng", cdi gdc ndy goi la "Gdc tia" Vi thi tfl "dung tra" d ddy, cho ndn goi nd la 'phdng tra". (Sd Id d day kidng danh tfl "thud'c" ndn goi thud'c la "tra"). Bdy gid trong 'phdng tra" cd bay, tdm ngUdi. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng din, tdt ca diu dflng day. Quan Chdnh dudng ngdi ghi trdn. Moi ngUdi ngdi theo thfl tu. Quan Chdnh dudng bao tdi ngdi vao gifla. Luc ddu tdi khdng hiiu, sau mdi bilt dd la cdc vi luong y cua sau cung, hai vidn duge du vao vide hdu tra, ngay ddm chdu chuc d ddy. Thdy tdi, ho diu nhin nhau. Cd ngudi cui xud'ng hdi nhd. Quan Chdnh dudng cudi: - Oi nay la con dng Lidu Xd d Dudng Hao vao ngu cu trong Huomg Scm, lam thud'c hay cd tid'ng, nay vdng thdnh ehi vao kinh. Bd'y gid cd ngudi chit khan lugt tau, cudi va bao tdi: - Cu cd bid't tdi khdng ? - Tdi la ke d noi qud mua, lam sao bid't dugc ede vi d noi trilu dinh ddng due nhu thd' nay ? - Tdi la ngudi An Vidt, huydn La Son, d nha, tdi vdn nghe tid'ng cu nhu sdm ddng bdn tai, nhung chUa hi duge gap. Bdy gid tdi mdi bid't dng ta lam gido quan d An Vidt, tdn la Chflc, dugc dng Nguydn Kidm ngudi Tidn Diln lam Thu trd'n dl cfl lam thdy thud'c chdu ehuc d day. Sau dd, lai dugc lam thudc d Bd Binh, gifl chflc Tham ddng. Tdi ndi: - Chd d cua tdi khdng xa chd d cua ngai bao nhidu. Tdi mdy ldn mudn dd'n thdm nhung philn mdt ndi la khdng cd dip. Dang dd cdu chuydn thi quan truyin mdnh din ndi nhd vdi quan Chanh dudng. Quan Chdnh dudng dung ddy, bao tdi: (l)DS nghi trucmg: cdc loai dd diing theo nghi thiic cdp bdc quy dinh cho vua chtia. 6 https://thuvienpdf.com - Ta hay vao dn ccmi sdng mdt Idt da. Tdi theo dng, di theo con dudng eu trd vl dilm "Hdu ma" Ong ndi: - Thdnh thugng dang ngu d ddy, xung quanh cd phi tdn chdu chuc, ndn chua thi yit kiln. Ta hay tam ra ngoai. Ong san mdm com cho tdi an. Mam Vang, chen bae, dd an toan la ciia ngon vat la, tdi bdy gid mdi bilt cdi phong vi eua nha dai gia. An xong, thd'y mdt vidn quan hdu cdn chay lai mdi quan Chanh dudng vao va bac) tdi di theo. Ddt nhidn, thdy dng ta md mdt chd trong man gdm rdi budc vao. O trong td'i om, khdng thdy cd cfla ngd gi ea. Di qua dd nam, sdu ldn trudng gdm nhu vdy, dd'n mdt cai phdng rdng, d gifla phdng ed mdt cai sdp thIp vang. Mdt ngudi ngdi trdn sap dd ndm, sdu tudi, mac do lua dd. Cd md'y ngudi dflng hdu hai bdn. Gifla phdng la mdt cdy nin to cam trdn mdt edi gid bang ddng. Bdn sdp dat mdt cai ghi rdng son son thd'p vang, trdn ghi bay ndm gdm. Mdt edi man la che ngang sdn. O trong cd md'y ngUdi cung nhdn dang dung xum xit. Den sap chid'u sdng, lam ndi mau mat phdn va mau do dd. Xung quanh ldp Idnh, hucmg hoa ngao ngat. Xem chflng Thdnh thugng thudng thudng vdn ngdi trdn ghi rdng nay, nay ngudi rut lui vao man dl tdi xem mach Ddng cung cho thdt ki. Tdi nin thd diing chd d xa. Quan Chdnh dudng truyin Idnh cho tdi lay bd'n lay. Thi tfl cudi: - Ong nay lay kheo ! Quan Chdnh dudng lai truyin mdnh : - Cu gia yd'u, cho phep eu ngdi hdu mach. Tdi khum num dd'n trudc sdp xem mach. Xem xong, nghe trong man ed tilng ndi nhd: - Cho dng ta xem ea thdn hinh nfla ! Mdt vidn quan ndi thdn^^^ dflng chdu dd'n bdn sdp xin phep thi tfl. Thi tfl dung ddy, cdi do, dflng bdn giudng cho tdi xem. Tdi xem Id tdt ca lung, bung va chdn tay mdt lugt. Quan Chanh dudng lai truyin mdnh bao tdi lay ta rdi di ra. Tdi dflng day lay bd'n lay. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng bao mdt tiiu hoang mdn dua tdi ra 'phdng tra" ngdi. Mdt Idt sau, dng dd'n hdi: (1) Quan ndi thdn: quan hdu cdn trong cung cSaa. https://thuvienpdf.com - Cu xem mach nhu thi nao ? Ndn dung thfl thud'c gi thi cu cfl vid't mdt td trinh ldn. Rdi dng lai tid'p : - Bdnh da nfla ndm nay. Trudc kia gdy ldm, nay da hcfi ed da, cd thit, ban ehdt yd'u, bdnh da ldu ma khdng bd dugc, vi dung duong dugc thi ndng, ma dung dm dugc thi trd^^\ Cd khi phai dung nhiing vi phat tdn^ mdi xong ! Ong bao quan Ta vidn dem nhiing don thudc dang dung d6i cho tdi xem. Nguydn khi dng dl cfl tdi va ndi mdy edu nay la cung cd y mudn tdi bid't chflng. Ong cung cd bid't thud'c, tuy kiln thflc vl thud'c chua sdu, nhung hi ban dd'n thudc la cfl mudn dung thfl thud'c cdng phat. Ong thudng ndi: "Cd bdnh thi trudc hit la phai dudi bdnh. Khi da dudi cdi ta di rdi hay bd, thi mdi la cdi phep dung dan nhd't" Nhung theo y tdi, dd la vi thi tfl d trong chdn man che trudng phu, dn qud no, mac qua dm ndn tang phu yd'u di. Va lai, bdnh mac da ldu, tinh khi khd hit, da mat khd, rdn ldi to, gdn thdi xanh, tay chdn gdy gd. Dd la vi nguydn khf da hao mdn, thucmg tdn qud mflc. Nd'u chi lo dung thfl thud'c edng phat khac bdc ^ ma khdng bid't rang nguydn khi cang hao mdn ddn thi chi lam cho ngUdi thdm yd'u. Bdnh thi nay khdng bd thi khdng dugc. Nhung sg minh khdng d ldu, nlu minh lam cd kit qua ngay thi se bi danh Igi nd rang bude, khdng lam sao vl nui dugc nfla. Chi bang ta dung thfl phuong thud'c hoa hoan, nd'u khdng trung thi cung khdng sai bao nhidu. Nhung rdi lai nghi: Gha dng minh ddi ddi chiu cm cua nude, ta phai dd'c hit ca ldng thanh, dl nd'i tid'p cdi ldng trung eua cha dng minh mdi dugc. NghT di nghi lai mdt hdi, tdi mdi ndi: - Tdi thd'y thdnh thi gdy, mach lai tl, sdc^''^-' Thi la dm duong diu bi tdn hai, nay phai dung thudc thdt bd dl bdi dudng ti va thdn, cd't gifl cai can ban tidn thidn^ va lam ngudn gdc cho cdi hdu thidn^^\ Chinh khi d trong ma thang thi bdnh d ngoai se tu nd tidu ddn, khdng tri bdnh ma bdnh se md't. (1) Duong duac: thud'c cd tmh ndng ; dm duac: thud'c cd tiiih lanh ; fre : li dong khdng luu thdng. (2) Vi phdt tdn : vi thud'c cd tac dung lam cho ngudi bfnh dd m6 hdi. (3) Thud'c cdng phat khdc hdc : loai thud'c diing dd chiia bSnh cho mau khdi nhung rdt hai ddn sdc khoe ciia ngudi benh. (4) Mach te, sdc : mach nhd va dap nhanh. (5) Tien thien: cdi bIm sinh cua con ngudi khi cdn trong bao thai, ngdy nay goi Id gien di truydn. (6) Hdu thien : cdi do nudi dudng, duoc hinh thanh sau khi ra ddi. 8 https://thuvienpdf.com Ong td y kid'n ndi di ndi lai mdy ldn, nhung tdi vdn cfl giai thfch mai. Ong ndi: - Cu da cd chu y nhu thi thi cu cfl vilt ra thanh phucmg thud'c dl dang ldn. Tdi vang Idnh vilt td khai rang : "Chdu mgch, thdy sdu mach te, sdc vd vo luc, hitu quan yeu, hitu xich Igi cdng yeu horn. Ay Id ti dm hu, vi hod qud thinh, khong giii dugc khi duang, nen dm hod di cdn. Vi vdy, ben ngodi thdy co tru&ng, do Id tugng trUng ngodi thi phii, ben trong thi trdng. Nen bo ti thd thi yen. Nay phong dung : bgch trugt (mgt lgng ) , thuc dia (ha ddng ) , can khuang (hai ddng), ngU vi (mdt ddng). Sdc cho dgc, mdi mdt ldn udng mdt thia trd dieu vdi nudc sdm sdc ddc. Udng khi lUng bung. Tieu thdn Le Hitu Trdc phung ke" Tdi vilt xong dua ldn. Ong nhin ki mdt hdi, xem ed y ngai. Cdc thdy lang ngdi dd'y cung mud'n xem. Ong khdng eho, dflt gidy vao tui do, cudi: - Phucmg thud'c va ldp ludn cua cu khdc chung ta nhilu. Ong bao mdt ndi thdn mang td gid'y vao. Mdt lat sau, dng dflng ddy bao tdi di theo, trd vl did'm "Hdu ma" Ud'ng tra mdt Idt, dng ndi vdi tdi: - Cu di xa xdi vd't va, gid hay tam vl nghi. Cd ba con ban be mdi mgc cung khdng dugc di ddu. ^ chd thdnh chi xem nhu thi nao. Tdi tfl gia, ldn cdng vl dinh Trung Kidn. Trong vdng mUdi ngay, ban be trong kinh diu din tham hdi, thudng tinh nhu thi. (Theo LE HUU TRAC, Thugng kinh ki sU, ban dich ciia PHAN VO, NXB Van hoc, Hd Ndi, 1971) HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Cho bid't Ld Hiiu Trdc dung bao nhidu ldn tfl thdnh chi, thdnh thugng, thdnh the trong doan trfch ? Nhiing tfl dd dung dl ehi cdi gi, chi ai va dung y cua tac gia ? (1) Lang: don vi trong lucmg thdi xua, tuong duong vdi 40 gam. (2) Ddng: bing mdt phdn mudi lang (4 gam). https://thuvienpdf.com 2. Trong doan trfch, tdc gia kl ra rd't nhilu ngudi phue vu, tfl quan qudn din ngudi hdu. Dilu nay ggi cho anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vl uy quyln eua chua Trinh Sdm ? 3. Dl dd'n dugc noi d cua thi tfl Can, Ld Hflu Trac phai di qua nhiing noi nao ? Quang canh va cdch bai tri tiing noi tdc gia di qua ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl cudc sd'ng cua chua Trinh ? 4. Dung lai khdng khf khdm bdnh cho thi tfl Cdn trong phu chua Trinh. Chu y tdi su hdi ha, tdp ndp cd ve trang nghidm nhung hai hude qua each kl eua ngUdi tudng thudt. 5. Theo anh (chi), cdch vilt kf cua Ld Hun Trac cd gi ddc sac ? BAI TAP NANG CAO Anh (ehi) hay dung lai hinh tugng nhdn. vdt Ld Hiiu Trac qua doan trich Vdo phu chiia Trinh. TRi THLTC Dpc - HIEU Ki trung dai Viet Nam K/li loai hinh vin xudi tif sif dung de ghi chep ve con ngu'di, sif vat, phong eanh,... Ki cda Viet Nam khi da dang, phong phu v i thifc sif ra ddi vio the kl XVIII. Ta cd thd coi Cdng dU tiep ki cua Vu Phifong £i% (thd ki XVIII) l i tic pham md dau eho the ki 5 Viet Nam. Tidp theo la hing loat tic pham ki khic nhif Cat Xuyen tiep but eua Tran Tidn, Thuang kinh kf sU cua Ld Hiiu Trie, Sic hanh tung kf cua Ld Qu^nh, Vu trung tuy but cija Pham Dinh Ho,... Ddn thd ki XIX, nhOmg tie phdm ki vidt ve phifdng Tiy bat dau xuat hidn. Tic pham dau tidn l i Tay hanh kien viin kiluac ciia Li Van Phifc, sau dd la NhU Tay nhat kiciia nhdm tie gia Pham Phu Thuf,... Thuang kinh kf sU l i ti c pham ki doe dio dUoc Ld HQu Trie hoan thinh vio thing 8 1783. 6 dd, ti c gia da kdt hdp nhieu hinh thifc nghd thuat eua ki nhif: du ki, nhit kf, hdi ki, ki phong canh, kf ghi ngifdi, ghi vide,... Phai thifa nhan rang, ddn Thuang kfnh ki sU, the ki van hoc dfeh thifc cija Viet Nam mdi that sif ra ddi. Dpc xong ti c pham, ta thdy hinh tifdng nhin vat tie gia hidn Idn ro ring, sinh dong. Ddy l i mdt thi nhin, mot an sT thanh cao, mot danh y loi lac da tif dat minh ra ngoii vdng cifdng toa v i mdi khi nghe tdi hai chOr "cdng danh" thi sd ddn "difng ca tdc giy" bdi da mac vio rdi thi "trdi cifu cung khdng thoit difdc". Ngoii ra, ta cdn thdy Ld Hiiu Trie l i ngifdi luc nio cung dau di u mot ndi thifdng cha me, ydu que hifdng, nhd ban be than thich ddn khdng cam difdc nifdc mit. 10 https://thuvienpdf.com DOC THEM CHA TOI (Trich Ddng Dich Trai ngon hdnh luc^^^) DANG HUY TRU" TIEU DAN DSng Huy Trfl (1825 1874) hieu Tinh Trai va Vong Tan, tif la Hoang Trung, ngifdi lang Thanh Ltfdng, xa Hifdng Xuan, huyen Hifdng Tra, tinh ThCfa Thien - Hue. 6ng hoat ddng tren nhieu ITnh vifc : giao due, van hoa, kinh te, quan sif, vSn hoc,... va tren ITnh vifc nao cung de lai da'u an khdng md. Nim 1843, khi mUdi tam tudi. Ding Huy TrCf do ci^ nhan. Song trong khoa thi An khoa*^' nim 1848, mSc dij da do tien sT, xdp thif bay nhifng vi pham huy* dng da bj danh trifdt va bj tifdc ludn ca hpc vj cCf nhan. Du vay, DSng Huy Trur vin khdng nan Idng. La ngifdi dit nen mdng cho tif tifdng canh tan. Ding Huy Trfl hoat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi v i vin hoa khdng biet met mdi. Noi gifdng dng, sau niy Nguyin Trifdng To, Nguydn Ld Trach,... dang thif dieu tran va ra sufc van ddng nham ddi mdi da't nifdc. Dang tide rang tu. tudng tan tidn cCia cac dng khdng difpc nha vua bay gid de y. Ding Huy Truf sang tac rat nhieu. 6ng da de lai khoang mdt ngin hai trim bai thd v i nhieu tic phim khac nhif Viet sCf thanh huan dien Nom, Sach hgc vS'n tan, Dong nam tan mi luc,... v i mdt sd ghi chep tan man khac. Nim 1867, trong luc bj d'm khi dang cdng can d Quang Ddng (Tmng Qudc) Ding Huy Tnjf nhd tdi que nha, hoi tudng ve ngudi cha dang kinh cCia minh va vidt ndn Dang Dich Trai ngon hanh luc. Day la tac pham Wkha dpc dao cCia dng. (1) Ddng Dich Trai ngdn hdnh luc : ghi chep vi ldi ndi va viSc lam cua Dang Dich Trai. Dich Trai Id itn hieu ciia Ddng Van Trpng, thdn phu Dang Huy Tni. (2) An khoa : Thdi Nguyin, ngoai khoa thi chinh thiic cd dinh ki, gap nhiing ngay le ldn, nha vua thudng md thfim ki thi, cung ldy dd nhu ki thi chfnh thiic, gpi la An khoa. (3) Pham huy : pham nhihig diiu c&n khi vie't bai thi. Xem them chu thfch (2) va (3) trang 14. https://thuvienpdf.com 11 Miia thu nam Quy Mao , tdi theo cha cung ngUcri anh con bac tnl&ng Id Dang Huy S din trudng Phu Xudn^^^ di thi. Chiiu hdm trudc ngay yIt bang cdng bd' kit qua, tdi di xem hat d phu An Phong, Hdng Bao. Din khi xudng danh, ngUdi ddu tidn dugc goi la Ld Vinh Khanh ; ngUdi thfl hai la NguySn Dang Hanh. Xudng din ngudi thfl ba, tilng loa noi: C3") - Ngudi xa Bac Vong ... Tilng loa chUa dflt thi si tfl da kdu ldn : - Tien sinh ho Dang dd rdi. Ngudi nhu thi, dd nhu thi la hgp vdi dilu trdng mong cua moi chiing ta. Chiing ta may ma dugc xip bdn dudi tidn sinh ciing la phuc r6i. Khoa nay, ngoai ba ngudi ho Dang nha tdi di thi, trong xa cd Dang Van Minh d giap^ ^ Ddng, Truong Van Nguydn va Ld Van H6i d gidp Tdy. Cha tdi daiig tfl td'n cam ta moi ngudi thi tilng loa chgt xudng din tdn tdi: - Dang Huy Trfl... Moi ngudi ngac nhidn : - La nhi ! Cha khdng dd ma con lai dd. Do sl mdnh chang ? [...] Lai ndi, Idii xudng danh thi tdi cdn duong d chd xem hat, y dinh la dl din tdi se di coi bang tu tai xem cd tdn minh hay khdng. Quan chdrn thi luc dd khdng thdy tdi ldn linh mii do phai sai quan vd cuoi voi tmyIn loa goi. Cac em nhd vdi chay bao tdi mau vl. Vl din noi thi thdy cha tdi da chudn bi bdn ngudi ban va giao cho anh Trdn HuyIn Phu, con cd thfl hai dua tdi vao trudng thi. [...] Tdi bai Knh mii ao trd ra. Si tfl bay tinh di xem bang luc dy thdy cha tdi dua vdo cdy • xoai, nudc mat udt ao. Moi ngudi ldy lam la hdi: - Con dd cao la vide dang mflng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ? Cha tdi ndi: - Cd gi dang vui ddu. Dd dat cao la d l danh cho ngudi cd phuc dflc. Con tdi tiiih tinh chua gia dan, chua cd dflc nghidp gi. Luc ddu ngM cho han di thi, chang qua la mud'n cho (1) Ndm Quy Mao: 6 ddy la nam 1843. (2) Tru&ng Phu Xudn : trudng thi d Hud luc bdy gid. (3) Gia dinh Dang Huy Tni vdn d Thaidi Luong, khi di thi dng lai ddng ki qud 6 Bdc Vpng. (4) Hg Ddng: mpi ngudi tudng la Dang Van Trpng. (5) Gidp : don vi hanh chfnh thdi xua, nhd hon thdn. (6) Tii tdi: hpc vi dudi cfl nhdn. Dang Huy Trii khidm tdn, f ndi rang minh chi ddng dd tu tdi thdi. 12 https://thuvienpdf.com han quen vdi tilng trdng trudng thi md thdi, may ma dd dugc tu tai thi d nha day tre ciing dii milng com manh do, chang may nfla thi ciing khdi phai di phu phen, binh dich , ddu ddm cd tham vong dugc du yin vua ban. Nao ngd, mdi mdt ldn di thi lai trung thfl ba. Dd la do trilu dinh nudi dudng, td tdng tich dflc, gia dinh giao due ma dugc thi. Chi sg rdi lai kidu cang, tu man, Ich ngdi day gilng coi trdi bang vung, phuc dau chang thdy, hoa da san chd. Cd nhdn da ndi: "Thilu nidn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da \"^^\ Thuyin nhd kham sao ndi trong tai ldn ! Tdi lo lang la vi thi. Nhin ldn, tdi ddi on tac thanh cua thidn tfl, lai cam kich cdng vun trdng cua td tidn, chi sg con tdi khdng bao dap dugc ngMa nang on day ndn khdng cdm ndi nudc mat. Ndi rdi, nudc mat vdn fla ra, ban be khuydn giai mdi thdi. Moi ngudi lai ndi: - Cha nhu thi, con nhu thi du ro nin nip giao due cua gia dinh. "Bi sac tu phong" , vdn Id dao trdi vdy. Rdi v6 vai tdi vd ndi: - Vi tdn khoa hay cd' gang cho thdn phu khoi lo. * * * Khoa tM H6i mua xudn nam Dinh Miii nhdn tfl tudn dai khanh cua dflc Hiln td Chuong Hodng d l Thidu Tri, vua cho md An khoa. Tdi di tM. Dl tM kinh ngMa do cMnh vua ra. Ca hai vi Gidp, At khdng mdt tM sinh ndo lam dugc du cdc de, tdi ldm du va dugc bdy phdn. Cdn bdi van ddi sach thi khdng sat dl ldm. Cac quan chdm tM la Phan Thanh Gian, TrUOng Qud'c Dung dem quyln tM ddng vua, vua xem lai vd ndi : "Khdng nd vi mdt d vlt md bd" va cho tdi dd. Tdi dugc xip thfl bay. Khoa dy dl tM rdt khd. (1) Thdi xua, ai dd tfit tii tdi trd ldn thi dupc miin di linh, di phu. (2) Cdu ndy ldy f cua Tnnh Di (1033 -1107) ngudi thdi Bac Tdng : Con ngudi cd ba diiu bdt hanh: tudi tr6 md dd dat cao la diiu bdt hanh thii nhdt; dua vao uy thi ciia cha anh di dupc quan cao Idc hdu Id diiu bdt hanh thii hai; cd tdi cao, gidi van chuang Id diiu bdt hanh thii ba. (3) Bi sdc tu phong: mat ndy hon Hu mat kia kem di. Ddy la quan nidm ciia ngudi xua, hon cdi nay thi kim cdi khdc, dupc cdi ndy thi mdt cai kia,... (4) Thi Hdi: khoa thi do triiu dinh td chiic, thudng ba nam md mdt ldn, thf sinh phai dd thi Huong mdi dupc du. Ngudi dd ki thi Hdi dupc hpc vi tiin si. (5) Ndm Dinh Miii: 6 ddy Id nam 1847. (6) Tit tudn dgi khanh : ngdy milng vua bdn muoi tu6i. (7) Ngdy xua, tmdng thi thudng chia thdnh ttog Id, gpi Id VJ ddnh thii tu Gidp, At, Bmh,... cho ndn d ddy Gidp Id mdt. At Id hai. (8) Phan Thanh Gian (1796 - 1867), ngudi Bin Tre, dd tiin sT nam 1826 ; Truong Qudc Dung (1797 -1864), ngudi Hd TMi, dd tiin si nam 1829. Hai dng diu lam giam khdo khoa thi nam 1847. 13 https://thuvienpdf.com Trong cMnh bang*^^-* tam ngudi dd cM cd mdt minh Nguyin Van Hiln, ngUdi Mi Chdnh, huydn Phong Diln, trung ca tam trudng, dd Hdi nguydn, cdn diu cM dat nhi trudng. Tdi vi lam dugc ca sdu de kinh ngMa, dat dilm sd cao ndn dugc xip trdn Nguyin Dflc Tu, ngudi An Thu, Quang Tri. Tin tdi tM Hdi dd bao vl. Cha tdi lai rdt nudc mat vd ndi: - Bdc d6 dai khoa at phai la ngudi phuc phdn ldn. Con tdi dflc dd ra sao ma dugc nhu vdy, cM lam cho tdi thdm lo ldng. Vdo tM Dinh, d l ciing do vua ra. Lam din doan ca nggi cdng dflc, tdi diing hai chS phong dd", khdng nhd "phong dd" la ddng dm vdi "phong dd dia phu". Din bai van sach, doan ndi vl 'co dai lam hai lua nOn" tdi dung bdn chfl "nha midu cM hai" , khdng dl y rang "nha midu" la ddng dm vdi "Gia Midu", md Gia Midu la qud huong cua nha vua (Juan gidm khao la Ha Duy PMdn, ngudi Hoang Dao, Thanh Hoa, la Hidp bidn dai hoc Sl tdu ldn vua, tdi liin bi trudt tiln si va each ca bang cfl nhdn khoa trudc, chd khoa sau cho tM lai. Ki tM Dinh nam dy vao ngay 26 thdng 4. Dung hdm dd, tfl cudi nha bdn trai didn C:dn Chanh bdo tin dfl : bdc ngu y Dang Van Chvcc^"^^ mdt [...]. Tdi tM vfla bi danh hdng trong ki tM Dinh [...]. C^ nha lai cang budn cho tdi. Ridng cha tdi cho rang vide tdi bi trudt ca tien si va cfl nhdn nhu khdng cd chuydn gi ddng kl, cM thd ddi vd ndi: - Nay chat chdn tay tdi, roc thit xuong tdi cung dugc, tdi cM thuong anh tdi thdi! Cdiig vide cua Trfl khdng dang kl. KM ngudi ta ddy du lam tM trdi gat bdt di cho bdng. Gia dinh ta cue ki thinh man rdi, vide Trfl gap phai nhu vdy la phuc cho nha ta ma ciing la cdi may ldn cho ban thdn Trfl. Song, sau con s&n set, mUa mdc lai cd thi tudi nhudn. Trfl nlu cd gang chiu khd hpc vin cdn nMlu M vong. Ridng anh cua ta ra di la ra di mai mai. Tfl nay vl sau cd mudn chum ddu vao nhau ma han huydn cung khdng thi nao dugc nfta rdi. Mdy ngay sau, vide tang bdc tdi hoi thu, cha tdi mdi khuydn nhu tdi: - Da vao tM Dinh tM khdng cdn danh trugt nfla, tfl ddi Ld din nay nhu th i da ldu md nay con lai bi ddnh trugt. Nhung thdi. Nhdn vide sai ldm tdi ldi cua con, Tao qudn tdu ldn TMdn tao. Am ti tM hanh Idnh phat, tude ca khoa danh cua con la de ren luydn cho con ndn ngudi. Con khdng dugc vi thi ma thodi cM. Ong Pham Van Huy d TMdn Lde, dng Mai Anh Tudn d Thanh Hod trudc ddy cung da tflng bi each cfl nhdn. Vl sau, mdt ngUdi (1) Thdi Nguyin, ngudi ta chia tiin si lam hai bang : chihh bang vd phd bang. Chi nhiing ai dd chinh bdng mdi dupc khac tdn vao bia Van Miiu d Hui, dd phd hdng thi khdng dupc nhu vdy. (2) Nha mieu chi hai: cai lam hai lua non. (3) Gia Mieu : que cua cac vua triiu Nguyin ; bdi vdy cdu 'nha midu chi hai" cd thi hiiu Id "cdi lam hai ciia Gia Mieu". (4) Ddng Vdn ChUc: anh Dang Van Trpng, bac mdt ciia Ddng Huy Tni. 14 https://thuvienpdf.com dd hoang gidp, mdt nguci dd tham hoa. Budi sang mdt, budi cMlu lai thu vl, han la sau kM bi cdch, cac dng dy da nd luc tu tinh, cho ndn da sdy chdn nga ma lai dflng ldn dugc. Tdi hoc, phdm hanh cua con cdn kem cae dng dy mudn ldn. Ngudi ta ai chang cd luc mdc sai ldm, quy la d chd bilt sfla chfla. (Theo ban dich cua nhdm TRA LINH, trong sach Vdn xudi tu suViet Nam th&i trung dgi, tdp hai: Ki, NXB Giao due, 2001) HUdNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Doan trich cd mdy su kidn cMnh ? Hay tdm tat ndi dung tiing su kidn. 2. Phdn tfch ldi dap cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl kM mpi ngudi hdi: "Con d6 cao la vide dang miitng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ?" Theo anh (chi), cdu "TMlu mdn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da" ddi vdi ngay nay dung hay sai ? Vi sao ? 3. Hay cM ra trnh trilt li trong ldi ndi cua Dang Dich Trai trudc vide con trai bi danh trugt tiln si va bi tude ca hoc vi cfl nhdn. 4. Trilt ll vl vide dd - trugt trong thi cfl cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl vide thi cfl cua ban thdn ? 5. Ndu y nghia doan kit : "6ng Pham Van Huy d Thidn Lde... quy la d chd bilt sfla chfla" TRI THLfC OOC - HIEU T^ thuat Bii Cha tdi thuoc loai van tu thuat. Tu thuat i i mot trong nhifng thd ti i cOa kf. 6 Viet Nam thdi trung dai, ki chi thifc sif ra ddi tCf thd ki XVIII khi ngifdi cam but ^ thflc v i tif khang djnh difdc cai tdi c i nhan eua minh. Kf tif thuat thifdng difdc dung de kd lai cudc ddi, nhifng ki nidm, nhflng sif kidn Idn tic ddng ddn tim tif, tinh cam, nhin thufc xa hoi cua ban thin ngifdi cam but v i ngi/di cam but thifdng dung dai tfl ngdi thfl nhdt dd xifng hd trong tic pham. Mdt ydu cau nghidm nhat difdng nhif bat budc ddi vdi tie gia ki tif thuat trung dai l i ti'nh trung thifc, khdng hif cdu. Bdi vay ta khdng ngac nhidn khi thdy Ding Djch Trai ndi : "Thid'u nidn dang khoa nhat bat hanh da", nhifng khi bidt tin Ding Huy Trfl bj trui't ca tidn sT v i cfl nhin, dng lai thd di i v i khuyen nhij con : "Da vio thi Dinh thi khdng cdn dinh trifdt nfla, tfl ddi Ld ddn nay nhif thd da lau mi nay con lai bj dinh trifpt. Nhifng thdi" R5 ring Ding Djch Trai chi tin thinh vide tridu dinh dinh trifdt hpc vj tidn sT cCia Ding Huy Trfl nhUng khdng hii Idng ve vide tridu dinh trudt ea hpc vj eCf nhin ciia con dng. 15 https://thuvienpdf.com NGON NGlT CHUNG VA LCII NOI CA NHAN KET QUA CAN DAT Hieu dugc cdc khdi niem ngdn ngii chung vd ldi ndi cd nhdn: Cd y thiic hgc ngdn ngit chung vd trau doi ldi ndi cd nhdn. I - NGON NGCCHUN G Ngdn ngfl chung la ngdn ngfl dugc mdt cdng ddng xa hdi sfl dung thdng nhdt dl giao tiep. Vdi ngudi Viet, ngdn ngfl chung la tieng Viet, "thfl cua cai vd cung lau ddi va vd cung quy bau cua ddn tdc" (Hd C!hi Minh). Ngdn ngfl chung bao gdm he thdng cac dan vi, cac quy tdc, cac chudn muc xac dinh ve ngfl dm - chu vilt, tfl vitng va ngu phap. Vl nguydn tac, moi thanh vidn cua ddn tdc, cua cdng ddng phai cd vd'n hiiu bilt tuong tir nhau vl ngdn ngfl chung ; cd nhu vdy, viec dung ngdn ngfl chung di giao til'p mdi dugc diln ra thudn Igi, thdng sUd't. Mud'n cd vd'n hieu bilt vl ngdn ngfl chung, nhdt thiet phai thudng xuyIn hoc hdi. Cd hai each hgc hdi chu yeu : mgt la hgc qua giao tilp tu nhidn, hang ngay ; hai la hgc qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi. Qua giao tiep tir nhidn, hdng ngay con ngudi hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo kenh ldi. Dd la ngdn ngfl chung tdn tai d dang mdt bien thi dia phuong cu thi. Vd'n hiiu biet tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay thudng cd tinh chd't kinh nghidm ; cung vdi vd'n hiiu bie't d'y la stl hinh thanh va phat trien hai ki nang quan trgng : ndi va nghe. Qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi,... con ngudi hgc ngdn ngu chung tdn tai vdi tu each ngdn ngfl van hoa. Vdi ngdn ngfl van hoa, hgc theo kdnh ldi (qua ldi giang d ldp, qua ldi phat bilu d cac hdi nghi, hdi thao, diln thuylt,...) vdn rd't cdn thiet. Tuy nhien, cdn tha'y rang hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo kdnh chfl cd vai trd circ ki quan trgng. Hon nfla, vdi kdnh chu, cdn cd nhiing bai hgc ridng, nghiem cdn ve ngdn ngfl chung (cac bai Tilng Vidt trong sach giao khoa NgU vdn). Vd'n hieu bilt tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay rd't phong phu, da dang va 16 https://thuvienpdf.com thudng cd tinh chdt khoa hgc ; cflng vdi vd'n hiiu bilt d'y la su hoan thidn hai Id nang ndi va nghe, ddc bidt la su hinh thdnh phdt triln va hodn thien hai Id ndng quan trgng khdc : viei va dgc. Tdm lai, phai bilt hgc hdi sudt ddi dl cd kiln thflc ddy du vl ngdn ngfl chung, dl hoan thiSn cdc ki nang sfl dung ngdn ngfl, nhd't la ki ndng viei vd ndi - hai ki nang cd vai trd quylt dinh dd'i vdi vifc tao ldp ldi ndi ca nhdn. n - LCJl NOI CA NHAN Mdi ngudi diu vdn dung ngdn ngfl chung tao ldp n6n cac vdn ban vilt va ndi dung dl giao tilp. Nhiing vdn ban vilt vd ndi dd la ldi ndi cd nhdn. Nhu vdy, ldi ndi cd nhdn la san phdm cua mdi ngudi khi sfl dung ngdn ngfl chung lam cdng cu giao tilp trong tinh hud'ng cu thi. Do dd, mdi vdn ban ndi vd vilt thudng mang ddu dn cd nhdn cua ngudi tao ldp nen nhu thdi quen ca nhdn trong phat dm, dung tfl, diln dat. Trong van chuang nghd thudt, ddu d'n cd nhdn d'y dugc trau chudt thdnh ldi ndi cd phong cdch nghd thudt. Nha vdn Td Hoai giai bay : "Tfl luc mdi cdm but vilt mdt cdu, mudn dinh cho nd la lam mdt viec nghd thudt, thi trong con ngudi minh da phai trai hai ldn nghi. Mdt ldn nghT ra cdi y d'y, mdt ldn nam ld'y cai y d'y ma tim chfl nghia de ddt but xud'ng. Trong sdng tao nghd thudt, ta phai vugt hai ldn sang tao. Luc ddu khdng md'y ai cd y thflc d'y. Nhung ddn ddn vl sau, vilt cang quen, thi ca thdi quen ldn luong tdm ngdi but minh da tim ra cdi ldn sdng tao thfl hai. Tfl khi bid't nhu thi thi vide tim chfl nghia dd'i vdi tdi trd thanh mdt cai ham md kich thich, trd thdnh nhiing cdi khd, cdi khd, cai sg. C!dm but vid't khdng luc nao khdng lo. Mdt chfl phai la mdt hat nggc trdn trang ban thao, phai la hat nggc mdi nhdt, cua minh tim dugc, do phong each vdn chuang minh ma cd dugc. Trang sdch ma khdng cd nggc, trang ban thao khdng cd chfl thdn, khdng cd tinh hoa thi cdi hdn tac phdm, tfl tu tudng dd'n nhdn vdt, tdt ca bao nhidu udc vgng, khdt khao ta gfli gam vdo sdng tac bid't ld'y gi ma sdng dugc. Khdng cd chfl nudi nd, nd trdng rdng rdi chit heo di. NghT dd'n sdng tdc ngheo nan, cdi cgc, bao gid cung gidt minh"^^\ Nhu vdy, thdng qua ldi ndi ca nhdn, nhflng "hat nggc mdi nhd't" d'y gdp phdn lam phong phu thdm ngdn ngfl chung, thuc ddy ngdn ngfl chung phdt triln. LUYEN TAP 1. Hay cho bid't vi sao phai dl ra ydu cdu hgc ndi trong cdu tuc ngfl Hgc dn hgc ndi hgc gdi hgc md. Theo anh (chi), ndi dung hgc ndi bao gdm nhung gi ? (1) Giit gin su trong sdng cua tie'ng Viet, NXB Giao due, 1977. 17 2-NG0VAN11/1(NC)- A https://thuvienpdf.com 2. Cho bilt y kid'n cua anh (chi) vl ndi dung cua cac cdu tuc ngfl, ca dap sau ddy : - Chim khdn keu tieng rdnh rang Ngudi khdn ndi tieng diu ddng di nghe. - NgUdi thanh tieng noi cung thanh Chudng keu khe ddnh ben vdnh ciing keu. - Ddt xdu trong cdy khdng khiu Nhiing ngudi thd tuc ndi dieu phdm phu. ^ LUYEN TAP PHAN TICH DE, LAP DAN Y CHO BAI VAN NGHI LUAN XA HOI KET QUA CAN DAT • Biet phdn tich mdt devdn nghi ludn xahdi. • Biet tim -y vd lap ddn y cho bdi van nghi ludn xdhdi. Cho cdc dl vdn sau : De 1. Trdi dd't se ra sao nd'u thid'u di mau xanh cua nhiing canh rtmg ? De 2. C!ac Mac ndi: "Mgi tilt kilm, suy cho cung la tilt kidm thdi gian". Anh (chi) hay giai thich vd lam sdng to cdu ndi trdn. De 3. Tfl vdn ban Cha tdi cua Ddng Huy Trfl, anh (chi) hay phat bilu quan nidm cua ban thdn vl vide do - trugt trong thi cfl. 1. Phan tich de Vdi mdi dl van trdn, anh (chi) hay xac dinh : - Ndi dung trgng tdm ; - Cac thao tac ldp ludn chinh ; - Pham vi tU lidu cdn huy ddng. 18 2-NG0VAN11/1(NC)- B https://thuvienpdf.com Anh (chi) cdn dgc kT dl bai, tim nhihig tfl ngfl quan trgng, huy ddng kien thflc da hgc vl dl van nghi ludn dl xac dinh cac ydu cau ca ban cua mdi de. Chdng han, vdi Dl 3, tfl ndi dung cua van ban Cha tdi cd thi xac dinh trgng tdm cdn triln khai: Vdn de dd - trugt trong thi cfl va su thanh dat cua mdt con ngudi. 2.Tlmy a) Vdi Di 1, sau khi da xdc dinh dugc ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl, ngudi vid't cdn tim eac y ldn, y nhd cho bai nghi ludn. Vide tim y cd thi dugc thuc hidn bdng each dat ra cac cdu hdi va vdn dung hiiu bilt cua ban thdn de tra ldi. Chang han : - Rflng mang lai cho trdi ddt nhiing gia tri va Igi ich gi ? - Hidn nay, mau xanh cua rflng dang bi huy hoai, tan pha ra sao ? - Nguydn nhdn va hdu qua cua thuc trang trdn ? - Cdn cd nhiing giai phap nao de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ? - CThung ta cd thi lam gi de gdp phdn gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ? Vdi mdi y tim dugc, cd thi ddt tilp cac cdu hdi dl chia tach thdnh y nhd han. Chdng han : Rflng mang lai cho. trai dd't gia tri va Igi ich gi vl cdc phuang didn kinh tl, mdi trudng, sflc khoe cdng ddng ? b) Vdi Dl 2, cd thi dat nhiing cdu hdi nhu sau de tim y : - Thi nao la tilt kidm ? Tai sao chung ta cdn phai tilt kidm ? - Ngudi ta thudng tilt kidm nhiing gi trong cudc sdng ? - Tilt kidm thdi gian la gi ? HI thd'ng y trdn ddy chua hoan chinh, hay dat tid'p cac cdu hdi de tim them cac y khac theo ydu edu cua dl. c) Bang each ddt cdu hdi, hay tim eac y cho Di 3. 3. L$p dan y a) Sau khi tim y cdn sdp xip cac y theo mdt trinh tu nhdt dinh. Vdi mdi de vdn cd thi cd nhilu each khac nhau dl xdy dung dan y. Chang han, d Dl 1 cd thi ldp ddn y nhu sau : J^dbdiidatwSmdi) 19 https://thuvienpdf.com Gidi thidu khai quat ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl : vai trd va gia tri cua rflng trong cudc sdng con ngudi. Thdn bdi (giai quylt vdh dl) Phat triln ndi dung trgng tam da ndu b phan md bai: - Gia tri, Igi ich ldn lao ma rflng mang lai cho con nguoi : + La la phoi duy tri su sd'ng trdn trai ddt; + Tiem an bao nhidu tai nguydn quy bau ; + Dem lai ve dep binh ydn cho cudc sdng. - Mau xanh ciia riing dang bi de doa : + Riing dang bi chay, bi chat pha, khai thac bfla bai; + Nguyen nhdn : su bat can va nhdn thflc ndng can, vu Igi cua chinh con ngudi. - Nhflng giai phap de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng : + Kl hoach ldu dai; + Nhflng vide trudc mdt cdn lam. Ket bdi (kit thuc vdn dl) Nhiing cam xuc, mong udc cua ban than vl mdt trai ddt mai mai mau xanh. b) Tfl dan y trdn, anh (chi) hay : - Bo sung, dieu chinh hoac xdy dung mdt dan y theo each cua minh. - Lap dan y cho Dl 2 va 3. 20 https://thuvienpdf.com LE GHET THUONG (Trich Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) NGUYEN DINH CHIEU^*^ KET QUA CAN OAT Hieu dugc tu tudng ghet hdn qudn, bgo chiia, thuong ngudi hien tdi ciia tdc gid qua ldi dng Qudn trong doan trich. Thdy dugc nghe thudt truyen cdm bdng cdch diing diep ngit, thdnh ngU, tieu ddi, tii: ldy trong dogn trich. TIEU DAN Truyen Luc Van Tien la tac pham Idn ci\a vin hpc Viet Nam, difpc nhan dan, die biet la nhan dan Nam Bd yeu chudng. Nguyin Dinh Chieu sang tac Truy&n Luc Van Tien vio khoang sau nim 1850, khi dng md trudng day hoc. Tic pham dupc sang tic tren cd sd cac md ti'p cCia vin hpc dan gian va truyen trung dai ke't hdp vdi mdt sd tinh tidt cd that trong cudc ddi tic gid. Truydn dupc luu truyen sau rdng va cd nhieu dj ban. ^ Truydn ke ve Luc Vin Tien, mdt chang trai vin vd song toan, tren dudng di thi da danh tan bpn cudp, cl ^ Kieu Nguyet Nga. Nguyet Nga nguyen lay ching de trd nghTa. Cung tren dudng di thi dUpc tin me chet, chang phai ve chju tang v i thUdng khdc me den mu hai mat. Chang bj Trjnh Ham ghen tai, Ifla ddy xud'ng sdng roi bj cha con Vd The Loan trd mit : trudc kia hfla ga con gai cho, sau tha'y Luc Van Tien bj mij thi bdi Udc, bo chang trong hang nui. Nhung chang dupc ngudi td't v i than cflu, cud'i cung mat chang sang ra, thi dd Trang nguyen, dupc cfl di danh giic 6 Qua, cljfu nudc. Nguyet Nga chung thu^ vdi Van Tien nhifng bj Thai sU bat di cdng cho giic. Ning khdng chju, nhay xud'ng sdng tif tfl, nhifng dUpc cijfu sdng. Sau dd, ning bj cha con Bui Kidm ep duyen, phai bo trd'n. Cud'i cijng. Van Tien thang trin trd ve gip lai Nguyet Nga, cung ning kdt duyen vp chdng. Doan trfch Le ghet thuang (tfl cau 473 de'n 504) ndi ve cudc trd chuyen gifla nhan vat dng Quin va mi'y nho sT tre tudi. Do la luc Van Tien ciJng ban vuong Tfl Trifc di thi, vao quan trp gip Trjnh Ham va Biji Kiem cung la sT tfl. (*) V6 cudc ddi vd su nghidp van hpc cda Nguydn Dinh Chiiu, xem bai Nguyin Dinh Chieu a trang 35. https://thuvienpdf.com 21 Trjnh Him de nghj bdn ngUdi lam thd, so ti i cao thap. Trjnh Ham, BCii Kidm thua ti i lai nghi Lue Van Tidn v i VUdng Tfl Trifc gian lan. 6ng Quin nhan do mdi bin ve Id ghet thUdng cl ddi . * * * 1. Qudn rdng : "Kinh siif^^ dd titng, Coi roi lai khien long hdng xdt xa. Hdi thdi ta phdi ndi ra, Vi chung hay ghet cung Id hay thuang". 5. Tien rdng : "Trong due chua tudng, Chdng hay thucfng ghet, ghet thuang le ndo ?". Qudn rdng : "Ghet viec tdm phdo^ ', Ghet cay, ghet ddng, ghet vdo tdn tdm. Ghet ddi Kiet, Tru me ddnv ', 10. De ddn den ndi sa hdm sdy hang. GhjetddiU,Le}''^ dadoarP, Khien ddn ludng chiu ldm than mudn phdn. Ghet ddi NgU bd^ phdn vdn , Chuong be ddi trd ldm ddn nhgc nhdn. 15. Ghet ddi thiic quy ^ phdn bang' ', Sdm ddu tdi ddnh ldng nhdng^ rdi ddn. (*) 6 phdn Van hoc, di tidn theo doi, ngudi bidn soan thudng danh sd thfl tu ddng tho hoac chia doan van ban. iX) Kinh sic: sach kinh va sach sfl ciia nho gia. (2) Viec tdm phdo : vide vd v&i. Trong bSi cd nghia la vide xang bay cd hai cho dan. (3) Kiet, Tru me ddm: vua Kidt cudi ddi nha Ha, vua Tru cudi ddi nhji Thuong. Hai vua tan ac, hoang dam, bi nhan dan oan ghet ma mat ngdi. (4) U, Le: U Vuong va Ld Vuong ddi nha Chu lam nhidu vide bao ngupc. (5) Da doan: lam chuydn ldi thdi. (6) Ngii bd : nam vua chu hdu thdi Xuan thu ddi nha Chu. Cac vua ndy y th6 nudc 16n, mudn xung ba ndn keo be keo canh, xlii nudc n^y danh nudc kia, khdng chd, 1 ^ dt nh^ Chu, gay chidn tranh hai dan. (7) Phdn vdn: d day y ndi ldn xdn, rdi loan (khac vdi tfl "phan van" trong tidng Vidt hidn dai). (8) Thiic quy: ddi suy loan cudi nha Dudng, chidn tranh lidn midn, nhan dan rdt khid. (9) Phdn bdng: chia lia dd nat. (10) Ddu: ddu hang. (11) Ldng nhdng: y ndi tinh thd rdi bdi, kdo ddi; gd khdng ra. 22 https://thuvienpdf.com Thuang Id thuang dUc thdnh nhdrv \ Khi ncd Tdng, Ve luc Trdn, luc Khudng' . Thuang thdy Nhan Tvr dd dang, 20. Ba muai mdt tuoi, tdch ddng cdng danh. Thucmg dng Gia Cdt tdi Idnh, Gap can Hdn mgt dd ddnh phui pha . Thuang thdy Ddng Tu cao xa, Chi thdi cd chi, ngdi md khdng ngdi. 25. Thuang ngudi NguyenLugng ngUi ngUi, Ld be giup nudc Igi lui ve cdy. Thucfng dng Hdn Dii: chdng may, Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi day di xa. Thuang thdy Liem, Lgc dd ra. (1), (2) Dice thdnh nhdn : chi Khdng Tfl, ngudi nudc Ld, sdng d thdi Xuan thu, tifng di cic nudc Tdng, Vd, Trdn,... lim each thuc hidn dao ciia minh ma khdng dupc. Khudng Ik tdn dp, noi dng da tflng bi vay ham. (3) Nhan Tic: Nhan Hdi, tdn tu Ik Tfl Uydn, hpc trd dflc hanh nhdt cua Khdng Tfl, mdt khi mdi ba muci mdt tudi. (4) Gia Cdt: Gia Cdt Lupng, tdn tu Ik Khdng Minh, ngudi ndi tidng muu lupc. Ong mdt ldng giiip Luu Bi khdi phuc co nghidp nha Hdn, lihung ddn khi chdt (nam muoi tu tudi), su nghidp vdn chua hodn thanh. (5) Hdn mgt: thdi nha Hdn suy vi, tfle vdo khoang thdi Tam qudc phan tranh. Can Hdn mgt cdn cd nghia la luc van nhd Hdn da hdt. (6) Phui pha : \i6ng phi. (7) DSng Tic: Ddng Trpng Thu, nhd nho ndi tidng thdi Han, tai cao hpc rdng, dupc tdn lam "Dai su" mdt thdi. Ong tiing lam Giang Dd tudng thdi Han Vu Dd, dd xudt nhidu kd sach cho nha vua, nhung bi bat giam, suyt bi gidt hai, sau dupc xa tdi. Ong lai lam Td tudng cho vua Lidu Tay, sau sp tai hoa, cdo bdnh vd nha, vi thd ma ndi "ngdi ma khdng ngdi". (8) Nguyen Luang : tdn tu ciia Dao Tidm (cdn cd tdn la Uydn Minh). Ong la nha van thdi Tah, tinh thanh cao, hpc rdng, tho van l6i lac. Dang lam quan, vi khdng chiu quy luy quan trdn, dng bd vd nha, tu ldm rudng dd sdng. (9) Hdn Du : nhd van ndi tidng thdi Dudng, vi dang bidu khuydn vua Dudng ditng tin dao Phat ma bi gidng chflc va ddy di xa. (10) Liem, Lgc : Liem, tfle "Lidm Khd tidn sinh" (ngudi dung nha hoc "Lidm Khd fliu dudng") tdn Id Chu Ddn Di. Lgc, chi hai anh em Tnnh Hao, Trinh Di, qud 6 Lac Duong. Ca ba ddu la tridt gia ndi tidng thdi Tdng, cd ra lam quan, nhung do quan didm bao thu, khdng dupc vua \k phdi "Tan ddng" tin diing, ndn lai ud vd day hpc. https://thuvienpdf.com 23 30. Bi ldi xua dudi ve nhd gido ddn \ Xem qua kinh sif mdy ldn, Nita phdn Igi ghet, niia phdn Igi thuang". (Theo Tha vdn Nguyen Dinh Chieu, NXB van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1971) HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Cdu ndi cua nhdn vdt dng Quan "Vi chung hay ghet cung la hay thuang" cho thd'y gifla thuang" va ghet cd mdi lidn quan vdi nhau nhu thi nao ? 2. Ldi dng Qudn ndi vl kinh sfl cho thd'y dng ghet loai ngudi nao, vi li do gi ? Qua dd, cd thi hiiu thuc chd't tu tudng cua dng Quan la gi ? 3. Ong Quan thuang nhung ai, nhflng ngUdi d'y cd dac dilm chung nao ? Dilu dd cho thd'y dng quan tdm dd'n nhiing ldp ngUdi nao trong xa hdi ? 4. Nhflng chuydn sfl sach Trung Qud'c ma dng Quan ndi din cho thdy nha tha suy nghl gi khi vid't Truyin Luc Vdn Tien ? 5. Chi ra cac phuang tidn ngdn ngfl trong ldi cua dng Quan nhu : didp ngfl, thanh • ngfl, tiiu dd'i, tfl lay. Phdn tich tac dung cua chung trong vide tao ndn gigng didu truyin cam cua dng Quan trong doan trich. BAI TAP NANG CAO Khai quat tu tudng nha tha dugc thi hidn trong doan trich Le ghet thucmg. TRI THQC Dpc - HIEU Giong dieu trong tic pham van hoc Sac thii cam xuc cua Idi van dUdc tao ndn bdi cic phifdng tidn ngdn ngfl nhu tfl xUng goi (ning, ching, ta, td, han, thj, anh, chj,...), danh tfl tfnh tfl, ddng tfl, thinh ngfl, bidn phip tu tfl,... cung bieu hidn mot thii dp, tinh cam chu dao nhUydu, ghet, mia mai, chd nhao,... Ching han, giong didu cam thUdng, gipng didu trio phung, gipng didu khinh bac, gipng didu ngpi ea,... (1) Gido ddn: day dan. 24 https://thuvienpdf.com Dpc THEM CHAY GIAC NGUYEN DINH CHIEU TIEU DAN Chay giac la bai thd the hien Idng yeu nudc ndng nan cCia Nguyin Dinh Chieu dupc vie't vao thdi diem nen ddc lap dan tdc cua Viet Nam bj de doa mdt each nghiem trpng. Thifc dan Phap tan cdng Oa Nlng, do vap phai sif khang cif manh me cua quan trieu dinh nha Nguyin va gip mdt sd dieu bat Ipi khac, lien quay vao Sii Gdn, tran tdi sdng Ben Nghe* ', nhan luc quan ta phdng bj Id la ma ha ddn Gia Dinh roi tfl dd danh loang ra cac tinh mien ddng va mien tay Nam Bp. Nguyin Dinh Chieu tuy mu loa nhung theo ddi rat sat tinh hinh da't nUdc. Ong vd ciJng dau ddn trUdc nhifng tham canh ma quan cudp nudc da gay nen cho ddng bao ta va rat that vpng ve sif hen yeu, bit life cua trieu dinh. * * (2) Tan chg vica nghe tieng sung Tdy , Mot bdn cd the phut sa lay . Bo nhd IS tre laxo chay , Mat d bdy chim ddo ddc bay . Ben Nghe ciia tien tan bgt nudc, Dong Nai tranh ngdi nhudm mdu mdy. Hoi trang dep loqn rdy ddu vdng. Node ddn den mdc nqn ndy ? (Tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu, NXB Van hpc, Ha Ndi, 1963) (1) Ben Nghe : tdn cu ciia sdng Sai Gdn, cung la tdn cii cua viing Sai Gdn. (2) Tdy : chi thuc dan Phap. (3) Cd the: ban cd dupc bay sdn nhu mdt bai toan dd hdc hidm sao cho vi6c thdng thua dupc phan dinh chi qua mdt vai nudc di. (4) Y ca cau : Quan ta niing thd va ddt nudc ta dang lam vao mdt cue didn bi dat, gid'ng nhu ngudi choi cd thd da bi so say mdt nudc quydt dinh va dflng trudc nguy co that bai. (5) Laxa chgy : chay trong trang thai hdt ho hdt hai, hoang mang, mdt phuong hOfdng. (6) Ddo ddc bay : bay mdt each hoang loan, ngo ngac, khdng thd tu dinh hudng. (7) Ddng Nai: tdn sdng, cung la tdn mdt vdng ddt. (8) Trang: tfl chi ngudi, ddng vdi sdc thai trang trpng, tdn kinh (vf du : trang nam nhi, trang hdo hdn). https://thuvienpdf.com25 Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Neu chu dl cua bdi tha. Nhdn xet vl tinh thdng nhd't cua cdc chi tilt, hinh anh trong bdi. 2. Canh chay giac da dugc midu ta cu thi vd xfle ddng nhu thi ndo trong hai cdu 3 - 4 ? 3. Phdn tfch nhiing cung bdc, sdc thdi khdc nhau cua ndi dau md tdc gia bilu Id trong bdi tho. 4. Giong didu d hai cdu cudi cua bdi tha thi hidn tinh cam gi ? (Cliu y nghd thudt sfl dung tfl trang, tfl nd cua tdc gia). 5. Ndu suy nghi vl tinh cam ydu nudc cua nhd tha Nguyin Dinh (Thilu dugc bdc Id trong tdc pham. LUYEN TAP VE NGON NGiT CHUNG VA LCfl NOI CA NHAN KET QUA CAN OAT Biet phdn tich, ldm ndi bat cdch tdc gid van dung ngdn ngU chung vdo viec tgo lap tdc phdm vdn chuang. 1. Phdn tieh nhtmg doan va bai tho sau ddy, lam rd net ridng cua mdi tac gia trong vide sfl dung ngdn ngfl dl bilu hidn canh vdt va con ngudi. - Hoa ddi nguyet, nguyet in mgt tdm, Nguyet long hoa, hoa thdm tdng bdng. Nguyet hoa, hoa nguyet triing triing, Trudc hoa dudi nguyet trong long xiei ddu ! (Doan Thi Didm - Ban didn Ndm Chinh phu ngdm) - Guang nga chenh chech ddm song, Vdng gieo ngdn nudc, cdy long bdng sdn. 26 https://thuvienpdf.com Hdi dudng Id nggn dong ldn, Gigt suang gieo ndng, cdnh xudn la dd. Mdt minh ldng ngdm bdng nga, Rdn dudng gdn vdi ndi xa bdi bdi. (Nguydn Du - Truyen Kieu) - Tieng sudi trong nhu tieng hdt xa, . Trdng long cd thu, bdng long hoa. Cdnh khuya nhu ve, ngudi chua ngu, Chua ngu vi lo ndi nudc nhd: (Hd Chi Minh - Cdnh khuya) 2. Phdn tich each Nguydn Tudn sfl dung cac bidn phdp tu tfl qua doan trich sau ddy : - Chua bao gid cd Ta thdy rd cdi dau khd ngdm ngdi ciia tieng ddn day budi ndy. Tidng ddn ham hue, chiing nhu khdng thodt hei dugc vdo khdng gian. No nghen ngda. Hem kit cdi u udt vdo tan bin trong long ngudi thdm dm. Nd Id mgt cdi tdm su khdng tiii radugc. Nd Id mdt ndi u kin buc dgc bung bit. Nd gidng nhu cdi trgng hudng than thd ciia mdt cdnh ngd vd tri dm... Nd Id niem vang ddi qudn qugi cua nhdng tiing chung tinh. Nd Id cdi du ba cua be chiiu did chdn sdng. Nd Id can gid chdng Igt ke mdnh thua. Nd Id su tdi phdt chiJCng tdt phong thdp vdo cit cudi thu ddm de mUa dm vd nhUc nhdi xuong tuy. Nd Id cdi Id lay nhdo lia cua Id bd cdnh. Nd Id cdi li thi ciia ndm vd danh hiu hiu nggn vdng so le. Nd Id cdi oan udng nghin ddi cua cudc sdng thanh dm. Nd Id su khdn ngn khdn ddn cua chi ta con phim.... (Chda Ddn) 3. Phdn tfch dl lam rd each sfl dung bidn phdp tu tfl so sdnh cua tflng tdc gia trong nhiing cdu, doan trich sau ddy : - Tiing sudi trong nhu tieng hdt xa. (Hd Chf Minh - Cdnh khuya) - Tiing hdt trong nhu tiing nggc tuyen. (Thd Lit - Tie'ng ggi hen sdng) (1) Liim ke't: thu gom lai, kdt tu lai. https://thuvienpdf.com27 - Con gap Igi nhdn ddn nhu nai ve sudi cd Cd ddn giing hai, chim en gap mda Nhu dUa tre tha ddi long gap sda Chii'c ndi ligdng bdng gap cdnh tay dua. (Chd Lan Vidn - Tie'ng hdt con tdu) - Cdn xa ldm mdi dih cdi thdc dudi. Nhung dd thdy tiing nudc reo gdn mai Igi reo to mdi lin. Tii'ng nudc thdc nghe nhuld odn trdch gi, roi Igi nhuld van xin, roi Igi nhu Id khieu khich, gigng gdn md chi'nhgo. Thi'rdi nd rdng len nhu tieng mgt ngdn con trdu mgng dang long ldn giita rdng vdu rung tre nda nd Ida, dang phd tudng riCng Ida, riXng Ida cdng gdm thet vdi ddn trdu da chdy bdng bung. (Nguyen Tuan - NgUdi ldi dd Sdng Dd) BAI VIET sd 1 (Nghi ludn xa hdi) KET QUA CAN DAT • Van dung nhdng hieu bii't ve de vdn, ludn diem vd cdc thao tdc lap ludn dd hgc d ldp 10 de vii't bdi vdn nghi ludn ve mgt hiin tugng ddi sdng. • Bii't trinh bdy vd diin dgt cdc ngi dung bdi vii't mgt cdch sdng sua, dung quy cdch. Tham khao cac dl van sau ddy : De 1. Suy nghi cua anh (chi) vl phong trao ung hd quy "Vi ngudi ngheo" De 2. (Juan nidm cua anh (chi) vl ld'i sd'ng gian di cua mdt con ngudi. De 3. Anh (chi) nghi gi khi nhin nhung canh riing tid'p tuc bi tan pha ? De 4. CXidc sd'ng se ra sao nlu ngudn nudc sach ngay cang vai can ? 28 https://thuvienpdf.com r^ :f(l) y ^ (2) VAN TE NGHIA SI^'^ CAN GIUOC NGUYEN DINH CHIEU KET QUA CAN DAT • Hieu dugc ve dep bi trdng md gidn di cua hinh tugng ngudi nghia sT ndng ddn Cdn Giudc vd thdy dugc thdi do cdm phuc, xdt thuang cua tdc gid ddi vdi hg. • Nam dugc gid tri nghi thudt (tinh chdt tru tinh, thu phdp tuang phdn vd viic sii dung ngdn ngd) ciia bdi vdn ti'. Khu di tfch md va den thd cu Do Chieu d ap 3 xa An DiJc (Ba Tn, Ben Tre) (Anil: Thong tan xa Viet Nam - Van Khanh) (1) NghTa sT: ngudi cd chf khf, khdng quan hi sinh vi vide nghia nhu ciiu ngudi, cilu nudc. (2) Cdn Giudc: vdng ddt nay la huydn Cdn Giudc, tinh Long An. 29 https://thuvienpdf.com TIEU DAN Nam 1858, thifc dan Phip nd sung xam lupc nUdc ta. Sau khi chidm dUdc thinh Gia Djnh vio dau nam 1859, chung bat dau mot qui trinh md rdng tan cdng ra cic vung lin can nhU Tan An, Can Giudc, Gd Cdng,... Nhan dan Nam Bd vd cung cam phin v i sue sdi tinh than chdng giac. Ddm 16 - 12 - 1861, dung ram thing 11 nam Tan Dau, mac du "ehi l i dan dp, dan lin", "ngoai eat ed mdt manh i o vai", "trong tay cam mdt ngpn tam vdng" nhifng nhOtig nghTa sT ndng dan da qua cam tap kfch ddn giac d Can Giudc, tidu diet dUdc mdt sd quan quan eua giac v i tdn Tri huydn tay sai. Khoang hai mUdi nghTa sT hi sinh. Ti'm gUdng oanh liet dd da gay nen niem xijc ddng Idn trong nhan dan. Do Quang, Tuan phu Gia Dinh, giao cho Nguyen Dinh Chieu lim bii van te de dpc tai buoi truy dieu cac nghTa sT hi sinh trong trin niy, Vdi ndi dung chin that v i tinh cam xdt xa vd han, bii van td cd mdt sufc truydn cam manh me, dUde Bp Le cCia tridu dinh Hue eho sao v i truyin di khap nude de ddng vidn tinh than chien dau eua ngUdi dan chdng thifc din Phip. * * * Hdi di! 1. Sung giac dd't rIn ; long ddn trdi to. 2. Mudi nam cdng vd rudng, chua at cdn danh ndi nhu phao ; mdt trdn nghia danh Tdy, tuy la md't tid'ng vang nhu mo. Nhd linh xua : 3. CXii cut lam an^ '; toan lo ngheo khd. 4. Oiua quen cung ngua, ddu tdi trudng nhung^^'' ; chi bid't mdng trdu, d trong langbd^^^, 5. Vide cud'c, vide cay, vide bfla, vide cdy, tay vd'n quen lam ; tdp khiln, tdp sung, tdp mac, tdp cd, mat chua tflng ngd. (1) Cui cut ldm dn: lam an le loi, thdm lang mdt each tdi nghidp. (2) TrUcmg nhung: bai chidn trudng. (3) Ldng hd : lang xdm (cd ban chep: lang hd). 30 https://thuvienpdf.com 6. Tilng phong hac^ ' phdp phdng han muai thang, trdng tin quan nhu trdi han trdng mua ; mui tinh chidn^^^ vdy va^ da ba nam, ghet thdi mgi nhu nha ndng ghet cd. 7. Bfla thdy bdng bong che trang ldp, mud'n tdi an gan ; ngay xem d'ng khdi chay den si, inud'n ra can cd. 8. Mdt md'i xa thu^^^ dd sd, ha dl ai chem rdn dudi huau^^^ ; hai vdng nhdt nguylt ehdi loa, ddu dung lu fco dd ban chd. 9. Nao dgi ai ddi ai bat, phen nay xin ra sflc doan kinh ; chang them trd'n ngugc trdn xudi, chuydn nay dd'c ra tay bd hd . Khd thuang thay! 10. Vd'n chang phai qudn ca qudn vd , theo ddng d linh diln binh ; chang qua la ddn dp ddn ldn, mdn nghia lam qudn chidu md . 11. Mudi tam ban vd nghd, nao dgi tdp ren ; chin chuc trdn binh thu, khdng chd bay bd. 12. Ngoai cdt cd mdt manh do vai, nao dgi mang bao tdu , bdu ngdi ; trong tay cdm mdt nggn tdm vdng, chi nai sam dao tu^ \ ndn gd^ \ (1) Phong hgc: ldy tiif mdt cau chQ Hdn ("ETiong thanh hac Id, thao mdc giai binh"), y ndi su hdi hdp lo lang, nghe tidng gid thdi hac kdu, thdy cay cd cCing tudng la giac dudi danh. 6 day, "tidng phong hac" cd nghia la bidt tin kd dich ddn. (2) Tinh chien: tanh hdi, chi bpn thuc dan Phap. (3)Va'yva:daydinh. (4) Bdng bong: b day chi nhfing budm vai trdn tau, thuydn ciia thuc dan Phap. - (5) Xathu:c6 xe va chfi vidt, do cau "Xa ddng quy, thu ddng van", ngWa la xe cd true banh dai bdng nhau (quy: ddu xe di); sdch vidt cimg mdt thfl chfi, y noi mdt ddt nudc thdng nhdt. (6) Chem rdn dudi huau (ldy tfch Luu Bang diet nha Tdn chidm ldy giang son): ca vd "Mdt mdi xa thu... chdm ran dudi huou", y ndi: ddt nudc ta mdt dai sao lai dd cho nhiing ke nhu Luu Bang chidm doat. (7) Dogn kinh : (kinh : ca voi) chem dflt ca voi. (8) Bd hS: bat hd. Y can nay la ra sflc danh giac bao vd ddt nude. (9) Ca, ve: cac don vi quan ddi thdi xua. (10) Ddng: ddng ddi cha dng (eo ban chep la vdng). (11) Diin binh : luydn tap vide binh. (12) Chiiu md : chieu la mdi, vdi; md \k cdu, tim. Qudn chieu md : quan tinh nguydn. (13) Bao fd'M: bao dung dao. (14) Bdu ngdi: bdu dung ngdi thudc nd. (15) Dao tu: dao ludi dai. (16) Ndn go : ndn ciia Ifnh ngay xua. https://thuvienpdf.com 31 13. Hoa mai danh bdng ram eon cui, cung dd't xong nha day dao kia ; guom deo dung bang ludi dao phay, cung chem rdt ddu quan hai ng. 14. Chi nhgc quan quan gidng trdng ki trdng giue, dap rao ludt tdi, coi giac cung nhu khdng ; nao so thdng Tdy ban dan nhd dan to, xd cfla xdng vao, liiu minh nhu chang cd. 15. Ke ddm ngang, ngudi chem ngugc, lam cho ma tr ^ ma ni^ ^ hdn kinh ; bgn he trudc, lu 6 sau, trdi kd tau sdt tau ddng sung nd. Oi! 16. Nhiing lam long nghia ldu dung ; dau bie't xac pham vdi bd. 17. Mdt chac sa trudng rdng chu hanh , nao hay da ngua bge thdy ; tram nam dm phu d'y chfl quy , nao dgi guam hum treo md '. 18. Doai sdng Can Giudc, cd cdy md'y dam sdu giang ; nhin chg Trudng Binh , gia tre hai hang luy nhd. 19. Chang phai an cudp an gian day tdi, ma vi binh^ danh giac eho cam tdm; vd'n khdng giu thanh gifl luy bd di, ma hieu luc^ ' theo qudn cho dang sd. Nhung nghl rdng : 20. Tdc dd't nggn rau an chua, tai bdi^ ' cho nudc nha ta ; bat cam manh ao 6 ddi, mdc md chi dng cha nd. (1) Hod mai: mdi Ifla diing de cham siing ; cdn cd nghia la mdt loai siing bdn bang mdi dd't Ifla. (2) Md td : theo tieng Ma Lai la canh sat. (3) Mani: chi Ifnh md d Phi-lfp-pin (Mani: Ma-ni-la, thii dd cua Phi-lfp-pin). (4) Mc phdm : xac cua ngudi trdn tuc. (5) ChUhgnh : hgnh la may, ca i^au y ndi d chd'n sa trudng chi cd may ma dupc sdng. (6) Quy : ve, 6 day nghia la chdt (tridt If nha Phat: "sd'ng giii, thac vd"). (7) Guam hilm treo md : Idy tfch thdi Xuan thu, Quy Trat trdn dudng di sfl qua nudc Tfl, Vua nudc Tii rdt thfch thanh kidm cua chang. Quy Trat hfla se trao kidm nhung khi vd thi vua Tfl da chdt. Quy Trat ben treo kiem trudc md vua Ttr ngu y rdng minh khdng qudn ldi hfla. (%)ChgTrudng Binh: nay Ik cha Ch\Gm6c. (9) Luy : nudc mdt. (10) W ^m/;: lam Ifnh. (11) Hieu luc : mdt hinh phat thdi xua, bat ngudi cd tdi phai lam nhiing cdng vide nang nhpc hoac nguy hiem. (12) Tdi boi: vun ddp, 32 https://thuvienpdf.com 21. Vl ai khiln quan qudn khd nhgc, an tuylt nam suang ; vi ai xui ddn luy tan tanh, xidu mua nga gid. 22. Sd'ng ldm chi theo qudn ta dao^ \ quang vua huong^^\ xd ban dqc^^\ thdy lai thim budn ; sdng lam chi d linh ma ta, chia rugu lat, gam banh mi, nghe cang thdm hd. 23. Tha thac ma dang edu dich khai^ ', vl theo td phu cung vinh ; han cdn ma chiu chfi ddu Tdy, d vdi man di^^^ rdt khd. Oi thai thdi! 24. Chua Tdng Thanh nam canh ung ddng lanh, tdm long son gfli lai bdng trang ram ; ddn Lang Sa ' mdt khdc dang tra hdn, tui phdn bac trdi theo ddng nudc dd. 25. Dau ddn bd'y ! Me gia ngdi khdc tre, nggn den khuya leo let trong llu ; nao nung thay ! Vg yiu chay tim chdng, can bdng xl ddt dd trudc ngd. Oi! 26. Mdt trdn khdi tan, nghin nam tilt rd. 27. Binh tudng nd hay ddng sdng Bin Nghe, ai lam ndn bd'n phia mdy den ; dng cha ta cdn d ddt Ddng Nai, ai cflu dang mdt phudng con dd^ (l)Td dgo : 6 day chi dao Thidn Chua. Bdy gid bpn cudp nude Ipi dung dao Thidn Chua dd chia re nhan dan ta va mupn cd di truydn dao dd do tham. Cac chf si cua ta chua nhan ro dau Id ke theo dich, dau la ngudi theo dao chan chfnh ndn chii truong bai xfeh. (2) Vda huang : binh huong. (3) Bdn ddc : ban thd. (4) Dich khdi: khang khai chdng lai ke thu. (5) Td'phu : dng ndi. 6 day chi td tidn. (6) Man di: tfl dung vdi sdc thai midt thi. 6 day chi bpn giac Phap. (7) Chiia Tdng Thanh : cdn gpi Id chua Tdn Thanh, nay thudc dp Thanh Ba, xa Mi Lde, huydn Cdn Giudc. (8) lfng : phai chiu. (9) Lang Sa : tfl diing dd chi quan Phap. (10) Ddt dd: vdt vo vdt vudng. (11) Con dd: fl day chi nhan dan. 33 3A-NG0VAN11-NC,T1 https://thuvienpdf.com 28. Thac ma tra nudc non rdi ng^'\ danh thom hgc vdi hdnh, hgc vdi chd hdnh. Cho bid't y kiln cua anh (chi) vl hidu qua dien dat cua hidn tugng tdch tfl ndi trdn. 42 https://thuvienpdf.com Tir TINH (Bai II) HO XUAN HUDNG KET QUA CAN DAT Cdm nhdn dugc tdm su bdc bdi vd niim khdt khao dugc hudng hgnh phuc Ida ddi ciui nhdn vdt trd tinh. Hieu dugc nghi thudt tha Ndm vdi cdch dung td ngd ddc ddo, tdo bgo cua Hd^Qidn Huang. TIEU DAN Ve tieu sfl Hd Xuin HUdng cho ddn nay vin cdn nhieu van de phuTc tap. Theo mdt sd nhi nghidn cflu hdi dau the k! XX thi dng than sinh eCia nhi thd l i Hd Phi Dien (1704 - ?), qud 3 ling Quynh Ddi, huydn Quynh LUU, tinh Nghd An^^^. 'dng tOig do tu tii, nhUng vi nhi nghdo ndn phai ra Ble day hpc de kidm sdng. 6 diy, dng li'y vd Id v i sinh ra Hd Xuan HUdng. Gia dinh Hd Phi Dien cd thdi sdng d Thing Long. Khi trUdng thinh, Hd Xuin HUdng cd dung mot ngdi nhi 6 gin Hd Tiy (nay thudc Hi Ndi), Idy tdn l i Co Nguy^tDudng. Can cfl vio sing tic thi thi'y bi l i mdt ngUdi ri't phdng tung. 6 i di nhieu v i giao du rdng rai vdi nhieu van nhin, nghd sT trong dd cd ca Nguyin Du, tic gia Hd Xuan Huong (Tranh san dau cOa Dang Quf Khoa) Truyen Kiiu. Tuy nhidn, dUdng tinh duydn cua bi ed nhieu trac trd. Hd Xuin HUdng da de lai tip thd LUu huang kf gdm hai mUdi tU bii thd chfl Hin v i hai mUdi siu bii thd Ndm ; ngoii ra cdn nhieu bii thd Ndm khic (1) Gdn day lai cd y kidn cho rang Hd Xuan Huong la con cua Hd SI Danh (1706 - 1783) va la em hp Hd Sl Ddng (1738 - 1786). https://thuvienpdf.com 43 truyen tung la cua bi. Thd Ndm Hd Xuin HUdng l i tidng ndi quydt Net ddi quyen huSng hanh phuc cua ngUdi phu nfl trong xa hdi phong kidn, l i tidng thd ddc dio, tio bao trong cich dijng tfl ngfl, hinh anh, phi v9 nhilu quy pham cua thd cd dien. Hd Xuan HUdng dUdc tdn xUng l i "Ba Chua Thd Ndm" (Xuin Didu). Thd ciia b i rat dUdc Ua chudng v i da dUdc djch ra nhilu thfl tieng tren the gidi. Bii Tutinh niy l i mot trong ba bii thd cdng tdn cOa Hd Xuin HUOng. * * * Dim khuya vdng vdng trdng canh ddn, Tra cdi hdng nhan vdi nudc non. Chen rugu huang dua say Igi tinh, Vdng trdng bdng xi'khuyi't chua trdn. JGin ngang mat ddt, riu titng ddm, Ddm togc chdn mdy, dd mdy hdn. Ngdn ndi xudn di xudn Igi Igi, Mdnh tinh san se ti con con ! (ThaHd Xudn Huang, NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1987) nadNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Phdn tfch y nghia cua liai cdu tho ddu va gia tri bilu cam cua cdc tft ngft : don, tra, cdi hdng nhan. 2. Hai cdu 3- 4 bilu hidn tdm su gi cua tdc gia ? 3. Nhdn xet ddc dilm vl cu phap hai cdu 5 - 6. Hinh anh thiin nhiln dft ddi trong hai cdu nay ndi gi vl cd tfnh cua Hd Xudn Huong ? 4. Thai dd cua nha tha dd'i vdi sd phdn dugc thi hiln nhu thi nao ti-ong bai tha ? 5. Hay phdn tfch nghl thudt dung tfl ngft, hinh anh gdy dn tugng manh trong bai tho. 6. Hgc thudc long bai tha nay. BAI TAP NANG CAO Hay nhdn xlt vl each bilu hiln chu thi trong tho trung dai qua hai bai Dgc Tieu Thanh ki cua Nguyin Du va Tu tinh (bai II) cua H6 Xudn Huang. (1) Hdng nhan: ma hdng, chi ngudi phu nfl. 44 https://thuvienpdf.com BAI CA NGAN DI TREN BAI CAT (5a hdnh dodn ca) CAO BA QUAT KET QUA CAN DAT • Thdy dugc tdm trgng bi phdn ciia ke sT chua tim dugc ldi ra trin dudng ddi. • Hieu dugc cdc hinh dnh bieu tugng trong bdi vd ddc diem tha CO the. TIEUDAN Cao Ba Quit (1808 -1855) tU l i Chu Than, que ling Phu Thj, huydn Gia Lim, tinh Bac Ninh (nay thudc ngoai thinh Ha Ndi). Di thi HUdng tfl nim mUdi bdn tudi, nim hai muOi ba tudi dd cfl nhin. Sau dd trong chin nim, cu' ba nim mdt lan vio Hue thi Hdi nhUng Idn nao cung bj dinh hong. Nim 1841, dng dUdc goi vio Hue de nhan mot chflc tip su d Bd Ll. Ching bao lau sau Cao Ba Quit bj bat giam v i chju cUc hinh tra tan trong gan ba nim vi khi lim so khao trudng thi ThCfa Thien, dng da dijng mudi den chOra nhflng chd pham trudng quy trong hai mUdi tu quydn thi dang dUdc lay dd. DUdc tam tha, Cao Bi Quit phai di theo phuc djch cho mot phai doin cdng can d nudc ngoai. Khi ve nudc, dng bi thai hdi. Bdn nim sau dUdc cfl di lim giio thu d Qud'c Oai (Hi Ndi). Cud'i nim 1854, dng tham gia lanh dao cudc khdi nghTa MT LUdng chd'ng lai tridu dinh nhi Nguyin. Nim 1855, cudc khdi nghTa that bai, dng bj chet trong mdt trin dinh. Cao Bi Quit d l lai sd luong thd vin rat Idn, gan mdt nghin bdn trim bai thd v i hdn hai chuc bii vin xudi. Ngoai ra Cao Bi Quit cdn la tic gia cGa mot sd bii phu Ndm va hit ndi. Thd dng mdi me, phdng khoang, chu trpng tinh cam tU nhien cQa con ngUdi, dUOng thdi rat dUdc men mo. Xet ve vj tri Ijch sfl, dng l i nhi thd Idn sang tic bang chfl Hin ke sau Nguyen Du. Bii thd Bai ca ngin di tren bai cat, theo nhdm bien tap cudn Tha chur Han d^) dUdc xep vio loat bai "lim trong khi di thi Hdi" (Nam Cao Ba Quat hanh tap) (1) NXB van hoc, Ha Ndi, 1970. https://thuvienpdf.com 45 Phiin dm: Trudng sa phuc trudng sa, Nhdt bg nhd't hoi khudc. Nhdt nhdp hdnh vi di, Khdch td li giao lgc. Qudn bdt hgc tiin gia mi thuy dng, Ddng son thiep thuy odn hd cdng ! Co lai danh Igi nhdn, Bdn tdu Id do trung, Phong tiin tdu diim hdu mi tdu, Tinh gid thudng thieu tuy gid ddng. Trucmg sa, trudng sa ngi cdhd ? Thdn Id mang mang uy Id da. Thinh ngd nhd't xudng cdng dd ca, Bdc son chi bdc san vgn diep. Nam san chi nam ba vgn cdp. Qudn hd vi hd sa thugng lap ? Dich nghia: Bai cat dai, lai bai cat dai, Di mdt budc nhu lui mdt budc. Mat trdi lan ma vdn cdn di, Khach (trdn dudng) nudc mat la cha roi. Anh khdng hgc dugc dng tidn cd phep ngu ki ' Cd treo non ldi nudc mai, bao gid cho hd't ta oan ! Xua nay hang ngUdi danh Igi, Vdn tdt ta d ngoai dudng sa. (Hi) quan rugu d ddu gid cd rugu ngon, (Thi) ngudi tinh thudng ft ma ngudi say vd sd ! (1) Theo sach Thdn tien thdp di. Ha Hdu An liic leo niii hay ldi nudc, vdn cfl nhdm mat ngfl say, ngudi bdn canh nghe thdy tidng ngay, ma dng vdn budc ddu khdng hd trugt vdp, ngudi ddi goi dng la "tidn ngu". 46 https://thuvienpdf.com Dich tha: Bai cat dai, bai cat dai, bid't tinh sao ddy ? Budc dudng bang phang thi md mit, budc dudng ghd sg thi nhilu. Hay nghe ta hat khuc "dudng cung"^^\ Phfa bac nui Bac nui mudn trung, Phfa nam.nui Nam sdng mudn dgt^ -* Anh cdn dflng lam chi trdn bai cat ? Bdi cdt ddi Igi bdi cdt ddi, Di mdt budc nhu liii mdt budc. Mat trdi ddldn, chua ddng dugc, Ld khdch trin dudng nudc mat rai. Khdng hgc dugc tiin dng phep ngii, Treo non, ldi sudi, gidn khdn vai ! ^a nay, phudng danh Igi, Tdt td trin dudng ddi. Ddu gid hai men tham qudn rugu, Ngudi say vd so, tinh bao ngudi ? Bdi cdt ddi, bdi cdt ddi ai ! Tinh sao day ? Dudng bdng md mit, Dudng ghi sg cdn nhiiu, ddu it ? Hdy nghe ta hdt khuc "ducmg ciing", Phia bdc niii Bdc, nui mudn triing, Phia nam ndi Nam, sdng ddo dgt. Anh ddng ldm chi trin bdi cdt ? (TO HUU dich, Cao Bd Qudt todn tap, tap 1, NXB Van hoc - Trung tam Qud'c hoc xudt ban, 2004) (1) "Dudng cdng'' : dich chQ "ciing dd", nghia la hdt dudng. Xua Nguydn Tich thdi Nguy Ida thudng ngdi xe mac cho ngua keo, khdng theo dudng nao ca, ddn chd hdt dudng thi khdc ldn ma trd vd. Sau dd DTu Tm cd cau tho: "Chi cd ke khdc noi dudng hdt - Mdi bidt ta dudng khd di", 5> ndi tam trang bd tdc cua ke si trdn dudng ddi. (2) Theo sdch Hdu Hdn thu, Phdp Chan bao vidn Thdi thu rdng : "Ndu dng cfl bat tdi ra lam quan thi tdi se di dn fl phia bdc nlii Bdc hoac b phia nam ndi Nam" - td y kidn quydt tfl ehdi khdng nhan ldi. https://thuvienpdf.com47 Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Bai cat dai va con dudng cung trong bai tho dugc midu ta nhu thd' nao ? Cac hinh anh d'y tugng tnmg cho dilu gi ? 2. Hinh anh ngudi di dudng trong bai tho dugc khac hoa nhu thi nao va bilu hiln tdm sU gi cua tac gia ? 3. Ngudi di trin dudng khi thi xung la "khach" (khach tfl), khi thi xung la "anh" (qudn), khi lai xung la "ta" (nga), vi sao nhu vdy ? Bai tho cd nhilu cdu hdi, cdu cam than. Phdn tfch gia tri cua chung trong vide bilu hiln tir tudng, tinh cam, tdm su cua nha tha. 4. Ndu khai quat vl tu tudng, tinh cam cua Cao Ba Quat trong bai tho. TRI THLJfC DOC - HIEU Tho CO the Bai ca ngin df tr§n bai cat thudc the tha co thi. - Thd cd the phan bidt vdi thd DUdng luat (can the) cl chd khdng gd bd vio luit. Thd cd the chi? Hin c6 cic the ba chfl, bd'n chfl, nam chfl, bay chfl v i cic the tap ngdn nhU ba chfl xen bay chCf, hoic ba, nim, bay chu'xen nhau hoac xen nhilu loai ciu hdn. Sd cau khdng han che. Vdn trong thd cd the hoic l i mdt van xuydn sudt toin bii hoac thay ddi nhilu van, cd thd gieo vin trie, khdng nhat thidt vin bang. Trong thd cd the phan dau v i phan ke't thudng hd dhg vdi nhau. Thd cd the cd mot sd dupe goi bang "ca", "hinh",... > TRA BAI VIET SO 1 KET QUA CAN DAT • Nam dugc ddc diem vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cua di vdn d Bai vid't sd 1. • Biet cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn vi mdt hiin tugng trong ddi sd'ng, nhdn ra dugc nhdng uu diem vd nhugc • diem cua bdi viet. 48 https://thuvienpdf.com De tilt tra bai cd hidu qua, hgc sinh cdn thilc hidn mdt sd vide sau. 1. Phdn tfch dl van da vilt theo mdt sd ydu cdu : - Di ydu cdu vid't kilu van ban nao ? Nhftng thao tac ldp luan co ban va phuong thftc bilu dat cdn vdn dung va kit hgp d day la gi ? - Vdn dl trgng tdm ma bai vilt cdn tap trung lam ndi bdt ? - Pham vi tu lieu dl ydu cau ? (Kiln thflc van hgc, kiln thflc ddi sdng ? Lay d ddu ? Trong pham vi nao ?) 2. Ddi chid'u gifla ydu cdu cua dl va bai lam cu the dl thdy dugc nhflng im dilm va nhugc diem cdn khdc phuc. - VI ndi dung : Bai vid't cua anh (chi) da dap flng dugc nhiing ydu cdu nao ? Ndi dung nao cdn thid'u ? Nd'u viet lai thi se bd sung nhiing gi ? - VI ki nang vid't bai : Dan y. each didn dat (dung tfl, dat cau,...), tnnh bay (chft vid't, chfnh ta, trich ddn,...) cd uu diem gi va cdn mdc nhiing ldi nao ? - Thd'ng kd va tim each sua chfta cac ldi trong bai vid't cua anh (chi). BAI VIET SO 2 (Nghj ludn xa hdi - Bai lam d nha) KET QUA CAN OAT • Biit vie't bdi vdn nghi ludn vi mgt tu tudng, dqo li gdn giii, gidn di nhung sdu sdc. • Ren luyen kT ndng vii't bdi vdn nghi ludn vi mot tu tudng, dgo li ; khac phuc vd hqn che dugc nhiing sai sdt a Bai vie't sd 1. Tham khao cac dl van sau ddy : De 1. Nha tho Nguyin Dinh (Thilu vilt : "Vi chung hay ghet cung la hay thuang" (Truyen Luc Vdn Tien). f 4A-NG1JVAN11-NC.T1 https://thuvienpdf.com 49 Anh (chi) hieu y tha trdn nhu thi nao ? Hay vid't bai van ban vl "le ghet thuang" trong cudc sdng hang ngay. De 2. Tudn Tfl (313 - 235 trudc Cdng nguydn) ndi: "Ngudi chd ta ma chd phai la thdy cua ta, ngudi khen ta ma khen phai la ban ta, nhiing ke vudt ve, ninh bg ta chinh la ke thu cua ta vdy". Anh (chi) nghi gi vl cdu ndi trdn ? . De3 . Ai chiin thdng md khdng hi chiin bgi, Ai nin khdn md chdng dgi ddi ldn ? (T:6llvai-Ddymddi) Vid't bai van ban vl thdng va bgi, khdn va dgi trong cudc sdng. De 4. Suy nghi cua anh (chi) vl ldi phat bieu cua mgt nhac si: Nam hai muai tudi, tdi ndi : "Tdi va Md-da". Nam ba muai tudi, tdi ndi: "Md-da va tdi". Nam bdn muoi tudi, tdi ndi : "Oii cd Md-da". 50 https://thuvienpdf.com .^ 4B. NLT VAN 11-N. CAU CA MUA THU (Thu dieu) NGUYEN KHUYEN^*^ KET QUA CAN DAT • Cdm nhdn dugc ve dep thanh tfnh cua cdnh sdc mda thu, tdm hdn thanh cao vd niim Uu tucua nhdn vdt trd tinh. • Thdy dugc su tinh te, tdi hoa trong cdch miiu td thiin nhien vd bieu Id tdm trgng cua nhd tha. TIEU DAN Cau ca mua thu (Thu dieu) cung vdi Uong ruau mua thu {Thu im) v i Vinh mua thu (Thu vinh) hdp thinh chCim thd thu vie't bang chuT Nom rat ndi tie'ng cua Nguyin Khuydn. Qua bai thd nay cung nhU qua ca chum thd, ngUdi doc nhan ra nhufng sac thai rat ridng cua mua thu cl ndng thdn ddng bang Bac Bo. Ao thu Ignh leo nudc trong veo, Mgt chii'c thuyin cdu be teo teo. Sdng biic theo ldn hai ggn ti, Ld vdng trudc gid khe dua veo. Tdng mdy la ldng trdi xanh ngdt, Ngd true quanh co khdch vdng teo. Tua gdi budng cdn ldu chdng dugc, Cd ddu ddp dgng dudi chdn beo. * (Tha vdn Nguyen Khuyen, NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1971) (*) Vd cudc ddi va su nghidp van hoc cua Nguydn Khuydn, xem bai Nguyin Khuyen b trang 59. (1) Ngd trdc: ldi di trdng nhidu true. https://thuvienpdf.com Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI I. Tim hidu each tac gia trien khai y tha da dugc bao hidu d nhan di Cdu cd mda thu (Thu dieu). 1. Bai tha da thuc su nam bdt va thi hiln dugc thdn thai ridng cua mua thu d ndng ihdn ddng bang Bac Bd. Hay lam rd dilu dd qua phdn tfch cac chi tilt va hinh anh cu thd. 3. Giai nghia hai cdu tha : "Tua gdi budng cdn ldu chang dugc - Ca ddu ddp ddng dudi chan beo'' 4. Co gi dac bidt trong hanh dgng cdu ca va each cam nhdn khdng gian thu cua nhan vat trfl tinh ? Kilu cdu ca d'y, each cam nhdn dy cho ta hiiu dugc gi vl tdm su cua nha tha ? 5. Neu cam nhan vl ve dep tdm hdn cua nha tho dugc thi hiln trong bai. 6. Hgc thugc long bai tha nay. BAI TAP NAN G CAO Tim dgc hai bai Udng rugu mda thu va Vinh mda thu. Chi ra mdt each khai quat net dgc dao cua Cdu cd mua thu so vdi hai bai tho dd. ^^ TIEN SI GIAY NGUYEN KHUYEN KET QUA CAN DAT Cdm nhdn dugc thdi dd chdm bii'm hgng ngudi mang danh khoa bdng md khdng cd thuc chd't cung thodng tU trdo ciia tdc gid. Thdy dugc cdch sd dung ngdn ngd day hii'n hod cung nhdng sdc thdi gigng diiu phong phu trong bdi. https://thuvienpdf.com TIEU DAN Vio cudi the ki XIX, xa hdi nudc ta dan trd thanh xa hoi thudc dia ntra phong kien vdi nhieu thay ddi Idn, trong dd cd sif thay ddi ve che dp khoa cfl tuyen chpn nhan tai. Nho hpc suy vi, cac rudng mdi xa hdi tro nen reu ra, te mua quan ban tudc phd bie'n, lam xuat hien nhieu ke chi cd hu danh ma khdng cd thuc hoc. Va chang, ca nhflng ngudi cd tai nang thuc su va do dat cao (nhu Nguyin Khuyen) cung khdng the ddng vai trd nhu trudc trong "qud'c gia dai su". Bai thd dupc vidt ra tren co sd mdt trai nghiem tham thi'a v l ci i nhd nhing cCia thdi cudc cCing su bat luc cua con nguoi nhi nho trudc nhflng ddi hoi mdi cCia da't nudc. Bai thd, vi the, vC/a the hien thai dp cham biem lai vC/a cd chut tU trao. Tie'n sT giay - hinh ndm dng tie'n sT lam bang giay cd du cd. bien. can. dai. Ipng xanh, ghe treo - mdt trong nhflng dd choi quen thudc cua tre em xua. thudng dUpc ban vao djp tet Trung thu. Lam loai dd ehdi nay, ngudi ta co y khoi day 6 tre em Idng ham hpc va ^ thflc phan dau theo con dudng khoa cu CUng cd ciing bien ciing cdn dai , (2) Cung ggi dng nghe cd kem ai. Manh gidy ldm nin thdn gidp bang , Net son diem ro mat vdn khdi . Tdm thdn xiim do sao md nhe, Cdi.gid khoa danh dy mdi hdi. Ghi'treo long xanh ngdi bdnh clioe" \ Nghi rdng dd that hod do chai! (Tha van Nguyin Khuyen. Sdd) (1) Bien : tdm gd son son thdp vang cd khdc bd'n chii "an tii vinh quy". Cdn dai: cdn la cai khan. dai la cai vdng deo ngang lung d ngoai ao chau. Cd, biin, cdn, dai la nhihig thii vua ban cho ngudi dd tidn sT dd "vinh quy bai td" (ve vang trd vd ll bai td tien). (2) Nghe : tidn si (theo each gpi dan gian). (3) Gidp hdng : bang cdng bd ket qua thi cir ngay xua cd chia ra hai loai gidp hdng va dt hdn;.;. Gidp hdng cao hon dt hang. (A) Vdn khdi: ngudi dung ddu lang van (khdi: trdi nhat). (5) Xem : ao che mia than trudc trong y phuc ciia ngudi quyen quy thdi xua. (6) Khoa danh : danh vpng cd dupc do dd dat trong thi cfl (7) Ghe treo : loai ghecd tua thudng danh cho ngudi dupc kinh trpng hoac co danh phan. (8) Lgng .xanh : thii dd dung che ddu, cd tan hinh trdn, cd diem bang vai mau xanh. thudng diroc ddng trong cic ll rude long trpng. (9) Bdnh choe : chi dang ve oai vd cung ld'i an mac ddy tinh tnmg dien. https://thuvienpdf.com • ^ •> HJdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Xac dinh cac ddi tugng miiu ta va chdm bilm trong bai. 2. Ndu dung y chdm bidm cua nha tho thi hidn qua each sfl dung didp tfl d hai cdu 1 - 2 va each dd'i lap mdnh gidy vdi thdn gidp bdng, net son vdi mat vdn khdi d hai cdu 3-4 . 3. Su xudt hidn cua cdu tho kd't vfla ddt ngdt lai vfla tu nhidn. Hay lam sang td dieu nay. 4. Tai sao cd thi ndi bai tha cdn toat ra y tU trao ? 5. Bai tha ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl tuang quan gifla cai danh va cai thuc, vl tu thi, thai dd cdn cd cua ngUdi cd hgc trong cudc ddi ? BAI TAP NANG CAO Tim thdm trong tha Nguydn Khuyin nhflng bai cd cung chu dl vdi bdi tho trdn. Rut ra nhdn xet vl cai nhin cua nha tho ddi vdi thdi cudc, dd'i vdi nin Nho hgc budi suy vi va ddi vdi ban than con ngUdi nha nho. TRI THLfC DOC - HIEU Tam sUcua Nguyen Khuyen Nguydn Khuyen la mot trUdng hdp tieu bieu cho ngUdi nho sT thanh cdng trdn con dUdng hoc van va hoan Id trong moi trUdng dao tao cua chd dp phong kidn. Nhifng khi dng dat tdi dinh cao danh vpng cung la khi Viet Nam bu6c vao mot giai doan Ijch sfl day bi thUdng. Che dp phong kidn da trS thanh mot ganh nang cua lich sfl, khdng dii kha nang dUa dan toe, di't nUdc thoat khoi hoa ngoai xam va nd dich. He tU tifdng mi nhi thd tifng tdn thd da trd ndn ldi thdi. Loai hinh trf thufc dai dien cho he tU tudng a'y gan nhu bo tay trUdc nhflng ddi hoi ciia thdi cudc. Nguyen Khuyen -f thifc dupc sau sac ta't ca nhflng dieu do. 6ng ludn cam tha'y ban khoan, bift rtit vi minh khdng lim dUdc gi hdn cho da't nU6c, khdng cd du dung khf xa than ndi "mui tdn hon dan" nhif nhilu chi sT Can vUdng khac. Nguyin Khuyen ludn thi'y minh cd ddc v i sp mpi ngUdi khdng hieu cho minh, coi thudng minh. Dilu duy nha't dng c6 the lim l i to thii dp bat hdp tic vdi ke thu dan tdc, lui v l qud S an nham giU gin tid't thio, nhan each v i cung l i de quen di nhflng dan vat ddn dau. NhUng mudn qudn ma khdng qudn difdc. Hdn the, tai chdn an dat, dng cfl phai hang ngiy dd'i didn vdi mudn sif phflc tap cua cupc ddi. Khdng phai la dilu khd hieu khi ta thi'y tim sif budn v i day dift ludn chi phdi sang tie cua Nguyen Khuydn, dii dng cd vidt v l d l tii gl di nfla. 54 https://thuvienpdf.com DOC THEM KHOC DUONG KHUE NGUYI N KHUYEN TIEU DA N Duong Khue (1839 -' 1902) hieu la Van Tri, ngudi lang Van Dinh, huyen Qng Hoa, Ha Ndi, dd cfl nhan cung khoa vdi Nguyin Khuyen, do tien sT nam 1868. Con difdng lam quan cd nhieu thang tram. Cd thdi gian lam tham ta Nha Kinh lupc Bac Ki, sau lam Tong ddc Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, dupc thang ham Thupng thu. Ong cao quan ve huu luc nam mUdi tam tudi. Tho Difdng Khue bdc Id nhieu ifu tU vd thdi cupc, nghe thuat trang nha, tinh te. Ong co nhieu ddng gdp cho the tho hat ndi va nghe thuat ca tru. Khi Duong Khue mat, Nguyen Khuyen da vie't bai thd chif Han Van dong nien Van Dinh Tien sTDuang Thuang f/j(/(Vieng ban ddng nien la Tien sT Van Dinh Thupng thu hp Duong). Sau dd dng tif djch bai thd nay ra tieng Viet. Bai thd Ndm Khdc Duang Khue duac truyen tung rdng rai hon bai tho chif Han. 1. Bdc Duong thoi dd thoi roi, Nudc mdy man mdc ngdm ngui ldng ta. Nhd tit thud ddng khoa ngdy trudc, Vdn sdm hom toi bdc cdng nhau ; 5. Kinh yen tui trudc den sau, Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duyin trdi ? CUng CO luc chai nai dam khdch, Tie'ng sudi nghe roc rdch lung deo ; Cd khi ticng gdc cheo leo, (2) 10. Thu vui con hdt lua chieu cdm xoang CUng CO liic rugu ngon cung nhdp, (3) Chen quynh tuang dm dp bdu xudn. (1) Ddng khoa : thi dd. (2) Cdm xoang : cung dan va dieu hat. (3) Quynh tuang : rupu ngon (nghia ban ddu la nudc trong chen ngpc quynh - mot thiJ ngpc quy). https://thuvienpdf.com55 Cd khi hdn soan cdu vdn, Biet bao dong bieh , dien phdn trUdc sau. 15. Buoi duang ciCu cdng nhau hoan ruin, Phdn ddu thdng ' chdng ddm tham trdi; Bdc gid tdi cUng gid rdi, Bie't thoi, thoi thi thi thoi mdi Id ! Mudn di lqi tudi gid them nhdc, 20. Trudc ba ndm gap bdc mgt ldn ; Cdm tay hdi hei xa gdn, MiCng rdng bdc hay tinh thdn chua can . Ketuoi toi cdn han tudi hdc, Toi lqi dau trudc bdc mdy ngdy ; 25. Ldm sao bdc vgi ve ngay, Chgt nghe, tdi bdng chdn tay rung rdi. Ai chdng biet chdn ddi la phdi, Sao vdi vdng ddmdi len tien ; Rugu ngon khong cd hqn hien, 30. Khong mua khong phdi khong tien khong mua. Cdu tha nghi dan do khdng viei, Viet dua ai, ai biet md dua. Giudng kia treo cUng hSng hd \ Ddn kia gdy cUng ngdn nga tie'ng ddrr 35. Bdc chdng d, ddu van chdng d, Toi tuy thucmg, lay nhd ldm thUcmg ; Tudi gid hqt le nhu suang, Hoi ddu chude lay hai hdng chita chan ! (Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyen, Sdd) (1) Ddng bieh : vach phfa ddng, noi dd sach va ngdi dpc sach - theo didn Ddng hich do thU, tdy vien hdn mdc (Vach phia ddng dd sach, vudn phia tay dd but muc). (2) Dien phdn : sach ndi vd dao ldn cua vu tru va dao lam ngudi. (3) Duang cidt: chvc ldy trong Kinh dich, chi thdi tai dch, hoan nan. (4) Ddu thdng : cii ddu, cai thang - dung cu va la don vi do ludng ngay xua. Phdn ddu thdng: phan lam quan hudng luong bdng theo cac mflc khac nhau do tridu dinh quy dinh. (5) Chua can : chua he gi. (6) Ca cau nhac didn Trdn Phdn thdi Hau Han sdm chiec giudng danh ridng cho ngudi ban than Ik Tfl Tri, khi ban ddn thi dem giudng xud'ng, khi ban vd thi treo cdt di. (7) Ca cau nhdc didn Ba Nha - Chung Tfl Ki, hai ngudi ban tti am. Ba Nha rdt gidi dan. Chung Tfl Ki chi nghe tidng dan cua Ba Nha ma nhu nhin thdu cdi ldng ngudi choi. Khi Chung Tilt Ki mat, Ba Nha dap dan khdng gay niia vi cho rang thd la thidn ha da hdt ngudi hidu dUpc tieng dan cua minh. 56 https://thuvienpdf.com Hl/ONG DAN Dpc THEM 1. Bdi tha cd the chia thdnh mdy doan ? Y chinh ciia mdi doan Id gi ? Neu nhan xet ve bd cue ndy. 2. Qua hai cau md ddu bdi tha, sir dnh tl trong each diln ta ndi dau cua tdc gia khi dot ngdt nghe tin ban mdt da dugc thi hien nhu the ndo ? 3. Ldm r5 niem xiic dong ciia tdc gia khi dn lai nhflng ki nidm ve mot tinh ban than thiet, man ndng trong doan tho tfl cdu 3 den cau 18. 4. Tim hieu net ddc biet trong cdch nha tho noi vl viec ban tfl gid coi trdn d doan tho tfl cdu 19 din cau 28. 5. Dl diln ta cam gidc hdng hut, trdng vdng ciia minh d cdc cdu tfl 29 den 34, tdc gia da diing thii phdp nghe thudt gi ? Chi ra hieu qua ciia vide sfl dung thu phdp nghe thuat do. LUYEN TAP VE TRU6NG TlT VUNG • • • VA Ttr TRAI NGHIA KET QUA CAN DAT • Cling cd kie'n thdc vi trudng tit vung vd tif trdi nghia. • Bii't van dung kie'n thdc tren vdo viec dgc vd ldm vdn. 1. Dgc nhiing cdu sau ddy va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi: hieu vdn hdn - Chua. quen cung ngua, ddu tdi trudng nhung ; chi biet rudng trdu. a trong ldng bo. Viec cudc, viec cdy, viic bda, viic cdy, tay vdn quen ldm ; tap khien, tap siing, tap mdc, tap cd, mdt chua titng ngd. (Nguydn Dinh Chieu - Vdn te nglua si Cdn Giudc) - Ldm sao bdc vgi vi ngay, Ch0 nghe, tdi bdng chdn tay rung rdi. (Nguydn Khuyen - Klidc Duang Khue) https://thuvienpdf.com57 a) Phdn nhdm cac tfl ngfl in dam trong hai cau trdn cua Nguydn Dinh C3iilu theo trudng tfl vung va ggi tdn trudng tfl vung dd. Vide sfl dung mdt loat tfl theo cac trudng tfl vung khac nhau nhu vdy cd tac dung gi vl mat didn dat ? b) Phan tich hidu qua nghe thuat cua vide dung nhimg tfl cd chung trudng tfl vung trong bai Khdc Duang Khue cixa Nguydn Khuydn qua cau tho trdn. 2. Dgc nhiing cdu sau day va tra ldi cdu hoi ndu b dudi: - [...] ndo sg thdng Tdy bdn dgn nho, dan to, xd cda xdng vdo, liiu minh nhu chdng cd. - [...] bgn he trudc, Id d sau, trdi ke tdu sat, tdu dong sdng nd. - Thd thdc md ddng cdu dich khdi [...] ; han cdn md chiu chu ddu Tdy [...]. - Sdng ddnh gidc, thdc cUng ddnh gidc, linh hon theo giup ca binh, mudn kiip nguyen dugc trd thu kia ; sdng thd vua, thdc cdng thd vua, ldi du day da rdnh rdnh, mgt chudm du din cdng do. - Dau ddn bdy ! Me gid ngoi khoe tre, nggn den khuya leo let trong liu [...]. (Nguygn Dinh Chidu - Vdn te nghia sT Cdn Giudc) - Thuang dng Hdn DU chdng may, Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi ddy di xa. y (Nguydn Dinh Chieu - Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) - Kinh yeu td trudc de'n sau, Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duyin trdi ? - Cdm tay hoi hit xa gdn, Mdng rdng bdc hdy tinh thdn chua can. (Nguydn Khuyen - Khdc Duang Khue) - Nghe vua chi phdn phdn minh, Ndng liin quy xudng tdu trinh sdu ndng. (Phgm Tdi - Nggc Hoa) - Cdnh ndo cdnh chdng deo sdu, Ngudi budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid! (Nguydn Du - Truyen Kiiu) a) Xac dinh nhihig cap tfl cd quan he trai nghia. b) Vide sfl dung nhflng cap tfl cd quan he trai nghia nhu vdy cd tac dung gi vl mat diln dat ? 3. Viet mgt doan van ngdn. Xac dinh nhiing tfl cflng trudng tfl vung trong doan van ay. 58 https://thuvienpdf.com /v' NGUYEN KHU YEN KET QUA CAN DAT • Hieu hodn cdnh lich sic phdc tap vd phdm cdch con ngudi Nguyin Khuyen - mgt nhd nho tdi hoa, coi trgng danh tiit. • Thdy dugc cdc thdnh tuu vdn hgc chu yi'u cua nhd tha, ddc biit Id tha trdo phung, tha vi ddn tinh ldng cdnh vdi mgt ngdn td thudn Viet dieu luyen. I - CUOC DCJI Nguydn Khuyin (1835 - 1909) hidu la Qui San, qud lang Va, xa Ydn Do, huydn Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam. Ong xudt thdn trong mdt gia dinh cd nhilu ngudi dd dat, lam quan to dudi trilu nha Mac, nha Ld. Nhung dd'n ddi dng than sinh thi ngheo tung, sd'ng bdng nghl day hgc d lang qud. Luc nhd, dng tdn la Nguydn Thdng, nha ngheo, cd chi cham hgc. Dudng cdng danh tuy cd nhilu trdc trd nhung dng da vugt qua va dat dinh vinh quang. Nam 1864, d tudi hai muoi chin, dng thi Huong dd Giai nguydn ("nguydn"' nghia la ddu). Nam sau vao Hul thi Hdi khdng dd. Nam 1871, thi Hdi ldn thfl hai dd Hdi nguydn, thi Dinh dd Dinh nguydn. Do dd ddu Nguyen Khuyen [Hong KIphuc hoa nam Nham Tuat, 1922) ca ba ki thi ndn ngudi ta ggi Nguydn Khuydn la Tam nguydn Ydn Dd. Tinli ra dng chin ldn thi mdi dat dugc thanh cdng. Dilu dd chflng td y chi, nghi luc hgc tap cua dng thdt dang khdm phuc. Sau khi dd Dinh nguyen, theo Qudc triiu huang khoa luc, dng dugc vua Tu Dflc ddi tdn la Nguydn Khuyin. Nhflng nam Nguydn Khuydn di hgc va di thi la luc ddt nudc gap nan ngoai xdm. Tfl nam 1862 dd'n 1867, giac Phap chid'm sau tinh Nam Ki. Nam 1882 - 1883, thuc ddn Phap danh Bdc Ki ; thang 8 1883 chung ep trilu Nguydn ki hidp udc chdp nhdn dch thd'ng tri trdn ca ba ki. Sau khi thi dd, Nguydn Khuyen da lan lugt https://thuvienpdf.com59 lam cac chflc quan d trilu dinh Hul, d Thanh Hoa, Quang Ngai. Nam 1883, khi thuc ddn Phap chid'm Son Tdy, quan ddu tinh bd chay, Nguydn Khuyin duge cu lam Tdng ddc San Hung Tuydn^^\ nhung dng khdng nhdn chflc va nam sau ld'y cd dau mat xin vl huu, luc mdi bd'n muoi chin tudi. Nguyin Khuyin sd'ng d lang qui sud't hai mUoi lam nam va md't nam 1909, thg bay muai tu tudi. Xud't thdn tfl gia dinh nha nho ngheo, Nguyen Khuyin da gang hgc dl dd dat lam quan, nhung trudc canh nudc md't dng da tfl quan vl d dn, thi hiln tinh thdn bd't hgp tac vdi gidc, gitt cho minh nhdn each trong sach. II - Sy* NGHIEP VA N HO C Sang tac cua Nguydn Khuydn kha phong phu. Ong dl lai han tam tram tac phdm gdm tho, cdu dd'i, vdn vid't bang chtt Han va chtt Ndm, phdn ldn diu lam sau khi tfl quan ve lang, din nay mdi gidi thidu dugc khoang bd'n tram tac phdm. Sinh thdi hdu nhu Nguyin Khuydn khdng quan tdm bidn soan tac phdm cua minh thanh tdp nhu nhilu nha tha khac. C!ac tuyin tdp tac phdm cua dng quy md nhd't la Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin va Nguyin Khuyin - tdc phdm , diu do cac nha nghidn cflu hidn dai bidn soan 1. Tarn SIX yeu niidc, u hoai trudc su doi thay cua thdi cuoc Thdi dai Nguyin Khuyin la mdt thdi dai khung hoang toan didn vl hi tu tudng va van hod. Nho hgc - hd tu tudng chinh thdng - da sa sut tfl cudi trilu Ll. Su xdm lugc cua thuc ddn Phap cang lam Id rd su bdt luc cua hd tu tudng d'y. Cac ban dilu trdn cua Nguyin Trudng Td da cho thd'y van minh phuong Tdy thii't thUc han Nho hgc. Do dd, trudc hoan canh md't nudc, tuy la nha nho dd dat cao, tflng ra lam quan va da vl huu, nhung trong long Nguyin Khuyin vdn ludn canh cdnh mac cam vl su bdt luc cua minh trudc hidn tinh dd't nude : Vd'n khdng thuc hgc phd ddilogn, udng chut hu danh dd dgi khoa. (Can thudt - dich tho chii Han) (\)San Hung Tuyen: tdn mdt tinh thdi phong kidn gdm Son Tay, Hung Hoa, Tuydn Quang. (2) Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyen, Xuan Dieu gidi thidu, NXB Van hpc, Hd Ndi, 1971. (3) Nguyin Khuyen - tdc phdm, Nguydn Van Huydn bidn soan vd gidi thidu, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1984. (4) Hidn cdn khoang hai chuc tap van ban Han, Ndm chep tho van dng ma khdng ro ai chdp, chdp bao gid va sdp xdp phdn nhidu tuy tidn. 60 https://thuvienpdf.com Su dd'i ldp "thuc hgc' vdi "hu danh" thi hien rat rd khuynh hudng tu tudng cua nha tho. Ong tu chi gilu cai danh vi hao ciia minh - mdt vi dai khoa : Cdng cd, ciing bien, ciing cdn dai, Cung ggi dng nghe cd kem ai. [...] Nghi rang dd that hod do chai! (Tiin sT gidy) Ong cung thdy su vd nghia cua vide lam quan dudi dch dd hd - chdng qua la vua quan phudrtg cheo, khdng cd thuc quyln : Vua cheo cdn chdng ra gi Quan cheo vai nhg khdc chi thdng hi. (Ldi vg ngifdi hdt cheo) La mdt nha nho, Nguyin Khuydn cd y thflc gifl trgn chfl "tid't" trong thdi loan. Trong bai hat ndi Me Mdc, dng mugn hinh anh ngudi dan ba do bi mdt chdng con, hoa dai dl ndi chi minh : Nhd chdng con mudn dam xa tim, Gid son sdt em dim mgt tiit, Sgch nhu nudc, trdng nhu ngd, trong nhu tuyet, Mdnh guang trong vang vdc quyi't khdng nha. Dap tai ngodnh mat ldm nga, Rdng khdn cimg ke, rdng khd ciing thdy ; Khdn kia di bdn dqi ndy. Gd le dd la tdm su da thuc day Nguydn Khuyin tfl quan vl lang. Cho din trudc khi mdt, trong bai Di chiic ndi tilng dng cd cdu dan lai con chau : Di vdo md'y chu trong bia Rang : Quan nhd Nguyen cdo vi dd ldu. Ong khdng mud'n ngudi ddi danh ddng dng vdi 'quan nha Nguydn' dudi thdi thuc ddn Phap thd'ng tri. Nhung vl lang, ndi budn mat nudc vdn cfl khdc khoai khdn ngudi: Khdc khodi sdu dua gigng lung la, Ay hdn Thuc de thdc bao gid ? (1) Thuc de: vua nudc Thuc. Truyen thuydt xua ndi vua nudc Thuc la Dd Vii, sau khi nhudng ngdi cho ngudi khac. ten nui 6 dn. chdt hoa thanh chim dd quyen, tieng keu ai oan nhd nudc cu. https://thuvienpdf.com61 Ndm canh mdu chdy dim he vdng, Sdu khdc hdn tan, hdng nguyet md. Cd phdi tiic xudn md ddng ggi, Hay Id nhd nudc vdn ndm ma ? Thdu dim rdng rd kiu ai do, Giuc khdch giang ho dg ngdn nga. (Cud'c keu cdm hvCng) Tid'ng cudc kdu hay chinh la tdm su day dflt, dau ddn cua ngudi ddn md't nudc tu thdy bd't luc trudc thdi cudc ? 2. Nha tho ldn cua dan tinh lang canh Viet Nam Tuy cd lam quan han mudi nam, nhung phdn ldn thdi gian cdn lai Nguyin Khuydn sdng d qud nha. Gan bd vdi ngUdi, vdi canh lang qud, chia se vdi ngudi ddn mgi ndi dang cay, cue kho cua ngay han, ngay lut, nam md't mua, ddi kem, Nguyin Khuydn da lam tho, cdu ddi the hidn cam xuc dd'i vdi ban be, ngudi thdn, canh sac va sinh hoat ndng thdn, md ra mdt ddng tha vl ddn tinh lang canh Viet Nam. Trudc kia, trong van chuang Viet Nam thinh thoang cung cd tac phdm vilt vl ndng thdn, nhung hinh anh lang qud ndi chung cdn md nhat. Phai din Nguyin Khuydn, ldn ddu tidn ddi sd'ng ndng thdn Vidt Nam mdi thuc sU di vao van hgc. ( ^ cac bai vinh canh, vinh vdt, tha tang ban be, hang xdip, cdu dd'i viing ngudi lang, miftig dam cudi, mflng nha mdi,... ta thd'y tha dng ddy ap tinh cam va canh sd'ng hang ngay. Ong vilt nhilu vl thidn nhidn vdi ngdi but dm dp, binh di. Dd la canh trong cac bai tha Vinh mua thu, Cdu cd mda thu, Ud'ng rugu mua thu. Ckvih lut Ha Nam dugc Nguyin Khuyen midu ta qua nhiing chi tilt sinh ddng nhu thue : Bdng thuyin thdp thodng ddn trin vdch Tii'ng sdng long hong vd trudc nhd. (Vinh lut) Co nhiing canh ngay thudng gdn gui, than thugc d thdn qud cd le dd'n Nguyin Khuyen mdi dugc dua vao tho chdn thuc thi nay : Trdu gid gd'c bui phi hai ndng Chd nho ben ao cdn tii'ng ngudi. <• (Den chai nhd bdc Ddng) 62 https://thuvienpdf.com Ong ndi ldn mdt each chdn thdt tdm sU cua nha ndng : Ndm nay cdy cdy vdn chdn thua, Chiim mdt ddng chiem mua mdt mua. Phdn thui quan Tdy, phdn trd ng, Nda cdng dda d, nda thui bd. Sdm trua dua mudi cho qua hda, Chg bua trdu che chdng ddm mua. (Chd'n que) Bai nay cdn cd tdn la Thudt Igi ldi ddn bd di dudng tinh todn chuyen ldm dn chflng td ca bai tha la ldi cua ngudi lam rudng. Vdi nhflng bai tha chdn thuc, mdi me nhu nhflng phat hidn ldn ddu vl sinh hoat va tdm tinh ngudi ndng ddn, Nguyin Khuyin da trd thanh nha tha cua lang qud Vidt Nam. 3. Ngdi but trao phung tham thuy Do su khung hoang sdu sdc vl tu tudng va van hoa cua thdi dai, Nguydn Khuydn hdu nhu da mdt hdt nidm tu hao vd chfl nghia thanh hidn Ong thudc ldp nha tha trung dai ddu tidn bid't tU cUdi cai danh vgng cua minh. Tilng cUdi trong tha trudc dd thudng thidn vl chi nhao ngudi khdc. Trong bai Tu trdo, dng vid't: Ta ciing chdng gidu, ciing chdng sang, Chdng gdy, chdng heo, chi ldng nhdng. Cd duang dd cudc, khdng cdn nudc , Bac chda thdu canh dd chgy ldng Md mieng ndi ra gdn hdt sdch Mem mdi chin mdi tit cung thang' (1) Thdnh hiin : danh hidu dung dd gpi cdc bac hien tai vupt han ngudi thudng, chii ydu chi nhung ngudi sang lap dao Nho nhu Khdng Tu, Manh Tfl. (2) Khdng cdn nudc : hi khdng cd nudc di khi danh cd. Ca cau ngu y chi thdi tac gia sdng, giac Phdp chidm ddn nudc ta ma khdng cd each nao xoay chuyen dupc. (3) Chgy ldng: danh bac nfla chiitng, bo khdng choi niJa. Ca cau ngu y minh chua tron cudc ddi lam quan md phai bd vd nha. (4) Gdn bdt sdch : hdt sdch Ik tdn mdt quan bai td tdm. Gdn bdt sdch la thanh ngtt chi suy nghl, hdnh ddng ttai le thudng, khidn mpi ngudi Idid chiu. (5) Tit cung thang : (thang : tdn quan bai td tdm, dd'i vdi quan bdt sdch b cau tten). "Tft cung thang" Id ttang thai say sua cao dd. https://thuvienpdf.com63 Nghi minh Igi gdm cho minh nhi, Thi cdng bia xanh, cdng bdng vdng ! Nha tha cudi cai vd tich sU cua minh, mdt ke khoa bang ma nfla cudc ddi sd'ng nhu mdt ngudi thfla. Nguyin Khuydn cung chi nhao cac hiln tugng nhd nhdng duang thdi. Thdi dd, thuc ddn Phap thudng td chflc nhttng ngay "hdi Tdy" (ngay Cach mang Phap 14 7) vdi nhiing trd choi cdy du, leo cdt md, dua thuydn, v.v. nham td ve cho su "khai hod" va "thinh vugng'' cua chi dd thuc ddn va nhilu ngUdi da tham gia cac trd vui dd mdt each vd y thflc. Nha tho chi gidu dang ve vd cam, khdng bid't nhuc cua nhflng ke tham gia trd chai ngay "hdi Tdy" d xfl thudc dia : Bd quan tinh nghich xem bai trdi, Tiidng be lom khom nghi hdt cheo. Cdy sdc cdy du nhiiu chi nhun, Tham tiin cat md ldm anh leo. Khen ai kheo vetrd vui the, Vui the bao nhiiu nhuc bdy nhiiu. (Hdi Tdy) Tid'ng cudi cua dng la tid'ng cudi cua luong tdm, ciia y thflc lidm si, thdm thuy va thdm ddm nudc mdt. 4. Nghe thuat tho van Nom bac thay Tha chfl Han cua Nguydn Khuydn rdt nhilu va cung rd't dac sac, song chi cd tho van Ndm cua dng la phdn duge mgi ngirdi khdm phuc han hit. Tho Ndm Nguyin Khuyin chu yd'u dugc lam sau khi dng da tfl quan v^ lang. Ddy la ngdn ngfl ma dng dflng de giai bay tdm su. Nguyin Khuydn sfl dung cac thi van chuang quen thudc nhu thd't ngdn bat cu Dudng luat, cdu ddi, hat ndi, song thd't luc bat ma thi nao cung thanh cdng. 6ng cd ddng gdp ldn vl thi cdu dd'i Ndm va tid'p tuc phdt triln thi loai hat ndi. Ndi bdt hon ca la Nguydn Khuyen da dua tid'ng ndi sinh hoat ddn da, binh di vao cdc thi tha truyin thdng mdt each tinh tl, sdu sac, nhilu khi hdm hinh, tu nhiln ma thanh tho. Bai tho didu luydn nhu khdng cdn chut ddu vd't nao cua nidm ludt gd bd vd'n cd cua tho c6 diln. Nhttng bai Vinh lut, Chd'n qui, Bgn di'n chai nhd, Di'n chai nhd bdc Ddng, Cdu cd mua thu, Vinh miia thu, Tu trdo, Tien si gidy, Khdc Duang Khue, Tu thudt, Hdi Tdy,... diu thi hidn mdt ngdn tfl tha vdi rd't nhilu tue ngfl, thanh ngfl, tfl lay,... giau chd't tao hinh, ggi cam. Ong la mdt bdc thdy chai chfl Chang han, cdu ddi vid't cho ngudi vg khdc chdng lam nghl thg.nhudm : 64 https://thuvienpdf.com Thii'p ketd Id thdm xe duyin, khi van tia, liic can den, dilu dgi dilu khdn nhd bd'dd. Chdng d dudi sudi vang nghi Igi, vgmd hdng, con rdng trdng, tim gan tim rudt vdi dng xanh. (Vg thg nhudm khdc chdng) Ong rdt sanh but phap ude 11 truyin thd'ng nhu bai Cud'c kiu cdm hdng nhung cung sanh but phap ta thuc nhu Vinh lut, Chd'n que,... Trong tho Nguydn Khuydn ludn cd mdt nu cudi kin dao, thdm trdm, mdt tdm ldng ddn hdu. * * * Nguyin Khuyin la nha tha cua thdi dai khung hoang sdu sdc vl tu tudng va van hod, khi Nho hgc da td ra bdt luc trudc su nghidp eflu nude. Tha dng, mdt mat la tid'ng ndi day diit, u hoai eua luong tdm, trdch nhidm cua ngudi tri thflc trudc vdn mdnh ddt nudc, mat khac thi hidn tinh cam gdn bd thdn thid't dd'i vdi con ngudi va lang qud Vidt Nam. Nguydn Khuyin la mdt trong nhiing nha tha ldn cud'i cung cua thdi trung dai. 6ng sfl dung cac thi loai van hgc cd nhung lai tao thanh mdt phong each mdi vdi ngdn ngtt mdc mac, hdn hdu cd kha nang bilu hidn cdi hdn Vidt trong nhiing canh sd'ng binh di, dm dp, khid'n cho dng dugc mdnh danh la nha tha cua ddn tinh lang canh Vidt Nam. HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Hay cho bid't nhflng net dang chu y vl cudc ddi, va con ngudi cua nha tho Nguyin Khuyin. 2. Kl tdn cac tac phdm eua Nguydn Khuyin ma anh (chi) da hgc. Tdm su ydu nudc va tinh cam gdn bd vdi ban be, gia dinh, lang mac cua nha tho bilu hidn nhu thi nao ? 3. Vi sao cd thi ndi Nguyin Khuyen la nha tha eua ddn tinh lang canh Vidt Nam ? 4. Ndu ddn chflng cho thd'y Nguydn Khuydn da sfl dung tai tinh tilng ndi hdng ngay trong tha (chu y : tfl ngft, gigng didu). BAI TAP NANG CAO Dua vao hoan canh lich sfl va su khung hoang tu tudng cua thdi dai Nguydn Khuyin, hay giai thich tdm su cua nha tho qua cac tac phdm : Tu trdo, Tie'n si gidy, Vinh mda thu. 65 SA-NGOVAN H NC.T1 https://thuvienpdf.com THU^ONG VO TRAN TE Xl/ONG KET QUA CAN DAT Cdm nhdn dugc dn tinh sdu ndng cua nhd tha dd'i vdi bd Tu - mgt ngudi vg dien hinh cua truyin thd'ng Viet Nam. Thdy dugc khd ndng td ngudi, ggi cdnh day tdi hoa, viec sd dung tie'ng Viet chudn xdc, tinh tivd sU sdng tgo mdt bdi tha Ndm Dudng ludt dgt gid tri nghi thudt cao. TIEU DAN Tran Te XUOng (1870 1907) ngUdi lang Vj Xuyen, huyen IVULdc, tinh Nam Djnh, nay la phd Hang Nau, thanh phd Nam Djnh. La ngudi cd ca tfnh day gdc canh, phdng tung, li 2. Vid't doan van phdn tfch mdi quan hd gitta bd phdn va toan thi. Ggiy: Phdt td Thfch Ca Mdu Ni cd ldn hdi dd tfl : Lam thi nao dl mdt gigt nudc khdng bi khd mdt ? Cdc dd tfl suy nghi mai ma khdng tim ra giai phap. Cudi cung Phdt t6 tra ldi : Hay dem nd vl vdi sdng, hd, biln ca. Cung tfl ggi y dd cd thi suy ra : Tflng cd nhdn thi yd'u dudi, nhung hoa minh vao tdp thi thi lai cd sflc manh. https://thuvienpdf.com75 BAI CA NGAT NGUdNG NGUYEN CONG TRU" KET QUA CAN DAT Hiiu dugc tdm hon tu do, khodng dat cdng thdi dd tu tin, cd phdn nggo ddi ciia tdc gid. Thdy dugc nhihig dgc diem ndi bat cua tha hdt ndi the hiin trong bdi tha. Tiiu DAN Nguyen Cdng Trfl (1778 -1858) tu Tdn Chat, hieu Ngd Trai, biSt hidu Hi Van, ngUdi Iding Uy Vien, huyen Nghi Xuin, tinh Hi TTnh. Thud nho, Nguyin Cdng Trfl rdt cham hoc. Nam 1803, iiSng vidt Thai binh thap sach bdn kd Idm eho nUdc giiu dan manh ddng Idn vua Gia Long nhin djp vua dl tuln du ra Bac qua Nghd An. Lin dan trong thi cfl sud't thdi thanh nidn, mai tdi nam bdn mUoi hai tudi mdi do dflt. Lam quan dUdi trieu Nguyen hai mUoi tam nam, trai nhieu lan thing giing nhUng Nguyen Cdng Trfl ludn gifl dUpc OU4 J Ll J OA T- i Lixu- thai dd binh than v i cflng cdi, sin Chdn dung Nguydn Cdng Tru tainhd thd .^.„ „. . „ • . „„ .^ . -„„ A linn I lu ViSn ^ ^ ° "^"^3 "3° " <^""9 , , ^. . oianguyvien ^^^^ |^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^Q,^ ^.^ ^^^ (Aih: Thong tan xS Viet Nam - Tran Thiem) thudng duoc giao. Ong^cd cdng ldtrong vide cdng cd vUOng trieu Nguyen, tflng dUa din di khai khin cae vung dat hoang ven bien Ninh Binh, Nam Djnh, Thai Binh v i lap ra mot sd huydn mdi, tdng mdi,... Nam bay mUoi tudi, sau hai lan xin cao quan, dng dUpc chdp thuin cho ve nghi tai que nhi. 6 qud, dng gdp phdn tu bd mot sd chiia chien, lai cung thUdng td chflc cic buoi hit ca tru tai nhi. TrUdc khi mdt it liu, nghe tin thUc dan Phap danh O i Nang, Nguyen Cdng Trfl cdn ding s6 xin dupe tdng quin. Nguyen Cdng Trfl sing tic rdt nhidu, chij ydu l i tho vin chfl Ndm, gdm c6 phu, hit ndi, tho Du&ng luat, hidn cdn khoang mdt trim nam mUoi bii. Tho vdn Nguyen Cdng Trfl cho thay ro nhan cich ddc dio cija dng - mdt con ngU&i gidu nang life, cd cdt cich tii tfl phong lUU, bidt sdng v i dam sdng, khdng ngin ngai khang djnh c i tinh cCia minh. 76 https://thuvienpdf.com Nguyin Cdng Trfl cd ddng gdp Idn cho sUdjnh hinh cua tho hit ndi. Trong hing loat bii tho hat ndi dat tdi mflc cd dien, mau mUc ma dng de lai, Bai ca ngSt ngudng thudc loai xudt sic nhdt. Tic pham niy duac nhi tho vidt trong thdi ki cio quan ve hUU, da ra "ngoii vdng cUong toa", cd the xem nhU mot ban tdng kdt ve cudc ddi day thing trim v i phong phu cua dng. * * * 1. VUtru ndi mgc phi phdn si/^^, Ong Hi Vdn tdi bd^^^ da vdo long^'^^ Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng ddc Ddng^^\ Gdm thao lugc^ ' ddnen tay ngdt ngudng. 5. Luc binh Tdy^ 'cd dgi tudng, Cd khi vi Phu dodrv ' Thda Thiin. Dd mdn gidi td chi niirc ', Dgc ngua bd vdng deo ngdt ngudng Kia nui no phau phau mdy trdng , 10. Tay kiem cung md nin dgng td bi Gdt tiin theo dung dinh mdt ddi di , But cdng nuc cudi dng ngdt ngudng. (1) VU trif ndi mgc phi phdn su: Trong vdng trdi ddt, ching cd vide gi khdng phai la vide cua minh. (2) Tdi bd : tdi ba, tdi tri. (3) Vdo ISng: chdp nhan gdnh vdc trach nhidm cua ke nam nhi. Ciing cd thd hidu vdo ldng \k mdc vao vdng trdi budc cda quan trudng. (4) cau tho nhac ddn mdt sd mdc ttdn dudng lam quan ciia Nguydn Cdng Trfl : dd Giai nguydn ki dii Huong nam 1819 trudng Nghd An, lani Tham tan dai thdn di dep loan b Cao Bang, lam Tdng ddc tinh Hai Duong vd tinh Quang Ydn (thudc Quang Ninh ngay nay). (5) Thao lugc : tai diing binh. (6) Binh Tdy: hoat ddng quan su b phia tay nam Vidt Nam. (7) Phu dodn : chflc quan dflng ddu tinh cd kinh dd, b day la Thfla Thidn. (8) Dd mdn gidi td chi niin: Nam tai kinh dd cdi day deo ah tta lai chflc quan cho ttidu dinh dd vd qud (dd mdn: kinh dd ; gidi td: ccd day deo ah). (9) Sau khi dupc nha vua chdp thuan cho nghi huu, Nguydn Cdng Trfl cudi mdt con bd vang cd deo dac (nhac) ngua rdi khdi kinh dd. (10) Mdy trdng: bidu tupng cua cudc sdng dn dat thanh cao. Cao quan vd qud, Nguydn Cdng Trfl dung nhd b chan niii Dai Nai, canh chiia Cam Son thudc huydn Thach Ha, tinh Ha Tinh ngdy nay. (11) Dgng tic bi: ddng ddp nhu nha tu hanh, nha su. (12) Di choi chda nhung Nguydn Cdng Trfl dua theo cac cd hdu. https://thuvienpdf.com77 Dugc mdt duang duang ngudi thdi thugng , (2) Khen che phai phdi nggn ddng phong 15. Khi ca, khi tdu, khi cdc, khi tdng , Khdng Phdt, khdng Tiin, khdng vUdng tuc. Chdng Trdi, Nhgc cdng vdo phudng Hdn, Phu^ ', Nghia vua tdi cho ven dgo sa chung , Trong triiu ai ngdt ngudng nhu dng ! (LE THUdC, Sunghiip vd thi vdn ciia Uy Viin tudng cdng Nguyin Cdng Trie, Ld Van Tan xudt ban, 1928) Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Ndu dn tugng chung cua anh (chi) vl con ngudi tac gia thi hiln qua bai tho. 2. Lidt kd nhiing tfl, cum tfl mang tfnh chdt tu xung cua tac gia. Nhdn xet vl each tu xung dy. 3. Tim hieu y nghia cua tfl ngdt ngudng trong bai tha (chu y sd ldn xudt hiln cung vi trf ma tfl nay dugc dat vao, dd'i ehilu nghia tfl trong tfl diln vdi nghia tfl toat ldn trong tac phdm). 4. Lam rd phong each sdng, thai dd sd'ng cua tdc gia thi hidn trong bai tha, tfl cdu 9 dd'n cdu 19. Nhiing thu phap nghd thudt gi da dugc vdn dung b ddy ? (1) Cbi khinh mpi chuydn dupc mdt ttong cudc ddi (duang duang : nhon nhon tu dac), nhu ngudi thdi thugng (ngucd cua thdi rdt xua). Cd ban chep la Dugc mat duang ducmg ngudi tdi thugng, nhdc lai tich dng lao b gdn cfla ai, mdt ngua khdng ldy lam budn, dupc ngua khdng ldy lam vui. (2) Cd thd hidu : Mac mpi ldi khen chd, ta vdn cfl vd tu, vdn phoi phdi nhu nggn ddng phong (gid xuan), hoac : Ta xem mpi ldi khen chd nhu gid thoang ngoai tai, khdng cdn dd y. (3) Cdc, tdng : am thanh tidng diii gd vao tang ttd'ng va mat trdng ttong cudc hdt ca ttu. 6 day dung vdi nghia Idiai quat chi sinh boat hat ca tru ndi chung. (4) Tdn nhOng danh tudng Trung Hoa thdi xua cd su nghidp hidn hach (Jrdi: Trai Tuan, ngudi thdi Han ; Nhgc : Nhac Phi, Hdn : Han BQ, Phu : Phu Bat ddu la ngudi thdi Tdng). Trdi, Nhgc co ban chep la Thdi Nhgc ; Hdn, Phu cd ban chep la Mai Phuc. (5) Sa chung : sa: bat ddu ; chung: kdt thuc. Dgo sa chung : dao li sd'ng cd trudc cd sau. 78 https://thuvienpdf.com