Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 11 Nâng Cao

" Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 11 Nâng Cao 🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 11 Nâng Cao Ebooks Nhóm Zalo GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO IMzf^litifMim Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO PHAN NGOC LifiN (T6ng Chu bien kiem Chu bien) NGUYfiN NGOC CO (dong Chu bien) NGUYfiN HUU CHi - Lfi VINH QUOC - TRINH DINH TUNG NGUYfiN TRONG VAN - TRAN THI VINH LICH SU NANG CAO (Tai ban ldn thu:nhat) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due - Bo Giao due va Dao tao 720 - 2007/CXB/663 - 1371/GD Ma so : NH 11 ?T8 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com E han mot LICH SLTTHE GIOI • CA!\I DAI Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Chuang I CAC CUOC CACH MANG TU SAN (Tir giua the ki XVl den cuoi the ki XVIII) CACH MANG HA LAN GI0A THE KI XVI Vao giua the ki XVl, CLIQC dau tianh ( ua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan'' ' chong lai ach thong trj cua Vuang quoc la y Ban Nha da tro thanh cupc each mang tu sun dau tien, m a dau mpt thoi dai mai trong lie h su lt)ai nguai — thai can dai. I - TINH HINH NE-DEC-LAN GILfA THE KI XVI 1. Sy phat then kinh tei cua Ne-dec-lan Vao cuoi the' ki XV - d^u the ki XVL ndn san xuat tu ban ehu nghia ra doi 6 chau Au. Viing dat Ne-dec-lan luc bay gia eo ndn kinh te eong thuang nghiep manh nhat chau Au. San xuat trong cac cong truong thii cong phat trien, tieu bie'u la cac xuong nau duong, lam xa phong o An-vec-pen ; det vai. luyen kim a Lu-do. Nhieu thanh thi tro thanh trung tam san xua't, thuong mai lon nhu : Lay-den, U-trech, Am-xtec-dam. An-vec-pen. Nhieu ngan hang duge thanh lap va dong vai tro quan trong trong nen kinh te dat nude. Giai cap tu san s6m ra dcri. co the luc ve kinh te' nhu a Am-xtec-dam va An-vee-pen. D6ng thdfi, thg thu cong va nong dan bi pha san tro thanh cong nhan lam thue trong cac cong truong thu cong. Tang lop thi dan ngheo dong dao hon. Xa hoi tu ban a Ne-dec-lan luc bay gio da buoc dau hinh thanh. ^ ^ NhCmg sukien nao chifng to kinh tecua Ne-declan phat then ? i 1) Ne-dec-lan (nghla la "vung dat thip"): ten gpi viing d^t bao g6m lanh tho hai nirdc Ha Lan va Bl ngay nay. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Cupc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan chong ach thong trj Tay Ban Nha CuO'i the' ki XV. Ne-dec-lan con le thupc Ao. den the ki XVI lai ehiu sir thong tri eiia Virong trieu Tay Ban Nha. Hang nam, nhan dan Ne-dec-lan phai nop thue bang 2/5 ngan sach chung (ma dien tich ciia viing dat nay chi bang 67r tOng sd dien tich ca Vuong qude). Vua Tay Ban Nha dan ap nhiJng ngudi chong lai dao Thien Chiia (xir chem dan ong. chon song hoae thieu chet dan ba. tich thu tai san ciia nhung ngudi theo "di giao"...). Hang hoa nhap vao Ne-dee-lan phai ehiu thue rat cao, thucfng nhan Ne-dee-lan bi han che buon ban vdi cae thupe dia cua Tay Ban Nha. Cac tang Idfp nhan dan Ne-dec-lan nhieu lan ndi day ehdng aeh thdng tri ciia Tay Ban Nha. Hp diing nhieu hinh thu'c dau tranh nhu : su diing tha ca de che gieu. da ki'ch nha thd Thien Chiia. dap pha tugng Thanh, vu trang chdng chi'nh quyen phong kien... Tang k'jp quy tpc lap Thod Kdc quy tgc, ddi giam sd luong giam muc, trieu tap hpi nghi cac dang cap. Giai cap tu san eung lap Thod uac thuang nhan. doi tu do kinh doanh. ^ ^ HhQng nguyen nhan nao dan tdi cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan chd'ng chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha ? ll - DIEN BIEN CUA CACH MANG Cach mang Ha Lan trai qua 2 giai doan : 1. Giai doan 1566 - 1572 Thang 8 - 1566. cupc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dee-lan ehdng Tay Ban Nha tro thanh mpt lan sdng manh me. Hp pha nha thd Thien Chiia, liing bat cac giam muc (gpi la "Phong trao pha tugng Thanh"). Thang 10 - 1566. phong trao Ian rpng ra 12 tinh (trong sd 27 linh) ciia Ne-dec-lan. Chfnh quyen Tay Ban Nha phai nhugng bp (cac toa an ton giao tam ngiing hoat dpng. eho phep dao Canvanh hanh le). nhung van tim each dan ap phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan Ne-dec-lan. Thang 8 - 1567, 18 000 quan Tay Ban Nha dugc phai sang chie'm dong toan bp lanh thd Ne-dec-lan. Chiing giet hai nhieu ngudi. cudp bde, dot pha khap noi. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Quy tpc ldp tren cua Ne-dec-lan, dugc su giiip dd eua nude ngoai, lap mot dpi quan danh thue dua v6 nudc de lat do aeh thdng tri Tay Ban Nha, song bi danh tan vao nam 1568. Tuy vay, cupc chien dau eua nhan dan Ne-dee-lan van tiep dien va thu duge nhieu thdng lgi. Thang 4 - 1572. quan khdi nghia giai phong nhieu viing rpng ldn d mien Bdc. Mgt sd quy tpc tu san Hinh 1. V. 0-ran-gia (1533 - 1584) hoa a Ne-dec-lan, dung dau la Vin-hem 6-ran-gio. tham gia quan khdi nghla chdng Tay Ban Nha va tim each gianh quyen lanh dao phong trao dau tranh. ^ ^ Nhi/ng sukien nao the hien thai do cua nhan dan lao dong, quy toe, tu san Ne-dec-lan trong cuoc dau tranh chong chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha de giai phong dat nudc ? 2. Giai doan 1572 - 1648 Vucfng trieu Tay Ban Nha tie'p tuc dieu quan sang Ne-dec-lan de cudp pha. giet hai nhan dan. Tieu bieu la vu ddt chay thanh An-vec-pen ngay 4-11-1576 , lam nhieu ngudi chet, mpt trung tam thuang mai bi pha huy. Nhan dan Ne-dec-lan thanh lap Uy ban Quan If xa hpi, gom da sd dai bie'u la lu san va binh dan, de thdng nhat cac luc lugng khang chien va quy dinh che dp thue. Hg dau tranh chdng khuynh hudng thpa hiep. dau hang eua quy toe va tu san ldp tren - nhiing ngudi chii truong tin phuc vua Tay Ban Nha. Ngay 23 - 1 - 1579, dai bieu cac tinh mien Bae Ne-dec-lan hgp d U-lrech, tuyen bd thdng nha't he thdng tien te, do ludng. td chiic quan su, xae dinh chi'nh saeh ddi ngoai. Dao Canvanh dugc cdng nhan la qudc giao. quyen tu do tfn ngudng duge ton trong. Thang 7 - 1581, vua Tay Ban Nha Phi-lip II vdi tu caeh ddng thdi la vua Ne-dec-lan bi phe truat. Hpi nghi Cac dang cap ciia nhiilig tinh mien Bdc trd thanh eo quan quyen luc tdi cao. Tren Ihuc te, cac tinh nay trd thanh mpt nudc cpng hpa vdi ten goi ehfnh thurc la Cac tinh Lien hiep hay Ha Lan (ten mot tinh cd vai trd quan trpng nhat trong Cac tinh Lien hiep) va Thii do la Am-xtee-dam. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Viec thanh lap Cac tinh Lien hiep danh dau budc thdng lgi cua cupc dau tranh lau dai chdng su thdng trj cua chfnh quyen phong kien Tay Ban Nha. Nhung chi'nh quyen Tay Ban Nha chua ehiu eong nhan Ha Lan va cudc ehien tranh lai tiep dien. Nam 1609, Hiep dinh dinh chien dugc kf ket, nhung mai den nam 1648, Tay Ban Nha mdi chfnh thue eong nhan nen ddc lap cua Cae tinh Lien hiep. ^ Trinh bay nhOng net chinh ve di§n bien cua Cach mang Ha Lan qua cac giai doan. Ill - KET QUA VA Y NGHIA LICH Stf 1. Ket qua Cach mang Ha Lan thdng lgi, che dp thdng tri eua phong kien Tay Ban Nha d Ne-dec-lan bi lat dd, md dudng eho chii nghia tu ban phat trien. Viee san xuat trong cac nganh nghe det len. det vai, nhuom, in. thuy tinh va ehe tao kfnh quang hpe... dugc day manh. Thuang nghiep phat trien, nhieu tau thuyen cua Cac tinh Lien hiep hoat dpng nhpn nhip trong va ngoai nude. Vao dau the ki XVII, Am-xtec-dam cd den 10 van dan, tiep nhan hang nghin tau thuyen thudng xuyen ra vao cang, budn ban vdi cae nude Anh, Phap, Nga. An Dp... Cac cong ti thuong mai ciia Ha Lan nhu ; "Cdng ti Phuang Ddng", "Cong ti Dong An"... khong ehi md rgng viec buon ban vdi nhieu nudc tren the gidi ma cdn tie'n hanh viee xam ehiem thugc dia. In-do-ne-xi-a trd thanh thuoc dia ldn nhat ciia Ha Lan. - , y. m'mmm^mm Hinh 2. Mot goc hdi cdng Am-.\tcc-dam theki XV// 2. Y nghia Cupc dau tranh eua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan chdng ach thdng tri ciiaVuong trieu Tay Ban Nha la mpt cudc chien tranh giai phdng dan tgc. ddng thdi eiing la cupc each mang tu san dau tien tren the gidi, md ddu thdi dai mdi - thdi can dai - vdi su thdng lgi ciia chii nghla tu ban ddi vdi che dp phong kien. 7 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Dgng lue chii yeu ciia each mang la qudn ehung nhan dan (nong dan. thg thu cong. thi dan ngheo); giai cap tu san la luc lugng lanh dao, chi'nh quyen thupc ve tay giai cap tu san lien ket vdi quy tpc. Tuy mdi chi giai phdng duge cac tinh mien Bdc. cdn duy tri nhieu tan tfch phong kien, nhung mpt qudc gia dpe lap da ra ddi va phat trien theo con dudng tu ban chii nghla. ^ Neu ket qua va han che cCia Cach mang Ha Lan. CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Quan sat hinh 2 va neu nhi/ng bieu hien chLrng to si; phat trien kinh te cua hai cang Am-xtec-dam vao the ki XVll. 2. Vi sao cupc dau tranh giai phong dan toe cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan dirge xem la cupc each mang tu san ? PHAN DOC THEM Chinh quven Tav Ban Nha dan ap nhumg ngaui yeu naac Ne-dec-lan Bai cii ai, dii la tu san, quy tpc hay binh dan a Ne-dec-lan. neii chong lai CLTU giao la bi tif hinh. Dan ong thi bi chat dau hay treo cd, dan ba thi bi chon song ma khong can xet xir, dieu tra ; toan bo lai san bi tich thu... Toi ac ciia bpn xam luoc ngay cang chPng chat : "Hpi dong mau" cua vien tudng An-va da xet xii 15 000 nguai. ket tpi 10 000 nguoi, xti chem htm ! 000 ngucri. (Theo : Phan Ngpc Lien (Chii bien). Ha Lan. Ddi nmrc - Con ngudi - Lich su, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi. H., 1999, tr. 98) Tuyen bo cua Dong minh U-trech (1579) - Co quan quy^n luc cao nhat cua Dong minh la H6i nghi Ba cap gom dai bieu cac tinh. CO quyen quyet dinh nhiJTig cong viec quan trpng nhu tuyen chien, dinh chien. ki hoa udc. ban hanh phap luat va che dp thue khoa. - Thong nhat he thong ti^n te, do luong. 16 chuc quan su va chi'nh sach doi ngoai. - Theo dao Canvanh, nhung vin dam bao cho ngucri dan dupc tu do tin nguang. (Theo : Vu Duong Ninh (Chu bien). Lich su vdn minh nhdn loai, NXB Giao due. H.. 1997. Ir. 160-- I6l) Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com cuo c CACH MANG TlTSAN ANH GI0A THE KI XVH Sau each mang Ha Lan gan mot the ki, mot cuoc each mang khat da nd ra a Anh. Day la cugc each mang lu san co .inh huang rong lan va CO y nghia sau sac ddi vdi su phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban. I - NHLTNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG 1, Sir phat trien kinh te Dudi thdi vua Sac-lo I. thudc Vuong trieu Xtiu-dt, Anh la mpt nudc quan chii chuyen che. Rugng dat thupc quyen sd hifu cua quy tgc dia chu. Tuy vay. tir giua the' ki XVI, quan he kinh te tien te da tham nhap vao nong thon Anh, lam thay ddi CO cau kinh te va phuong thu'c kinh doanh : lanh ehiia phong kien va mpt bo phan nong dan chuye'n sang nudi cCru, lay long de ban ; nhieu cong trudng thu cdng chuyen san xuat len da xuat hien va phat trien. Mui so di;.! chu duoi la dicn. bicn ruong dat ihiuih mot \iing rong kVn nii ap tiung phucmg ilurc canh uic mdi. huac irong cd nuoi ciru. Nong dan bi duoi khoi dong ruong. mot bo phiin di linn ihuc clio dia chu. i|u\ loc. duoc ir.i lien cong. Hi> san MUU ngu\cn lieu \a ihuc pliani dc cung cap cho ilii iruong nga\ cimg ma rong. Ngoai nganh san xua't len da ndi tieng, nhieu nganh cong nghiep khae cua Anh cung ldn manh. Nhirng nam trude 1640. san lugng than khai thac dAnh chiem 4/5 tdng san lugng than ciia chau Au. Cac nganh luyen sdt. thiec, che thuy tinh. lam xa phdng, ddng tau cung phat trien nhanh. Nhieu ngan hang ra ddi. Viec buon ban phat dat, nhung phan ldn do thuong nhan Anh chi phdi. lliUiTiig nhan .-\nh nam giiir \iec xuai kliau len. \ai \a \iec iiluip khau cac loai soi (bong cua .-XJI D O va Bae Mi ; to cua Trung Quoc. I-ia-li-a \iii TaN Ban .\lui ; lanh cua Ai-len va Bae Mil, Diu the' ki XVII, Anh la nudc cd nen kinh te phat trien nhai chau Au. ^ ^ Quan he kinh te tu ban chu nghTa tham nhap vao nong thon Anh nhu the nao va ket qua ra sao ? Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Nhung bien doi ve xa hoi Ddng dao ndng dan bi dudi khdi rugng dat phai ra thanh thi, lam thue trong cac cdng xudng hay di cu sang Tay ban cdu. Mpt sd dia chu, quy tpc ehuyen sang kinh doanh theo ldi lu ban chu nghia, trd thanh nhung quy toe m&i. Tiing l(V[i qu\ toe mai o.Ailli bao gom inol so L|U\ loe cii. \an tiuN ui nliCrng ilac i|u\en phong kien nhirng da chu\en hirinig trong canh tiic nhu trong co nuoi ciru dc ban long cho cac cong trucfni: ihu cong. Trtirig so quv ipc moi na\ con cti ihuitng nlian. nguai cho \a\ lai. hp d;i sa hiai ruong dal \a cd lUde \i qu\ tpc do nha \ua ban clio. Quy tpc mdi lit lang kVp L|U\' uic dii ur siui Iioa. giu \ai tro liVn irong qua iruih each mang. Cung vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh te. nhieu thanh phd ldn mpc len. Thu do Luan Ddn trd thanh mgt trung tam tai chinh, cong nghiep va thuong mai bae nhai chau Au, vdi sd dan tuong ddi dong vao thdi dd (64 van ngudi). Hinh 3. Qiuing canh Liuiii Don theki X\'!I Nhung bien ddi ve kinh te. xa hpi lam cho mau thu^n trong nude them gay gat. Nha m(v^ phong kien dua \ao qu\ ipc \a Giao hpi .\n\\ de can iro \ iec kmli doanh cua lU san \ii quy toe moi (nhieu thue mai dupe dat ra. Nha nuac nam doc qu\en ihuiTiig mai,..i. \ i \a\. ben canh mau iliuan \on co gitra nong dan va quy lpe dia chu. d^i iia\ sinh man ihuan giua ui sLin \.i qu\ lot ni(»i \ai che do quan chu. Nhung mau thudn nay ddn tdi cupc da'u tranh chdng che' dp phong kien chuyen ehe. nham tao dieu kien cho kinh te tu ban chii nghla phat trie'n. ^ p Tmh hinh xa hoi nudc Anh trudc each mang co nhOng net noi bat nao ? Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com II - DifiN BIEN CUA CACH MANG Cupc each mang Anh dien ra qua 2 giai doan chinh : 1. Giai doan 1642 - 1648 6 Anh, Qudc hpi dugc thanh lap vao the ki XIII. nhung tir dau the ki XVII khdng cdn hoat dgng vi su chuyen che cua nha vua. Thang 4 - 1640, do cdn tien de dan ap cugc khdi nghia eua ngudi Xcd't-len chdng lai viec hg bi cudng biic theo Anh giao'"'. vua Sac-lo I budc phai trieu tap Qudc hgi. Quoc hpi. gom da so lii dai bieu qu> loe nnri \ii lu san. kich liet eong kich nhung chinh sach bao nguoe cua niia \iui. khong phe du\et cac khoan ihue mai \ii neu ra mpt so yeu sach dupc nhan dan ung ho. Quoc hoi eimg doi kiem soai quan dpi. liii chinli \ii Giao hoi. Tuy nha vua phai nhugng bp mpt sd yeu sach cua Qudc hpi, nhung vdn ehuan bi lire lugng ehdng lai. Nhan dan phan ddi nha vua quyet liet. Thang 1 - 1642. Sac-lo I chay len mien Bdc, dua vao quy toe phong kien d day de chdng lai Qudc hpi. Ngay 22 - 8 - 1642, nha vua tuyen chien vdi Qudc hpi. Cupc npi chien bat ddu. Ban dau. Lpiaii dpi Quo'c hpi bi danh bai vi luc lupng cua nha vua dupc trang hi tPi \ii ihien chien. Nhirng ngiroi ehi lui\ quim dpi Quoc hpi lai chia re. mpt so ngutii muon ihoa hiep \(Vi phe Bao hoimg. hp ihieu mot duong loi ehien lupc \ii qu>el lani chien thiu. Dugc su ung hg ciia qudn chiing nhan dan, 0-li-vo Crdm-oen da tien hanh eai each quan dpi. Ong td ehiie mpt dpi quan. gdm ehii yeu la ndng dan, cd ki luat. cd ti'nh chie'n dau cao, duge ggi la "Dpi quan sudn sdt". Ngay 14 - 6 - 1645, quan dpi eua Sac-la I thua tran va sau dd nha vua bi bdt. Sau khi trdn thoat, den miia xuan 1648 nha vua lai tiep tuc tien hanh cupe ehien tranh ehdng Qude hpi, nhung that bai va bi ket an tu hinh. Cupc ngi chien ket thiic. ^ ^ Cupc Cach mang tu san Anh dien ra nhu the nao trong nhiyng nam 1642 - 1648 ? 111 Anh gido : Giao hpi ra doi vao the ki XVI. Anh giao dua tren co so giao li eua dao Kilo, nhung ve lo chuc ihi lach khoi Giao hpi R6-ma. Ngirch dimg dau Anh giao la vua Anh. Vi vay. da nay sinh mau ihuan giua Anh giao (eiia ihe lire phone; kien) voi Thanh giao (ciia tir san. quy ipc mail. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Giai doan 1649 - 1688 Ngay 30 - 1 - 1649, thep nguyen vpng ciia nhan dan, vua Sac-lo I bi xutii. Qudc hpi tuyen bd nen quan chii la "khdng edn thieV va nguy hiem ddi vdi tu do, an ninh va quyen lgi ciia nhan dan. Anh trd thanh nuc/c egn^ hod. Cach mang dat tdi dinh cao, quyen hanh trong nudc thupc ve quy tpc m&\ va tu san. Ndng dan va binh linh khdng dugc hudng quyen lgi gl nen tiep tuc dau tranh ddi tu do va rupng dat. Nhan dan ilau danh doi nii>i nam cong tkiii deHi ducfc t]u\eri bo phieu bau Quoc hoi. dui^c lir do iiii nguang vii co rupng diil, Qu> loe moi \a ur san khong nhirng khong dap ung cae >eu eau tren mil con liep luc bao chiem dat dai, dan ap cac eiiPc d.iu liiinh. De bao ve quy^n lgi ciia minh. quy Hinh 4. Sdc-hf I (1600-1(^491 hi .xu IK Hinh 5. O. Crdm-oen (1599- I65HJ ioc mdi va tu san Anh dua Crdm-oen len lam Bao hp cong vao nam 1653. Che dp dgc tai quan su dugc thiet lap. Ngay 3 - 9 - 1658. Crom-oen qua ddi, nudc Anh roi vao tinh trang khdng on dinh ve ehinh tri. Quy toe mdi va tu san lo sg nhan dan noi day dau tranh. nen chu truong thoa hiep vdi luc lugng phong kie'n cii, lap lai che dp quan chii. Nam 1660, con Sac-lo I dugc dua len ngoi vua, tdc Sac-lo II. Trieu dai Xtiu-dl duge phuc hdi, chap nhan dieu kien phai tdn trgng nhung thanh qua each mang da dat duoc. Nhung Sac-lo II. sau dd la Giem II (len ngdi nam 1685) rdp tam khoi phuc che dp quan ehii chuyen che, gianh lai nhung quyen lgi da mat, tra thu nhirng ngudi each mang. Thang 12 - 1688. Qudc hpi dung ap luc truat ngoi Giem 11. Su kien nay thue ehai la mot cuoc dao chi'nh, duge gpi la "euge each mang quang vinh". 12 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Dau nam 1689, tu san va quy tdc mdi dua Vin-hem 6-ran-gia III (1650 - 1702)"», ien ngdi vua. TCr sau cugc dao chinh 1688, ehe do qudn chu lap hien duge thiei lap dAnh. ^ Trinh bay diSn bien chinh va ket qua cOa cuoc Cach mang tU san Anh tCf nam 1649 den nhung nam 1688 - 1689. Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SLf CUA CACH MANG Cupc each mang Anh do tdng ldp quy tpc mdi va tu san lanh dao, da lat dd che dp phong kie'n, md dudng cho chii nghTa tu ban phat trien manh me d Anh. Qudn chiing nhan dan - thg thu cong, tu san nhd, nha't la nong dan - giir vai trd quyet dinh sir thdng lgi ciia each mang. Nhung quy tdc mdi va tu san ndm ehinh quyen khdng dap ung nhiing quyen lgi ehinh dang cua nhan dan ma cdn dan ap hp. Cach mang ket thuc bang su nhugng bp cua quy tpc mdi va tu san cam quyen ddi vdi the' luc phpng kie'n cu va thiei lap che' dp quan chu lap hieii. Dd la cupc each mang tu san khdng triet de. Tuy nhien, cudc each mang nay khdng nhirng da xoa bd che dp quan ehii chuyen che d nude Anh, xac lap chu nghia tu ban ma cdn ed y nghTa ldn ddi vdi sir phat trien eiia xa hpi Ipai ngudi trpng budi ddu chuyen tir che do phong kien sang che dp tu ban. V:> thang Ipi ciia each mang ,^nh ihe ki XVIl . cung nhu eae cupc cach mang tii san liep sail. C. Mac clii rd : •Thang lpi cua giai cap ur san ed nghia lii ihdng Ici cuu che do .\d hoi nidi, thang loi ciia che dp sO hCru ur ban elm nghia doi \(ii ehe dp so' hiru phoiiij kien", * ^ ^ Vl sao noi: Cach mang tU sin Anh the ki XVll la cuoc each mang tu san khong triet de ? CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Neu nhQng tien de cua Cach mang td san Anh the ki XVll. 2. Lap nien bieu cac sir kien chinh cua cupc Cach mang tu san Anh. 3. Tim hieu doi net ve 0-li-vo Crom-oen. (1) Vin-hem 6-ran-gio III la con rt Giem II, tnrdc khi len ngoi ™a Anh la Qudc Irudng Ha Lan. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 13 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com PHAN DOC THEM Xa hpi Anh trudrc each mang Thai ki do. nuac Anh con la mpi nudc c6 so dan it hem nuac Phap (khoang tren 5 trieu nguai), nhung nganh chan nuoi. cdng nghiep va thuong mai phat iriSn han nucic Phap nhi^u. ... Neu mpt phia la su tdn tai ciia giai cap dai dia chii. da so ia nhiing sung thdn dupc giau CO do an hue ciia trieu dinh. ihi phia khae la mpt giai cap dong dao nhimg nguai ngheo. Theo Ludt doi vai ngudi ngheo thi hp phai cd nghla vu phuc dich. GiiJa hai giai cap cue doan do. con co them nhung giai cap trung gian. hoat dpng 6 nong thon. Hp la nhiiTig thanh vien ciia quy toe nhd, song trong nhirng trang trai cua minh. nhQng dia chu nho tu do va nhimg nong dan tu eanh {Yeomen). O cac thanh pho, dac biet a Luan Don, co mpt tang Icrp tu san la nhijng nha bu6n, nha san xuai vjit dung, nhtmg ngucri lam ao giap. det da. san xuai bia. Nha hp ma mpt sd dong thp thuyen, ngucfi lam cong, tre em trong coi cira hieu bam vao de sdng. Nhirng tSng Idp trung gian nay quan tam dac biet toi nhting viec cong cpng. Hp co xu hudtig dpe lap va lo lang den viec bao ve quy^n loi cua minh chd'ng lai su chuydn che cua vuang triiu. (Theo : A. Ma-le va J. l-sa-ae. ThekiXVII vd Will, Pa-ri. 1938. tr. 128 - 129, tieng Phap) Xutu vua Sac-lo I O giiJa quang truang dat mpt buc g6 cao. xung quanh co binh linh. Viec thi hanh an tu hinh bdt dau. Nha vua run so bu6c len hue xir an ; va binh. dao phii. linh muc theo sau. Mpt uy vien doc ban cao trang. ket tpi nha vua phan bpi dai nuac. Sac-lo bi bdt Clii xudng buc. Mpt nhat riu giang xuong c6, chat diit dau vua, ngudi dao phii gia cao chie'c ddu ten vua chuyen che. (Theo : Bach khoa loan thuXo viet, tap 7. tr. 292. tieng Nga) 14 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CHIEN TRANH GIANH DOC LAP CUA CAC THUOC DIA ANH 0 BA C MI NITA SAU THE KI XVIII \',i() fMu^ s,Hi tho kl Will , moi bien dong \-i lnii - < hmh ill d.i dwt] \\\ l.ii eM~ thucH fli,i t Lki Anh (; B.K MI. Do Li < line i liK^n li.tiih ^laiih doc Lip, nhung Vf h>in thdi ki mot cupc (.u h ^^^.)n•J^ tir SLVI. I - VIEC DI DAN DEN BAC MI VA CHE DO THUOC DIA ANH 1. Viec xam chiem thupc dia cua Anh 6 B^c Mi Tir nam 1603 den nam 1732, thuc dan Anh lan luot xam chiem va lap 13 thuCc dia 0 Bdc MT voi so dan khoang 1,3 trieu ngucfi. Vung Bae Mi \on ki dal eua iho Jan In-di-an. IP lien eua ho lir chau A d\ eudcn chau Mi iir khoang 3? (KM) nam den 12 (KMI nam irueic. Khi ngudi chau .An den Bae Mi. nguivi In-tli-an ei'n ilaiii: o trom: ehe do thi loe. Hinh 6. Luoc dd 13 thuoc dia ciia .Anh .L Jiinl i L|LIOL ha\ ngupc lai phai diroc ehtv hang lau .-\nli. - Luai u' rupng dai nam 1763 ngan cam dan di Ihuc di \e phia la>. den \uiig ehau ihP song Mil-\i-\i-pi. - Luat dirong luim 17P4 cam cac ihupe dia .Anh d BSc MT budn ban duimg \a ruou \(ii quan d.io .Ang-ii. khPng phai la ihupc dia cua Anh. - Luai leni nam I7P? biuK' phai dan teni doi vdi cac giaV id. tai lieu giao dieh ihUfvng mai. - Luai die nam 177(1 L\V\\ dinh danh lliLie \ao ehe. do udng tru\cn thPng eua dim .Anh klii dua den eae cang thupe dia eua .\nh d Bae Mi. Kinh te 6 hai mien tuy phat trien theo con duong tu ban chu nghTa, nhung co die'm khae nhau. O mien Bdc, tu san lap cac cong trudng thu cong. O mien Nam, chti no lap d6n dien va sii dung siic lao dong no le. Cac cong trucmg thii cong san xuai nhieu mat hang, dap ung yeu cau ciia nhan dan cac thuoc dia. canh tranh vdi hang hoa nhap tir chau Au, chii yeu la hang cua Anh {sdt, thep, det, dong tau...). Nong san b cac don dien cua chu no va trang trai cua nong dan MT c6 thira de xua't khau. Nhieu trung tam kinh te hinh thanh nhu B6-xton o mien Bdc va co so cong nghiep luyen kim b mien Trung. Chinh sach khai thac thuoc dia ciia thuc dan Anh da can tro su phat trie'n ciia xa hoi Bdc MT, gay nen mau thudn ngay cang sau sdc giua nhan dan thupc dia vdi che dp thuc dan. Mac dii phan Icfn dan so cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc MT la con chau nguoi Anh di cu sang, nhung sau nhieu the he da ddn ddn hinh thanh mot dan tpc rieng. Ho dau tranh de thoat khoi ach ap biic thupc dia dang ngan can su phat trien cua viing dai giau co nay. 4^ Hay neu chinh sach cOa Anh doi vdl cac thuoc dia d BSC MI va ket qua cua no. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com II - cuo c CHIEN TRANH GIANH DOC LAP 6 BAC Mi 1. Nguyen co va khoi dau chien tranh Su kien "che B6-xton" lam biing no cupc chie'n tranh o Bdc MT. Cuoi nam I 77.\ nhan ilm eang Bti-\ian Ian eong .> lau ehirehc eua Anh cap hen \a nem cae ihiuig ehi' \uPng bien de phan doi die i\o iliiie eua dure ilan .Anh doi vdi cac ihupe dja Bae Mi. Chmh phu Anh ra lenh phong toa cang Bii-Mon. dua puan ehtem Jong \uiig na\. lam eho \ice huou ban ngirng ire. nha ma\ phai dong eua. Tir ngay 5- 9 den ngay 26 - 10 - 1774, Dai hpi luc dia lan thu* nhat, gom dai bieu nhan dan cac thupc dia Anh 6 Bdc MT, khai mac tai Phi-la-den-phi-a. Hp yeu cau vua Anh bai bo chinh sach han che cong thuong nghiep cf Bdc Ml. Chinh quyen Anh khong chap nhan cac yeu cau nay ma con tuyen bo se ra lenh triing phat, neu nhan dan thupc dia Bdc MT ndi day chong lai nha vua. Hinh 7. G. Oa-sinh-ton - (1732-17991 Chinh phu Anh chuan bi luc lupng de' dan ap cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan Bdc MT. Ngay 19 - 4 - 1775, tren dudng hanh quan, mOt dpi quan Anh Ipt vao 6 phuc ki'ch ciia nghTa quan, 200 binh linh Anh thiet mang. Do la tran Le-xinh-tcm, mo dau cupc chie'n tranh giiJa cac thupc dia Bdc MT va chinh quoc. Quan khoi nghTa chien dau ra't diing cam, song trong giai doan ddu chiu nhieu thai bai vi luc lupng con yeu. to chirc khong chat che, trong khi quan cua Chi'nh phii Anh dong, duoc trang bi. huan luyen day du va thien chien. Ngay 10 - 5 - 1775, Dai hpi luc dia lan thu hai hpp tuyen bo cdt diit quan he vdi Anh. ciing c6 luc lupng vO trang, thanh lap "Quan dpi thupc dia". dat dudfi su chi huy cua Giooc-gia Oa-sinh-tan. De'n ddu nam 1776, nghTa quan mcfi chiem dupc B6-xton. ^ ^ TU sau su kien "che Bo-xtdn" den dau nam 1776, cuoc Chien tranh gianh doc lap di§n ra nhu the nao ? 2LICHSU n-NC-A 17 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Tuyen ngon Doc lap va viec thanh lap Hop chung quoc Mi Ngay 4 - 7 - 1776, Dai hoi dai bie'u ciia 13 bang da thong qua ban Tuyen ngdn Doe lgp^^\ Tuyen ngon khdng dinh : Moi nguoi sinh ra deu binh ddng. tao hoa ban cho hp nhirng quyen tat yeu va bai kha xam pham. khong the tude bo. Trong so nhiJTig quyen ay c6 quyen dupc song, quyen dupc tu do va quyen muu cau hanh phiic. Tuyen ngdn neu tu uriTng ve ehii qu\en eua nhan diui : Nhan dan ed quyen ihiel kip bp may nha nudc. ed the bai mien chinh phu khi khong lam iron nhiem vu va lap nen mot ehinh phu nidi ^ao cho eo hieu qua Inl nh;il doi vdi hanh phiic cua minh. Tu\cn ngon khang dinh e.ic quPe gia lien minh ed the trd ihanh qudc gia tU do vd doc lap va nguyen eimg hien dang tinh mang. lai san \a danh du ihicng lieng de- bao dam cho ban luyen ngdn nip Hinh 8. Did hi>i L^ thudc dia .Anh ihdni; qua ban Tuyen ntion Ddc lap (4 - 7 - 1776} Mac dii con nhirng han che. nhimg Tuyen ngon Doc lap la mpt van kien co y nghia lich sir tien bp. Ldn ddu tien. cac quyen con ngucfi va quyen cong dan dupc thCra nhan. Sau Ciic chien thdng lon cua quan khai nghTa O Xa-ra-to-ga (17 - 10 - 1777) va l-ooc-tao (1781). quan Anh su> yeu ddn. cupc chien tranh cham diit. Thang 9 ~ \ 7^3^ (1) Vi^ sau. ngiiy 4- 7 ird ihanh ngav Qiiou khimh ciia nudc Mi. 18 2.L!CHSi/li. NC-F Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Anh kl Hiep uoc Vecxai, cong nhan nen doc lap cua 13 thuoc dia a Bae MT. Cupc chien tranh gianh doc lap ciia nhan dan cac thupc dja Anh o Bdc MT ket thuc thdng lpi voi sir ra dcri ciia mot quo'c gia moi : Hap ehihii^ qude MI {thutmg gpi la nuoc Mi hay Hoa Ki). Hien phap 1787 dupc thong qua (ve coban cdn co hieu luc den nay), xac lap the che cpng hoa cua nuac MT. Theo Hien phap. Nti la nuite Cong hoii lien bang. Qiiscn luc eua ehinh qii>en iruui: UiTnsi duoc lam: eUilig. nhung eae hang van ed qu\en Uf iri rpng rai. liicn phap qu\ dinh nguyen lae phan quyen. "long ihong nam qii>eii hanh phap. la Tong Tu lenh quan dpi. duac bo nhiem quan chuc... Quven lap phap ihuoe Quoc hoi. gdm Tlurong vien (mdi bang hai dai bieu) vii Ha vien (dai bieu dupe hiiu iheo ti le sd dan moi bang). Quydn tu phap ihupe ve Toil an tdi cao. Hien phap 1787 neu rd : ehi nhuiig nguai CO tai san. cd hpe van iheo quy dinh mdi ed qu>en bau cir. Phu nfr khdng duae bau cii. NP le \ii ngudi In-di-an khdng eii quyen edng dim, Sau na_\. nhimg dieu bd sung I lien ph.ip dii dan dan .\oa bo nhirng han che ve gidi Unh, mau dd : mpi edng dim dupe quyen b.iu eU. Nam 1789, G. Oa-sinh-tan dupc bau lam Tong thdng dau tien ciia nudc MT. • ^ ^ -Trinh bay y nghia lich sCf ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap nam 1776 cua Ml - Neu nhUng nqi dung co ban cua Hien phap 1787. Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SlT Cupc da'u tranh ciia nhan dan cac thuoc dia Anh d Bdc MT tuy dien ra dudi hinh thi'rc mpt cupc chien tranh giai phdng dan tpc. song thuc chai lii cupc each mang tu sail, nd ra d ngoai chau Au viio huiii ddu thdi can dai. Day lii "cudc chien tranh giai phdng thuc su. each mang thuc su" (V. I. Le-nin). Cupc each mang nay da giai phdng nhan dan cac thuoc dia Anh d Bdc MT khdi lich thuc dan. lap nen mpt qudc gia mdi. md dudng cho kinh te tu ban chu nghta pliat trien. Nd anh hirdng deii phong trao dau tranh vi ddc lap d nhieu nudc khae nd ta vao cudi the ki XVIII - ddu the ki XIX. • ^ Hay neu ket qua va y nghia cuoc Chien tranh gianh doc tap cua cac thuoc dia Anh d Sac Mi. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com IV Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. NhQng nguyen nhan nao dan i5en cupc Chien tranh gianh dqc lap ciia cac thupc dja Anh a Bae IVT ? 2. Lap nien bieu ve di§n bien cupc Chien tranh gianh doc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh a Bae MT. 3. Vi sao noi: Chien tranh gianh doc lap cua cac thupc dja Anh a Sac MI thuc chat la mpt cupc each mang ti/ san ? PHAN DOC THEM Tuyen ngon Ddc lap ngay 4 - 7 - 1776 "... Chiing tdi khdng dinh mot chan li hien nhien rdng mpi ngudi sinh ra d^u binh ddng. rang tao hoa da ban cho hp nhimg quy^n tai yeu va bai kha xam pham. trong dd cd quydn sdng. quy^n duoc tu do vii muu eSu hanh phiic. R^ng di dam bao cho nhirng quydn lpi nay, cac chinh phu dupc lap ra trong nhan dan va cd dupc nhiing quySn luc chinh dang tren ca sd su nhat tri cua nhan dan, rang bat cir khi nao mpt the che chi'nh quydn nao dd pha v5 nhiJng muc tieu nay. thi nhan dan cd quydn thay ddi hoac loai bo chfnh quydn dd va lap nen mot chi'nh quyen mdi. dat tren nen tang nhiing nguyen tac ciing nhu id chuc thuc thi quyen hanh iheo mpt ihe chd sao cho cd hieu qua toi nhai ddi vdi an ninh va hanh phiic ciia hp... " (Theo : The Declaration of Independence & The Constitution of the United States of America (Tuyen ngdn Doc lap & Hien phdp Hoa Ki). Embassy of the United States of America, tr.2) Ve each menh Mi ••... Mi luy r^ng each mdnh thanh cdng dii ban 150 nam nay (tinh d^n nam 1924 - ngucri trich chu thich). nhung eong nong vin cii cue khd... Ay la vi each menh Mi la each mdnh tu ban. ma each mdnh tu ban chua phai each menh ddn noi". (Theo : Hd Chi Minh, Todn tap. Tap 2. NXB Chinh Iri Qudc gia, H.. 2000. tr. 270) 20 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CACH MANG TlT SAN PHAP CUOI THE KI XVIII Cach mang tu Scin Phcip nd ra vao CLidi the ki XVIII l,i cupc (.u h iii.int; xa hpi stiu rdng, da xo^i ho che do phong kien, mixduont; ( ho i hu n^hi.i tu bcin phat Irien a Ph.ip VM CO anh hiRmg km den c IKK (I.UI Hanh (l,in lo(, flan t hu o c hau /\u. I - NHITNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG 1. Tmh hinh kinh te nuoc Phap truoc nam 1789 Trudc each mang, non^ nghiep Phap kem phat trien : cdng cii, ki thuat canh tac cdn tho so, mdt phan ba dien tich dat dai bi bd hoang, nang suai cay trdng thap... Trong nhieu umg. diie biel n cae linh Dong BLIC. niol sn dja ehu lan elui>en sang phuang llure kmh doanh lii lian chu nghi.i (mo' irang liai, ihiie nhan enngi nlunv_: khdng ihiinh edng. Nhin cluing, irong ndng ngliic]") Ptiap. t]iian he phouL! i\ien \jn dircfc tUi\ M'i Cling viVi phiKdi;: ihue bdc li'I cii, Vao cudi the'ki XVIII, eong nghiep Phap dang tren da phat trien. Nhieu thanh thi nhu Bodc-dd. Nang-to, Ha-vro... ldn manh nhanh chdng do san xuai va xuai khau to lua, vai, hang theu, len, tham, dd su". nii trang. Hang mi phdm cua Phap n6i tieng tren thi trudng chau Au. Net ndi bat la cdng trudng thii cdng d Phap kha ldn, mdi cdng trudng thu hiit tir 40 den 200 cdng nhan lam thue. Mpt vai cdng Irudng det tham thu hiit den 1 600 lao dpng. Phat trien nhat la cac nghe del vai, to lua. luyen kim, khai md, che tao vu khi. Thuong nghiep trong va ngoai nudc phat dat, cac cdng ti thuong mai Phap md rpng budn ban vdi nhieu nudc d chau Au va phuong Ddng. Song, sir giao luu hang hoa trong nudc cung nhu viec budn ban vdi nudc ngoai cdn gap nhieu can ttd : mdi dja phuong cd che dp thue quan rieng, he thdng do ludng khdng thdng nhai... Nhiing dieu nay da ngan can viec hinh thanh thi trudng dan tpc. Ddc quyen ciia nha nudc v^ Ilia mi. mudi va mdt sd hang hoa khae cung han che viec budn ban vdi nhieu nudc chau Au. ^ Nen kinh te nudc Phap trudc each mang co nhurig net gi noi bat ? 21 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Tmh hinh chinh tri - xa hoi Trudc each mang, Phap lii mdt nudc quan chu chuyen che. vdi che dp dang cap rat khat khe. Xa hpi chia thanh ba ddng cap : Tang li7. Quy ige va Ddng edp dm' '"^^ Hai dang cap tren. gdm tang lu cap eao va quy ige phong kien. la niuTng dang cap hudng nhieu dac quyen. Ho khdng phai ddng thue. nam giu cac chuc vu quan trpng trong Giao hdi. bo may chinh quyen va quan dpi. Dang cap thli ba gdm nhieu giai cap. tfing ldp xii hdi cd nhung quyen lpi va nguyen vpng khdng gid'ng nhau : Tu .sdf} cd the luc kinh te manh nhung khdng cd quydn luc chinh tri. hi nha vua vii cac lanh chiia dia phuctng ngan can hoat ddng kinh doanh. Giai ciip lu san ciniLi ehia ra nhieu lang lop : dai ur s;in (chu ngan hang, ehu cac h.ing imon Ion), tu san loai vira (tu san eong ihuang) va tu san nho. idy iheo dia \i \;i (.|u\en loi. mdi lang lop irong giai cap III sLin cd thai dp chinh tri \a linh thiin Hinh 9. Tinh cdnh noui; ddn Phdp trudc cdch uianfi (tranh biem hoai dau lianli clld'ng phoivj kien kluic iih.ui, Nong ddn chiem hon 909r dan sd. phdn ldn la nhung ui dien. Ngoai viec nop td. ho phai nop nhieu loai thue. chju nhieu nghTa vu phong kien. Nong lijii pluii nn[i lo cho i.|u\ U)c phong kien (i^ang ?0'; si> hoa lpi thu hoiieh). nop time liiap phan (hang lO'i so hoa loi ihu hnacli) cho nha ilu'v. nop ihue dinii, thue rupng. lime nuidi eho nha nude. Ho cdn phai ehiu nhieu thir lao dich cho liinh chiia Vii nhii nudc : dap dudng. xiiy eau. van uii. cung cap luang thue eho binh linh,,. Tren thue le. phan hoa Un cdn kii eho ndng dan ehang dU((c ki hao. Cdng nhdn tap trung d cac thanh thi ldn (rieng Pa-ri cd 30 van cdng nhan). Dieu kien lao dong va ddi sdng ciia hp rai khd khan (ngay lam viec keo diii. luong thap...). Nhirng ngudi hinh ddn thdnh ihi khae nhu thp thii cdng, ngudi budn ban nho. dan ngheo... sdng tam bo. chen chiic trong nhung viing ngoai d. Mau thudn giua quy tdc phong kien. nhii thd vdi cac ldng ldp nhan dan trong Dang cap thu ba ngiiy mdt gay gat. Nhieu cudc ddu iranh chdng che dp phong kien n Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com nd ra. dac biet la cac cudc khdi nghia cua ndng dan va ciia cdng nhan d Li-dng, Pa-ri vao nhimg nam 80 cua the ki XVIII. ^ ^ - Lap sd do va trinh bay ve che dp ba dang cap trong xa hoi phong kien Phap. - Quan sat hinh 9 va trinh bay noi dung lich su" dUOc phan anh. 3. Cupc dau tranh tren Unh vuc tu tuong The ki XVIII d chau Au dupc gpi la The'ki Anh sdng. Nhieu nha van, nha tu tuimg tien bd da len an manh me su ap biic, bdc lot ciia che dp quan chii chuyen che. da ki'ch Giao hdi Kitd. mudn dung "anh sang" quet sach bdng tdi phong kien va "khai sang" cho nhan dan. 6 Phap, vao the ki nay xuat hien ba nha tu tudng tieu bieu la : Mdng-te-xki-o, Vdn-te"' va Ru-xd. ^H^^I^^S I^B- ^''^^^ ^^• 7 ; 'v^'!^! ^^^^^^P).. . /^IP m>- ^: ^^r/ A:. — : !.."'•. : • Kirf#v^ mm/.. ' ,.J Hinh 10. S. Monf^-le-.xki-o (1689- 1755) Hinh 11. Vdn-te (1694 - 1778} Hinh 12. G. G. Ru-.xd (1712 - 177S) Sac-lo Lu-i Moni;-lc-.\'ki-o ehu iruiTiig han che qu\en eua vua. hao dam qiiNcn Uf ilo ciia cdng dan. Trong quyen Tinh than luat phdp. dng de ra ngu\en lae ve phan ehia rd ret ba quydn : lap phap. hanh phap \;i tu phap. \'dn-U' chil Iruirng .xii) dung ehinh quyen c]uan clui. do mot nhii vua sang sudi di'mg diiu, Ong bao ve quyen tir do tin ngudng. song lai len an nhii thd Kild la inV ngai eiia tieii hd. Ong eiing khiing dinh quydn lu huu Li dieu kien eim ihiet eho mdi \a hdi cd trill tu. Gidii 14-7 dupc lay liim "Ngay Dim loc", rdi trd thanh ngay QIJ6C khanh ciia nuoc Phiip. 24 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 13. Tdn cdng phdo ddi - nhd tti Ba-.xti ^^ Hay quan sat hinh 13 va trinh bay sukien dUdc diSn ta. II - CHE DO QUAN CHU LAP HIEN - NEN CONG HOA THU" NHAT (1792) I.Che do quan chu lap hien (tif 14 -7 - 1789 den 10-8 - 1792) Sau thdng lpi ngay 14-7 , phai Lap hien thupc tang ldp dai tu san len nam quyen. Ngay 4 - 8 - 1789, Qud'c hdi Lap hien tuyen bd xoa bd mdt sd nghia vu phong kien ciia ndng dan, song cac dac quyen co ban cua quy tdc vdn dupc duy tri. Qud'c hpi cung quyet djnh tjch thu rupng dat ciia Giao hdi, dem ban vdi gia cao. Ngay 26 - 8 - 1789, Qudc hdi Lap hien thdng qua Tuyen ngon Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyin vdi khdu hieu n6i lieng : "Tu do - Binh ddng - Bae ai". Tuyen ngdn xac djnh quyen binh ddng giira cae cdng dan. thira nhan quyen tu do dan chii, nhan manh quyen sd huu tai san la quyen bat kha xam pham va thieng lieng. Ban Dncii 111:011 iK'lian tjii\cn u/ Dan i.ii!\i'n enm i'lian mo dau \,i 1~ ilicii Dieu 1. Mpi ngudi sinh ra deu eii qu\en song lu do \ii bmh dang ; nuii su phan biel \a hoi chi C(i the dat tren eo sO Ipi ich ehung. 25 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Dieu 2. Mue dieh cua Ciic id chire ehinh iri hi gin giur Ciic i]u\en tu nhien \.i kh'''^-^ the tuiic bo euit con nguiri : dti Ui i|u\en tu do. (.]u\en set him. qu\en diroc ;ui loan \a qu\en chdng lip hue. Dieu .V .Ngu\en liic eu;i moi chu quyen chii \eu diit tren cosdciia dan loc. khone miii Id chiic. khong mpt cii nhan nao cd ihd sir dung quyen hiinh niii khdng ^uiit phat tu nguven lae na\. Dieu 17. Qu\en so huu lii qu\en hai kha xiun |iham vit thieng lieng. khong ai eo thd tude bo,,. Che dp quan chu chuyen che bi lat dd, song ngdi vua vdn dupc duy tri. nhii vua \ an tim mpi each chdng lai each mang : khdng phe chudn Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen. bae bd cac sdc lenh anh hudng den quyen lpi ctia quy tdc va tang lir... Tdng ldp dai tu sdn dang cam quyen mudn thoa hiep vdi nha vua de ngan can qudn chiing tiep tuc dua each mang phat trien. Thang 9 - 1791. Qudc hdi Lap hien thdng qua Hien phap. xac dinh the che qudn ehu lap hien cho nudc Phap. Hien phap 1791 da tir bo mot sd nguyen ldc tien bd ciia Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen 1789. Hien phiip ehia cong dim thiinh hai loai: •'cong dim lich cue" I nhirng ngirdi cd tin san. ddng thue cao) cd qu\en biiu cu. img eir. Him \iee irong bd ma> chinh qu>en va "edng dan lieu cue" (gdm dii so nhimg ngUiri lao dong nghc'o) khdng ed quyen chinh In, Pliu nif dong gdp nhieu cho e;ich mang. nhung \an khdng ed qu\en edng diin. Qudc hdi cdn ban hanh nhieu dao luat nhu ; dao luat cam bai cdng (Dao luat Lo Sapalie). dao luat duy tri che dp nd le d thudc dja. Mpt so nhiem vu co ban ciia each mang khdng dupc giai quyet. trudc het la van de rudng dat cho ndng dan. quyen tu do dan chii cho nhan dan lao dpng. Cac the lire phan dong trong nudc tim mpi each pha hoai : quy tpc. tang lu di cu. cau vien nudc ngoiii chdng each mang hoac xui giuc nhim dan (ehu yeu la ndng dan md dao) ndi day chdng chinh quyen. GiiJa nam 1791. vua cung hoang hau trdn ra nudc ngoiii. song da bi bat d gdn bien gidi. Trong tinh hinh rdi ren ay. lien quan hai nudc phong kien Ao - Phd chudn bi dem quan dim ap phong trao each mang d Phap. ^ ^ - Qua mqt so dieu khoan neu tren cua Tuyere ngdn Nhan quyen va Dan quyen, em CO nhan xet gi ? - NhCmg sukien nao chUng to tang lap dai tusan cam quyen 6 Phap da lam ngung tre stf phat tnen cua each mang ? 26 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Che dp cong hoa (tir 21 - 9 - 1792 den 2 - 6 - 1793) Ngay 20 - 4 - 1792. nude Phap each mang tuyen ehien vdi Ao. Diing ve phia Ao la lien minh phong kie'n chau Au. Do tinh thdn chien da'u yeu kem ciia si quan (phan ldn xuat than quy tdc) va npi phan (hoiing hau Phap Ma-ri Ang-toa-net chuyen ke hoach tac chien cho quan dich), quan Phap lien tiep thua tran : vung Bdc vii Tay Phap bj xam chiem. Trudc tinh hinh do. ngay 11 - 7 - 1792. Qudc hdi tuyen bd "To qudc lam nguy". va de ra nhieu bien phap cap bach, trong dd cd viec tuyen them 20 000 quan tinh nguyen. Nha vua bdc bd cac chii truong niiy. Phan no. quan linh nguyen ttr cac tinh hat vang bai ca Mde.xdye^^^ tie'n ve Pa-ri, cung nhan dan vii "Dpi quan qudn dai"'-' d Tliii dd khdi nghia ngiiy 10 - 8 - 1792. Hp tail cong Cung dien Tuy-lo-ri. noi d ciia vua Lu-i XVI. hat nhii vua vii hoiing hau. Chi'nh quyen chuyen sang tay tu sdn cong. thuong nghiep. thudc phai Girdngdanh"'. Mdi Qudc hdi mdi dupc bau ra theo che dp phd thdng ddu phieu eho tat cd cac cdng dan nam tii 21 tudi trd len. Qudc hdi hpp ngiiy 20 - 9 - 1792. Ciing ngay ay. quan Phap danh thdng quan xam lupc d Van-mi. Van-mi hi indi Iimg ihudc linh .Sam-pa-nh(r td Dong Bae I'iiapi. gim biC'ii giiVi Hi. Nai diiy dien ra moi trim ae ehien giira quan Phiip \a tjuiin Pho, V(Vi linli than dimg eiim. quim Phiip km dau lien danh dudi quim \iim linfc Pho khi>i ilal nudc. Ngay hdm sau (21 - 9). Qudc hpi quyei dinh thii tieu che'dd quan chii. phe Iruai nhii vua va tuyen bd thanh lap ni^n cdng hoa ddu tien ciia nudc Phap - nen Cdng Iioa fhitnhdl. Dudi ap luc ciia qudn chiing. ngay 21 - 1 - 179.^ Lu-i XVI bj xu tir \i tdi phdn qudc. Liie ba'y gid. tinh hinh nudc Phap lai cang thang. Nudc Anh tu sdn tham gia lien minh cua cac nude phong kien chau Au danh chidm nhieu viing nudc Phap. Nong dan d Vang-de vii cd mien Tay Bdc bj bpn phan dpng xiii giuc, noi loan chdng chinh quy6n each mang. Gia ea tang cao. Nhan dan ddi kho. nhung vdn hang hai ehdng ngoai xam. Sau chien ihang Van-mi. quim Phiip chuyd'n sang phan cdng. duoi t|uan xam hrac r;i khoi bien gidi ; tren duiing truy kich dieh. hp ehiem luon Bi \ii \iing la ngan sonij Ranh. Song, do nhung khd khim ve kinh te. xii hpi. ehinh iri irong nudc. quim Phiip lai ihuii liiin moi kin niia. phai nil khoi Bi. \e nuiic. 1 I I .Sau nay, biii ea Mdc.uiu' ird ihiinh Qutic ca cua iiirde Phap. (2) Dpi quan ciia nhan dan, mae qudn dai. khae vdi quan dpi ciia iricii diiiii mac quan c!iOn, O) Phai n;iy ilai dicn cho phan l(Vn IU san cong thirong P quJn (.'ti-rriiig-i^r, vimg T;iy Nam nirdc Phap. 27 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Chinh quyen ciia phai Girdngdanh khdng kien quyet khang chien, vi so qudn chiing tie'p tuc dua each mang di xa. lam thiet hai den quyen lpi cua giai cap tu sdn. ^ - Thai do cOa nhan dan Phap trudc tinh hinh "To quoc lam nguy" nhu the nao ? - Viec xCt tif vua Lu-i XVl co y nghTa gi ? m - NEN CHUYEN CHINH DAN CHU CACH MANG GIACOBANH (1793 - 1794) Trudc cudc tien cdng ciia quan xam lupc, ngay 31 - 5 - 1793, quan chiing each mang Pa-ri xudng dudng ddi bdt va xet xu nhung ngudi cam quyen Girdngdanh ve tdi phan bdi To qudc, ngan can su phat trien ciia each mang. Ngay 2 - 6 - 1793, Qud'c dan quan eimg hang van thp thii cdng, cdng nhan bao vay tru sd Qudc hpi, bdt giam nhung ngudi cam quyen Girdngdanh. Chinh quyen chuyen sang tay nhiTng ngirdi Giaedbanh^'', dung ddu la Rd-be-spie. Cach mang Phap chuyen sang giai doan cao nhat - giai dogn ehuyen ehinh ddn ehu edeh mgng. Chinh phii Giaedbanh thuc hien nhieu bien phap kien quyet de chdng thii trong giac ngoai, dn dinh ddi sdng nhan dan. Diio luai iliitng 6 - I 7d3 Ira lai cho ndng dim rudng diii cong dii hi |i|innL^ kien qii\ Ipc chic-m doiit. Chinh phu cdn lich thu rupng diit eua quy ipc. chia ihiinh tirng niiinh nhd biin eho ndng dim nghc-o. duoc tra dim trong thdi Inin 1(1 niuii. Qic diic qu\en \a phu Ihu euii phong kien bi xoa bd hoim loiui \a vinh \ic'n, Chinh phii dua cac doi Mi irang \e Ciic linh de Iruii!; Ihu tiiii mi cua qiiV tpc dia ciiu \ii phii nong. nham eung cap banh nu cho nhan dan e.ic thimh ihi. dae biel la Pa-n, dang thieu luoiig thuc. Thangd- 1793. Hien phap mdi dupc thdng qua, quy djnh : thiet lap che dp cpng hoa. xoa bd hoan loan su bai binh ddng ve ddng cap. mpi cdng dan tir 21 tuoi trd len dupe bdu cu. Tren thuc te. Hien phap 1793 ehua dupc thi hanh, song la van kien phap li tien bd hon so vdi Hien phap 1791. De bao ve each mang, chd'ng thii trong giac ngoai, Uy ban Ciiru nudc do Rd-be-spie dung ddu, de nghj Qude hdi thdng qua va thi hanh nhieu bien phap kien quyei. Ngay 23 - 8 - 1793, Sdc lenh tdng dgng vien toan qudc dupc ban hanh, huy ddng nhan dan Iham gia quan dpi each mang. Hudng dng lenh tdng ddng vien, 42 van ngudi da tinh nguyen tham gia quan dpi each mang. (I ) Liiy theo Ien tu vien Thanh Gia-cdp. lii noi dat lru sd ciia cau lac bp Giacobanh, 28 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com f~- I CScnuflc ' ' dSnh nhau vOi PhSp I I cac nudc trung lap Quan cac nis&z ^ •" Ian cOng Phap ///n/t 74. LiOT- dd luc luong phdn cdch mang ldn cdng nudc Phdp ndm 1793 Dau nam 1794, nudc Phap each mang cd 14 dao quan. dupc trang bi ddy du. do nhirng vien tudng tre. trung thanh vdi each mang chi huy. Qudc hpi cdn ban hanh dao luat A^7 xir nhimg ngudi tinh nghi. Ludt gid tdi da dd'i vdi luong thue va thuc phdm de chd'ng nan ddu co, tich trii, quy djnh mue den luong tdi da cho cdng nhan. Chi trong thdi gian ngdn, cac cupc bao loan dan ddn bj dap tdt. chi'nh quyen each mang dupc thiet lap va bdt ddu dupc cimg cd. Tinh hinh chien su ciing chuyen bie'n cd lpi cho nudc Phap each mang : Cudi nam 1793 - dau nam 1794, quan Phap gianh dupc the chii dpng tren chien trudng ; miia thu nam 1794, cac dpi quan xam lupc ldn lupt bj dudi ra khdi bien gidi. hoat ddng quan su lai dien ra tren lanh tho cac nudc thii djch. Cach mang Phap dat tdi dinh cao. ^ - Phan tich y nghTa cac bien phap cCia Chinh phu each mang do phai Giaedbanh nSm quyen. - Lap bang so sanh noi dung cac hien phap nam 1791 va 1793. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 29 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com IV - THdl KI THOAl TRAO Mau thudn giua chinh quyen each mang va cac phai ddi lap ngiiy cang gay gi*'- Ngay 13 - 7 - 1793, mdt thanh vien cua phai Giaedbanh bj giei. tiep dd nhieu nha each mang bi sat hai. Vi vay. viec tran ap dupc tang cudng, nhieu ngudi chdng ddi bj xu tu... Ddng thdi. trong ndi bp phai Giaedbanh cung nay sinh mau thuan giua "phai him", "phai ta" vdi chinh quyen do Rd-be-spie diing ddu. Dieu quan trpng la qudn chung dan ddn mai Idng tin va khdng cdn ung hd chinh quyen Giaedbanh nua. vi nhieu bien phap ciia Chfnh phii khdng thuc hien triet de (chi tjch thu rupng dai cua quy tdc luu vong. quy djnh "muc tien luong tdi da"...). Ngay 9 thang Tecmido (27 - 7 - 1794 duiflig lich)'", cac luc lupng ddi lap da bao vay Qude hdi. bdt Rd-be-spie cCing cac ban chien ddu ciia dng. Ngay hdm sau. Rd-be-spie va nhieu nha each mang Giaedbanh bi xii tir. Sau khi phai Giaedbanh bi lat dd. giai doan phat trien cao ciia each mang da cham dut. Uy ban Dd'c chinh dupc thanh lap. tap trung quyen lire vao 5 uy vien. Dudi che'dd Ddc chinh (1794 - 1799). nhieu thiinh qua each mang, dac biet la ciia giai doan chuyen chinh Giaedbanh. bj thii lieu, nhu : xoa bd quy djnh ve gia tdi da, lap lai ehe dp tu do budn ban lua mi... Ddi sdng nhan dan ngay cang khdn kho hon va nhieu cudc dau tranh lai nd ra d Pa-ri ddi "banh mi va Hien phap 1793'". Ddng thdi. phai Bao hoang cung ndi day nhdm khdi phuc che do quan chii. Mdt lien minh mdi cua cae nude quan chii chau Au chdng Phap dupc thimh lap. Tliang 11-1799. Na-pd-le-dng Bd-na-pae. mdt vien ludng cd tin. dupc giai cap tu san ung hp. tien himh cudc dao chinh. xoa bd ehe' dp Doc chinh. Cach mang tu sdn Phap ehiim dui. ^Nhifng nguyen nhan nao d§n tdi susup do cua nen chuyen chinh dan chu each mang Giacobanh ? V - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA CUA CACH NL^NG TU SAN PHA P Do sue manh dau tranh ciia qudn chiing nhan dan, Cach mang tu san Phap cudi the ki XVIII thiinh cdng va "phat trien theo dudng di len". Day lii cudc each mang tu sdn triet de' nhai. da lat do nen quan chii chuyen ehe, tuyen bd xae lap che do tu bdn CLing cac quyen tu do dan chii. xoa bo che do dang cap va quan he rupng dat phong kien. md dudng cho kinh te tu ban chii nghia phat iricn... 11) Thang Tecmidu (thang Nong i. icn goi thdng 7 iheo licli ciieh miini; - e;k ihiinc dupc dal icn ihcu Unvj ijt;! hii\ miia vu irong ni'nn. 30 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Cach mang tu sdn Phap cudi the ki XVIII khdng chi cd y nghia ddi vdi nudc Phap ma cdn cd anh hudng to ldn den nhieu nudc khae : tu tudng dan tdc. dim chu duoc truyen ba rdng rai dchau Au, che dp quan chii phong kie'n nhieu nudc bj lung lay. de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh nghiem cho phong trao each mang d cac nudc. Tuy nhien, Cach mang tu sdn Phap cung nhu cac cupc each mang tu san khae cd nhieu han che : tiep tuc duy tri che dp tu hiiu, khdng gidi phdng ngudi lao ddng khoi ach ap birc... ^ ^ Hay neu y nghla lich sCf cOa Cach mang tu san Phap cuoi the ki XVIII. CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Ve so (56 minh hoa 6\§r\ bie'n Cach mang tu san Phap cuoi the ki XVIII. 2. Vai tro cua quan chiing nhan dan the hien nhu the nao trong Cach mang tu san Phap cuoi theki XVIII? PHAN DOC THEM V^ y nghia ciia Cach mang Phap "Cach miing Phiip xihig dimg lii mot cudc dai Ciieh mang. Nd da liim biei bao nhieu viec cho giai cap nd. tire lii giai cap tu siin. den ndi iron the ki XIX lii the ki dem lai van minh vii van hoii cho toiin the nhim loiii dupc di;!n ra dudi diiu hieu ciia Cach mang Phap". (V. 1. Le-nin. Todn tap. Tap 29. NXB Tien bd, M.. 1972. tr. 342. ban lieng Nga) Ve bai hoc cua Ciieh mang Phap ... "Ciieh menh Phiip lam guong eho cluing la \e nhimg vice g'l ? 1. Diin ehiing edng ndng lii gde each menh... 2. Ciieh menh ihl phai ed td chuc that vung ben mdi thimh edng. 3. Dim ba. tre con eung giup lam viec each menh duac. 4. Dim kin nninh ihl i|iiiin linh niio, sung dng nho eung khdng chdng ku ndi". (Ho Chi Minh. Tndn lap. Tiip 2. Sttd. ir. 274) 31 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Chuofng II CAC NUOC AU - Mi (Oau the ki XIX - dau the ki XX) CHAU AU Ttr CHIEN TRANH NA-PO-LE-dNG DEN HOI NGHI VIEN Car h mang tii san Phap c ooi ihc- ki Wil l anh lurang rat Inn den tmh hinh ( hail Au, nhid la cudc dau tranh (hong che dp phong kidn thi)ng til \a sii phai Incn cua ( hu nghia lu l>an. 1. Chi^n tranh Na-p6-le-6ng Trong thdi ki chie'n tranh each mang bao ve nudc cpng hoa, chdng lien minh phong kie'n, quan dpi Phap chiem mpt sd lanh thd d Tay Au va tac dpng den tinh thdn dau tranh gidi phdng ndng dan khdi ach phong kien dja phuong. Dieu nay cd y nghia tien bd. nhung khi Na-pd-le-dng Bd-na-pac tien hanh chien tranh d chau Au thi cupc chien tranh mang ti'nh chat xam lupc. NLI po le OML' llo-n.i-piK vinh iKiin I 700 o dan (noc. D.io iui\ \'>n lluioc l-ta-li-a. nlurng 3 iluuie uir(V khi Nii-po-le-one ra lioi iluioc \e Phap. Cha Na-pn le-i>ng la hi;U vir. \on ki oioi L|II\ loc hi ph;i s.m. Nam I .'^ luoi. N.i-po-le-ons.' \ao hot. 1 nrnii^ ijuaii MI Pu-ri \a loi iiL'hiep kvii uu, Na-po-lc-oni: lm :lKinh i.|iian nhan ehu>en nghiep. Nam 1793. ong dune lUc luonn pliiut bmh danh um puiin .\iili ciiiem dimo Tu-ldnc. gi;ii phi'iig llumh pho. \ i chien COOL: na>. (,)iioi, luu ^ki pimng IUOIIL chit \icn M pu.m Ln n.iii'j 24 ludi. N.im 17'','^. Na-po-ie-oiiL.' lai (.luiii: irone pluo deji uui bon bito IKVIIIL' noi loan 0 i'.i-u S,ii; Jo. ini'.: dwK cu J n iui\ do;m quan I'li.ip Men \iu ' li.K l-ladi-a. danh i|u,iii An, Na-pn-ic-oiiL: \;n LIUIVJ ke ho.icti chiem loiui ho i.hau .Au \a piiiiniiL' hnne. 1 tlie chon I ui-h a knn diem khoi dau cu;i ke hoach iKi\. Sau khi chiem dupc l-ta-li-a. Na-pd-le-dng tien sat den bien gidi Ao, danh tan quan dpi Ao va ki vdi nudc nay Hoa udc 1797. Theo dd, Ao edng nhan viing ta ngan sdng Ranh thuoc ve Phap. Thuy Si, Ha Lan cung sap nhap vao Phap. 32 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Nudc Anh khdng chiu nhupng bd. Na-pd-le-dng chuyen sang danh nhau vdi Anh. Ong quyet dinh hanh quan sang An Dp de eudp thudc dia giau cd niiy ciia Anh. Budc ddu, dng tie'n quan danh chiem Ai Cap va Xi-ri, song khdng thanh cdng. Thang 10 - 1799, Na-pd-le-dng trd ve Pa-ri. Sau cudc ddo chinh thang Sutmg mil (11 - 1799), Na-pd-ie-dng ndm ehinh quyen d Phap, den nam 1804 len ngdi Hoang de. thiei lap nen De che thu nhdt (1804- 1815). 1.1.1! c.un i|u\en. Na-pi>-lc-ong lim ^ach Uip Irung t|U\en lue viio chinh i.ju>en irung uerng. ciii Id ni:n himh chinh \ii ur [iluip, nuV mang iruivng lipc. khu\en khich phiii Iricii cong nghe. thdng nhiii ditn vi do luifiig \ii ehe do thuc... Oiinh L|u\en Nii-[x>-le-ong eung edciie ihanti I|IM CO Ixm cuii Ciicli iniing tu s;in Phiip. tao dieu kien chn sir phiu inen kinh le iii h.m chii n'_'hi:i, Hinh 15. Na-pd-le-dng tren ngai vdng Sau khi trd thanh Hoang de, Na-pd-le-dng ra siie thuc hien tham vpng ba chii cua minh, ddy manh eupc chien tranh xam lupc mdi d chau Au ma dd'i thii chinh trudc mdt la Anh, Ao, Nga. Mua ihu iKini lfN(l.>. .N;i-pd-le-ong tiip iruni: 2 .iO'i lau ehien dc lien h.mli euoc do bp len nuoc Anh. nhumi bi hai quan Ann. Uo DP dPe Nen-\tJn chi luiv. dimli bai ironu euoc thuv ehicn ldn a miu la-ra-ohan-i:a man ia \ Ban Ntuii. Nam I Slid. Na-no-le-ong diinh bai uiian .\o. roi uiian Pho vii lien viio Bec-lin. Niim IMI/ siiu nun viu luin chien dam mini voi Luuin Nea. Na-ixi-le-oiie ki Hiep udc lin-dii vu) Nga va i'ho. Thang 6 - 1812, khdng tuyen chie'n, Na-pd-le-6ng dich than chi huy 64 van quan, gdm binh linh nhieu dan tpc d chau Au, tien danh nudc Nga. Trai vdi du tinh ciia Na-pd-le-dng. quan Nga do Cu-tu-ddp chi huy. khdng nghenh chien, sti dung chien thuat du djch vao sau lanh thd Nga. Ngay 7-9-1812 . tran Bd-rd-di-nd"' dien ra rat ac liet giua khoang 13 van quan Nga vdi 13,5 van quan Na-pd-le-dng : hcfn 4 van quan Nga hi sinh, gan 6 van quan Phap tii tran. (1) Ten mpl king, each Miil-\ca-va khoiing 120 km. 3.LICHSU ll-NC-A 33 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Di bao toan Iuc lupng chien dau lau dai. Cu-tu-ddp quyei djnh nit khdi Mat-xeo-va. Quan Phap vao chiem ddng thanh phd dang chay ldn. khdng cd ngudi d. khdng ed luong thuc. Na-pd-le-dng du djnh danh chiem viing giau cd phia nam. nhung den dau cung gap quan Nga va siic khang cu manh liet ciia nhan dan Nga. Cudi eimg. khdng the tiep tuc ehiem ddng nudc Nga. quan Na-pd-le-dng phai nil ve nudc. Sau 12 ngay dem vat va. Na-pd-le-dng mdi ve den Pa-ri. That bai ciia Na-pd-le-dng d Nga ed anh hudng quyei djnh den sd phan ciia De ehe Phap va Na-pd-le-dng. Quan dpi Na-pd-le-dng ldn lupt bj thai bai tren cac chien trudng d chau Au. Ngay 18 - 6 - 1815, trong tran danh ldn cudi ciing d Oa-tec-ld. gan Briic-xen (Bi). quan dpi Na-pd-le-dng bj tieu diet. Na-pd-le-dng bj bdt lam tii binh va bi day ra dao Xanh E-len, roi chei d day (nam 1821). ^ ^ Nguyen nhan that bai cua quan doi Na-po-le-ong la gi ? 2. Hoi nghi Vien va ttnh hinh chau Au Sau khi danh bai nudc Phap va bdt Na-pd-le-dng di day, cac nguyen thu qudc gia va bd trudng nhieu nudc chau Au hpp d Vien (1814 - 1815). thao luan nhung dieu kien ki Hiep udc hoa binh va ve lai ban dd chau Au theo hudng ed lpi cho hp. Mpi viec tai Hdi nghi Vien deu do "Uy ban 4 nudc". gdm dai bieu cac nudc thdng tran : Anh, Nga. Ao. Phd quyet djnh. Theo quyet djnh ciia Hdi nghi Vien. nudc Phap trd ve bien gidi cu trudc chien tranh each mang. Phap phai tra 700 trieu phrang tien bdi thudng chien phi va giao eho quan Ddng minh toan bd ham dpi ciia minh. Lu-i XVIII dupc cdng nhan la vua nudc Phap. Cac nude thdng tran chia nhau dai dai chiem dupc. Sau Hpi nghj Vien. trieu dai Budc-bdng, timg bi lat dd trong Cach mang tu san Phap (1789). dupc phuc hdi. Nhdm ehdng lai cac luc lupng each mang, nam 1815, theo de nghi cua Nga hoang A-le'ch-xan-dro I. vua cac nudc chau Au thanh lap Lien minh Thdn thdnh. Iren danh nghia ldn giiio. Lien minh 'lliim ihimh i|u\ dinh ciie \ ua phai eiup dd nhau \ ii dimg "Iuc luang ehung" de dim iip ciich mang neu no ra d biit cu noi nao. Liic d^u mdi cd ba nucie Ng;i. Ao. Phd ki viio van kien. Lan lucft. hau hei ciic nutVc chau Au .\in gia nhiipLien ndnh. .Anh khdng phai lii thanh vien cua Lien minh. sone tich cue ung lio \ ice dan iip Ciich niiing. Ve thuc chdt. Lien minh Than thanh la lien minh phdn ddng ciia cac vua chiia phong kicn chau Au chdng lai \u hudng each mang tu san. 34 3.lJCHsun-^Jc.e Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 16. Bd trudng Ngoqi giao Ao Mct-fec-nich (ddng giua. cam cdn) trong Hdi nghi \ len IS15 (tranh chain hiem difong ihdi} Dil bj Lien minh Than thanh tim each dan ap. phong trao each mang vdn dien ra d nhieu nudc chau Au. manh nhai la d Tay Ban Nha. Nam 1820, mdt sd trung doan Tay Ban Nha. bj dieu sang dan ap cupc khdi nghia ciia cac thudc dja d Nam Mi. da ndi day ddu tranh. Nhung ngudi khdi nghTa ddi bd nhirng luat le ha khde, danh thue vao quy tdc va tang lu. ddng ciia tu vien. tjch thu rudng dai ciia quy toe va khdi phuc Hicn phap 1812. Cudc khdi nghia lan nhanh ra nhieu dja phuong trong nude, ke cd TTiu dd Ma-drit. Vua Tay Ban Nha phdi nhutrng bd : trieu tap Nghi vien. phuc hdi Hien phap, giam nhe hinh phat, tien hanh cac cudc cai each tu sdn. Nam 1823, Lien minh Thdn thanh gui 10 van quan Phap. ket hpp vdi dpi quan phdn each mang ciia Giao hpi, dan ap da man cupe khdi nghla va khdi phuc quyen chuyen che cua nha vua. Cach mang dTay Ban Nha thai bai, khdng chi vi su can thiep vu trang cua Lien minh Thdn thanh ma cdn vi nhung ngudi each mang khdng dua vao nhan dan, chi lo dau tranh quan su. Vao nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XIX. phong trao each mang tu san cdn nd ra d nhieu noi khae, trong dd ed I-ta-li-a. nhung deu thai bai. ^ ^ Quan sat hinh 16 va neu y do Uen minh cua Than thanh. 35 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Tinh hinh chau Au tir sau Hpi nghi Vien co nhi/ng di§n bien quan trong nao ? 2. Tai sao cac nudc chau Au lien minh cho'ng lai Na-po-le-ong ? PHAN DOC THEM Met-tec-nich Lyn-no-bua i 1773 - 1859). nhii hoat ddng chinh tri vii ngoai giao Ao. Bao \e ehe dp quan chii. ehdng Caeh mang tu san Phap 1789 va De'che Na-pd-le-dng I. Nam 18(16. kim Dili sir Ao a Pa-ri (Phiip) : nam 1809. Bd trudng Ngoiii giao'''. Thanh lap Lien minh cac nude chiiu Au ehdng Na-pd-le-dng. nham phue hdi trieu dai Budc-bdng a Phiip. Ddng \ai trd quan Irpng trong Hoi nghi Vien (1813). di ra chu truang ""ciin bang ehau .Au" di hiin ehe the' luc ciic nudc ldn. thanh lap Ddng minh Thiin thiinh (Iden minh Than thiinh) dudi iinh hudng eua Ao. Cudc Caeh mang 1848 a Vien da ket thuc \ai ird ehinh tri eua Met-lec-nieh I'yn-na-bua. Nguyen tac ngoai giao cua Met-lec-nieh L'yn-na-bua : 1) Khdng dupe lam cudc thuang lutrng tan va. nhai ki trong trudng hcip dc ciru \an ha\ lap lai hoii binh. 2) Phiii chujin bi kT luong KTi mue tdi da mpi \an kien ngoai giao. mpi eupc hpp bd irudng. lanh dao nha nudc. mpi \icc thao hiep udc. 3) Khong cam ket khi chua chin mudi. gianh liiy cho minh sir tudo himh dpng eang liiu ciing ha\. 4) Ve mat chinh tri. khdng ed viec gi nho. moi \iec deu nam trong he thdng ; mdi cudng qude phai cd niiit d kh^p nai. 5) Ciin ndm den chi tiei nhd boat ddng cua dpng minh va ke Ihii. ngusen nhan che d;iy hoai ddng dd. Nhiimg nguyen tac nay da dupe Kii-xin-gia (H. A. Kissinger) van dung rndt eiich nghiem ngiu trong eae cudc hdi nghi \a thuang lutmg qudc te. trona dd cd cupc Hpi nghi Pa-ri \'i Viet Nam. Met-iec-ni'ch U\n-na-bua da gianh dupc nhiSu nhupng bp cua nhuTig ngudi ddi thoai. dem lai nhieu ihiinh qua eho ciie ihe luc thdng iri cua Ao va chiiu Au Irong giin 40 niim ke tir Hoi nghi Vien I I81.S). (Theo : Tddien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Tap 2. NXB Tir di^n bitch khoa, H., 2002. tr. 903) (1 ) Nam IS2I. kiem Tliu urimg .4o. 36 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP (Nua sau the ki XVIH - gitta the ki XIX) Tu nhung naia ou c ua the ki Will , n .Anh clicn ra c uoc c at h mani; cong nghiep, sau do rl.i lan sang cat HLKK Phap, Dm ... ()UA tnnh njiy da tao ra nhdng ( huven bidn kinh le, \a hoi lu i sue lo lirn va sau sac. I - CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 6 ANH 1. Nhung tien de cua cach mang cong nghiep Sau thdng loi cua each mang tu san, kinh te tu ban chii nghia d Anh phat trien ngay cang manh me. Nudc Anh tang cudng xam chiem thudc dia (An Do. Bdc MT, 6-xtray-li-a...}. Bang hoat ddng kinh doanh trong nudc. budn ban nd le, khai thac thuoc dia..., giai cdp tu san Anh da tich luy duoc luong lU hdn khong Id de ddu tu phat trien cong nghiep. Ciing vdi su phat trien kinh te. viec ludc doat ruong dat cua ndng dan cQng duoe ddy manh. Ndng dan mat rupng, thp thu cdng bi pha sdn budc phdi ban strc lao ddng ciia minh. Vi vay, d Anh ludn sdn nhdn edng hon cac nudc khae. Mat khae. nhung tien bd ve kT thudt va td chuc san xuat trong cdng trudng thii cdng Anh, nhu phan cdng lao ddng d trinh dp cao, da tao dieu kien de phat minh ra may mdc. Ngoai ra. cdng trudng thu cdng cdn san sinh ra nhirng edng nhan lanh nghe. cd the phat minh va su dung may mdc. Ilieo gtu chep eua .\-diim ,\niil. iih.i kuih le chinh iri hpe Anh ( I 723 - I 790), de kim mpl kim bang phai liiii t|Uii 18 cong doiin. edng cu kio dpng dupe cluiven mon lio.i (rieng d Bdc-minh-luun ttii siin xuiU khoang 5{)0 loiii biia kluie nhiiu. moi loiii ihich hop cho mdi edng \iee diic ihiil... Nhu vay, nudc Anh sau each mang tu sdn cd du nhirng tien de de tien himh each mang cdng nghiep : tu ban. nhan cdng va sir phat trien kT thuat. Anh virot han cac nudc Au - MT ve nhung dieu kien tren. nen each mang edng nghiep khdi ddu sdm nhat. ^ ^ NhCtng tien de lam cho each mang cong nghiep khdi dau d Anh sdm hon cac nudc khae la gi ? Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 37 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 2. Sir phat minh va su dung may moc Viec ddy manh san xuat hang hoa. phat trien budn ban nhdm thu Ipi nhuan cao ddi hdi phdi chuye'n nen sdn xudt thii cdng sang san xuat co khi. Vi vay, viec phat minh va su dung may mdc trd thanh mot nhu cdu cap thiet. Dd la ndi dung quan trong cua each mang cdng nghiep. Caeh mang cong nghiep d Anh, cung nhu d mot sd nudc tu ban khae sau nay. dupc bdt dau tir cdng nghiep nhe, bdi vi dau tu khdng nhieu, thu hdi vdn nhanh va kiem dupc nhieu lai. Tix nhUng nam 60 cua the ki XVIII, may mdc dupc phat minh va su dung ddu tien d Anh. trudc he't trong nganh det. Liic bin L'iit. himg del \ai bdng eiia .Anh biin eh.i> liun cho nghe del riu phai dai. mac du dang co su m.il i,iin i.idi giuii kliim keo spi \ii del \iii (eu 10 nguiii keo sOi nuVi du spi eho mpl ihadeli. Nam I 764. ngirdi thp del Giem Ha-gri-\o' phiii minh ra ni.i\ keo spi Gien-ni (liiy ten con eiii minh diu eho nutx). Liic dim. niiiv keo duac 8 coe sai bdng (chiec .\a cP tru\en chi keo duoe 1 coc SOD. sau Ciii tien diin len deii 16 - 18 coc spi. nimg Miiit tang giip nhieu km. Tiep dd niini 17pP, Ac-criii-ta che ra mii\ keo soi eha\' bane sue nirdc. Mid nhiing phiu minh tren. soi dupc siin \u;it lii nhieu. khung eui thu edng del khong kip. kim na\ sinh nhu ciui phiii eo khi hoii ngimh del. Nam I7S5, ki sU Li-man Cae-rai pliiii minh rii ni;i) del ehiiy hang sue nudc. dua nang suiil king 40 lim so \di del ihu cdng- Do mii\ mde eha\ bang sUe nude nen ed sU bid lpi. Ciic nhii miu phai \ii\ dung gim nhung khiie sdng cha> xiet. \a trung tam diui eu \i\ na\ L:iiio thdng lien loi : \;io mii.i ddng. khi nudc ddng bang, nhii m;i\ phai ngimg hoiU ddnti. Chinh trong khoang thdi gian dd, nam 1784, Giem Oat (1736 - 1819). thuc nghiem vien mdt trudng dai hoc d Luan Ddn, da hoan thien may hoi nudc de ed the irng dung rdng rai trong cac ITnh vuc san xuat, liic dau trong nganh det, luyen kim, khai md. sau lan Hinh nhanh sang cac nganh khae. 17. Mdv lufi nudc cua Giem Odt 38 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Niim ISOO. toan mtac Anh cd 321 iniiy hoi nU(Vc (\di tdng eong suai ? 210 mil liie). nimi 182.^. liing ten \^ 000 niiiy hoi nmVc i\0\ Idng eong suiil lii 37.-S 000 mil luei. De ludng iihoedng kio eiia Giem OiU. neuai la dii dung linnig ki niem tai Gei-\niiii-lir khi ong qua ddi nam 1SI9, vdi ddng ehil : '"Nguoi d;i niuin len giip hoi sue manh eua Con iieuoi '. Phuang lien \an ehu>eii neuyen \'iit lieu den nhii nutx' san \iiiu \a diiii Iumg hoa di ciie noi. miis mde dupe MI dung trong giao ihong \;in lai. TiJ dau the ki XIX, tau thuy va xe lira xuat hien vdi dau may hoi nudc. He thdng dudng sdt phat trie'n, md rdng kha nang van tai, ndi lien cac trung tam cdng thuong nghiep. Nam 1814. Xli-phen-\an che lao lliimli edng dim ma\ \e liiii dim lien. Nam I82.>, nudc Anh khiinh thiinh doan dudng sat dau ticn ndi lien Man-ehel-\ta vdi Li-vo-pun. Nam 1830. cii nude .Anh ehi cd 108 km dudng sat. den nam 18,^0 dii tang len 10 000 km. May mdc va dudng sdt phat trien ddi hdi phai day manh san xudt d cac nganh cdng nghiep nang : khai md, luyen kim, che' tao may... Nam 1850, Anh san xuat dupc mot nua sd gang, thep va than da ciia the gidi. Hinh 18. Ddu mdy ,xe liia Xii-phen-xan Nhu vay, tiT giira the ki XVIII den giUa the ki XIX, d Anh da dien ra qua trinh chuyen tir san xudt nhd thir cdng sang san xuat ldn bdng may mdc, tao ra nhirng bien ddi to ldn ve kinh te va xa hdi. Day la cudc each mang edng nghiep. dien ra ddu tien dAnh. sdm hon cac nudc khae tir 50 den 100 nain, bien nudc Anh tir mot nudc ndng nghiep thanh nudc cdng nghiep phat trien nhdt the gidi liic bay gid. Nudc Anh dupc menh danh la "cdng xudng cua the gidi". Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 39 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ^ ^ - Tnnh bay nhiing thanh tuu noi bat cua each mang cong nghiep Anh. - Cac phat minh kT thuat da dap iJng yeu cau san xuat, luu thong hang hoa nhuthe nao ? II - CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 6 PHAP VA DL/C O Phdp. each mang cdng nghiep bdt ddu tir nam 1830, trudc tien trong cdng nghiep nhe. rdi phat trien manh me vao nhiing nam 1850 - 1870. Chi trong 20 nam (1830 - 1850). cac mat san xuat ciia Phap tang len nhieu. San iiroiii: gani:. sal iang 3 liin. dd diU dUiTiig sal laiu: 100 km iiu .M) km lan>j len 3 IKIO km. den Uiun 187(1 uing len lb 500 kmi. Giira the ki XIX. Phiip ed iren ^ 000 1 ,, , ,..,.> , I Nhd each mang cdng nghiep. kinh te Phap phat trien, dung thu tiai tren the gidi (sau Anh). hon hdn cae nudc khae tren luc dia chau Au. O Dde. tuy dat nudc chua thdng nhat, giai cap tu san chua ddng vai trd chii dao nhung each mang cdng nghiep vdn dien ra tix nhiing nam 40 cua the ki XIX. Trong nhung nam 1850 - 1860, kinh te Due phat trien vdi tdc dp rat cao. Hinh 19. Co khi hod ndng nghiep uDuc the ki XIX Sdn lupng than. sdt. thep va dp dai dudng sat tang [ix 2 den 3 lan. sd may hoi nudc tang 6 lan. Nhd tiep thu nhQng thanh tuu khoa hoc - kT thuat mdi. 40 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com eae nganh cdng nghiep khai mo, hoa chat, luyen kim tang nhanh va cd vai trd chu dao trong nen kinh te Due. Tir nam ISfiO den nam 1870. san lupng ilian da eua Dire lang ur 12 liieii lan Icn 2d Irieu Um. May mde cung dupc sir dung trong ndng nghiep. Tren dong rudng da xuat hien may cay. may bira, may gat dap. Ddng thdi, phan bdn hoa hoc dupc sir dung rpng rai. gdp phdn lam tang nang suat cay trdng. ^ ^ Cach mang cong nghiep d Phap va DUc dien ra nhuthe nao ? Ill - HE QUA CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP Cach mang cdng nghiep lam thay ddi bd mat eae nude tu ban : nhieu trung tam edng nghiep mdi vdi thanh thi ddng dan xuat hien ; may mdc da lam thay doi can ban qua trinh san xuat, nang cao nang suat lao ddng. tao ngudn cita cdi xa hdi ddi dao. Cach mang cdng nghiep da thuc ddy nhieu nganh kinh te phat trien. dac biet la giao thdng van tdi va ndng nghiep. Nhu cdu cdng nghiep hoa khien ndng nghiep chuyen sang phuong thii'c chuyen canh hoac tham canh ; ddng thdi qua trinh co gidi hoa nong nghiep cung gdp phan giai phdng sue lao ddng cua ndng dan, bo sung luc lupng lao dpng cho cdng nghiep va dich vu. Ve mat xa hpi, he qua quan trpng nhat ciia each mang cdng nghiep la hinh thanh hai giai cap co bdn cua xa hpi tu ban : giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san. Qua each mang cdng nghiep, giai cap tu san cang giau len nhanh chdng. trd thanh giai cap thdng tri xa hdi. Cach mang cdng nghiep da lam cho dpi ngu vd sdn ngay cang ird nen ddng ddo. Vdi than phan la ngudi lao dpng lam thue. chiu ap buc bdc lot, giai edp vd san mau thudn quyen lpi vdi giai cap tu san. dung len dau tranh chdng dp biTc bdc lot. ^ ^ Cach mang cong nghiep da dan tdi nhCtng he qua gi ? CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Tai sao each mang cong nghiep dien ra dau tien d Anh ? 2. Lap bang thong ke ve moc thdi gian va thanh tuu chu yeu cua each mang cong nghiep d Anh, Phap va OCrc. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 41 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com PHAN DOC THEM Budc khdi dau ciia each mang cdng nghiep Viec hoim thien va sir dung may hoi nudc ciia Giem Oat dupc coi la su md dSu cua qua trinh ca gidi hoa. mang y nghTa mpl cupc each miing cdng nghiep. Dieu quan trong nhiii lii may hai nudc da tiio ra ngudn ddng lire mdi liim giiim nhe sue lao ddng ea bap ciia con ngudi. Nd tao dieu kien cho su chuydn ciich Ihuc lao ddng bang tay dupc thuc hien iir khi loai ngudi xuat hien sang sit dung may mdc. Dd la yeu td ca ban ciia cdng nghiep hoa. danh dau budc nhay vpt ciich mang irong lich sir Siin xuii't ciia nhim loid, budc ehuyen eabiin tir nen van minh ndng nghiep sang van minh edng nghiep. Trong qua trinh tien hiinh ciich mang edng nghiep. ca cau sdn xuat cdng nghiep dan dan dupc hoan chinh. De giai quyet ngudn nhien lieu va nguyen lieu, nganh khai md phiit trie'n nhanh chong. Nhd vay, ngucfi ta cd the' khai ihiie ihifn va cac khoang san kim loai. Phat minh ve phuang phap luyen than cdc nam 1735 la mdt ddng gdp quan trpng cho viec luyen gang thep. Lo luyen gang d^u tien duac xSy dung niim 1784. liim tang Ien gap nhieu lan kha nang san xuat dd kim loai. khien eho cac eau d nude Anh dan din dupc thay bang cau sat, cac nha may dan diin dupc trang hi ciic loiii may eong cu va ma>' cdng tac cu the. Nhd vay hinh ihanh ca eau cdng nghiep nang san xuat may cai va cdng nghiep nhe cung cap cac loiii hang lieu dung. (Theo : Vu Ducng Ninh (Chii bicn). Lich sir vdn minh the gidri. NXB Giao due. H.. 2000. tr. 312) 42 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com HOAN THANH CACH MANG TlT SAN 6 CHAU AU VA MI (gifia the ki XIX) Trong cac thop nion .50, 60 ciia the ki XIX, nhidn cudc r in dien ra ducxi nhung hinh thdc khae nhan o c hiui Au va HM Mi. dcni loi '-ir todn thang cua plurong thdc ^cin xuat to ban i hu nghia, lao dicu kicn c ho rhn nghi.i tu h,Mi phdt trien manh me. I - CUOC DAU TRANH THONG NHAT 6 DU'C VA I-TA-LI-A 1. Cuoc dau tranh thong nhat nuoc Due Cac phong trao each mang nhirng nam giua the ki XIX d Ddc that bai. tuy khdng gidi quyet dupc nhiem vu thdng nhat dat nudc (dang bi chia thanh 38 vuong qudc Idn nhd) nhung cung tao dieu kien cho nen dai cdng nghiep phat trien. nhat la d Vuong qudc Pho (vuong qudc ldn manh nhat d Dire liie bay gid). Tii mot nudc ndng nghiep. Dire ddn trd thanh mdt nude cdng nghiep. Rieng d Bec-lin. sd lutmg cdng nhan tang tir 5 van len 18 van trong vdng 10 nam (1849- 1859). Suphat trien ciia kinh te tu bdn chu nghTa dat ra mdt each cap thiet nhiem vu thdng nhat dat nude. Tuy ed nhirng budc phat trien dang ke ve mat td chtrc, giai cap vd sdn Due chua the lanh dao qudn chung dau tranh thdng nhat dat nudc ''tiJ dudi len" bdng eon dudng each mang. Mat khae, tir sau Cach mang 1848 - 1849, giai cap tu san iing hp giai cap dia ehu quan phiet Phd. dCing vO lue de thdng nhat dat nudc "tir tren xudng". Nam 1862. Bi-xmac len lam Thu tudng Phd. dam nhan nhiem vu lanh diio cong cudc thdng nhat ddt nudc. (Ji-lo i'hoii lii-Miiiic la moi tiia thu quy tdc Phd. mdi nhii hoai done thinh Iri. ngoiii giiio ndi liem:. Niim INd2. uii Quoc hdi Phd. Bi-\iniiL Jii iii\en ho : "Nhiine vLin lie ldn euii llui'i dai si' duoc eiai qu\ei kliong phai Itiuig d\cn \ iin IIO.K I\IIIL: SO phii-ii hiiu eua dil so. ma hiinL' siU \ LI man" Qua trinh thdng nhat Due dupe thuc hien thdng qua cac cupc chien tranh. Nam 1864, Phd gay ehien vdi Dan Mach. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 43 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Nam 1866. Phd gay chien vdi Ao va gianh dupc thdng lpi. Sau dd. Phd hoa hoan vdi Ao de chudn bi chien tranh chdng Phap. Nam 1867, Lien bang Bdc Dire dupe thanh lap do Pho dung dau. Lien hung gom IK hang a Biic f)ue vii ba ihimh |->i!o lu do. (Jiioe hpi gom ba \ien. \o\ L[u>en hanh han che. Chu itch Lien bang (\ua Phdi cd quyen lai Ion. Bi-\miie ura Ui lliu luinig Pho. \ua ki'Ihu tuong Lien bang, elu ehm ii.teh nhiein UUOL' (lui Ik-ll t .K-Il Kill! Lien bang Bde Dure chi la ket qua budc ddu tren eon dudng thdng nhdt Dixc cua Bi-xmac. Song, khi tien hanh sap nhap vdi cac qudc gia mien Nam. Phd bi Phap ngan can vi Phap khdng mudn cd mdt qudc gia thdng nhat, hiing manh ben canh. Phap da ldi keo cac nudc Nam Dice Hinh 20. O. P. Bi-.\mdc (1815 - 1898) chdng lai Phd. Bdng thdng lpi trong cupc chien tranh Phap - Pho (1870 - 1871). Bi-xmac da hoan thanh viec thdng nhat da't nudc. B ^ g a cac quoc gio d*! nam IBM NuOc Ml* (Kn nim law Vorg dW rap nhOp uao Ptio den nim 1866 I Coc bang go nhap L*n bong ^fx. Due Co; Dang gia nhoo Ufti Oong Mc Ojc PHAP / y . r^Jf-^ ^' Hinh 21. Liroc dd qud trinh thdng nhd't Due nam 1870 • Quan doi ?Ti6 Idn c6ns «oo Oon Moch Ao Phop S-*n gi6i Liftn Oong Bdc Ouc f)fif. 18*7 Bier>g^<»a*JcOucnOm 1B71 44 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Cudc dau tranh thdng nhat Dire dupc thue hien ''tir tren xudng". Nd mang tinh chat mdt cudc each mang tu san, md dudng cho chii nghla tu ban phat trien manh me hon. Nudc Due thdng nhat dan ddn bj quan phiet hoa theo kieu PhP vii trd thanh mot trung lam gay ehien d chau Au, Id lua cua hai cudc chien tranh the gidi sau nay. Hinh 22. Le ddng quang Hodng de nudc Due thdng nhai tgi Phdng Gucmg - Cung dien Vec-.xai (Phdp) ngdx 18 - I- 1871 2. Cuoc dau tranh thong nhat l-ta-li-a Sau nam 1815, I-ta-li-a bi chia xe thanh 7 nudc ldn, nhd theo che dp quan chu chuyen che va phdn ldn phu thudc de qudc Ao. Nhan dan I-ta-li-a nhieu ldn dau tranh chdng ach thdng tri phong kien va sir dd ho cua Ao de thdng nhat dat nudc. Nam 1848, mdt eude each mang tu san da nd ra tren ban dao I-ta-li-a. Cdng nhan va dan ngheo thanh thi, dudi sir lanh dao cua phai tu san each mang. da ndi day dau tranh. Nhung each mang da that bai vi so sanh luc lupng giira phan each mang va each mang qua chenh lech, vi thieu mdt trung tam chi dao phong trao. Khoang 10 nam sau Cach mang 1848, chii nghla tu bdn bat dau phat trien manh d cac xu mien Bdc I-ta-li-a, dac biet d Vuong qudc Pi-e-mdn-te. Van de thdng nhat dat nudc lai dupc dat ra. Giai cap tu san I-ta-li-a hudng ve Pi-e-mdn-te. noi cd ehe dp chfnh tri va kinh te tien bp hem cd. Ba tude Ca-vua, Thii tudng Pi-e-mdn-te, tii khi len cdm quyen ehu truong md mang kinh te va xay dung quan dpi. Dai dien cho quy tpc tu san hoa va tang ldp dai tu san. Ca-vua cQng cd tham vpng thdng nhat I-ta-li-a "tCr tren xudng". lap ra mdt nha nude quan ehu lap hien dudi quyen vua Pi-e-mdn-te. 45 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Tix thang 4 - 1859, Ca-vua lien minh vdi Phap de tien hanh chien tranh vdi Ao, gianh lai chu quyen, thdng nhat mpl sd viing mien Bdc va mien Trung l-ta-li-a. Thang 4 - 1860, cupe khdi nghla eiia nhan dan ddo Xi-xi-Ii-a (Nam I-ta-li-a) biing nd nhdm lat do ach thdng tri ciia Ao va thdng nhat dat nudc. Theo thod thuan vdi Ca-vua, Ga-ri-ban-di dem quan xudng giup nhan dan Nam I-ta-li-a. "Dpi quan ao dd" hcfn 1 000 ngudi do Hinh 23. G. Ga-ri-ban-di (1807- 1882) Ga-ri-ban-di ehi huy, da vupt bien, do bd len dao Xi-xi-li-a. Giu-\ep-pe Ga-ri-biin-di xuat than trong mdt gia dinh limy llui. Nam IS,V% ong gia nhiip td chirc "Nude l-Ui-li-a ire", tham gia khdi nghia ehdng Ao. rdi sang Nam Ml. Ird iliiuih ehicn si t|udc te dau tr;uih \i quyen dim ehu. Nam 1S4S, Cla-ri-ban-di ve ninVc. Id chire "Dpi t|iiiin iio dd" tiip hpp himg nghin nguiii. tien luiiih dim tranh ehdni; ehe do Ihdng tri cuii Ao vii iich phong kien nham thdng nhin diii niKie. Nhan dan mien Nam I-ta-li-a ddn chao Ga-ri-ban-di. Chi trong 2 ngay, 4 000 ngudi da tinh nguyen xin gia nhap "Dpi quan ao dd". Cudi thang 5 — 1860, dao quan Ga-ri ban-di gidi phdng dao Xi-xi-li-a. Thang 8, quan each miing lai vupt bien tien vao Nii-pd-li (thu phu eiia Vuong qudc Nam I-ta-li-a), giai phdng Nam l-ta-li-a. Chinh quyen mdi dupc thanh lap do Ga-ri-ban-di lam Chap chinh. ban hanh nhUng chinh sach dan chu : chia rudng dat cho ndng dan. bai bd dac quyen phong kien. Nhung qudn chiing khdng dupc hudng thanh qua dau tranh eiia minh. Trudc sue ep ciia Ca-vua. thang 10 - I860 Ga-ri-ban-di thoa thuan cho sap nhap Nam I-ta-li-a vao Pi-e-mdn-te. Phong trao ndng dan khdi nghla bj dap tdt. Tiep dd. Pi-e-inon-te tuyen bd thimh lap Vuong qudc I-ta-li-a. nhung nude l-ta-li-a chua dupc thdng nhat hoan toan. Ve-ne-xi-a (thudc Ao) va Rd-ma (dat ciia Giao hoang, dudi su bdo hd cua Phap) chua dupc giai phdng. Nam 1866, lien minh vdi Phd ehdng Ao. I-ta-li-a giai phdng dupc Ve-ne-xi-a : thu hdi Rd-ma 46 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com sau cupe chien tranh Phap - Phd (1870 - 1871). Tii dd, R6-ma trd thanh Thii dd cua nudc I-ta-li-a thdng nhat. // /\ / 3\6n giA quSc gia S6i\ n3m 1859 Vjng ldnh Ihd duac sap nhap vao Pi-e-m6n-ie nam 1860 Vung ISnh Ihfi duoc sSp nhap vao i-la-li-a nam 1870 Cudc ti^n cOng cua li$n quan Pi-fe.mOn-ie - Phap ching quSn Ao Nen diin ra cac Iran darih chij ySu • Di/cmg liSr guan cua dfli quan Aodc" Nhung viirg diJn :a khoi ngt^ia doi thong nhat flat ruoc 187 0 Nam Ihflng nhallanh (nO vao Vuimg quflc i-ia-ii-a Bifin gptn Vucmg guflc l-ta-h-a nam 18?0 Hinh 24. Luac do lien trinh thdng nluit l-ia-li-a Viee thdng nhat l-ta-li-a da tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho su phat trien chii nghla tu ban. Nhan dan ddng vai trd quyet dinh trong su nghiep thdng nhat ddt nudc nhung chinh quyen lai roi vao tay tu san va quy tde tu san hoa. ^ ^ - Tai sao nhiyng cuoc dau tranh thong nhat o DUc va a l-ta-ll-a co y nghTa nhu nhCtng cuoc each mang tu san ? - Hay so sanh con dUdng thong nhat Difc va thong nhat l-ta-li-a. 47 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com II - NOI CHIEN d Mi (1861 - 1865) VA CAI CACH NONG NO 6 NGA (1861) 1. Noi chien 6 Mi Nam 1783, eupc Chien tranh gianh ddc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc Ml ket thiic thdng lpi, nudc Ml ra ddi gdm 13 bang. Song, nhieu nhiem vu ciia mot cudc each mang ehua hoan thanh. Cudc dau tranh nhdm giai quyet nhirng van de tdn tai cua nudc Ml tiep tuc phat trien la mdt yeu eau cua xa hdi Ml bay gid. ^•^..»« » C A N A D A I WO L 11 vung linh gi6 , - ^ tK'^'i chip gii^ Anf^ I 7 // .'\ I NIU ue-Hix:0 nSmlMSl '^|C'l(6Trc^Jcl'aMe-nJ^^) N I Mu3 cua Pnsp "in: mi I V dl c fi / v // /) ; (f ,v G ^ (C/ii^WcujMMK* TECH-DAT ' ( M E H 1 C d 1 lyii Ml HI CO Hinh 25. Nudc Mi gii'fa the ki XIX Sau chien tranh gianh ddc lap. nudc Ml da md rdng ve phia tay, den giiia the ki XIX ed 30 bang. Kinh te phat trien nhanh ehdng, dan ddn nudc Ml chia lam ba mien dat vdi eo eau kinh te - xa hdi khae nhau : - Mien Bae la vung cdng nghiep phat trie'n, hai giai cap ehfnh trong xa hdi la tu sdn va edng nhan. - Mien Nam la noi kinh te don dien chiem uu the. chii nd su dung nhan cdng nd le da den ngay cang nhieu. - Mien Tay la viing ndng nghiep eiia chii trai. Vdi nhieu dieu kien thuan lpi. mien Bdc nudc Ml tien hanh each inang cdng nghiep. dua nudc Ml vuon len diing hang thd tu trong sd cac nudc edng nghiep tren the gidi. 48 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 6 mien Nam, kinh te ddn dien phat trien vdi cac nghe trdng bdng, thudc la. mia... dua tren sir bdc lot lao dpng nd le da den. Gidi ehii nd da lam giau nhanh chdng, the luc ngay cang manh. Tinh de'n nam 1860, chii nd da dua 11 ngudi cua minh len lam Tong thdng (trong sd 16 Tdng thdng Ml). Su duy tri che dp nd le don dien d mien Nam da can trd sir phat trien kinh te tu ban ehii nghla d Ml. Do vay, mau thudn giua tu san mi^n Bdc va chii nd Hinh 26. A. Lin-cdn (1809-1865) mien Nam ngay eang trd nen gay gdt. Phong trao dau tranh ddi thu tieu che dp nd Ie da thu hiit ddng ddo tu sdn, cdng nhan, chii trai, nd le da den tham gia. Nguyen nhan true tiep ddn den npi chien la cudc bdu cir Tdng thdng nam 1860. Lin-cdn, ngudi thupc Dang Cpng hoa (dang cua khdi tu san cdng nghiep va chu trai), da triing cir Tdng thdng. A-hrii-hiiin Lin-ciin sinh ra Irong mdi gi.i liinh elm ULU ngliL'o o Ken-lae-ki. Hoi ne. dng liim nliieu nghe ile sinh sdng. liiinli ilui ihiri gian hoe liiiU \LI ln'» ihiuili luai su. Nam 1S4S. IJn-edn dupc hiiu liun diii bieu Qudc hpi. Ong elm iruong \Oii ho di e dp nd le d mien Nam. Ia[i (rang (rai (v aW \iing diil moi khai khan ku miCn "lax That bai trong cudc tuyen cii, mdt uu the trong chi'nh quyen, gidi ehu nd kich liet chdng ddi ; II bang mien Nam tuyen bd tach khdi Lien bang, thanh lap Hiep bang rieng"*. Ngay 12 - 4 - 1861, gidi chu nd gay ra cupc npi chien, hdng duy tri che dp nd le dang cd nguy co bj sup do. GiCra nam 1862, Tong thdng Lin-cdn ki sdc lenh cap dat d mien Tay cho dan di cu de phat trien trang trai. Ngay 1 - 1 - 1863, Tdng thdng ban hanh sdc lenh bai bd che dp nd le. Hang van nd Ie dupc gidi phdng, gia nhap quan dpi (Thinh phii Lien bang. Chien tranh keo dai 4 nam, tii thang 4-1861 den thang 4 - 1865. Ngay 9 - 4 - 1865, trudc nguy eo thdm bai, tudng Tdng chi huy quan dpi mien Nam phai ddu hang, npi chien ket thiic. (I) Vi viiy. euoc Noi chieii d M i duuc goi hi Chieh tranh li Uiai. 4LICHSa ll-NC-A 49 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Ndi chien d Ml la cudc chien tranh giiia cac lire lupng tien bd, do giai cap lU sdn mien Bae lanh dao. chdng lai gidi chii nd mudn duy tri ehe dp nd le d mien Nam. Qudn chung nhan dan bao gdm chu trai, ngudi da den va cac tdng ldp lao ddng khae da tham gia tfeh cue. quyet dinh cho su thdng lpi. Cudc ndi chien cd y nghla nhu mdt cudc each mang tu sdn Idn thu hai. sau Chien tranh gianh dde lap. Song, trong cudc npi chien. Chfnh phu Lien bang tuyen bd xoa bd che dp nd le nhung khdng giai phdng hoan toan cho ngudi lao dpng da den. Khdng cd rupng dat, hp lai phdi di lam thue. hoae di d. Che dp phan biet chiing tpc ludn ludn de doa cupe sdng cua hp. ^ ^ Nguyen nhan va ket qua cda cuoc Noi chien d MT. 2. Cai each nong no 6 Nga Nua ddu the ki XIX. Nga la nude phong kien lac hau so vdi cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay. cung la nudc duy nhat d luc dia chau Au khdng bi anh hudng ctia Caeh mang 1848. Den giua the ki XIX. Nga vdn la mdt nudc ndng nghiep, quan he phong kien - ndng nd chiem dia vi thdng tri. Hdu het rupng dat trong lay quy tdc dia chii va nha nudc chuyen che. Ndng dan, phdn ldn la ndng nd, phai lao ddng cudng biic vdi nang sudt rat thap. Cdng nghiep khdng the phat trien vl thieu nhan cdng tu do va thi trudng trong nudc bi bd hep. Trong khi dd. tir cudi the ki XVIII. cdng trudng thu cdng da phat trien. Den giira the ki XIX. d Nga cd gan 2 800 cdng trudng thu cdng. \'di khoang 86 van cdng nhan. Cdng nghiep co khi cung bat ddu phat trien nhung bi ehe dp ndng nd kim ham. Nga edn lac hau hon trong viec che tao may mdc. san xuat nhien lieu va giao thdng van tdi (nam 1861, nudc Nga rdng ldn ehi cd 1 500 km dudng sdt). Ve chfnh tri. Nga hoang tang cudng quyen thdng tri chuyen che d Nga. Trong khi mau thudn giai cap het sue ga\ gdt. nudc Nga lai lao vao cudc chien tranh d vimg Crum (vdi Anh. Phap va Thd Nhi Ki tii nam 1853 den nam 1856). cang lam bdc Id tinh trang lac hau ve mpi mat eua nudc Nga va lam cho qudn chiing them cam thu che dp phong kien - ndng nd. Tir nam 1858 den nam I860, d Nga da bung no hon 300 cuoc dau tranh cua nong nd chdng dia ehii. Trudc sue ep cua phong trao ndng nd. yeu cdu cai cdch che dp dupc dat ra mpt each hue thiet nhdin phai trien kinh te va xa hdi. -"^'* 'ILICHSU n-NC-B Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Sau mdt Ihdi gian do du, Nga hoang A-lech-xan-dro II quyet dinh tien hanh eai each. Ngay 19-2-1861 , Nga hoang ki sdc luat giai phdng nhung ndng dan le thupc dia chu va ra ban Tuyen ngdn v^ viec xoa bd che dp ndng nd. Ndny nd dutJc thira nhim puven Uf do ili.in the. situ khi iipp lien chude. cd L|uyen ur hiai. duoe tham izia ciie hoat dong cdng ihuivng. iluoe ki kei giat) keo \(Vi nguiri kluie. Viec giai phdng ndng nd l^m tang ngudn cung cap nhan cdng, tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho su phat trien sdc san xudt. Nhung trong thuc te, nhirng quyen lpi ciia nong nd bi ban che kha nhieu vi hp khdng the cd dii tien ngay de tra tien chude cho dia chu. Tuy vay, day la mdt bude ngoat quan trpng trong lieh sir nude Nga. Sau khi ehe dp ndng nd bi thii tieu, chii nghla tu ban d Nga phat trien kha nhanh. trudc tien la trong cdng nghiep. do dua vao ddu tu cua nudc ngoai va nguon nhan cong re mat. ^ ^ Cupc Cai each nong no d Nga diSn ra nhu the nao ? CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Vi sao CO the xem cupc Npi chien cf MT(1861 - 1865) la cupc each mang tusan lan thir hai ? 2. Tai sao noi: Cai each nong no d Nga mang y nghla mpt cupc each mang tu san ? 3. Vi sao phong trao each mang tu san a Oiic, l-ta-li-a, Nga, MTdi^n ra duoi nhQng hinh thi/c khae nhau ? PHAN DOC THEM Cupe dau Iranh cua n^uifi da den d Mi Trong cudc dau tranh tu giiii phdng cd tdi 18 van ngudi da den dung ve phia Lien bang chdng lai quSn dpi Hiep bang mi6n Nam. Trong thdi gian chien tranh. dii cd tdi 5 van nd le da den bo trdn de ihoiit khdi che'dd nd le. Iioiic iham gia cliien diui tieh cue chdng kii chu nd. Nhtrng binh sl da den hi sinh trong eupc diiu iranh giai phong len idi 37 viin ngudi. Cdng cudc giai phdng nd le dii ddng vien e:io do long dung cam hi sinh vii nang lue cua ngirdi da den. Cd nhieu ngudi irong sd ho ila tro Ihanh si quan chi huy. (Theo : Vii Duong Nmh - Nguyen Van Hdng. Lich sir the gldi can dgi. NXB Giiio due. H., 211(11. tr. I'-Ml 51 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CAC Nl/dC Tir BAN CHUYEN SANG GIAI DOAN DE QUOC CHU NGHIA Cudi the kl XIX dim ihc ki XX, ( .K mtac Ur Ixm An Mi )ih>il trien san<^ gkd do.m mm \cn ddc Iruni; ntn l\Tt nhdt l,i sn xu.it hien ( .u to chdc doc quyen \n vic;i t.mg c irong c hinh s.ic h xam krirc thucic du . 1. Sir tien bo ve khoa hoc - ki thuat va SLT phat triein cua sue san xuait Khoang 30 nam cudi the ki XIX la thdi ki chu nghla tu ban tu do canh tranh chuyen sang chu nghla tu bdn ddc quyen. Trong thdi ki nay, nen kinh te d cac nudc tu ban chu nghla phat trien cue ki nhanh chdng. mdt phdn la do chu trpng phat minh khoa hpe va ap dung nhiing tien bd ve khoa hoc - kl thuat vao san xuat. Cac phat minh ve dien cua G. X. 6m (1789 - 1854) ngudi Diic, M. Pha-ra-day {1791 - 1867) vaG.P Giun {1818- 1889) ngudi Anh, E. Kh. Len-xo (1804 - 1865) ngudi Nga, thuyet electron cua Tdm-xon (Anh), phat hien ve nang lupng hat nhan cua Pi-e Quy-ri va Ma-ri Quy-ri (Phap), phat minh ve tia X ciia V. Ron-ghen (1845 - 1923) ngudi Due, phat hien dinh luat tudn hoan ciia Men-de-le-ep (Nga). thuyet tien hoa eua Dae-uyn (Anh), cdng trinh ve sinh li hpe ciia Pap-ldp (Nga)... la nhiing thanh tuu to ldn, tao dieu kien eho viec iing dung va day manh san xuat. Ddng CO ddt trong da dupc phat minh tir trudc, nhung mai den thap nien 90 cua the ki XIX. sau khi kl sU R. Di-e-den ngudi Due cai tien, mdi dupc iing dung rpng rai. Dpng co ddt trong sii dung nhien lieu ldng, khdng cdn ndi hai, so vdi may hcfi nude tien lpi hon nhieu. Viec su dung ddng ca ddt trong tao ra khd nang phat trien cho nganh d td va may bay, ddng thdi thue ddy nganh khai thac ddu md. Nam 1870, luong ddu md dupc khai thac tren toan the gidi la 80 van tan. den nam 1900 da tang len 200 trieu tan. Tir dd, cudc tranh gianh ve ddu md giiia cac nha tu bdn ngay cang gay gdt. Nhung phat minh ve dien trudc tien dupc su dung trong nganh dien thoai va dien bao. Nam 1879. E-di-xon thi nghiem thanh cdng viec thdp sang, bdng den dicn ra ddi. Viee ehe tao cac loai may phat dien (dinamd, tudcbin) vii giai quyet khd nang ehuyen tai dien di xa da tao dieu kien thuan Ipi eho su phat trien san xuat. NhUng nganh mdi xuat hien : thdng tin vd tuyen dien (radid). dien anh... 52 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Viec six dung Id eao Betxme da lam tang san lupng thep, tao nen budc chuyen bien quan trpng trong nganh luyen kim, che tao may... Cong nghiep hoa hpe (nganh cdng nghiep mdi) dat nhieu thanh tuu trong linh vue san xuat hoa chat, dupc phdm, thude nhudm. Nam 1867, A. Nd-ben phat minh ra thudc nd. Den thap nien 80 ciia the ki XIX, dng eai tien va che tao thanh cdng Ioai thudc nd khdng khdi. Dieu dd da thiic ddy cdng nghiep quan su phat trien. Cac loai vat lieu mdi nhu : nhua, chat each dien, spi nhan tao... cung bdt ddu dupc dua vao sii dung trong cac nganh san xudt. Giao thdng van tai chuyen bien manh me. Tau hod dupc cai tien, mang ludi dudng sdt md rpng khdp chau Au. ("hieu cliii ikrong s.ii il chau .'\u iiiim IK.Sdlii l.S (Kill km, mini 1S7.^: 14300(1 km. iiaiii IddO : :s.^ fl(K) km : rieng d Dire vii Phiip : IOO 000 km. Nam IS'^JO. nudc Nga khdi cdng .\ii\ ilung dudng sal vu\en Xi-hia, nhcr do. himh khikli eo the diip lim lir Pa-ri den Vl.i-di-\o-\loe Uliii S y{\i) km I irong 2 luan le. Xuat hien ldn dau vao nam 1886. d td nhanh chdng trd thanh phuong tien giao thdng quan trpng. May bay dupc thti nghiem thanh edng nam 1903. Tau bien dupc trang hi mdi, trpng tai 30 000 - 40 000 tan. Cdng trinh kenh dao Xuy-e va kenh dao Pa-na-ma da riit ngdn dudng van chuyen tren bien. Hinh 27. Chiec d td ddu lien (1886) 53 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 28. Chiec mdy bay ddu tien (J903) Kenh \u\- e dai 1.^0 km. eh;i\ qua .\i Ciip. ndi hen Dui Irung Ilai \(Vi Hone Hai, hoim ihimh nam 1S69. Kenh Pa-na-ma i.liu VM.P km. eat ngiing Trung Mi. ndi liC'n Dai r.i\ Diiou'j \o'i "tluii Binii Duone. hnjii ihimh IKUII I'*I4. '^^^'^^ft^ih^:. ••'^^_ ] Hinh 29. Dodn tdu ddu tien di qua kenh dao Xuy-e ndm 1869 Viec irng dung cae tien bp kl thuat cho phep md rdng san xudt tren quy md ldn. sdn phdm dupc sdn xuat hang loat, dupc tieu chudn hoa ve kich thude. mdu ma va chat lupng. San lupng ndng nghiep tang nhanh nhd viee dung phan bdn hoa hpe. sir dung cac loai may keo. may cay. may gat dap va td chuc tram may bom trong he thdng thuy ndng. 54 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ^ - Sii- dung cac kien thUc da hgc ve Vat li. Hoa hoc..., trinh bay mot so thanh tuu ve khoa hoc - kT thuat - Vi sao den khoang nam 1900. mdi diSn ra si/ canh tranh gay gat ve dau mo giC^a cac nha tu ban ? - Trinh bay nhi^g hieu biet cda em ve A. N6-ben va giai Ndben. 2. Sir xuait hien chu nghla tu ban doc quyen Trong 30 nam eudi the ki XIX. viec su dung nhDng ngudn nang lupng mdi ciing nhung tien bd kl thuat tao ra kha nang xay dung cac nganh cdng nghiep tren quy mo ldn. Dong thdi, su canh tranh da lam pha san nhieu co sd kinh doanh nhd, tai san tap trung ddn vao tay cac nha tu ban ldn. Xu hudng tap trung san xuat. tap trung tu ban da ddn den sir xuat hien cac td chdc ddc quyen nhu cdcten. xanhdica d Diic va Phap, tcndt o Ml. 0 Phiip \'ii Dire, nhimg nhii edng nghiep eiing sim Kuiit mdi mat himg ihoii ihuiin lurp thiinh caclen. xiinhdica. Hp thdng nhai ve giii biin. khoi lupng san phiim. thi trirdng tieu thu. dii^u kien thue nhan cdng. trao ddi bang s;ing che de giiim biTi ciuih tranh : ciicten thiec. ciieien hoii eh;it. xanhdica than... TcfrcTt d Mi lii hinh thire Id ehue ddc quyen eao. hop iihiit nhieu ngimh edng nghiep gtdng nhau hoac nhiJng nganh khiic nhau nhung eiing thudc he thdng san xiiiit. Chang him. toriVi dim lira cua Roc-phe-lo (Standard Oil Company) bao gdm eiie cosd kii.ii Ihiie dim. mang ludi dng diin diiu. cite nhii mii\ Ipc diiu vii hoa dim, himg Irani liiu bien. ben c;ing : khdng ehe thi irircmg dau lu;i trong nudc vii the gidi. siiii IIKJ rdng sang ngiinh cdng nghic'p khi ddt \ii tiien. Lan sdng edng nghiep hoa tae ddng manh me vao ndng nghiep. Phan bdn hoa hpe, may cay, may keo, may gat dap dupc sir dung rdng rai. Su chuyen mdn hoa san xuat tao nen nhirng ngudn hang hoa ndng nghiep dac biet ciia timg viing. ddy manh viec budn ban ndng san, eung cap cho thi trudng trong nudc va nudc ngoai. Su tap trung sdn xuat, tap trung tu bdn lam tang vai trd ctia ngan hang. Liic ddu, ngan hang la noi cho vay, sau true tiep ddu tu. tham gia chi dao san xuat. kinh doanh. Cac ngan hang d Pa-ri, Luan Ddn, Phran-phudc, Vien... dau tu vao dudng sdt, khai md, nha may, hai cang. Ben canh ngan hang nha nude cdn cd nhieu ngan hang tu nhan. 55 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Ddn dan. trong nganh ngan hang cung ed su tap trung. hinh thanh nhung ngan hang ldn. Mdt vai ngan hang ldn khdng che mpi hoat ddng kinh doanh trong ca nudc. Nhieu ehii ngan hang vdi sd vdn khdng Id da ndm ludn cd cac cO sd san xuat. true tiep kinh doanh cdng nghiep. Sir dung hop giira tu ban ngan hang vdi tu ban edng nghiep da tao nen tdng ldp tu hdn tdi chinh, trong dd cd quyen luc nhat la tang ldp ddu sd tai chinh. Hp lap nen cac "'vuang trieu" tu ban nhu "vua ddu lira" Rdc-phe-lo. "vua thep" Modc-gan, "vua d td" Pho... Cung vdi viec xuat khdu hang hoa. tang ldp tu ban tai chinh ddy manh xuat khau tu bdn. Hp chuyen vdn ddu tu vao sdn xuat, kinh doanh d cac nudc thudc dia, phu thupc hoac cho va\ Iai de thu Ipi nhuan cao. Do ngudn lpi thu dupc qua ldn ttr xuat khdu tu ban (thi trudng tieu thir md rpng. nhieu ngudn nguyen lieu va nhan cdng re mat...), cac nude de qude tang cudng xam lupc thudc dia. khien cho su tranh chap giua cac nudc tu ban ngay cang eang thdng. Nhu vay, den eudi the' ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, su xuat hien cac to chiie doc quyen. su ra ddi ciia tu ban tai chinh. stJ tang cudng xuat khdu tu ban va keo theo su tranh gianh thudc dia ngay cang cang thang... la nhOng dau hieu co bdn danh dau budc chuyen tir chii nghla tu bdn tu do sang chu nghla tu bdn doe quyen hay ehii nghla de qudc. Trong giai doan de qude chii nghla. cac mau thudn giCra ngudi lao ddng vdi chii tu bdn, giua nhiin dan cac nude thudc dia vdi chu nghla de qudc. giira de qudc vdi de qudc... cang trd nen sau sdc. khdng the dieu hoa. Dieu ay da ddn den chien tranh the gidi va hang loat cupc each mang trong 2 thap nien dau cua the ki XX. ^ ^ Qua trinh xuat hien ehu nghla tu ban doe quyen dien ra nhu the nao ? CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Trinh bay nhffng tien bp kl thuat noi bat va tac dpng ciia chung doi vdi san xuat va ddi song. 2. Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX, cac nudc tu ban Au - MT co nhiing chuyen bien quan trpng gi ? Trong do, chuyen bien nao dang chu y nhat ? 56 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com PHAN DOC THEM Su tien bp ve ki thuat the ki XIX Ve mai ki ihuiit. net ndi bai lii nhimg phiti minh vi^ dien. Phat minh eiia Mode-\o (Morse - MI) v^ dien bao. cua E-di-xon (Thomas Edison - MTi vi bdng den dien vii xay dung nha may dien : tiep theo la nhung phiit minh ve dien ihoiii. dien anh. vp tuyen dien truyi^n thanh (radio) vii tia X da dua ngudn nang lupng indi viio Ciic linh vue eua eude sdng. Viec sir dung Id Betxme vii Id Miictanh diinh diiu mot hude ciich miing irong nganh luyen kim. Trong nhimg nam 80 eiia the ki XIX, nhung siing che ra miiy Eudcbin phai dien ehay bang sue nudc va tudcbin phiit dien eiing viee ehuyen tiii dien di .\a da uio nhung dieu kien rat quan trpng de nang cao nang suiit lao dpng \ uot bae vii mtf rdng hon nira quy md sim xuai. Nhimg phiit hien ve dau mo d MT va d Nga dem lai cho loai ngudi mpl ngudn nhien lieu mdi ngoiii than, sau nay dupc sir dung rpng rai irong ciic ngimh cong nghiep. Do nhung lien bo kT thuat Iren, san lupng eiie ngiinh edng nghiep king len nhanh ehdng. So siinh trong khoang thdi gian 1S70 - 190(1. cd the thii\ imrc sim xuiit ihep ttr 2? van tan len 28,6 irieu tim. diiu mo khai thiie lir 0.8 trieu tiin len 20 irieHi tiin. chi^u dai dudng sat tang gap 4 lin. Cflng nhd ed dien. xiing diiu va dpng co tudcbin. nhi6u phuang lien giao thong mdi xuiVt hien nhu d td. miiy ba). lim bien. tiiu ngiim. (llieo : Vu Duong Ninh iChu bien). Lich .\i'rvdii minh the i;idi. Sdd. ir. 326) 57 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com CAC NI/6C TU BAN CHUYEN SANG GIAI DOAN DE QUOC CHU NGHIA (Tiep theo) Trnng (|Lia Innh < huyen td chu nghia tu ban tp do c anh Iranh ^.ing i !ui iighki Ul Iwn (l(H quyen. Anh, Phap. Due, Mi la nhdng num ph.it tnen manli nhat va the hien rd nhat nhdng dAe trirng cua chu nghia de quoc. 1. Nuoc Anh a) Tinh hinh kinh te liuoc niim 1870. iiuiVe ,-\nh dung diiu the gidi ve cdng nghiep. Khi dd ,\nh dupe gpi lii "eong vuong eu.i ihe giiii" \ i siin phiim edng ngliiep .Anh luon ehiem uu the \e sd hfnne. ehai lirong, khone nui*e ikn> Iheo kip. Sau nam 1870, tdc dp phat trien ve cdng nghiep ciia nudc Anh cham lai. Vao nhung thap nien cudi ciia the ki XIX, nudc Anh mat ddn dia vi dpe quyen cdng nghiep. bj Ml rdi Ddc vupt qua. Nuiiwn iihim thmh eii;i imli iriing Iren !a do eong nghiep Anh phai trien sdm. hiing loiil m:\\ miiL. Hang ihiel bi, COIIL; nghe ilaii iro nen Lie luiu. hieu MiiU Ihap. doi Imi ilaii ur i,tc doi iiioi riil tdn kem. Irong khi dd. giiii i. iip lif s.m .-\iih elii ehu irong viial kii;ui ur ban s;mg e;ie mtOc thude dia. Ho;i Ki \i i e;ie luroe MT Eaiinh hon ki ddi nuii s'A \i\v.\\ irieii conn nghiep \ i bde lpl llmde diii ihu loi hVn him \ii nhanh hon nhieu. Tuy mai dia vi ba chu the gidi ve cdng nghiep. Anh vdn diing ddu ve tai chinh, xuat khdu tu bdn. thuong mai, hai quan va thupc dia. Vao cudi the ki XIX, qua trinh tap trung tu ban d Anh cung dupc ddy manh. Nhieu to chuc ddc quyen dupe thimh lap va kiem soat cac nganh kinh te. chii yeu la edng nghiep luyen kim. ddng tau. khai thac md. Viec tap trung tu bdn trong cac ngan hang eiing dat den muc cao. Trudc Chien tranh the gidi thu nhat (1914 - 1918). cae cdng ti ddc quyen cdng nghiep ldn lien ket mat thiet vdi 5 ngan hang ldn nhai khu Xi-ti (Luan Ddn). ehi phdi toan bd ddi sdng kinh te ciia nudc Anh. Ndng nghiep khdng chiem vi tri quan trpng trong nen kinh te eiia Anh. Phdn ldn luang thue va nguyen lieu ndng nghiep phai nhap cua nudc ngoai. chii yeu la cac nude thudc dia. Trong nhung nam 60 ciia the ki XIX. Anh tu tuc dupc 3/4 sd lua mi 58 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com hdng nam ; tir thap nien 70 trd di, chi tU cung cap dupc 1/3 sd lua mi cho nhu cau trong nude. h) Tinh hinh chinh tri ve danh nghla, Anh la mdt nudc quan chii lap hien, song thue chat la mdt qudc gia theo che do dai nghi. gOm Thupng vien va Ha vien. Dang Tu do va Dang Bdo thil thay nhau cdm quyen tuy theo ket qud bdu cir Nghi vien, dang nao chiem da sd ghe thi dupc cir ngudi giii chiie Thii tudng. Hai dang tuy canh tranh ehinh tri vdi nhau, khdc nhau ve nhiing chinh sach va bien phap cu the, song deu thdng nhat trong viee bdo ve lpi ich ciia giai cap tu sdn, dan ap phong trao qudn ehiing va ddy manh xam lupc thudc dia. Nude Anh cd he thdng thupc dia rpng ldn. dupc gpi la ''de qudc ma mat trdi khdng bao gid lan", trai dai tir Niu Di-lan. O-xtray-li-a. An Dp, Ai Cap, Xu-dang, Nam Phi. Ca-na-da, cung nhieu viing dat khae d chau A, chau Phi va cac dao tren eae dai duang. Le-nin gpi chii nghla de qudc Anh la chu nghla ete qudc thue ddn. Niini l'-'i4. llmde dia .Anh rong uVi 3.^ liieii km \oi 4IH) ineii ngiio!, ehiem 1/4 dien lieh \ii 1/4 dan so ihc eitti. giip 12 km llmiie tti;i euii Dire \ii 3 liin Ihiide ilia eua Phiip. ^ ^ Vl sao tLf nam 1870 trd di, td'c do phat then cong nghiep cua Anh cham lai ? 2. NLTOC Phap a) Tinh hinh kinh te Trude nam 1870, Phap la mpt nudc cdng nghiep tien tien diing thii hai the gidi, sau Anh. Tii sau nam 1871, kinh td Phap phat trien trong dieu kien khd khan. San lupng cdng nghiep tuy cd tang nhung tdc do phat trien cdng nghiep eham so vdi Ml. Diie. Anh, trang bi kl thuat eua Phap lac hau rd ret so vdi nen cdng nghiep ciia eae nudc tu bdn tre. Ngii\en nhiin eu.i nnh liaiie do hi do luu qua eii;i Hiep ildc \'ee\ai (Pluip phai hoi ihuoii!: eho Dire ? li phraiie. till clio Due hai nnh giau iigipen lieu ki .-Xn-Llal \a Lo-rcni. L|uan chimg do\ ngheo nen sire mii.i kem. ihieu ngu\eii lien, ilpi lau buon nho he khdng e.mh ii;mh duoe Iren Ihi iruivm; ilie eiivi. Tuy vay, vao cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX. cdng nghiep Phap cung cd nhieu tien bd dang ke. He thdng dudng sdt lan rdng ea nudc da ddy nhanh su phat trien 59 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ciia cac nganh khai md, luyen kim. thuong mai... Mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep mdi ra ddi dat dupc nhieu thanh tuu nhu : dien khi, hoa chat, che tao d td. dien anh... Td nam 1852 den nam 1900. sd xi nghiep sir dung may mdc tang 9 ldn, so ddng co chay bdng hai nude tang 12 ldn. Nam 1893. sd cdng nhan tang len 3 trieu ngudi... Ndng nghiep d trong tinh trang phan tan vdi 409^ cu dan sdng bdng nghe ndng nen gap khd khan trong viee su dung kl ihuat mdi. Ndng dan bi phu thudc vao cac hang budn ndng sdn va chii np. Trong thdi ki nay, mdt sd cdng ti ddc quyen da ra ddi va ddn ddn ehi phdi nen kinh te dai nude. Cone II Snii\-do Cro-dd doc Lpi\en \e eimg nehiep i|uan sU. ddng lim, long edng li duivng sal \a dien khi cime 6 cdng li khae (.jiian li loiiii hd m.mg Imri ttudng sat Irong nudc. Coni: li Xanh Go-ben \a Cu-niiin kiem soiii lo;m hP cdng nghiep boa chid. Nhieu cdng ii kh;ii ihiie thuoe dia : Cone li kinh LIOUIIII d(m dicn irong nho o' .An-eie'-n. Cone 11 dow dicn i-iio MI O t)ong DU(Tng... Dae diem cua td chirc dde quyen Phiip la viec tap trung ngan hang dat mirc cao (ngan hang Idn d Pa-ri nam 70% tU ban cua eae ngan hang trong ca nudc). Phap la nudc dimg thd hai (sau Anh) ve xuat khdu tu ban, nhung khdc Anh d chd tu ban dupe dem cho ciic nudc chain tien (chii yeu la Nga, Thd Nhi Ki. cac nudc IVU Latinh) vay lay lai nang. Vi vay, chii nghla de qude Phap dupe gpi la ehii nghla de qude eho vox ldi. h) Tinh hinh chinh tri Sau khi De ehe thir hai sup do (4 - 9 - 1870), chinh the edng hoa (nen Cong hoa thli ba)''' dupc thiei lap. Tuy vay. tinh hinh chinh tri Phap rat phirc tap, the hicn rd d viec dan iip cac cudc dau tranh ciia nhan dan lao ddng va cac vu tham d va be bdi chinh tri. Trong vdng 40 nam (1875 - 1914), da cd tdi 50 lan thay doi ehinh phii d Phap. Veddi ngoai, sau chien tranh Phap- Phd (1870- 1871). quan he giira hai nude tiep tuc cang thdng. Tu nam 1870 den nam 1893. Phap d vao tinh the bi ed lap. Song Phap vdn tang cudng xam lupc thude dia d chau A va ehau Phi : hoan thanh xiim lupc Viet Nam (1884), chiem Lao (1893), thdn tinh Ma-da-ga-xca, Ma-rde... (I) N^n Cpng hoa Ihu nhai ra ddi iiiini ! 742. Irong thiri ki Ciich miing ur siiu Phap : uen Cpng hoa thu h;ii ni dPi irong Cach miing 1848 - 1844 d Ph;ip ; nen Cong hoii thir ba Ion I;ii den n;im 1440. khi phiit xi't Due xiim ehicni Mi;i|i, 60 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Den nam 1914. he thdng thudc dia ciia Phap rdng gdn 11 trieu km-, vdi 55,5 trieu dan, dung thii hai tren the gidi. ^ ^ Ttnh hinh kinh te, chinh tri cOa Phap vao nhCfng nam cuoi the ki XIX - dau the kt XX nhu the nao ? 3. Nudc Due a) Tinh hinh kinh te Vao giUa the ki XIX, Diic vdn la mpt nudc ndng nghiep, da sd dan eu tap trung d nong thdn va cac thanh thj nhd. Tuy vay, cdng nghiep da kha phat trien, nhat la d vung Tay Nam. Sau khi nudc Diic thdng nhat (18 - 1 - 1871), chii nghla tu bdn d day phat trien rat nhanh. (. ong cutK' llione nliiil ilal nuoc dii l.io nen moi llii liuoiie Jim loe \i*i ehe do hiinh chinh. he ihong i|iiLiii ihue. tio luoiig \ LI uen le ihon^J nhai. 1 heu ihep lU'-c \ eeviii. {.h\c eh ien i liUoC eiLi Phap .•> 11 |)hi.me. liai linh giau iigii\en lieu hi .\.n-d;il v.i l.u-ien, iien LO moi ngiiiin xon \.\\.\M'\ none de \LI \ Jung \ a mo rong kmh Jn.mli. I ien Iimh ihu Diii. Liiiie eo nhieu neu\en lieii. nli.il la i' IIULMI Tii\ N.ini nhu \iiiig KIL I eo nhieu mo IIKIII \ii kim loiii, Nuov Due eime i.lii limy e(i iiioi eo' sO kinh ie LOII-J ihuoiiL: neliiep nhiil dinh tu giira ihe ki XIX. Do |IIKU irien sau. nuov DLIC hep IIIMII iiiuine liKinh um ki ihiial niiii. \a\ ituinj eoiii; nghiep Ihco qiix uinh moi lam lane nh;inli SLIII lirnn^j. ( i l d.m ihimh ihi UIIIL; nhiiiih hi iiL:iinn IIIKIH IUC quan I rone elio ei s;iii luonc 10 ii leii Liii itian. xanluliea nii\ kiem s'nii d5', unv^ san luo'ne ihan o \ung Rua i\une COIIL: nghiep Ion iiluil o \Xlc] \ J hon :<>', lone ^aii kione ilum eii niKVe. 61 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Ded nam 1905. Diic da cd 385 td chuc ddc quyen, bao gdm 12 000 xi nghiep ldn vii ndm giii cac nganh sdn xuai ehii yeu. Do cdng nghiep phat trien, quy tdc dia chii Due cd dieu kien su dung may moc va kl thuat mdi trong ndng nghiep. h) Tinh hinh ehinh tri Dlic la mot lien bang gdm 22 bang va 3 thanh phd tu do. theo che dp quan ehii lap hien : trong dd, quy tdc dia chii lien ket chat che vdi tu ban doe quyen thdng tri nhan dan, chdng phong trao cdng nhan, chay dua vu trang va xam ehiem thupc dia. Hoang de ddng ddu Lien bang cd quyen eao nhai (Tdng chi huy quan dpi, bd nhiem va each chirc Thii tudng, trieu tap va gidi tan Qudc hpi...). Quyen lap phap thude hai vien - Hdi ddng Lien bang (Thupng vien, gdm dai bieu cac bang) va Qudc hpi (Ha vien. do bdu cir, nhiem ki 3 nam). Nudc Dlic budc vao con dudng tu ban chii nghla tuong ddi mupn, nen khi trd thanh cudng qudc cdng nghiep thi phdn ldn dat dai tren the gidi da la thupc dia hoae nira thudc dia ciia Anh. Phap... Ngay ttr thap nien 90 ciia the ki XIX, Diic da edng khai ddi diing vu luc chia lai the gidi. Vi the, mau thudn giCra Diic vdi Anh va Phap - nhung nudc cd nhieu thupc dia nhat - trd nen hei sire gay gdt, ddn den cupc Chidn tranh the gidi thii" nhdt. Tinh ehdt qudn phiet hieu ehien Id dgc diem noi hgt eiia ehu nghla dequde Due. X r Neu mot so su kien chUng to kinh te DUC phat then manh. Nguyen nhan cua su phat trien do. 4. Niroc Ml a) Tinh liinli kinh le' Sau eupc ndi ehien (1861 - ! nOO ha dai mi' chUii Iluin Loe. I hlKI km duolig s,ii, 100 i;m ihu\, ToTiVt diiu md eua Roe-phe-k* kiem so.it '•XKr ngiuili siin .\udl ikiu mo \oi 7 \aii km duinig ong dftn dau. hiing inim liiu bien \ii kho himg d trong vii ngoiii niroc. Roe-phe-lo edn ehinh phue Ciie ngiinh hoi Jot. dien khi. ciie cone li ki'in. done, ehi I hu Ki|i Joiui tren lung doiin nganh ng:in hang, luim none iii\ 1/.^^ loiin bo so \oii ngan himg nudc Mi. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 63 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com h) Tinh hinh ehinh iri Dung ddu Chi'nh phii Ml la Tong thdng. Hai dang tu san - Cong hoa va Dan chu - cir 4 nam mdt ldn dua ngudi ra tranh eu chuc Tdng thdng va dai bieu Qudc hdi, gdm hai vien - Ha vien va Thupng vien. So vdi cac nudc de qudc khae. Ml cham tri trong viec xam chie'm thupc dia, vi mai lo chinh phuc cac vung dat dai rdng ldn d mien Trung va mien Tay dat nudc. Ttr nhirng nam 80 ciia the ki XIX trd di, khi bien gidi nudc Ml da cham bd Thai Binh Duong. Ml lap tire vuon ra ngoai lanh thd ciia minh. Nam 1898. Ml gay chien vdi Tay Ban Nha de cudp Phi-lip-pin va Cu-ba. Bang ddla va siic manh quan su. Ml can thiep vao npi bd cac nudc Ml Latinh. Ddi vdi Trung Qudc. Ml de ra chinh sach "md cira" de xam nhap vao dat nude rpng ldn va giau cd nay. ^ ^ Trinh bay nhCfng net noi bat trong nen kinh te. chinh tri MT cuoi the ki XIX - dau theki XX. CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Vi sao sau nam 1870, Anh mat dia vj doc quyen cong nghiep, con cong nghiep Phap thi phat trien cham ? 2. Tai sao noi chu nghTa de quoc Anh la chu nghTa de qudc thuc dSn, con chii nghTa de qudc Phap la chii nghTa de quoc cho vay lai ? 3. Vi sao gidi cam quyen Oiic rao riet chudn bi chien tranh the git^i ? 4. NhCng nguyen nhan nao khien kinh te MT phat trien vupt bae ? 5. Hoat dpng banh trudng cua MT dien ra nhu the nao ? PHAN DOC THEM Su phat trien kinh te Anh dau the ki XX va budc chuyen sang chii nghTa de qudc Den diu the ki XX, nudc Anh viin giir dia vi hang d^u trong nen kinh te thucmg nghiep va irong nhihig hoat dpng tin dung the gidi. Luan Don ddng vai trd mpt trung lam tai chi'nh vii ddng bang Anh (livra xtecling) vAn la don vi tien te thdng dung trong mau dieh qude le. So vdi hdi cudi the ki XIX. tdc dd phat trien cdng nghiep ed nbiuih hon. dae biel la Cite ngimh ddng tau. hoii ehftl. dicn khi. Nhung trong cuuc e.mh tranh 64 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com tu ban chil nghla. do lang trudng cua Anh v^n tiep luc lac hitu so vdi ciic nudc khiic. nhiii la so vdi M l va Diic. Ti le san ph:ini cua cdng nghiep Anh trong toiin bd san luimg the gidi tir nam 1900 den nam 1913 giiim sut rd ret : than Itr 29,7% xudng 21.87^. giing tir 22.1% xudng \?>^c. tieu thu bdng ti^ 28.5% xudng 23.2%. Nhidu edng ti lung doan xuai hien trong hiiu het ciic nganh cong nghiep : khai ihiie than. del. thude lii. hoii chiit, luyen kim. vim tiii. Nhung puii trinh liip trung irAnh dicn ra nhanh vii miinh me. nhiii la trong nganh ngiin himg. Nam 1913, 27 nhii ngiin hang da tap irung trong tay mdt so vdn bang 85% long sd vdn tu ban trong nudc. Cd the luc nhai la 5 nha ng^n hiing d Luan Ddn chiem 40% sd tu biin eiia nude Anh. NhCrng nha ngan hang d^u cd chi nhanh a thudc dia. Suphat trien eiia ngan hang thiie ddy VKC .xudi khdu luhan. Neu nam 1900. nudc Anh dau tu ra ben ngoiii 2 ti livro xtecling thi den niim 1913 len giin 4 li. Neu niim 1899 lidn lai cua sd vdn xuiii khau lii 90 trieu livrd xtecling thi den niim 1912 len ldi 176 trieu. Thi irucmg diiu tu chii yeu cua nude Anh la cac ihupe dia vii mdt so niTi nhu Trung Qudc. Nga. cae nudc MT Latinh... (Theo : VQ Duong Ninh - Nguyen Van Hdng, Lich sif the gldl can dai. Sdd. lr. 231) 5.LICHSU n-NC-A 6 5 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Chuong III - — PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN (Tir dau the ki XIX den dau the ki XX) 1 PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH CIJA CONG NHAN NlfA DAU THE KI XIX Cii>ii ( ap f ong nhan r.i doi va lan manh cung vdi sp hmh thdnh va phat Irien tua th u ngliia lu han. Do doi lap ve quyen lal, mdu thuan gida lu san vol tdng nhan da nay sinh, tian ddn tud r dau Iranh giai tap ngay (ang gay gat. 1. Sir ra doi va tinh canh cua giai cap vo san cong nghiep Chil nghla tu han ra ddi va phat triein thi sU phan chia xa hdi thanh hai giai ca'p cct ban dtn lap nhau - giai cap tu san va giai cap vd sim - ngay cimg rd ret. Giai cap tu san hao gdm nhung chu edng xudng. nha may. chii ddn dii^n, quy toe mdi... Ho tich luy tiii san thdng qua bdc lot nhung ngudi lao ddng ngheo khd va tien hanh budn ban nd le. Nhung ngudi vd san xuat than tir nhung ndng dan bi pha san. mat dat. phai rdi bd que hucrng ra thanh thi tim dudng sinh sdng. phiii lam thue trong cac edng xudng, nhii may. Bd sung cho dpi ngii nay cd ca nhung thp thii edng d thimh thi bi pha san. Giai cap vd san hoim toiin khdng ed tu lieu san xuat, chi dua viu> viec han sue lao ddng eua minh cho tu sim de sinh sdng. Giai cap vd san cting nghiep la ddi tir nua cudi the ki XVIll. trude tien lii dAnh. khi cupe each mung cong nghiep bat tliiu. Ve sau. khi each mang eong nghiep phat trien. lan nhanh d nhieu nUtVc thi giai cap vd san d eae nude nii\ eCing xuat hien \'ii ngiiy eimg Ithi manh. Do bi giai ciip tu sim ;ip hue bde lot nTing nc nen ddi sdng eua edng nhim het sdc CO cue. () luroc Anh. moi ng:i\ COIIL^ nhim irong cac Mriviig del ike ea phu mi \ j ne em) phin Kiojnng 14 - l.> eio. ih.im 1.I11 en 11111 Ui I S gio. Dieu kien limi \ iec i.ii loi le. \oi moi liuoiig liicii i\\n lliii|"i. noiiLi nue. bin iiong phu d;i\ nhung eiiii [ihong eh:ii hep. lien liion;_: I.ILI LOIIU iiliiin lal lluip. liinii:: eua |iliii nir \ :i ire em eitii re iiuil hdii. IHHIL! \iiiiLi 20 nam (ISIS- 1835). lien luong IIUIL' le- giam 3 I.in. 6 6 5LICHSU ll-NC-8 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 31. Lao ddng ire em trong hdm md dAnh Viec sir dung may mdc ngay ciing rdng rai liim cho nhi6u cdng nhan cd nguy co mat vice lam. Trudc tinh hinh ay, cdng nhan da dung len dau tranh chdng giai cap tu sim. ^ ^ Tinh canh cua cong nhan 6 cac nude tuban nhu the nao ? 2. Phong trao dau tranh cua cong nhan trong nira dau the ki XIX Lue dau, do nhan thirc edn han che, edng nhan cho rang may mde lii ngudn gdc gay nen su ddi ngheo, dau khd va that nghiep. Phong triio dap pha may moc. dtSt eong xudng la hinh thiJc dau tranh tu phat dau tien ciia giai eiip vd san. Phong triio niiy di^n ra trong thdi gian cudi the ki XVIll - diui the ki XIX. trudc het d Anh rdi lan ra cac nuoc khae. Song, viec dap pha may mde khong dcin lai ket qua gi ngoai su tang cudng dan ap ciia giai cap thdng tri. Qua thuc lien, cdng nhan ngiiy cimg nhan thay ro rang chinh giai cap lU sim mdi lit ke bde lot hp vii muc tieu dau tiiinh nham viio giai cap tu siin. OAnh. trong nhung nam 20 - 30 ciia ihe ki XIX. edng nhan dau iranh ddi quyen bau cir. Nam 1832, Qudc hdi Anh phai thdng qua dao luii! cai each luyen eir: theo do. dieu kien tiii san ciia cir tri dupc ha thap. song van khdng dem lai quy^n biiu cu cho cdng nhan. li6u tu san va tu san hang trung. Trong nhung nam 1836 - IS48, mpl phong triio cdng nhan rdng ItVn. ed td chirc da dicn ra - phong triio Hicn chuong. Cdng nluin lo eh ire nui linh. Ui_\ ^hii ki. ilUii kien ngln Jen Ngln vien. dui i|ii\eii pho ihone lliiu phieu. l;m^ liamg \.i giimi gio liim cho iii^Ltoi km domj. Nhk Jii hi dan ;ip \.i kieu nghi eua eong nhiui khong duoe chitp nhiin. song da\ hi •phoiiL? U'ao eash miing dau lien thuc sir ed tinh quan cluing, cci y lluic chmh ir r iLe-ninj. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 67 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 32. Phong irdo Hicn chium^i d.\nh d Phdp. niim 183 I. do bi bde k>t nang n6 va ddi sdng quii khd khan, cdng nhan del thimh phd Li-dng khti^i nghla ddi tang luong. giam gid lam. Nhirng ngudi khdi nghia da lam chii thanh phd trong 10 ngay. Quyet tam dau tranh ciia ho th^ hien trting khau hieu ; "Sdng trtmg lao dt)ng hoac chet trong chien dau !". Nam 1834. cong nhan eae nhii may W d Li-dng lai khdi nghla. ddi thiet lap n6n cdng hoa. Cuoc chien dau ae liet da di^n ra sudt 4 ngay. cudi ciing bi diip tat. O Due. ddi sdng eiia edng nhan va thp Ihu etmg rat eti cue. do su phat tri^n ciia nen dai cdng nghiep vii su canh tranh eiia hang hoa nhiip khau l\x Anh viio. ( img nhan DLU . ngo.ii \ UL lu nji^: m lun ILIIM LOIIL: li U-'IIL: ihu eong) boc lot liin nhan eim hi "i,liu iu" (dui etui) ap line uiing OL t)e duiv^ <|i Lmi imiig eae nha m.i\. eoiii: nh.il'. i>h;i: ddiiu ihue ikiL biei eiio d;ii ehu. Niim 1844. edng nhan det viing So-le-din khdi nghla. pha huy nha cua ciia chu IU ban. Cudc khdi nghui mac dii khdng duy iri dupe lau nhtmg mang ti'nh quiin cluing id ret. ed Uic dung md dau phong trao dau tranh sdi ndi cua cong nhan Due sau nil). Nhfmg eupc dim tranh lien ciia vo san Anh. Phiip. Diic deu ihiit bai \1 thieu sU lanh dao dting dan vii chua co dudng ldi chinh tri rd rimg. song dfi danh diiu sU truong thiinh ciia phong triio edng nhim qudc te. tao di(5ii kien t|uan trong cho su ra i^ldi cua chu nghia \a hoi khoa htK. 4^ Neu nhCtng net chu yeu cua phong trao cong nhan vao nda dau the kiXlX (-.8 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 3. Chu nghia xa hoi khong tuong Su phat trien ciia chii nghla tu ban ngay ciing phoi biiy nhung mill tieu cue cua nd trong viec bdc lot tan nhan ngUdi lao ddng vii gay ra nhieu te nan xa hdi. Dieu nay tae ddng tdi y thue eiia mdt sd nhii tu tudng tien bp nhat luc biiy gid nhu : Xanh Xi-mdng. S. Phu-ri-e d Phap vii R. 6-oen o Anh... Ho ncHi tu urdng ve xay dung mot xa hpi mdi. khdng cd che dp tu huu. khdng btle lt>l. nhim dan liun chii mpi phuong tien san xuiit. Xanh \i-ni<>ii:: - nhii lu lUiVng Phiip. cho rang ddng Iuc phat Irien ciKi lieh Ml ki kien ihire khoa hoe. d.io dire \ii ldn giiio. Ong ehu trUimg \ii\ dung mo{ \ a hoi dang u>ii liU ehe do lu hiru. \o s.m \ii ur s.m eiiiing song hoii hmh \oi nhau, Sacdii Fhn-n-c - nlui \ii lioi kiiong luong Plutp. phe [ihan nninli me ehe do lil ban. vach ke hoach \a \ dung inoi \ii hoi |ili;ti hu\ moi kh;i nany euii con ngiroi. (Ing ^ho rang irong \ii hoi luong Un. kio di>ng ki nghiLi \u. ki nguon \ui \ii nhu eau <. lui uu e.i mpi ngirdi. khong eo ;u im li.im. Rod'c O-ocn nil.! \ii hoi khong lUong .\nh. tie ra ke hoaeh eai linen Joi song eua cdng nhan iriMig khuon kho ehe do lu ban. Ong ehu iruone \o.i ho in luru. gi.ii e.ip. sU bite loi biine con duone hoii Uie \ii i;iiip do nhau. Hinh 33. Xiinli Xi-mdng il7()0- IS25I Hinh 34. S. Phu-ri-e (1772 - 1837} Hinh 35. R. O-oen (1771 - 1858} Tuy td Ciio manh me ehe dp tu ban ehii nghla. utVe mo mpt xa hdi tdt dep. edng bang hon. stmg cac dng lai khdng vach ra con dudng diing dan de thu tieu bde kn. xiiy dung xa hdi mdi. Ke hoach ciia hp khdng th^ thuc hien dirpc khi \a hpi tu ban khdng bi xoa bd. Hp la nhung ngu'di .va ligi khong tudng. Su phat trien eiia phong trao edng nhan ddi hdi sir ra ddi mot hoc thuyet thuc su khoa hpe, dinh hutmg cho cudc dau tranh xoa bd ehe dp tu ban chii nghla. xa> dimg xa hpi mdi tdt dep. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 69 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ^ ^ Chu nghJa xa hqi khong tudng ra ddi trong dieu kien nao ? CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1. Hay phan tich cac mat manh, yeu cua phong trao cong nhan nifa d^u the ki XIX. 2. Tim hieu them npi dung tu tuang cua Xanh Xi-mdng, Phu-ri-e, 0-oen. Vi sao goi la "chil nghfa xa hpi khong tuong" ? PHAN DOC THEM Tinh tranj; lao dpng cua tre em trong cac nhii may det d Anh dau the ki XIX Thuifng Ire em ph;ii di tiim iU 4 gid siing irong tiiiri tiet khae ngliiel. gid thdi iiiiinh. Iiisel hoiie mua roi \a chi dupe trd \e hie ehieu toi cung trong iihinig dieu kien nhir vii\. s;m khi hi giam giu nhieu lieng ildng hd trong xuoiig cd nhiet ttd riu cao. Su ilia\ doi nhiel do nhu the" ddi \di thim ihe mem yeu cua Ire em khien eho chiing r;ii dm yeu. mac nhieu benh hiem ngheo. Lue nii\. phim Idn tre" cm lii dudi 16 tudi. puiin iio mong manh... Khdng khi' trong xuiVug riii khd thd vi d do trong mdt thdi gian liiu eo nhieu ngirdi thd. tliiu mo miiy mdc liim bim mdi trutJiig. ho\ nhii ra hii Ihem bui bdng rill doe. (Theo : Lu-kin \i i Da-lin. Tulieu lich si'f can dai the gldl. Mii!-\eo-va, tr. 87. lieiig Nga) Ve chu nghla xa hdi khdng tudng Chu nghia \i i hpi khdng tutViig phiit sinh viio thdi kl mil nen situ xuiit tu biin ehii nghia. sU ddi khiing giira giai cap IU san va giai ciip \ d s;in chua phat triPn. Nbuiig li luiin chUii ehin mudi eua chii nghia xii hdi khdng tutVng phii hop vdi nen sdn xua't tu ban ehu nghi.i ehuii ehin mudi \i i vdi linh trang quan he giai eiip ehir;i phiit trie'n niiiv. l a m tjiian irong eiiii nhirng nhii \i i hoi ehu ngliiii khdng tuivng tlPi \oi phonii iriio cdne nhim lii (V cho ho dii kieh liet eong kieh die dd tu biin ehu nghiii banij e.ieh iilioi triin nhirng num lliuim eua ehe' do dd. iTheo : V. E-phi-mdp \ii M. Kho-vP-xidp. /./,/( .\dcan dai. NXBSir thiit. H.. 1963, tr. 161) 70 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com SURA Ddi CUA CHIJ NGHiA XA HOI KHOA HOC - QUOC TE THU NHAT Chu nghi.i X.1 hoi khong tuiyng khimg d,ip irng diro'c yeu tau v,i finu ticu diiu Iriinh cua giai cap cdng nh^in. I'hting tr.io t ong nhiin ph.it Irien, doi hdi mot h luan kht)a hoc each mang mai. Trong dieu kien ay, c hu nghi.i xa hpi khoci hoc ra dtVi, do Cac Mac v.i Phri-dnth Ang-ghen s.ing liip. 1. C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen - nhung nguoi sang lap chu nghla xa hpi khoa hoc Ceie Mde sinh ngay 5 - 5 - 1818 trong mdt gia dinh tri thuc tien bd. d thanh phd To-ri-o (Ddc). Nam 23 tudi (1841), Mae dd Tien sl vdi luan an xuat sdc vi 66 tiii triet hpe eo dai Hi Lap. Nam I S42. Mae liun cdng uie \ ien. roi Tong hien liip Boo .\(>ng Riinh - mdt lo him eo \ u huoiig diin chu lu s.in lien ho. Duoi su ehi d.io cua Vhie. Bao \iing Ranh ilii de c.ip nhirng \iin dc hue thiet eua nude Diie Ihdi txi) giiv : euoc song khP cue eua iigirtTi ndng dan. van d^ ihdng nhiil nudc Ddc. cudc tliiu Iranh ehi>ng clui nghiii quan phiel Pho... \ i liiih' ehai tien bo. chon g che do plum ddng eu.i Phd nen Bao sidr.^ Riinli bi dong cira. Nam IS4.1. Miic eimg \ o la Ciieii-m phai rdi Ddc sang P;i-ri iPhiip). roi de'n Briie-\en (Bii \ii cuoi Hinh 36. C. Mdc (1H18- 1883) eimg cu irii lau did d Luiin Ddn (AnhI, Tiii Pa-ri. Miie thuifng \u\e n tiep xiie \a\ nhung nhii hoai ddng Ciieh mang eua phong trim edng nhan. nghien cuu lieh sU cdng nhim PNap. cac uic phiim triet hoe duy \iit... va tham gia xu.il ban lap chi Bicn nien Phdp - Due. Trong nhirng bid viet eua minh. Mae dii kluing duih riing : Giai Citp \ o san dupc vii trang bimg li luim ciieh nuing la giai ciip se diini duong su menh hch su giai phong loai ngudi khoi moi sU iip hue bde ldl. Phri-drich Ang-ghen sinh ngay 28 - 11 - 1820. trong mot gia dinh chii xudng d thanh phd Bac-men (Dire). Ong cam ghet che dp chuyen che cung nhirng thii doan lam giau ciia gidi kinh doanh va sdm tham gia phong triio each mang cua cdng nhan. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 71 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Trong cudn Tuih i anh •^iai i dp ci^ng nhan .^nh. .Ang-ghen mieu tii eu the. sinh ddng sir bde lot lim bao eua gi.u ciip tu san ddi \di cdng nhiin, Tir dd. ong rut ra kei luan : Oi.ii t iip \d sail khong ehi la n.m nluin eiui ehu nghia ur ban. mil edn ki lue luong ed ihe diinh dd su ihong iri eiui gi.ii eiip lu san \'A ur giai phimg khoi IIHH \ie'ng \ieh. Nam 1844, Ang-ghen sang Pa-ri va gap Mac. Cudc gap gd nay da ma diiu tinh ban cam ddng va su cpng tac chat ehe giira hai nha each mang \'d san vl dai. nhtmg ngudi sang lap chii nghla xa hdi khoa hpe. Trong thuc tien phong trao dau tranh each mang ciia giai cap cdng nhan. Mae va Ang-ghen da cung nhau nghien cuu li luan va thanh lap mot td chuc qudc te cua giai cap vd san. va li luan. hai dng xay dung hoc thuyet \i Hinh 37. Ph. Ang-ghen (1820- 1895} chil nghla xa hpi khoa hpe. neu ro con dudng phat tri^n hpp quy luat eiia xa hoi loai ngudi va sir menh lich su ciia giai cap vd san. • ^ ^ Trinh bay nhung net chinh ve buoi dau hoat dong each mang cua C Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen. 2. Dong minh nhung ngubi cpng san va Tuyen ngon cua Dang Cong san Trong nhung nam sdng d Anh. Mae vii Ang-ghen da lien he vdi Ddng minh nhffng ngifdi ehinh nghla - mdt td ehue bi mat ciia cong nhan Tay Au. dupc thimh liip d Pa-ri nam 1836. vii cai tP eho phu hpp vdi muc tieu dau tranh eiia giai cap cdng nhan. Thang 6 - 1847. tai dai hpi ciia Ddng minh nhirng ngudi chinh nghla. mot td chuc mdi - Ddng minh nhifng nguoi eong .sdn - duoc thanh lap. Day la td chuc diiu tien eiia giai cap vd san qudc te. nham : "doan ket vd siin tat ca cac nuac. d6 ... lat do giai cap tu san. Xiic lap su tht>ng tri ciia vd san, thii tieu xa hdi tu ban"". Dai hdi lan thu hai ciia Ddng minh nhung ngudi cdng san hop cudi thana 11 - diiu thiing 12 - 1847 da thong qua Dieu le va giao eho Miie. .Ane-shen soan thao Cuang linh. dudi hinh thuc mot ban tuyen ngdn - Tuyen ni^nii ciia Ddng Cgng sdn. Tuyen ngon eiia Ddng Cong .sdn la ban euong linh trinh biiy eo sd If luan. xac dinh vai trd eua giai cap vd san trong viec lanh dao eude dau iranh. nham kit dp su thdng tri eiia giai cap tu san va xay dung chuyen chinh vd san. 72 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Npi dung CO ban eua liiven ngon cua Dang Cong .uin tluoe lrinh ba> inmg 4 chuong : Chuong \ - 111 .\an va vo \an. neu len mdt each kluti quiit quy hull phiit IriPn eua Xii hpi IU biin, vach rd l(*i ich ddi lap gitra tU siin. vd sim vii sir menh lieh su eua gi;ii eiip vd Siin. ddng llu'ri chi rii qu>' iuiit phai trien eua lieh su \.i hoi cd ;jiai ciip lii hi.h su d.m Uiiiili ei.ii cap doi khimg, (Ve siiu Ph. .\ng-ghen elm lliieh : lieh su la lieh sd tkiii tranh giiii e.i[i Irong Xil hdi cd giai ciipi. Chutnig 11 - r p .\dn vd cdng .sdn. trinh biiy mdi t|uan he giuii nhimg nguifi cdng siin va giai cap vo s;in. vach rd li'nh chiu. nhiein vu irudc nuii. muc dich cudi cimg cua Dang Cdng san \ii nhung bien phiip e.ieh nuing de ihue hien iihiriii: nhiein \ii \;i muc dich ii\. ChUtfiig III - .Sdch hdo .xd hdi clui nghla vd cong .\an clui nglua. phe phan siiu s;ie triio luu luiuiVng xii hoi chii nghTa phi \d siui - ur san \ii tieu lU san. Tu\en ngdn cimg neu len nhtrng mat n'eh cue eua ehu nghiii xii hdi khdng luiViig. ddiiii ihivi ehi rd nhime lum che ciia nd. (Tiinnig IV - Quan he cua nintng ngiiYn cdng san doi voi cdc dang doi lap. lrinh hii\ nhirng nguyen liu.' chien lupc vii sach lupc cua Diing Cpng siin. Tuyen ngdn ket thiic bang ldi keu gpi : "Vd siin tiit ca cac nutVc doan ket lai !". Tuyen ngdn etia Ddng Cdng .sdn la mot van kien cd y nghla lieh sir to ldn. neu nhirng luim diem ca ban v6 chil nghla xa hdi khoa hpe. tha hien sir ket hpp giua ehu nghla xa hdi khoa hpe vtVi phong trao cdng nhan. Tu tudng CO ban ciia Tiixen ngon etia Ddng Cgng .sdn da soi sang con dudng dau tranh ciia giai cap edng nhan vii cac dan ldc hi ap buc tren toiin the gidi. Nhu viiy. phong triui edng nhan cac nudc tu ban da ehuyen dim tir tu Hinh 38. Bia Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cong sdn" Idn xudt bdn ddu tien (1848} phat sang tu giac, giai cap cdng nhan da nhan thuc dutye su menh lich sir ciia minh. Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 73 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ^ - C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen co vai tro nhu the nao trong viec thanh lap Oong mtnh nhiyng ngudi cgng san ? - Neu y nghTa lich sdban Tuyen ngon cua Oang Cpng san. 3. Quoc te thu nhat Den giua the ki XIX, chii nghla tu biin da dupe xac lap tren pham vi tha' gidi. Mau thuiln giai cap ngay cang gay gat. diln den cac cudc khdi nghla ciia cdng nhan va nhan dim lao ddng trong nhung nam 1848 - 1849 d nhiau nudc ehau Au. dae biet d Phap va Dire. Cudc khdi nghia Ihimg 6 - 184X d Pluip lii ••eupe xung dot dim lien giuii hai giat ciip phan ehia Xii hoi hien nay... Nd neu ni phuenig hUtrng diinh do giai ciip tu san \ii thiei lap nen ehuyen chi'nh vd siin" (C. Miiel. Cudc diiu tranh eiia cdng nhim Pluip dien rii riii qipet liet (hiing tram ehicn si hi sinh. khoang 2 000 ngudi hi bai). Trong iihinig ninn 1X4S - 1849. phong iriio ciich niiing nd ra ti nhieu bang thude Due ; khoi nghia ihiing 3 - IS48 d Bee-lin. ciie eut>e khdi nghTa d Xac-xdng. viing sdng Ranh ddi edne bo hien phap. dau tranh thdng nhiil nude Due. Ciic eupc dau tranh ciia edng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng cac nude ian lupt that bai vi nhieu nguyen nhan nhu : thieu doan ket, chua cd to chdc thdng nhat... Trong bdi canh ay, ngay 28 - 9 - 1864. khoang 2 000 dai biau cdng nhan ttr Anh, Phap, I-ta-li-a, Ba Lan... td chirc mit tinh ldn tai Luan Ddn, quyet dinh thanh lap Hgi Lien hiep lao dgng quoc te'{Qu6c te thd nha't). Mac duge bau vao Ban Chap himh Trung uong va dupc giao nhiem vu du thiio Tuyen ngdn va Dieu le ciia Qudc te thu nhiit. Hinh 39. Quang cdnh hiidi le thdnh lap Quo'c te ihu nhd't 74 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Tu>en ngtm neu nhiein vu cua giai cap cong nhan la : gianh thmh qipeii ciich nuing. xoa bo che dp sd hiru tu nhim ddi vdi tu lieHi san xuai. tloan ket quoe te\ giiio due nhung nguyen li cuii ehu ngliiii \ii hpi klioii hoe. DiCni le quy dmh kei Uiip rpng rai ciie to ehiie eong nhim hin Ciic Cii nhim rieng le. Qude te thu nhat dau tranh chdng cac trao luu tu tutVng xa la vdi lap trirdng ciia giai cap edng nhan. truyen ba rdng rai chii nghla Mac. ehii trutmg ddi ngiiy limi viec 8 gid. giiim ba\ thdi gian lao ddng ciia phu m( va tre em... Nd ddng gdp nhieu cho phong trao dau tranh ciia edng nhan (iing hd cdng nhan bai cdng. phan ddi ciic ehinh phu khiing bd. tan sat cac cupc dau tranh eua cdng nhan...). Sau khi hoan thanh su menh lich sir cua minh - doan ket, thdng nhat lire lupng cdng nhiin qutic te, truydn ba sau rdng ehii nghla Mac. ehuan bi thanh lap cac chinh dang cong nhiin d chau Au va Biic Ml - Qudc te thtr nhat chinh thuc tuyan bd giai tan ngiiy \5 -1 - 1876. ^ ^ Quoc te thU nhat dUdc thanh lap trong dieu kien lich sCt nhu the nao ' CAU HOI VA BAI TAP 1 .Tnnh bay so luac tieu sir cua C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen. 2. Neu nhung npi dung cP ban cua Tuyen ngon cua Dang cong san. 3. Quo'c te thir nhat dong gop nhCng gi cho phong trao cong nhan nhu'ng nam 60 - 70 cua the ki XIX ? PHAN DOC THEM Gia tri ciia Tuyen ngon ciia Ddng Cpng sdn Cudn -siich mong dd diing giii hiing tap sach. Tu luting cu;i nd Hun sdng vii liun hoiit dpng cho tdi ngay nay toim bo giai Ciip vp san cd id ehue va chien dim cua ihe gitii van minh. (Theo : V.I. Le-nin. Todn tap. Tap 10. tr. 10. tieng Nga) Quuc te Ihu nhat De nhiii qutic te tu\ chi dirng dupc 10 nam. nhirng khiiu hieu Todn the gidi vd .sdn giai cap lien hop lai \ii tinh thiin Ciich nuing \an trii\en den bii\ gid. Tu> khdng lam dupe nhieu ^lec. nhung cai cong dii>' eho thp thuyen trong the gidi Ciich niiuig thi riu lo. (Tlieo : H6 Chi Minh. Todn tap. Tiip 2. Sdd. tr. 283) Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 75 1 CONG XA PARI (1871) Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Vtio nhung luni Ui'd) - 1 iif)l), phting ti.ui i ong nh.in, IIIKM -.ir laiih d.io t lui t^)Lii.K le llui nhai, ph.il Inen (Icn dinh tao. C tux" Lath mang ii.im 1 87 I (I Phap d.i dira tin su ihjnh l.ip nha luriK vo s.iii diui lien r UJ giai t cip tong nhan ihe giot. 1. Cuoc Cach mang 18 - 3 - 1871 Cupe Chien tranh Phiip - Phd nd ra ngiiy 19 - 7 - 1870. Quan Phap bi that bai. Ngitv 2-9 . Na-pd-le-dng 111 cung toim bd quim ehu lire Phap. gdm 10 \an ngudi. bl biit tai thiinh Xtv-dang (giin bien gidi Phap - Bi). Ngiiy 4 - 9 - 1870. quim ehung cdng nhim va cac tang ldp dan ngheo Pa-n dung lan khdi nghla. ddi thiet lap che dp cdng hoa \a thanh liip eae dttn vi Qudc tian quan. ehuan bi luc lutmg ehdng quan Phd xiun lupc. Nhung giai eiip tu sim Phiip da thanh liip chinh phii lam thdi vdi ten goi "Chinh phii Ve qutK". Thuc rii. •"Chinh phil Ve qudc" khong to ehue chdng tni khi quan Phd ngiiv cimg tien siiu vao dat Phap va bao vay Pa-ri, ngUtTfc lai da xin dinh ehien. tim ciieh pha hoai eude khang chien ciia nhan dan. ra ienh chiim dirt phdng thu did nudic. Trut'ie thiii do dau himg cua "Chinh phii Ve qude". quan chiing nhan dan duiig lan kho'i nghia. "nhanh chdng cuu nguy eho Pa-ri !". Ba gid Siing 18 - 3 - 1871. "Chinh phu Ve qudc" do Chi-e dung diiu cho quan diinh ehiam ddi Mdng-mac (d phia bae Pa-ri). noi tiip trung dai bae ciia Qude dan quan. Nghe tieng ehutmg nhii thd bao ddng. quim chung nhan dan da kip thdi keo dan hd irp eho Qudc dan quan. bao vay quiin ciia Chinh phii. Am muu ehiem doi Mdng-mac ciia Chinh phu hi thiil bai. Trua 18-3 . theo lt:nh eua Uy ban Trung uong Quoc dan quiin. ciic tiau doiin tien viio trung tam thu dd. ehiem ciic eoquan Chinh phu. nhii ga. sdcanh sat vii toil Thi chinh. Chiau 18-3 . cddd phap phdi bay tran ndc toil Thi ehinh. Quan Chinh phu phai nit chay vd Vec-xai de ciing cd luc lupng. Quan each mang linn chu thiinh pht) vil ngiiy 26 - 3, da td ehue biui eir Hdi ddng Cdng xa. Ngay 28 - 3. fipi tidnsz Com: \a liim la ra miit. diinh diiu thang loi ciia cutK ciich manu. 76 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Hinh 40. Qudn cluing Pa-ri han hoan ddn chdo Hdi ddm; Cdng .xd ^ ^ - Tn^c tinh the "To quoc lam nguy", thai dp cua quan chUng nhan dan Pa-h va Chinh phu tu san nhu the nao ? - Neu dien bien cuoc Cach mang 18 - 3 - 1871. 2. Cong xa Pa-rl - Nha nuoc vo san dau tien Da thay the eho chinh quyen tu san. mot ehinh phii each mang dupc biiu ra theo nguyen tae phd thdng dau phieu. Co quan cao nhat cua nha nuoc mdi lit Hdi ddng Cdng xa. tap trung trong tay quyen liip phap vii quyan hanh phap. Ciie uy ban dupc thanh lap"', ddng dau mdi uy ban la mot Uy vien Cdng xa, chiu trach nhiem trutte nhan dan vii cd tha bi bai mian. Quan dpi va bp may canh sat ciia chinh quyen cir bi giai tan. thay vao dd la luc lupng vu trang va Iuc lupng an ninh nhan dan. Cdng xa quye't dinh tach nha thd ra khoi nhirng hoat dpng eiia trudng hpe vii nha nuac : nha trudng khdng day Kinh Thanh. Cdng xa edn thi hanh nhiau ehinh sach xa hpi tien bp khae nhu : thuc hicn quyan lam chil ciia cdng nhan ddi vtri nhung xi nghiep ehii bo trdn : nhung xi nghiep cdn chu d lai thi Cdng xa kia'm soat ehe dp tien luong. bdt lao ddng ban dem. cam cup phat va danh dap cdng nhan. Cdng xa giai quydt nan that nghiep. ra lenh hoan tra tian thue nha. hoan tni nt;. Cdng xa da ra che'dd giiio due biit buPc. khdng milt tian cho toim dan. lap vudn tre. cai thien dieu kien lam vice cho nU cdng nhan. Nhieu td ehiic quiin ehung ra ddi. eae cau lac bd trd thimh noi lien he aiua uv vien Cdng xa vdi nhan dan v.v... I 11 Cong Xii bao gom cae »> biin : QUM sir, .\n ninh .\ii hpi. Doi ngoai, Tu pimp. Tai clniih. Laong ihifc. Thucmg nghiep, Giiio tine. Ct'iiig t.ie xa ht)i ; den ngiiv 1- 5 - 1H71. ihimh kip them Li> ban Ciiu qude, Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 77 Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com Co eau td chdc. cac ehinh sach va hoat ddng ciia Cdng xa Pa-ri chung td day la mot nhii nutrc khiie han cae kieu nha nudc ciia nhung giai cap bdc lot trude kia. mdt nha nuac kitu mdi - nhii nudc vd siin. ciia dan. do dan vii vi dan. ^ ^ Tnnh bay nhCfng chinh sach cua Cong xa Pa-h. 3. Cuoc chien dau bao ve Cong xa Pa-ri Chinh phil tu san va cac the luc phan ddng Phap tim mpi each tap hofp. ciing cd luc luiiiig da bdp chet Cdng xa Pa-ri. Tir ihiing 4. quiin Vec-xai biit diiu liin cdng Pa-ri. Ngay 21-5, quan Vec-xai tie'n vao Pa-ri qua cira Xanh Clu. Tir dd dian ra cac trim danh ae liet d cac duttng phd. keo diii trong mot tuan (tir ngiiy 21 den ngay 28 - 5 - 1871). dupc gpi la "Tuan la dam mau". Cac chien sl Cdng xa da anh dung ehien dau bao ve timg khu phd, timg can nha. timg tae dat. Dac biet, eude chie'n da'u ciia gan 200 chien sl Ctmg xa cd thil trong nghla dia Cha La-se-do tieu bieu cho tinh than anh dOng ciia giai cap cdng nhiin. Bi bill) \ii_\ lir 4 giij >.ing. ciic ehien si Cdng \ii dting moi thir \u khi ehdng tra quiin lliii. eho tien khi viii ehue ngirtvi cuoi cimg hi bai. hi dan itri siii hue tuivng nghia dia \ii hi ban clK't t;ii diiy. Tir tliu hue lutiiig nglua tha Gia Lii-se-d """