Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 10

" Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 10 🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Sách Giáo Khoa Lịch Sử 10 Ebooks Nhóm Zalo BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO jodt- ^: /yy'i IM': H^^f ^ ^ ,CD, BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tdng Chu bien) LUONG NINH -[TRUONG HUU QUYNH|(Chii bien) DINH NGOC BAO - NGUYfiN HONG LifiN NGUYfiN CANH MINH - NGHlfiM DINH VY LICH SU (Tdi bdn ldn thd tu) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM Chiu trc'ich nhiem .xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI Pho T6ng Giam ddc iviem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO Bien tap lan ddn : LE HONG SON - BLT TUYET HLTONG Bien tap lai han : NONG THI HUE Bien re'litac do : CU DUC NGHI A Bien tap ini thuat: NGUY£ N THI HONG VY - LUU CHI DONG Tiinh hay hia : LUU CHI DONG Si(a hdn m PHONG SLfA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC TAI HA NO D Che han CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao dtic Viet Nam - Bo Giao cli.ic va Dao tao. Sach CO sir dung mot so anh tir lieu trong cac bao tang. Tit dien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Lich sil van minh the giai. Bai cuang lich sir Viet Nam - tap 1, Ljeh sir the giai thai can dai... va mot so • sach nudc ngoai khae, LICH sCr 10 Maso: CH015T0 In 95.000 cuon (ST) khd 17 x 24cm. In tai Cong ty co phan In Phu Tho. Soxuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/558-1485/GD. So in: 697. In xong va nop \au chieu thang 1 nam 2010. hdn mot LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY, CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI Chuffng I XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY Bai 2 S\S XUAT HIEN LOAI NGl/Cfl VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY Lich .sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien ra trong doi song con ngirdi ke tir khi \iiat hien tren Trai Diit. Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc. da tim diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao. Dinh cao ciia qua trinh nay la si,r chii\'en bien ti^v vuon thanh nguoi. 1. Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh thanh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song khoang 6 trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho. Xuong boa thach cua chiing dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam. Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien thanh Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang 4 trieu nam trudc day. Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va (In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v... 6 Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), tuy chua tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd. Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan. Ddi tay dugc tu do de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an. Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tuy tran cdn tha'p va bm ra sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi loai vugn c6 va da hinh thanh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi trong nao. A '^fet"^;^ / .*j«-U A * ^ ^ Hinh I - Ngucri toi co JM.^i. ^ulS^iwilS. ^ii: . .^AaA^i J Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da la ngudi. Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn thanh ngudi, la thdi ki dau tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi. Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m. Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu. Cdng cu thd kech nay dugc ggi la do dd cii (soki). Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac con thii, de kiem thiic an. Tur chd giii lira, la'y trong tu nhien nam nay qua nam khae d^ sudi am, duoi da thli, nudng chin thiic an, con ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi nhau de lay lira. Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, con ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh. Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay con ngudi kheo leo din. Co the cung do dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp. Tieng ndi thudn thuc hon do nhu cSu trao ddi vdi nhau. Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng. 0 mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh thanh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan, cd ddi, cd dan va con dau dan. Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc con cai. Hg sd'ng trong hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm 5 - 7 gia dinh. Mdi gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va con nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang. Bay gid chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien nay la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy. Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng trong tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam. - The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co 7 - Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ? Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang 4 van nam trudc day, con ngudi hoan thanh qua tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd thanh Ngudi tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi. Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di ngay nay : xirong cdt nho hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat, tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua con ngiroi. Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc. Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd thanh Ngudi td'i cd. CGng ttr day, khi ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia thanh da vang, den va trdng. Dd la ba chiing tdc ldn. Su khdc nhau dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia con ngudi vdi nhiing hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc nhau ve trtnh do hieu bie't. Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao. Hg cdn lay xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao. Tir dd, con ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten. Day la mdt thanh tuu ldm trong qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf. Vdi cung ten, con ngudi mdi san bdn cd hieu qua va an toan. Thiic an ciia con ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir khi kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir khi cd cung tdn. Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng ra dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem thuan tien hofn. Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu. De'n khoang 1 van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men. Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng manh da thanh hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae nhau (dao, riu, due...), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd nac de tra can. Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc con ngudi ghe sdc va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu. Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd...). Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi Ngudi tinli khon xuaihien. Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi. 3. Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, khi con ngudi tir san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi. Viec lugm hdi nam nay qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia... Di san, bat dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v... Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing cai cd sdn trong thidn nhien. Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho "cd van hod". Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y trong cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd. Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng cd chdn, hoa tai... bdng da mau. Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c sao bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd le cdn cd ca trdng bit da. Nhu the', tiing budc, con ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn. Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai (4- 5 van nam), trong dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh. Ddi sdng con ngudi chi tie'n bd vdi td'c do nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm trudc ddy. I ^ — - Trinli bay nliung tien bg trong dij'i song con ngwdi thdi da md'i. >AU HOI /^ 1. Tai sao iai go! 1^ "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ? 2. Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien trong lao dong va ddi song ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy. y Bai ^ XA HOI NGUYEN THUY Tir khi Ngudi tinh khdn xuat hien, thi tdc hinh thanh Cling la budc ddu tien ciia td chire xa hdi loai ngirdi. 1, Thi toe vd bo Igc De'n giai doan Ngudi tinh khdn, so dan da tang ldn. Timg nhdm ngudi cGng ddng diic hem, gdm 2- 3 the' he gia tre ciing cd chung ddng mdu, dugc ggi la thi toe - nhiing ngudi "cung hg". Trong thi tdc, con chdu cd thdi quen tdn kfnh ldp dng ba, cha me. Ngugc lai, dng ba, cha me deu cham lo, bao dam nudi day ta't ca con chdu cua thi tdc. Trdn mdt viing sinh sdng thudn lgi nhu ven sdng, sudi... thudng khdng chi cd thi tdc ma cdn cd bg lac. Bd lac la tdp hgp mdt sd thi tdc, sd'ng canh nhau, cd hg hang vdi nhau va cung cd mdt ngudn gd'c td tidn xa xdi. Giua cac thi tdc trong mdt bd lac thudng cd quan he gdn bd vdi nhau, giiip dd nhau. Duong nhidn, cdng vide thudng xuyen va hang ddu ciia thi tdc la kiem tbiic an dd nudi sd'ng thi tgc. Nhiing cdng viec nhu the, nhd't la viec san dudi, san bdy cdc con thii ldn, thii chay nhanh, ludn ddi hdi su phdn cdng hgp If, su "chung lung da'u cat", mdi ngudi mdi vide, phd'i hgp an y vdi nhau. Yeu cdu ciia cdng viec va trtnh do lao ddng thdi nguydn thuy ddi hdi su hgp tdc lao dong ciia nhilu ngudi, cua ca thi tdc. Thiic an kie'm dugc chua nhilu, chua cd deu dan. Mgi ngudi cdn phai ciing lam, ciing cd gdng dd'n miic cao nhat dd kie'm sd'ng nen tu nhidn ngudi ta thd'y cdn phai cdng bang, phai dugc hudng thu bang nhau. Nhu the, trong thi tdc khdng chi cd su hgp tdc ma mgi ciia cai, mgi sinh boat dugc coi la ciia chung, viec chung, lam chung, an chung. 4> — ; - Id chuc \a iioi cua NgUo'i tinh khon la gi ? 2. Bud! ddu cua thdi dai kim khi Tir chd dung nhiing cdng cu bdng da, bdng xuong, tre, gd, ngudi ta bat ddu bie't che tao dd dung va cong cu bdng dong. Cu dan Tay A va Ai Cap biet sir dung ddng sdm nhdt, thoat tidn la ddng dd vao khoang 5500 nam trudc ddy. Cdch ngay nay khoang 4000 nam, nhidu cU ddn tren Trai Ddt da biet dung ddng thau. Khoang 3000 nam trudc day, cu dan d Tay A va Nam Au la nhiing ngudi dau tien bie't diic va sir dung do sdt. Cdng cu kim khf da md ra mdt thdi dai mdi ma tdc dung va nang sudt lao ddng ciia nd vugt xa thdi dai dd dd. Dac biet la cdng cu bdng sdt tbi khdng cd mgt cdng cu da nao cd the so sanh dugc. Nhd cd dd kim khf, nhd't la sdt, ngudi ta cd the khai phd nhirng viing ddt dai ma trudc kia chua khai phd ndi, cd the cay sdu cudc bdm, cd the xe gd ddng thuyen di bien, xe dd lam lau dai va ban than viec due sdt ciing la mdt nganh san' xud't quan trgng bdc nhd't. Day thuc su la mdt cudc cdch mang trong sdn xud't. Ldn dau tidn tren chang dudng dai ciia lich sir lodi ngudi, con ngudi cd the ldm ra mdt lugng sdn phdm thira. Sud't thdi dd dd, con ngudi tir chd sd'ng bap benh tie'n tdi dii sd'ng. Vao budi ddu cua thdi dai kim khf, con ngudi san xudt khdng nhiing dii sd'ng d miic cdn thdp cua hang nghin nam trudc, ma cdn tao ra dugc mgt lugng sdn phdm thda thucfng xuyen. - Su xuiit hien cong cu bang kim loai co y nghia nliu the nao ? 3. Su xudt hien tu hQu vd xd hoi cd giai cdp Trong xd hdi nguydn thuy, su cdng bdng va binh dang la "nguydn tdc vang". Bdi liic d'y ngudi ta sd'ng trong cdng ddng, dua vao nhau vi tinh trang ddi sd'ng cdn qud thdp, nhung khi bdt ddu cd san phdm thira thi lai khdng the dem chia ddu cho mgi ngudi. 10 Trong xa hdi, mdi thdnh vien cd nhiing chiic phdn khdc nhau. Ban ddu, mdt sd ngudi dugc cu chi huy ddn binh, chuydn trach vd Id nghi hoac didu hdnh cac cdng vide chung ciia thi tdc, bd lac (xay den, lam nha, ldm dudng, ddp dd...). Nhiing ngudi nay lgi dung chiic phdn de chiem mdt phan sdn pham xa hdi cho ridng minh khi cbi dting cdc cdng viec chung. Chdng bao Idu, hg cd nhieu ciia cai hon ngudi khdc. The la cua tuhitu bdt ddu xua't hien. Quan he cdng ddng bat ddu bi phd vd. Gia dinh cung thay ddi theo. Dan dng lam cdc viec nang nhgc nhu cdy biia, lam thuy lgi, lam dan binh, nen da cd vai trd tru cdt vd gidnh lay quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh. Con cdi lay theo hg cha. Gia dinh phu he xud't hien trong ldng thi tdc binh ddng thdi nguydn thuy. Kha nang lao ddng ciia cdc gia dinh khdc nhau da thiic day thdm su phdn biet giau - ngheo. Xa hdi nguydn thuy, hay cdn ggi la xa hdi thi tgc bd lac, bi ran vd. Con ngudi dang dumg trudc ngudng cira cua thdi dai xd hdi cd giai cap ddu tien - .\d ligi cd dai. Do dau ma co su' xuat hien tu' hitu ? .AU HOI r 1. Hay giai thich tfnh cgng dong cua thj tgc. 2. Tu hull xua't hien da dan tdi su" thay ddi trong xa hgi nguyen thuy nhu" the nao ? • J 11 Chumg XAH6IC6DAI Bai ^ CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI PHUONG DONG Tren luu vuc cac ddng sdng Idn d chau A, chau Phi tir khoang thien nien ki IV trudc Cdng nguyen (TCN), cu dan phuang Ddng da bie't tdi nghe luyen kim, lam ndng nghiep va chan nudi gia siic. Hg da xay dung nen nhirng qud'c gia dau tien ciia minh, dd la xa hdi cd giai cap dau tien ma trong dd thieu so ngudi cd cita thdng tri da sd thanh vien cdng xa va nd le. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia nha nudc d cac qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng khdng gidng nhau, nhung the che chung la che do quan chti chi»yen che. trong dd vua la ngudi ndm mgi quydn hanh va dirge cha truydn, con ndi. Phirong Ddng cung hi cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai, nai ma lan ddu tien con ngudi da biet sang tao ra chu viet. van hoc. nghe thuat va nhidu tri thirc khoa hoc khdc. 1. Oi§u kien tu nhien vd %\S phdt tri§n kinh t§ Su xud't hien cdng cu bdng kim loai da bdo hidu su tan vd hoan toan cua chd' do cdng xa thi tdc va la khdi ddu ciia thdi dai van minh - thdi dai con ngudi 12 san xudt ra ngay cdng nhieu ciia cai, biet xdy dung nhiing cdng trtnh kien true do so, cd chu vie't, nghe thudt, khoa hgc vd van chuong. Budc chuyen minh vT dai dd da dien ra dau tien d phuong Ddng, tren lull vuc cua cac ddng sdng ldn nhu sdng Nin d Ai Cap ; O-pho-rat va Ti-go-rd d Ludng Ha ; sdng An, sdng Hang d An Do ; Hoang Ha d Trung Qud'c v.v... d day cd nhOrng dieu kien thien nhien het sdc thuan ldi cho ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi. NhOrng ddng bang ven sdng rdng, da't dai phi nhieu va mem xdp, dl canh tac, lugng mua deu dan phan bd theo mua, cd khf hau am ndng (trU Trung Qud'c). Vao mua mua hang nam, nudc sdng dang cao, phu len cac chan rudng tha'p mot Idp dat phu sa mau md, thfch hgp cho viec gieo trdng cac loai cay lUdng thuc. Do cd dieu kidn tu nhien thuan lgi nen khodng 3500 - 2000 nam TCK, cu dan da tap trung khd ddng theo timg bd lac trdn cdc thdm ddt cao gan sdng. Ddu tidn Id cu dan cd d Tay A va Ai Cap, rdi ddn lugt cu dan tren cdc km vuc sdng cdn lai. Luc nay, hg da bie't sir dung ddng thau cimg vdi nhumg cdng cu bdng dd, tre va gd. Cu dan trdn luu vuc nhiimg ddng sdng ldn d chdu A va chau Phi sd'ng chii ye'u bdng nghe ndng. Hg da bidt trdng mdi nam 2 vu lua. Nhung de dat dugc didu dd, trudc tidn ngudi dan d day phdi lo xdy dung he thd'ng thuy lgi, dap de ngan lii, dao kenh mdng ddn nudc... Cdng viec tri thuy khie'n mgi ngudi lien ket, gdn bd vdi nhau trong td chiic cdng xa. Ngodi vide "ld'y nghd ndng lam gd'c", cdc cu dan ndng nghiep cd nay cdn ke't hgp nudi gia siic, lam dd gdm va det vai de ddp umg nhu cdu hdng ngdy ciia minh. Hg tien hanh trao ddi san phdm giiia viing ndy vdi viing khdc. Dd la nhumg nganh kinh td bd trg cho nghd ndng. Taj sao xa hoi co giai cap va nha nud'c lai phat trien sd'm d luu vu'c cac con song lo'n thuoc chau A va chau Phi 7 Hay neu Ccic nganh kinh te chinh o' khu vuc nay. 2. Su hinh thdnh cdc quoc gia co dai San xua't phdt tridn td't yeu ddn de'n sir phan hod xa hdi, xudt hien ke gidu, ngudi ngheo, quy tdc vd binh dan ; trdn co sd dd, giai cap vd nha nudc da ra ddi. 13 Cdc qude gia cd dai phuong Ddng dugc hinh thdnh ttr rdt sdm. Tren luu vuc sdng Nin, vao khoang giiia thidn nien ki IV TCN, cu dan Ai Cap cd dai da khd ddng diic, sd'ng tap trung theo tumg cong xd. De huy dong dugc nhieu nhan cdng lam thuy idi, cac cdng xa da tu ke't hdp lai thanh cac lien minh cong xa, ggi la cac "Ndm". Khoang 3200 nam TCN, mot quy tdc cd the lUc da chinh phuc dUOc tat ca cac Ndm va thanh lap nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nha't. Hmh 2 - Tranh khdc tren tuong ham mo o Te-bo (Ai Cap) the ki XV TCN 6 luu vuc Ludng Ha, vao khoang thidn nien ki IV TCN, hang chuc nudc nhd ciia ngudi Su-me da dugc binh thdnh. O An Do, nhtrng qud'c gia cd dai ddu tidn da ra ddi tren luu vuc sdng An ttr khoang giira thidn nien ki III TCN. Chd do cdng xa nguydn thuy d Trung Qud'c tan ra vao khoang cud'i thidn nien ki III TCN. Vuong trieu nhd Ha dugc hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki XXI TCN da md ddu cho xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc d Trung Qud'c. Nhu the, cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng ddu da dugc hinh tJtdnh td khodng thien nien ki IV - III TCN. Day la nhiing nha nudc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt the gidi. <.«'. 14 Cac quo'c gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong da ditdc hirJi thanh cr dau va tit bao gid 7 3. Xd hdi cd dai phuong Odng Nhu cdu ciia cdng tdc tri thuy cdc ddng sdng va xdy dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi da khie'n nhiing ngudi ndng dan d nhiimg viing nay gdn bd va rdng budc vdi nhau trong khudn khd cua cdng xa ndng thdn. Cdc thanh vidn ciia cdng xa dugc ggi la nong ddn cong xd. Ndng dan cdng xa la bd phan ddng dao nha't, cd vai trd to ldn trong san xua't. Hg nhdn rudng da't ciia cdng xa dd canh tdc, song phdi nop mdt phan san phdm thu hoach dugc va lam khdng cdng cho quy tdc. Trong qua trinh phdn hod xd hdi, dtrng dau giai cap thd'ng tri la nhiimg dng vua chuyen che vd dgi ngu ddng dao quy tdc, quan lai, chii rudng dat va tdng ldp tang lii. Dd Id tdng ldp cd nhidu ciia cdi vd quydn the, gitf chii'c vu tdn gido hoac qudn If bg mdy nha nudc, dia phuong... Hg sd'ng gidu sang bdng sir bdc lot, bdng lgc do nha nudc cap va do chiic vu dem lai. No le la tdng ldp tha'p nhdt trong xd hdi. Hg cd ngudn gd'c la nhtrng tii binh bi bat trong chien tranh hay nhtimg ndng dan ngheo khdng tra dugc ng. Hg chuydn lam cdc viec nang nhgc vd hdu ha tdng ldp quy tdc. Hay trinli bay vai h'o cua nong dan cong \a trong xii hgi co dai ph Wong Dimg. 4. Ch§ do chuyen ch§ co dgi Nhd su phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh te ndng nghiep, cac cu dan phuang Ddng da sdm budc vdo xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc ngay ttr budi ddu ciia thdi dai dd ddng. Ttr thidn nien ki IV den thien nien ki III TCN, xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc deu da dugc hinh thdnh d luu vuc sdng Nin, sdng Ti-go-ro va O-pho-rat, sdng An, sdng Hdng va Hodng Ha. Xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nudc dugc hinh thanh tir lien minh bd lac, tLi:c la nhidu bd lac cd quan he than thudc vdi nhau, lien ket vdi nhau do nhu cdu tri thuy va xay dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi. Nha nudc dugc lap ra dd dieu hanh va qudn If xa hdi. Ca cdu bd mdy nhd nudc dd mang tfnh chat ciia mdt nhd nudc chuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Diing ddu nha nudc la vua. 15 De cai tri ndng dan cdng xa va nd ie, vua da dUa vao quy tdc va tdn giao, bat moi ngUdi phai phuc tiing. Vua tU coi minh la ngudi dai dien cua than thanh d dudi tran gian, ngudi chii tdi cao cua da't nUdc, tU quye't dinh moi chinh sach va cdng viec. Vua trd thanh vua chuyen che ma ngUdi Ai Cap ggi la Pharadn (cai nha ldn), ngudi Ludng Ha ggi la Enxi (ngUdi dUng dau), Trung Qud'c ggi la Thien tir (con Trdi)... Hinh 3 - Quach vang tac hinh vua Ai Cip Tu-tan-kha-m6n (1361-1352 TCN) Giiip viec cbo nha vua Id mdt bd mdy hanh chfnh quan lidu gdm toan quy tdc, diing ddu la Vidia (Ai Cap) hoac Thira tudng (Trung Qud'c). Bg may nay lam cdc viec thu thud, xay dung cdc cdng trtnh cdng cdng nhu den thap, cung dien, dudng sd vd chi huy quan ddi. Nhu the', chd do nha nudc ciia xa hdi cd giai cap ddu tidn d phuang Ddng, trong dd vua la ngudi diing ddu, cd quydn luc td'i cao, I—— —— goi la chd dd chuydn chd cd dai. - O cac nuoc phu'Ong Dong, vua co nhifng quyen gi 7 ~ Tai sao goi che do nliii nu'dc phu'o'ng Dong la che do chuyen che CO dai •' 5. Vdn hod cd dai phUdng ©ong Su xuat hien xa hdi cd giai cap va nhd nudc khdng chi ddn den dp biic, bdc lot, da'u tranh... ma cdn la mdt bieu bien cua thdi dai van minh, trong dd con ngudi san xudt dugc c ia cai ddi dao hon trudc va sang tao trong ddi sd'ng van hod tinh thdn. 16 a) Su ra ddi ciia Lich phdp vd Thien vdn hgc Nhumg tri thiic Thidn van hgc va Lich phdp hgc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt d cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng. Nd gdn lidn vdi nhu cdu san xud't ndng nghiep. De cay cdy diing thdi vu, nhtimg ngudi ndng ddn ludn phai "trdng trdi, trdng ddt". Dan ddn, hg biet den sir chuyen ddng ciia Mat Trdi, Mat Trang. Dd la nhumg tri thu'c ddu tidn vd thien van. Ttr tri thiic dd, ngudi phuong Ddng sdng tao ra lich. Vi vay, lich cua hg la nong lich, mdt nam cd 365 ngay dugc chia thdnh 12 thdng. Ddy cung la co sd dd ngudi ta tfnh chu ki thdi gian vd mua. Thdi gian dugc tfnh bdng nam, thdng, tudn, ngay. Nam lai cd miia ; mtia mua Id miia nudc ldn, mua khd Id mua nudc xud'ng, mua gieo trdng ddt bai. Thdi dd, con ngudi cdn bie't do thdi gian bdng dnh sdng mat trdi vd tfnh dugc mdi ngay cd 24 gid. Thien van hgc so khai va lich da ra ddi nhu the. b) Chu viet Sir phdt trien cua ddi sdng lam cho quan he ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi trd nen phong phii va da dang ; ngudi ta cdn ghi chep vd luu giir nhiing gi da didn ra. Chtr viet ra ddi bdt ngudn tu nhu cdu dd. Chir vidt Id mdt phat minh ldn ciia loai ngudi. Cac cu dan phUdng Ddng la ngudi dau tien phat minh ra chd viet. Vao khoang thien nien ki IV TCN, chU vie't da xuat hien d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha. Luc dau, chu viet chi la hinh ve nhOfng gl ma hg mudn ndi, sau dd hp sang tao them nhuTig ki hieu bieu hien khai niem truU tUdng. ChU viet theo each dd goi la chur tugng iiinii. Ngudi Trung Hoa xua ve f/fl de chi ruong, ve ;^d e chi cay va ve ; ^ ^ de chi rung. NgUdi Ai Cap xUa ve ^ ^ de chi nha, ve i ^ chi mdm, ve ( ^ chi Mat Trdi... Sau nay, ngudi ta each dieu hoa chUtUdng hinh thanh net va ghep cac net theo quy udc de phan anh y nghT cua con ngudi mot each phong phu hdn goi la chit tupng y. ChutUdng y chua tach khoi chutUdng hinh ma thudng dUdc ghep vdi met thanh de phan anh tieng ndi, tieng goi cd am sac, thanh dieu cua con ngudi. Nguydn lieu dugc dung dd vidt cua ngudi Ai Cap la gidy lam bdng vd cay papinit. Ngudi Su-me d Ludng Ha dung mdt loai cay say vdt nhgn lam btit vidt ldn tren nhiing ta'm ddt set cdn udt rdi dem phoi ndng hoac nung khd. Ngudi Trung Qud'c liic ddu khdc chu trdn xuang thii hoac mai rua, vd sau hg da bie't ket hgp mdt sd net thanh chu va viet tren the tre hay tren lua. 2. LICH sir IOC -A 17 c) Todn hgc Do nhu cdu tfnh todn lai dien tfch rudng dd't sau khi ngap nudc. tfnh toan trong xay dung, ndn Toan hgc xuat hien rdt sdm d phuomg Ddng. Liic dau, cU dan phUdng Ddng biet vie't chd sd tU 1 den 1 trieu bang nhOng kl hieu ddn gian. Ngudi Ai Cap cd dai rat gioi ve hinh hgc. Hg tinh dUdc sd Pi (71) bang 3,16 ; ti'nh dugc dien tich hinh trdn, hinh tam giac, the tfch hinh cau v.v... Cdn ngudi Ludng Ha gioi ve sd hgc. Hp cd the lam cac phep cdng, trU, nhan, chia cho tdi mot theu. ChU sd ma ta dung ngay nay, quen gpi la chu sd A-rap, ke ca sd 0, la thanh tUu Idn do ngUdi An Do tao nen. Nhiing hidu bidt ve todn hgc cua ngudi xua da dd lai nhidu kinh nghiem quy, chudn bi cho budc phdt trien cao horn d thdi sau. d) Kien true Trong ndn van minh cd dai phuang Ddng, nghe thuat kidn true phat trien rat phong phii. Nhidu di tfch kie'n tnic each day hang nghin nam vdn cdn luu lai nhu Kim tu thap d Ai Cap, nhiing khu ddn thap d An Do, thdnh Ba-bi-lon d Ludng Hd ... Nhung cdng trinh cd xua nay la nhtrng ki tfch ve siic lao dgng va tdi nang sdng tao ciia con ngudi. Hinh 4 - COng I-so-ta thanh Ba-bi-lon 6 Luona Ha 2. LjCH SUlOC . B V{,'.'" fi'f " <^s^)mm^ !§!«%• l.W» Hinh 5 - Kim tir thap a Ai Cap Hay cho bie't nhimg thanh tUii van hoa ldn ciia cac quoc gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong. »AU HOI / 1. Tai sao cu" dan tren lifu vUc cac ddng song Idn d chau A, chau Phi c6 the sdm phat then thanh xa hgi c6 giai cap va nha nudc ? Dac diem kinh te ciia cac viing nay la gi ? 2. Xa hgi cd dai phucing Dong gom nhu'ng tang I6p nao ? Hay giai thich vi sao d day lai hinh thanh cac tang I6p xa hgi d6. 3. Em hieu the nao la che do chuyen che cd dai phUdng Dong ? 4. Cu dan phuang Dong thdi cd dai da c6 nhu'ng dong gdp gi ve mat van hoa cho nhan loai ? > 19 Bai^ CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI PHUONG TAY - HI LAP VA RO-MA Nam tren bd Bae Dia Trung Hai, Hi Lap va Rd-ma bao gdm bdn dao va nhidu dao nhd. Dia Trung Hai gidng nhu mgt cai ho rdt ldn, tao nen su giao thdng thuan lgi giira cac nudc vdi nhau ; do dd. ttr rat sdm da cd nhirng hoat dgng hang hai. ngu nghiep va thuang nghiep bidn. Tren CO sd dd. Hi Lap va Rd-ma da phat trien cao ve kinii te va xa hdi. lam co sd cho mdt ndn van boa rat rue rd. 1. Thien nhien vd ddi sdng cua con ngudi Canh sdng, mii, bien d vung Dia Trung Hdi dep de, mudn mau. Khf hau dm dp, trong lanh. Ban ddu, cdc bd lac ddu sd'ng trong cdc thung lung. O day, nhirng day niii cao ttr luc dia chay ra bidn da ngan cdch thung liing nay vdi thung lung khdc, tao thdnh nhting ddng bdng nhd hep. Phdn ldn ldnh thd la niii va cao nguyen. Ddt canh tdc da ft lai khdng mdu md ldm, chii ydu Id ddt ven ddi, khd va rdn. Do dd, ludi cudc, ludi cdy bdng ddng khdng cd tdc dung. Khoang ddu thidn nien ki I TCN, cu ddn viing Dia Trung Hdi bdt ddu bidt che tao cdng cu bdng sdt. Nhd cdng cu bdng sat, dien tfch canh tdc tang ban, viec trdng trgt da cd ke't qua. Thuc ra, chi d nhiing viing dd't mdm vd td't mdi cd the trdng liia (liia mi, Ilia mach). Ddt dai d day thuan tien ban cho viec trdng cdc loai cay luu nien, cd gid tri cao nhu : nho, d liu, cam, chanh... Con ngudi phdi gian khd khai phd timg mdnh dd't, phai lao ddng khd nhgc mdi bao dam dugc mdt phdn luong thuc. Vi the', cdc nudc nay vdn phdi mua lua mi, liia mach ciia ngudi Ai Cap, Tay A... Nhidu thg gidi, kheo tay da xudt hien. Hg lam ra nhiimg san phdm ndi tie'ng nhu dd gdm, vdi dii cdc loai binh, chum, bat bdng gdm trdng men trang trf boa van cd mau sdc va hinh ve dep. 20 Da cd nhieu xUdng thu cdng chuyen san xuat mdt mat hang cd chat lugng cao. Nhieu xUdng thu cdng cd quy md kha Idn : cd xUdng tU 10 - 15 ngudi lam, lai cd xUdng ldn sir dung tU 10 den 100 nhan cdng, dac biet mo bae 6 At-tich cd tdi 2000 lao ddng. Su phat tridn ciia thii cdng nghiep lam cho san xudt hang hod tang nhanh, quan he thuang mai dugc md rdng. Ngudi Hi Lap va Rd-ma dem cdc sdn pTidm ciia minh nhu rugu nho, ddu d liu, dd mi nghe, dd dung kim loai, dd gdm... di bdn d mgi midn ven Dia Trung Hai. San phdm mua vd la lua mi, sue vat, ldng thti ttr viing Hdc Hdi, Ai Cap..., to lua, huang lieu, xa xi phdm tir cdc nudc phuong Ddng. Trong xa hdi chiem nd d viing nay, nd le la thii hang hod quan trgng bdc nhdt. Nhidu noi nhu De-ld't, Pi-rd... trd thanh trung tam budn bdn nd le ldn ciia the gidi cd dai. Hang hoa dugc chuyen chd tren nhUng chiec thuyen Idn cd budm va nhieu mai cheo cua cac nha budn giau. Mot chiec tau chd rUdu nho cua Rd-ma dai tdi 40m, chUa dUdc 7000 den 8000 vd (tdc trpng tai tU 350 den 400 tan) bj dam tU thdi ay da dUdc cac nha khao cd hgc tim tha'y vao nam 1967 d vung bien phfa nam nudc Phap. Hinh 6 - Xuong che bien dau 6 liu 6 Nam I-ta-li-a (kho chum dung dau duoc phat hien. co khoang 40 chum chiia gan 6000 lit dau an) Hoat ddng thuong mai phdt dat da thiic ddy viec md rdng luu thdng tien te. Cdc thi qud'c deu cd ddng tien rieng ciia minh. Ddng tidn Denariuxo ctia Rd-ma. ddng tien cd hinh chim cii cua A-ten la nhumg ddng tien thudc loai cd nhat trdn the gidi. 21 Nhu the, ndn kinh te ciia cdc nha nudc d viing Dja Trung Hdi phdt trien mau le. Hi Lap va Rd-ma sdm trd thdnh cdc qud'c gia gidu manh. ^ Trinh iyav v nghra ciia viec xuat hien cdng cu bang sat doi vcfi vang Dia Trung Hai. 2. Thj quo'c Ota Trung Hai Ven bd Bdc Dia Trung Hai cd nhidu ddi niii chia cdt ddt dai thanh nhidu vting nhd, khdng cd didu kien tap trung ddng dan cu d mdt noi. Mat khdc, khi dan cu sd'ng thidn vd nghd budn va nghd thii cdng thi su tap trung ddng diic lai khdng can thie't. Mdi vting, mdi mdm bdn dao Id giang son ciia mdt bd lac. Khi xa hdi cd giai cd'p binh thanh thi ddy cung Id mdt nudc. Mdi thdnh vien la cdng ddn ciia nudc minh. Nudc thi nhd, nghd budn lai phdt tridn nen ddn cu sd'ng tap trung d thdnh thi. Phan chu ydu ciia mdt nudc la thdnh thi vdi mdt viing ddt dai trdng trgt d xung quanh. Thanh thi cd phd xd, Idu ddi, den thd. san van ddng, nha hat va quan trgng ban ca la cd ben cang. Cho nen, ngudi ta cdn ggi nudc dd la thi qudc'-^^ (thdnh thi la qud'c gia). Chang han, At-tich la mot mui dat nhd d Odng Nam Hi Lap ngay nay, xua kia la mdt thi qud'c, cd dien tfch hdn 2000 km^, dan sd khoang 400000 ngudi, phan Idn sd'ng 6 thanh thj A-ten (nay la thu dd cua Hi Lap), cd 3 hai cang, trong dd ldn nha't la cang Pi-re. Ngudi ta ggi A-ten la thj qud'c, dai dien cho ca At-ti'ch. Horn 30000 ngudi Id cdng ddn A-ten, cd tu cdch va cd quydn cdng dan^^). Khoang 15000 kidu ddn (ddn nai khdc de'n ngu cu) dugc tu do sinh sd'ng, budn bdn, ldm an, nhumg khdng cd quyen cdng dan. Chtmg ban 300000 nd le lao ddng, phuc dich va khdng cd quydn gi cd, la tdi sdn rieng ciia mdi chii nd. Uy the ciia quy tdc xuat than la bd lao ciia tbi tdc da bi ddnh bat. Quyen luc xa hdi chuyen vdo tay cdc chii nd, chii xudng va nha budn. Day Id kd't qua ciia mdt qua trinh ddu tranh gay go, quydt liet. Thdng lgi quydt dinh cudc ddu tranh nay la sir hinh thanh mdt the che ddn chil. Han 30 000 cdng dan hgp thdnh Dgi ligi cong ddn, bdu va cu ra cdc ca quan nhd nudc, quyet dinh mgi cdng viec nha nudc. (1) Truoc day goi la thanh hang. (2) Vdi khoang hon 100000 ngudi niia, gom phu nu va tre em thuoc cac gia dinh cong dan. 22 Ngudi ta khdng chap nhan cd vua. Cd 50 phudng, mdi phudng cir 10 ngudi, lam thdnh mdt Hgi dong 500, cd vai trd nhu "qud'c hdi", thay mat dan quyet dinh cdng viec trong nhiem ki 1 nam. 6 day, ngudi ta bdu 10 vien chtrc didu hanh cdng viec (nhu kieu mdt chfnh phu) vd cting cd nhiem ki 1 nam. Vien chiic cd the tdi cir ndu dugc bdu. Hdng nam, mgi cdng dan hgp mdt ldn d qudng trudng, nai ai cung dugc phdt bidu va bieu quyd't nhiing viec ldn ciia qud'c gia. The chd dan chii nhu thd da phdt tridn cao nhd't d A-ten. Nai nao khdng cd kieu td chiic trdn thi cung cd hinh thiic dai hdi nhan ddn. Thi qud'c cd dai la dd thi budn ban, lam nghd thil cdng va sinh boat dan chii. Mdi Hinh 7 - Pe-ri-clet (495 ? - 429 TCN) thanh thi la mdt nudc ridng. O dd, ngudi ta ban va quydt dinh nen budn ban vdi nudc nao va loai.hang gi, dung ngdn quy vao viec gi, nen trg cap cho dan ngheo bao nhieu ; cd bien phdp gi dd duy tri thd chd ddn chii va dac biet la cd chdp nhan tidn hanh chien tranh hay khdng. Ldnh thd ciia thi qud'c khdng rgng, nhung so dan lai ddng. Ddt trdng trgt d day da ft, ma ngudi ta lai cang ft trdng liia, nhumg noi day cd didu kien tu nhidn thuan lgi de phdt trien budn bdn. Do dd, cac thi qud'c ludn ludn giti quan he budn bdn vdi nhau vd vdi cac viing xa. Nhd dd, cdc thi qud'c trd ndn rat giau cd. Dac biet la A-ten, sau cudc chien tranh vdi Ba TU, trd thanh minh chu cua cac qud'c gia Hi Lap, lai nam Uu the tren bien, quan If mdt ngan quy rat Idn, cd thu nhap hang nam rat cao. A-ten da mien thue cho mpi cdng dan va trg cap cho cac cdng dan ngheo du sdng. Su giau cd ciia Hi Lap dua trdn ndn kinh td cdng thuang nghiep, sir dung lao ddng nd le, lam cdc viec trdng, hdi nho, khai md, cheo thuyen va khudn vac... khie'n cho su each biet giiia giau va ngheo, giiia chii nd va nd le ngay cang ldn. O Rd-ma, su each biet ndy cdn ldn hom. Nd le bi bdc lot va bi khinh re ndn thudmg phdn khdng chii nd. 6 Hi Lap. hinh thiic phan khdng chii ye'u la trd ndi trong lao ddng va bd trdn, nhdt la khi cd chie'n tranh. O Rd-ma thi hg ndi day khdi nghia chd'ng dd'i thuc su. 23 Hinh 8 - Luoc d6 de quoc Rd-ma thdi cd dai Chu khae tren dau cdng Khai hoan mdn Trai-an : IMP (eratori) CAESARI DIVI NERVAE FILIO NERVAE TRA lANO OPTIMO AVG (usto) GER MANICO DACICO PONTIF (ici) MAX (imo) TRIB (uniciae) POTEST (atis) XVIII IMP (eratori) VII COS (consuli) VI P (atri) P (atriae) FORTISSIMO PRINCIPI SENAWS PQR. (Thugng vien va dan chung Rd-ma dang tang Khai hoan mdn [nay] cho Hoang de Xe-da, [va] con cua Ne-rva than thanh [la] Ne-rva Trai-an, dUc dp va cao ca, ngudi Hinh 9 - Khai hoan mdn Trai-an (Be-ne-ven-td, Nam I-ta-li-a) chien thang Giec-man va Da-xi-a, Dai TUte, Hd dan 18 ki, Tdng chi huy 7 tran. Chap chfnh 6 ki, Qud'c phu, Nguyen thii anh dung nha't). ^ Thi quoc la gi 7 The che dan chu cd dai bieu hien o' chd nao 7 3. Vdn hod cd dai Hi Lap vd Rd-ma Viec sir dung cdng cu bdng sdt va sir tidp xiic vdi bidn da md ra cho cu ddn Dia Trung Hdi mdt chan trdi mdi, ndng hg ldn mdt trinh do cao ban vd san xudt vd budn ban trdn bien. Dd cung Id ca sd de hg dat tdi trinh do sdng tao van hod cao hom thdi trudc. a) Lich vd chd viet Ngudi Hi Lap da cd hieu biet chfnh xdc hom vd Trdi Dd't va he Mat Trdi. Nhd di bien, bg da tha'y Trdi Dd't khdng phai nhu cdi dia ma nhu hinh qua cau trdn, nhung hg vdn tudng Mat Trdi chuydn dgng quanh Trdi Dd't. Tuy nhidn, hg da bie't neu tfnh mdi vdng nhu the .la 360 ngdy thi khdng chfnh xac. Vd sau, ngudi Rd-ma da tfnh dugc 1 nam cd 365 ngay va 1/4 ndn hg dinh mdt thdng ldn lugt cd 30 va 31 ngdy, ridng thdng bai cd 28 ngdy. Song, nhu the so vdi thuc td vdn bi chdm mdt ft. Dti sao, phep tfnh lich ciia ngudi Rd-ma cd dai da rat gdn vdi nhting hieu bid't ngdy nay. Ngudi Ai Cap, Ludng Ha va mdt sd cu dan khdc da cd chti vidt cd. Nhumg chii ciia hg cd qud nhidu hinh, net, kf hieu ; khd nang phd bidn bi han che. Cudc sd'ng "bdn ba" trdn bien, trtnh do phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh td da dat ra cbo cu dan Dia Trung Hdi nhu cdu sdng tao ra mdt thii chtr vidt gdm cdc kf'hieu dan gidn, nhumg phai cd khd nang ghep chd rdt linh hoat thanh tir de the hien y nghT ciia con ngudi. He thd'ng chii cdi ciia ngudi Hi Lap va ngudi Rd-ma da ra ddi tir dd. He chti cdi Rd-ma, tiie la he A, B, C... ban ddu gdm 20 chii, sau thdm 6, lam thdnh he thd'ng chii edi hoan ehinh nhu ngay nay. Hg cung cd he chti sd ma ngdy nay ta thudng dimg dd ddnh sd cdc dd muc ldn, ggi la "sd La Ma". Su ra ddi ciia he thd'ng chii cai la mdt phdt minh va cd'ng hidn ldn lao ciia cu dan Dia Trung Hai cho nen van minh nhan loai. b) Su ra ddi cua khoa hgc Nhiing hidu bidt khoa hgc thuc ra da cd ttr hang nghin nam trudc, tir thdi cd dai phuang Ddng. Nhung phdi ddn thdi cd dai Hi Lap va Rd-ma, nhimg hieu bidt dd mdi thuc su trd thanh khoa hgc. Vdi ngudi Hi Lap, Todn hgc da vugt ldn tren viec ghi chep va giai cdc bai rieng biet. Nhiing nha todn hgc ma ten tudi vdn cdn lai ddn nay, da dd lai nhumg dinh If, dinh dd cd gid tri khai qudt hod cao. 25 Dinh If ndi tidng trong Hinh hgc ciia Ta-let, nhiing cd'ng hie'n ciia trudng phdi Pi-ta-go ve tfnh chdt cua cdc so nguydn va dinh If vd cdc canh ciia tam giac vudng cting vdi tien de vd dudng thdng song song ciia Q-clft,... sau nhidu the ki vdn la nhiing kidn thtrc co sd cua Todn hgc. c) Vdn hgc Trudc ngUdi Hi Lap cd dai, d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha mdi chi cd van hgc dan gian. Dd la nhUng bai thd, truyen huyen thoai dugc truyen mieng tu ngUdi nay qua ngudi khae rdi mdi ghi lai. O Hi Lap, sau cdc anh hung ca ndi tie'ng ciia Hd-me la I-li-dt va 0-di-xe, da xudt hien nhiing nhd van cd tdn tudi md nhung tdc phdm ciia bg de lai vdn cdn nguyen gia tri ddc ddo cbo den ngay nay. Cdc nhd van dd chii ydu la nhiing nha bien kich va cdc tdc phdm ciia hg la nhUng kich ban ; bdi vi tbdi dy, kich (cd kem theo hdt) Id hinh thiic nghe thuat dd phd bien nha't va dugc ua chudng nhat. Ngudi Rd-ma tu nhan Id hgc trd va ngucri thira kd' ciia van hgc - nghe thuat Hi Lap. Tuy nhien, dua tren mdt nen kinh te phdt tridn cao, d thdi hung thinh ciia Rd-ma cung da xud't hien nhiing nhd van hod, nhd tha ndi tidng nhu Lu-cre-xa, Vidc-gin v.v... Hinh 10 - Den Pac-te-ndng (Hi Lap) 26 d) Nghe thudt Ngudi Hi Lap cd dai da dd lai rat nhidu tugng va ddn dai dat tdi trtnh do tuyet ml. Dd la nhUng tUdng nhd, tugng ban than vdn dugc dUng d cac quang trudng. Lai cd nhUng tugng than Idn dUng d den, nhU tugng nU than A-te-na dpi mu chien binh, hoac cac tac pham dieu khae nhU NgUdi lUc si nem dTa, than Ve nU Mi-Id v.v... Rd-ma co nhieu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nhu ddn dai, cdu mdng ddn nudc, trudng dau... oai nghidm, dd so, hoanh trdng va thie't thuc, nhumg khdng tinh td, tuoi tdn, mem mai, gdn gui nhu nhumg cdng trinh d Hi Lap. Hinh 11 - Da'u trudng d Rd-ma Gia tri nghe thuat Hi J^ap duoc the hien nliw the nao 7 »AU HOt / 1. Hay trinh bay vai trd cua thu cong nghiep trong nen kinh te cua cac qud'c gia cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma. 2. Ban chat cua nen dan chu cd' dai la gi ? 3. Van hoa cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma da phat then nhuthe nao ? Tai sao ndi cac hieu biet khoa hgc den day mdi trd thanh khoa hoc ? 11 Chuang , TRUNG QU6c THCfl PHONG KI^N Bai 5 TRUNG QUOC THClI PHONG KIEN 0 Trung Qud'c vao : *• ihe ki cudi trudc Cong nguyen. do su phat tridn san .\uai, xa hgi phan hoa giai cap. nen chd dg phong kidn dugc hinh thanh sdm. Nha Tan da khdi ddu xay dimg bg may chinh quyen phang kidn. Hoang do cd quydn tuyet ddi. Thdi phong kien, kinh td Tning Quoc piuit tridn. nhai la nong nghiep. nhung nen kmh te nay trai qua thang tram tiieo >>\.x hulig thinh cua cac vuiTng trieu. Cuoi thai Minh, mam mdng (.(uaii he san xuai tu ban chii nghia duivc hiiih thanh nhuiig kliong j)hat tridn dugc. Tren CO sd nhtmg didu kien kinh te \a hoi nidi, ke thira nhfmg truyen thong cua nen van hod co. nhan dan Trung Quoc dat dir^jc nhieu thanh tuu van hoa rue rd. 1. Trung Qud'c thdi Tdn, Hdn Ttr thdi cd dai, trdn luu vuc Hodng Ha va Trudng Giang cd nhidu qud'c gia nhd ciia ngudi Trung Qud'c. Giiia cdc nudc nay thudng xuydn xay ra cdc cudc chien tranh nhdm xau xe vd thdn tfnh ldn nhau, lam thanh cue dien Xuan Thu - Chien Qud'c. Ddn thd ki IV TCN, Tdn trd thanh nudc cd tidm lire vd kinh td vd quan su manh hon ca. Dua vdo uu the dd, nha Tdn da ldn lugt tidu diet cdc dd'i thii, chdm diit tinh trang chia cdt lanh thd. 28 Nam 221 TCN, Tdn da ^ '" ' .5i<*"^ thd'ng nhdt dugc Trung Qud'c. Thdi Tdn, edc giai cd'p mdi dugc hinh thdnh. Quan lai la ngudi cd nhieu rudng ddt tu trd thdnh dia chii. Ndng dan ciing bi phan hod. Mdt bd phan giau cd trd thanh giai cdp bdc lot. Mdt sd khdc vdn giii dugc rudng dd't dd cay cay trd thanh ndng ddn tu canh. So ndng dan cdng xa cdn lai Id nhiing ngudi rd't ngheo, khdng cd rudng, phdi nhan rudng ciia dja chii dd cay cdy - ggi Id ndng ddn ITnh canh. Khi nhdn rudng, hg phai nop mdt phdn hoa lgi cho dia chil, ggi la td rudng dat. Dd'n ddy, quan he bdc lot dia td ciia dia chil da thay the cho quan he bdc lot ciia quy tdc dd'i vdi ndng dan cdng xa. Chd do phong kidn dugc xdc lap. Tdn Thuy Hoang Id vi vua khdi ddu viec xdy dung bd may chfnh quydn phong kidn Hinh 12 - Tuong ngudi bang dai nung trong khu lang mo Tan Thuy Hoang tap quydn. Vua Tdn xung Id Hodng dd, tu coi minh Id dang td'i cao, cd quydn hanh tuyet dd'i, quydt dinh mgi van dd ciia dat nudc. Dudi vua cd he thdng quan van, quan vd. Thira tudng diing ddu cdc quan van, Thdi uy diing ddu cdc quan vd. Day la hai chiic quan cao nhat ciia tridu dinh de giiip Hoang dd tri nudc ; ngoai ra cdn cd cdc quan coi giti tai chfnh, luomg thuc... Hoang de cdn cd mdt luc lugng quan sir ldm dd duy tri trat tu xa hdi, trdn dp cdc cudc ndi day trong nudc, tidn banh chidn tranh xam lugc vdi bdn ngoai. Hodng dd chia ddt nudc thdnh cdc qudn, huyen ; dat cdc chiic quan Tbdi thii (d quan) vd Huyen lenh (d huyen). Cdc quan lai phdi hodn toan tuan theo menh ldnh ciia Hodng dd vd luat phdp ciia nha nudc. Nhd Tdn tdn tai dugc 15 nam, rdi bi cudc khdi nghla ndng dan do Trdn Thdng, Ngd Qudng ldnh dao lam cho suy sup. Luu Bang, mdt dia chii phong kidn ldn ngdi, lap ra nhd Han (206 TCN - 220). 29 Cac hoang dd tridu Hdn tidp tuc ciing cd bd may cai tri, md rdng hinh thuc tidn cir cd con em gia dinh dia chii tham gia vdo chfnh quydn. Til' ddt gd'c ciia Trung Hoa d viing trung luu sdng Hodng, nha Tan va nhd Han da ldn lugt doat ldy viing thugng luu sdng Hoang (Cam Tiic), thdn tfnh viing Trudmg Giang cho ddn luu vuc sdng Chau, lan ddn phfa ddng Thien San, xam lugc Tridu Tien vd ddt dai ciia ngudi Viet cd. <^'^) ^ V^e sg do to chdc bo mav nha nudc didi Tan. 2. Su phdt trien chd do phong kidn dudi thdi Dudng Cac cudc chien tranh lien mien hao ngudi tdn cua lam cho mau thuin giai cap ngay cang gay gat. Ndng dan khap ndi vung day khdi nghTa, cac the luc cat cUcung tranh gianh lin nhau, nha Han lung lay rdi sup dd. Trung Qud'c lai budc vao thdi ki loan lac keo dai. Sau may thdk i rd'i ren, L y Uydn dep tan dugc phe ddi lap, ddn dp khdi nghia ndng ddn, ldn ngdi Hodng dd, lap ra nhd Dudng (618 - 907). Chd do phong kidn Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nd. So vdi cdc tridu dai trudc, kinh td phdt tridn tuomg dd'i todn dien. Ciing vdi cdc bien phdp gidm td thud, bdt suu dich, nha Dudng ldy ddt cdng va rudng bd hoang chia cho ndng dan ggi la che do qudn dien. Khi nhdn rudng, ndng dan phai thuc hien nghTa vu dd'i vdi nhd nudc theo chd do td, dung, dieu*^\ Ngudi ta cting dp dung nhiimg kT thudt canh tdc mdi vdo sdn xudt nhu chgn gidng, xdc dinh thdi vu. Nhd vay, sdn lugng tang nhidu ban trudc. Thii cdng nghiep va thuang nghiep budc vao giai doan thinh dat. Xudng thii cdng (ggi la tdc phudng) luyen sdt, ddng thuydn cd hdng chuc ngudi lam viec. Vdo thdi Dudng, ttr cdc tuydn dudmg giao thdng da dugc binh thdnh trong cdc thd ki trudc, hai "con dudng to lua" trdn dat lidn va tren bidn cung dugc thiet lap, md rdng. Vd chfnh tri, nha Dudng tidp tuc ciing cd chfnh quyen trung uong, ldm cho bd may cai tri phong kidn dugc hodn chinh. Cac hodng dd nha Dudng cir ngudi than tfn cai quan cdc dia phuang, dac biet giao cho cdc cdng thdn hoac ngudi than tdc giir chtrc Tiei do sif, tran ai cac midn bien cuong. Ddng thdi, nha Dudng md cdc khoa thi dd tuydn chgn (khdng chi trong gidi quy tdc ma cd con em dia chil) nhiimg ngudi dd dat ra lam quan. Nhu the, che dg phong kien da tao dieu kien cho quy tdc, dia chii dugc tham gia vdo bd mdy cai tri tir trung uong ddn dia phuang. Chfnh quydn phong kien thdi Dudng dugc tang cudng nhdm nang cao quydn luc tuyet ddi ciia Hodng de. (1) To : thue rudng (bang liia) : diiiiii : thue than (bang lao dich) ; dieu : thue hd khau (bang vai lua). 30 Cdc hodng ddnha Dudng tidp tuc chfnh sdch xam lugc md rdng lanh thd. Nha Dudng dem quan ldn chidm viing Ndi Mdng, chinh phuc Tay Vuc, xam lugc bdn ddo Tridu Tidn, cung cd chd do dd hd dAn Nam (lanh thd Viet Nam hdi dd), dp Tdy Tang phdi thdn phuc. Nhd vay, Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng trd thanh mdt dd qud'c phong kie'n phdt tridn nhd't. Den cudi thdi DUdng, mau thuin xa hpi trd nen sau sac, ndng dan sdng trong canh cung cUc do td thue qua nang ne, sUu dich lien mien. Nan ddi thudng xuyen dien ra. Ndng dan lai ndi day chd'ng chinh quyen, tieu bieu la cudc khdi nghTa do Hoang Sao lanh dao nd ra vao nam 874. Nha Dudng bj lat dd, Trung Qud'c rdi vao thdi ki Ngu dai - Thap qud'c nhung Trieu Khuong Din lai tieu diet dugc cac the lUc phong kien khae, lap ra nha Tdng vao nam 960. Sau dd, mien Bae Td'ng lai bi nUdc Kim danh chiem. Den cudi the ki XIII, ca hai nUdc Kim va Nam Tdng lan lUdt bi Mdng Co tieu diet. ^^ ~ Nhifng bieu hien sif thinh tri ve kinh te, chinli tri cua .xii hgi phong kien Trung Quoc difd'i thcfi Duong la gi i' 3. Trung Qud'c thdi Minh, Thanh Dau the kl XIII, tren thao nguyen Mdng Co hinh thanh nha nudc phong kie'n chuyen che quan sU do Gien-git Khan (Thanh Cat Tu Han) lam vua. Nam 1271, vua Mdng Co la Khu-bi-lai (Hdt Tat Liet) len ngdi Hoang de, thie't lap trieu Nguyen d Trung Qud'c (1271 - 1368). Dudi sU thd'ng trj ciia nha Nguyen, nhan dan Trung Qud'c lien tiep dUng len dau tranh. Nam 1368, khdi nghTa ndng dan lat dd dUdc nha Nguyen. Chu Nguyen ChUdng len ngdi Hoang de 6 Nam KinhC), lap ra nha Minh (1368-1644). Cdc vua tridu Minh da thi hdnh nhidu bien phdp nhdm khdi phuc va phdt trien kinh td. Ddn ddu thd ki XVI, mdm mdng quan he sdn xudt tu ban chu nghTa da xua't hien d Trung Qude. Mpt sd nghe da cd nhdng xudng thii cdng tUdng ddi ldn. O Giang Tay cd nhiing trung tam lam dd gdm Idn nhU Canh Difc cd tdi 3000 Id sU. Cd nhuTig chil xudng det nam trong tay hang van lang bae tien vdn, hang chuc khung ciri va hang chuc thg. NhUng ngUdi thg nay lam thue de lay tien cdng. Bay gid, cac nha budn Idn cung xuat hien. Hp cd nhieu vdn va nguyen lieu, dem giao cho cac hd thii cdng lam de thu thanh pham. Cac thUdng nhan bao mua, dem hang di trao ddi khap trong va ngoai nUdc. Hoat dgng ciia hp tham nhap vao ca fTnh vUc ndng nghiep nhU miia xuan hg xuat vd'n cho ndng dan trdng mfa, mua ddng thu lai bang dUdng. (1) Ddi Minh Thanh To (1403 - 1424), kinh dd ddi len Bae Kinh. 31 Cac thanh thi d thdi Minh mgc len nhieu va rdt phdn thinh. Bdc Kinh, Nam Kinh khdng chi la trung tam chfnh tri ma cdn la trung tam kinh te ldn. Minh Thdi Td rdt quan tam ddn viec xay dung chd do quan chii chuyen chd tap quydn nhdm cham diit tinh trang hdn chie'n va muu phdn. Nam 1380, dng quydt dinh bd cdc chiic Thira tudng. Thai uy va thay vao dd la cdc Thugng thu phu trdeh cdc bd. Nha Minh da lap ra 6 bd (Lai, Hg, Ld, Binh, Hinh, Cdng), hoan chinh bd may quan lai. Cdc quan d tinh chiu sir cbi dao cua cdc bd d tridu dinh. Hoang dd tap trung mgi quydn hanh trong tay, true tidp ndm quan ddi. Hodng dd cdn tang cudng phong tude va ban cap dd't dai cho con chdu trong hoang tdc, cdng thdn thdn tfn dd lam chd dira cho tridu dinh. Cud'i thdi Minh, viec bao chidm va tap trung rudng dat vdo tay giai cap quy tdc, dia chil didn ra nghiem trgng. Cdc vuang cdng cd nhidu "hodng trang", rudng dat mdnh mdng. Dia chir d dia phuomg cd tdi hang nghin mdu rudng. Ngugc lai, ndng dan ddi ngheo vi ft rudng, suu dich va td thud' nang nd. Nhidu ngudi phdi cdm rudng, ban vg dg con, hoac bd que huang di tha phuomg cdu thuc. Khdi nghTa ndng dan lai nd ra. Cudc ndi day cua Ly Tu Thanh lam cho tridu Minh sup dd. 1 ^iji'-'ji.^» Hinh 13 - Toan canh Cd cung Bdc Kinh Giiia liic dd, mdt bd tdc d Ddng Bdc Trung Qud'c Id Man Thanh da ddnh bai Ly Tu Thanh, lap ra nha Thanh (1644 - 1911). Gid'ng nhu tridu Nguydn trudc ddy, nhd Thanh thi hdnh chfnh sdch dp biic ddn tdc. Giai cap thd'ng tri Thanh budc ngudi Trung Qud'c phai theo phong tuc ciia ngudi Man tir y phuc ddn ddu tdc. Mac dii cdc hodng dd Thanh dting cdc bien phap vd vd, mua chugc giai cap dia chil ngudi Han, gidm nhe td thud cho ndng dan, khuydn khfch khdn hoang, nhumg khdng thd lam cho mau thudn dan tdc diu di. Cdc cugc khdi nghTa ndng dan nd ra d khdp noi da lam cho chfnh quydn nhd Thanh suy yeu ddn. 32 Lgi dung co hdi trdn, tu ban phuomg Tdy dua nhau nhdm ngd, xdm lugc Trung Qud'c. Chfnh sdch "be quan tod cang" ciia nha Thanh khdng nhiing khdng ban chd dugc viec thuong nhan chau Au dua nhidu hdng lau vdo Trung Qud'c ma cdn gay ndn cudc xung dot kich liet, ddn ddn su suy sup cua chd do phong kidn Trung Qud'c. •Nhimg mam mong cua quan he san xuat tw ban chu nghla du'di thdi Minli da xuat hien nliif the nao 7 Anh huong cua chinh sach ap bwc dan tgc cua theu Thanh ddi voi SLf phat trien cua lich su' Trung Quoc nliW the nao7 4. Vdn hod Trung Qud'c thdi phong kidn Dudi thdi phong kidn, nhan dan Trung Qud'c dat dugc nhidu thdnh tuu van hod rue rd, ddc ddo. Trong ITnh vuc tu tudng, Nho gido gitr vai trd quan trgng. Ngudi ddu tidn khdi xudng Nho hgc la Khdng Tif. Thdi Han Vti Dd, Nho gido trd thdnh cdng cu sdc ben phuc vu cho nhd nudc phong kidn tap quydn, trd thdnh co sd If luan va tu tudng ciia chd do phong kie'n Trung Qud'c. Cac quan niem ve quan he giUa vua - tdi, cha - con, chdng - vg la giudng mdi, ki cUdng ciia dao dUc phong kie'n. Nho giao, mac du sau nay cd ft nhieu thay ddi qua cac thdi dai, nhung vin la cdng cu tinh than de bao ve che dp phong kien. Nho giao mpt mat de xudng con ngudi phai tu than, ren luyen dao ddc pham chat ; mat khae giao due con ngudi phai thUc hien dung bdn phan ddi vdi qud'c gia la tdn quan (trung thanh vdi nha vua); ddi vdi gia dinh, con phai giU chu hieu va phuc tung cha. NhUng ve sau, cting vdi sU suy ddi ciia giai cap dia chii phong kien, Nho giao cang td ra bao thii, ldi thdi va kim ham su phat trien ciia xa hpi. Phat gido d Trung Qude cung thinh banh, nha't la vdo thdi Dudmg. Cdc nhd su nhu Huydn Trang, NghTa TTnh da tim dudng sang An Do dd tim hidu gido If ciia dao Phdt. Ngugc lai, nhidu nhd su ciia cdc nudc Ai Do, Phu Nam ciing ddn Trung Qud'c truydn dao. Kinh Phat dugc dich ra chii Hdn ngay mdt nhieu. Khi Bdc Td'ng mdi thdnh lap, nha vua cung tdn siing Phat gido, cho xdy chiia, tac tugng, in kinh va tidp tuc cir cdc nha su di tim hidu them vd dao Phat tai An Do. 3. LICH SU IOC- A •'•' Sir hgc bdt ddu tir thdi Tay Hdn da trd thanh ITnh vuc nghidn ciiu ddc lap, ma ngudi dat ndn mdng la Tu Md Thidn. Bd Sifki do dng soan thao Id mdt tdc phdm ndi tie'ng, cd gid tri cao vd mat tu lieu va tu tudng. Ddn thdi^Dudng, co quan bidn soan lich sir ciia nha nudc, ggi la Sif qudn, duge thanh lap. Van hgc la mdt trong nhirng ITnh vuc ndi bat nhdt ciia ndn van hoa Trung Qud'c dudi thdi phong kidn. Tho Dudmg phdn dnh todn dien bd mat xa hdi bay gid vd da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nghe thuat. Ten tudi nhidu nhd tho cdn sdng mdi ddn ngdy nay, tieu bieu nhat Id Ly Bach, Dd Phii, Bach Cu Di... Tidu thuydt la mdt hinh thiic van hgc mdi phdt tridn d thdi Minh, Thanh. 6 Trung Qud'c, tai cdc thdnh phd ldn thudmg cd nhting ngudi chuydn lam nghd kd chuyen vd su tfch lich sir. Dua vao dd, cdc nha van da vidt thdnh tieu thuydt. Nhidu tdc phdm ldn, ndi tidng da ra ddi trong giai doan nay nhu Tam quoc diin nghia ciia La Qudn Trung, Thuy hif ciia Thi Nai Am, Tdy du ki ciia Ngd Thtra An, Hong Idu mgng ciia Tdo Tuydt Cdn... La Quan Trung viet Tam quoc dl§n nghTa dUa vao cau chuyen dugc luu truyen trong dan gian ve ba ngudi LUu Bj, Quan Vu va TrUdng Phi ke't nghTa 6 vudn dao. Npi dung cd ban ciia tac pham mieu ta cupc da'u tranh ve quan sU, chi'nh tri phUc tap giUa ba nudc Nguy, Thiic, Ngd. Tac pham Tiiu^ hd ciia Thi Nai Am tudng thuat lai dien bien ciia cupc khdi nghTa ndng dan do Tdng Giang lam thii ITnh tai viing LUdng Sdn Bae. Tac pham da ca ngdi tai muu lugc, Idng qua cam cua nhufng anh hiing ao vai nen da bi chfnh quyen dUdng thdi cam lUu truyen. NhUng hinh anh cua cac anh hung hao ban Ludng Sdn Bae vi n an sau vao Idng dan va da tao them ngudn sire manh tinh than cd vu cupc da'u tranh chd'ng phong kien ciia ndng dan Trung Qud'c. Ngd ThUa An ke chuyen sU Huyen Trang va cac dd de tim dudng sang An Dp lay kinh Phat trong cac tap Tay du ki ndi tieng. Tfnh each ciia cac nhan vat dUdc bieu hien tren sudt doc dudng day nguy nan trac trd. Cudi cung thay trd Huyen Trang da dat dUdc muc dfch. l-iong lau mong ciia Tac Tuyet Can viet ve cau chuyen hung suy cua mdt gia dinh quy tpc phong kie'n va tinh yeu ciia mgt ddi trai gai - Gia Bao Nggc va Lam Dai Ngpc. Qua dd, tac gia da ve len bp mat cua xa hpi phong kien trong giai doan suy tan. 34 3. LjCH SUlOC - B Hinh 14 - Mdt doan Van If trudng thanh Cdc ITnh vuc Todn hgc, Thidn van hgc, Y dugc. dugc nhidu thanh tuu quan trgng. ciia Trung Qud'c cting dat Quyen Ci^u chuang toan thuat thd\ Han neu cac phUdng phap tinh dien tich va khd'i lugng khae nhau... To Xung Chi (thdi Nam - Bae trieu) da tim ra sd Pi den 7 sd le. Thdi Tan, Han, Trung Qud'c phat minh ra nong Ijcti, chia 1 nam thanh 24 tiet de ndng dan cd the dua vao dd ma biet thdi vu san xua't. TrUdng Hanh cdn lam dugc mdt dung cu de do dpng da't gpi la dia dong nghi... TU rat sdm, Trung Qud'c da cd nhieu thay thudc gidi. Noi tieng nhat la Hoa Da (thdi Han), ngudi dau tien ciia Trung Qud'c da biet dung phiu thuat de chUa benh. Tac pham Ban thao cWOng muc ciia Ly Thdi Tran la mpt quyen sach thudc rat cd gia tri. Vd mat kT thuat, Trung Qude cd 4 phdt minh quan trgng : gidy, kT thudt in, la bdn va thudc sung. Dd la nhiing cd'ng hidn rdt ldn ciia nhan dan Trung Qud'c vdi ndn van minh the gidi. Trung Qud'c cd nhidu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nghe thuat dac sdc : Van If trudng thanh, nhiing cung dien ed kinh, nhiing btrc tugng Phdt sinh ddng... cdn dugc luu giir de'n ngay nay. 35 Hinh 15 - Tuong Phat bang ngpc thach trong cung dien duoc tac tii mot khdi ngoc thach trang va duoc kham da quy Hav tim hieu them ve 4 phat muili lon cua Trung Quoc thoi phong kien. r .AU HOI 1. Che do phong kien Trung Quoc dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao ? 2. Su thinh trj ciia che do phong kie'n du6i thdi Duong dugc bieu hien nhuthe nao ? 3. Hay neu nhu'ng thanh tUu van hoa chii yeu ciia Trung Quo'c thdi phong kie'n. 36 Chuang. AN D 6 THdl PHONG KI^N BaiQ CAC QUOC GIA AN VA VAN HOA TRUYEN THONG AN DO Lanh thd An Do nhu hinh "tam giac ngugc"". hai ben giap bidn, canh phfa bae ndi vdi chau A. nhung lai ngan each bdi day nui cao nhdt the gidi - day Hi-ma-lay-a. nen cdn dugc ggi la tieu lite dia Nam A. Dien tfch ,An Dp kha rdng ldn. han 3 trieu km-, gap khoang 10 lan Viet Nam va gan 15 lan nirdc .A.nh. Hai bd bidn lai cd hai da_\ nui Ddng Gat va Tay Gat. ngan cach bdi cao ngu\en De-can. Do toan mii cao. rimg ram, rimg nguyen sinh nen lanh thd An Do bi ngan each nhau dang ke giiia Ddng va Tay. Bae va Nam. Chi cd mien Bae la bang phang. bai luu \uc cua hai con sdng ldn. Xua kia phai ke ca con sdng d Tay Bdc An Do. ggi la sdng An (iiichis). Nhd nd ma co ten ggi An Do va lanh thd .An Do {Hindustan), noi khoi ngudn ciia ndn van hoa .4n Do. Cdn a Ddng Bae ban dao la liru vuc sdng Hang {Gaiv.ia) rgng ldn \a mau md. la que huong. nai smh truong nen van hoa tru_\en ihdng cua van minh An Dd. 37 1. Thdi kl cdc qude gia ddu tien Khodng 1500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, viing sdng Hdng d Ddng Bdc cd dieu kien thuan lgi, mua thuan gid boa ndn da tidn bd vugt ldn, cd vai trd ndi trdi trdn cd midn Bdc An Do. Tii cdc bd lac trdng liia vd chan nudi tren bd sdng Hdng, bdt ddu hinh thanh mdt sd nha nudc ddu tidn, dumg ddu la cdc tidu vuang, thudng xuyen phdt trien kinh td, xay dung ddt nudc ldm manh va tranh gianh dnh hudng vdi nhau. Den khodng 500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, nudc Ma-ga-da ldn manh hom ca, dugc nhidu nudc khdc tdn phuc. NgUdi Hi Lap da tUng den tham kinh do ciia Ma-ga-da la Pa-ta-li-pu-tra, ke lai : cd phd dai 2 km, tren ben dudi thuyen, dpe hufu ngan sdng _Hang. Vua md dau nudc nay, Bim-bi-sa-ra, dugc coi la cung thdi va la ban cua Phat td. Lam-pa^^ca~--~.,^ GAN-DHA-RA / ^^^^ Top-ra* y^ ^ ''^y^ i) > / De-li / \ Ma-thu-ra \ ^^.j ^ Bai-rat» A-grai;:^^^ . ~~ • Sa-ra-va-xti -pu-traA BIEN A-RAP J \ \ • San-chi u \ • fiiagm-ga \ rRa^met-xva \ rSa-ra-va-na""' \ ' Ben-gO-la • Yl^ J PA-LA ^ / MA-GA-DA^ ^ Tam-ra-li-pti y— / •/PEA^^'^' ^ Hinh 16 - Liroc dd An Dp thdi CO dai • C6t A-sfl-ca • Thanh thj c6 \ PAN-OY-A^ Kan-chi-pu-ram K r XRVAN-CA u Trdi qua ban 10 ddi vua, ddn the ki III TCN, xudt hien dng vua kiet xuat nhd't ciia nudc nay va ndi tieng bae nhdt trong lich sir An Dg - vua A-sd-ca. 38 A-sd-ca xay dung da't nudc hung cudng, rdi dem quan di danh cac nudc nho, nham muc dich phat then, thau tdm quyen lUc va thd'ng nha't An Dp. Sau khi danh thing nhieu ddi thii, dng da thdng nha't dugc gan he't ban dao An Dp, chi trU mpt viing da't d cue Nam xa xdi (sau la nUdc Pan-dy-a). Chan canh binh dao, tan sat, dng trd ve mdt Idng theo dao Phat va tao dieu kien de Phat giao truyen ba rdng khap dat nUdc An Dp. 6 nhieu ndi, dng cdn cho dung nhieu cdt da, khae chu, gpi la "chi du A-sd-ca" ndi ve Idng siing tin cua minh va viec cai quan da't nudc. A-sd-ca qua ddi cud'i the ki III TCN. An Do budc vao mdt thdi ki chia re, khiing hodng keo dai may thd ki cho ddn ddu Cdng nguyen. ^ - Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua nha nu'dc Ma-ga-da dien ra nlnf the'nao 7 2. Thdi kl VUdng tridu Gup-ta vd su phdt tridn vdn hod truydn thd'ng An Od Ddn ddu Cdng nguydn, midn Bdc An Do da dugc thd'ng nha't lai, budc vao mdt thdi ki mdi phdt trien cao va rat dac sdc ciia lich sir An Dg - thcri Vuong trieu Giip-ta. Vuang tridu nay do vua Giip-ta lap, cd vai trd td chiic khdng cu, khdng cho cac tdc d Trung A xam lan tir phfa tdy bdc, thdng nhdt midn Bdc An Do ; tid'p do, td'n cdng chidm cao nguyen De-can, ldm chii gdn nhu todn bd mien Trung ^Dd . Vuang tridu Giip-ta cd 9 ddi vua, qua gdn 150 nam (319 - 467), vdn giii dugc su phdt trien va net dac sdc cd dudi thdi Hdu Giip-ta (467 - 606) vd Vuomg tridu Hdc-sa tie'p theo (606 - 647), tiic la ttr the ki IV ddn the ki VII. Net dac sdc ndi bat ciia thdi ki nay la sif dinh hinh vd phdt trien cua vdn hod truyen titdng An Do. O Bdc An Do, thdnh phd Ka-pi-la-va-xtu la qud huong ciia nha hidn tridt Sft-ddc-ta, sau trd thdnh Phat td, hieu Id Sa-ky-a Mu-ni (Thfch Ca Mau Ni). Dgo Phdt dugc truydn bd manh me dudi thdi vua A-sd-ca, tidp tuc dudi cac tridu dai Giip-ta vd Hdc-sa, den thd ki VIT. Cimg vdi su truyen ba Phat gido, ldng tdn sung ddi vdi Phat, ngudi ta da ldm hang chuc ngdi cinia hang (due deo hang dd thdnh chiia). Ddy la nhiing cdng trinh kidn tnic bdng da rat dep va rdt ldn. Cimg vdi chua la nhtimg pho tugng Phat dugc dieu khdc bdng da hoae tren dd. 39 Ciing vdi Phat gido. An Do gido (hay Hindu gido) ciing ra ddi va phdt tridn. Ddy la tdn gido bdt ngudn tir tfn ngudng cd xua cua ngudi An. An Do gido thd rdt nhidu thdn, chii ydu Id bd'n thdn : bd ba Brama (thdn Sdng tao thd gidi), Siva (than Huy diet), Visnu (thdn Bao hd), va Indra (than Sd'm set). Dd Id nhifng luc lugng sidu nhien md con ngudi sg hai. Ngudi ta xay dung nhidu ngdi ddn bdng dd rd't dd so, hinh chdp niii, la nai ngu tri cua thdn thdnh va cung tac bdng dd, hoac dtic bdng ddng rdt nhidu pho tugng thdn thdnh de thd, vdi nhting phong cdch nghe thudt rat ddc ddo. Ngudi An Do sdm cd chii vidt, nhu chii cd vting sdng An tir 3000 nam TCN, Hinh 17 -ht dudng trong chiia hang A-gian-ta (An Do) chtf cd viing sdng Hdng cd the cd tir 1000 nam TCN. Ban ddu Id kidu chii dan so Brahmi, dugc dung dd khdc tren cot A-sd-ca, rdi dugc ndng ldn sdng tao thanh he chii Phgn (Sanskrit) dugc hodn thien tir thdi A-sd-ca cd chti vidt va ngii phdp. Ngdn ngii Phan diing phd bidn dudi thdi Giip-ta trong viec vidt van bia. Ngdn ngii vd van tu phdt tridn la didu kien dd chuydn tai, truydn bd van hgc, van bod An Do. Thdi Gup-ta da cd nhiing cdng trinh kidn true, dieu khdc, nhiing tdc phdm van hgc tuyet vdi, lam ndn cho van hod truydn thdng An Do, cd gid tri vTnh ciru, xuydn sud't thdi gian lich sir ciia lodi ngudi. Ngudi An Do da mang van hod, dac biet la van bgc truydn thd'ng cua minh, truydn bd ra ben ngoai. Ddng Nam A la nai chiu anh hudng rd ret nha't ciia van hod An Dd. 1^ Trinli bay su'phat hien ciia van hoa truven tiidng An Do. »AU HOI 1. Tai sao ndi thdi Giip-ta la thdi ki dinh hinh va phat then cua v.an hoa truyen thd'ng An Do ? 2. Nhu'ng ye'u td van hoa truyen thd'ng nao ciia An Do c6 anh hudng ra ben ngoai va anh hudng de'n nhufng noi nao ? 40 Bai 7 si; PHAT TRIEN LICH SlT VA NEN VAN HOA DA DANG CUA AN DO An Do thdi Giip-ta bat dau phat trien tren luu vuc sdng Hang d phfa bae, lam ca sa hinh thanh nen van hoa truydn thdng An Do - van hoa Hindu. Nen van hoa dd tiep tuc phat trien d thdi Hau Giip-ta va Hac-sa (the ki V - Vll), dirge md rdng trdn toan lanh thd .4n Do. va tidp tuc duy tri a cac thdi ki sau cting vdi nhirng nen van hoa khae. 1. Su phdt tridn cua lich stf vd vdn hod truydn thd'ng tren todn Idnh thd An Od Ddn thdki VII, An Do lai bi rai vdo tinh trang chia re, phan tdn. Nguydn nhan ciia nd mdt phdn la do chfnh quydn trung uong suy ydu ; mat khdc do trdi qua 6 - 7 the ki, tren dd't nudc rdng ldm va ngan each nhau, mdi viing lanh thd lai cd nhiing didu kien va sdc tbdi rieng ciia minh, nen dd't nudc chia thanh hai midn, Bdc va Nam ; mdi midn lai tdch thdnh ba nudc ridng, thdnh sdu nudc, trong dd, nudc Pa-la d viing Ddng Bdc vd nudc Pa-la-va d midn Nam cd vai trd ndi trdi ban. Trong trudng hgp nay, su phdn liet khdng ndi ldn tinh trang khiing hodng, suy thodi ma lai phan dnh su phdt tridn tu cudng ciia cdc viing dia phuang. Mdi nudc lai tie'p tuc phdt tridn sdu rdng ndn van hod ciia minh, trdn ca sd van boa truydn thd'ng An Do - chii vidt, van hgc va nghe thuat Hindu, dac biet la van hgc va nghe thuat thdi Giip-ta. Nudc Pa-la-va d mien Nam, thudn tien ve ben cang va dudmg bien, da cd vai trd tfch cue trong viec phd bidn van hod An Do ddn cac nudc Ddng Nam A. Nhu the', ngay tir ddu Cdng nguyen va trong 5 thd ki tidp theo (thd ki VII - XII), vdn hod truyen thdng cua An Do phdt trien rgng tren todn ldnh thd vd co dnh hifdng ra ben ngodi. 4> Su'phat trien van hoa thoi Gup-ta dwa den diSu gi ^ 41 2. Vuong tridu Hdi gido Od-lr An Do da trai qua mdt thdi ki phdt tridn, nhdt Id vd van hod truydn thd'ng, nhumg su phan tdn khdng dem lai siic manh thd'ng nhdt dd ngUdi An Do eg the chd'ng cu dugc cudc tdn cdng tir bdn ngodi ciia ngudi Hdi giao gd'c Tho (Tude). Nam 1055, thil ITnh ciia ngudi Thd ddn quan ddnh chidm Bdt-da, rdi cdi theo Hdi gido, lap nen mdt vuomg qud'c Hdi gido d day - viing Ludng Ha. Dao Hdi (Ixlam) bdt ddu dugc truydn bd ddn I-ran va Trung A, lap nen mdt vuomg qud'c Hdi gido niia trdn viing gidp 'Tay Bdc An Do. Ngudi Hdi gido gd'c Trung A bat ddu tidn hanh mdt cudc chinh chie'n vdo ddt An Do, timg budc chinh phuc cdc tieu qud'c An rdi lap ndn Vuang qud'c Hdi gido An Do, ggi tdn la De-li (do vua ddng dd d Dd-li, mdt thdnh phd Bdc An). Trong ban 300 nam tdn tai va phdt tridn, Vuong trieu Hdi gido De-li (1206 - 1526) da truyen bd, dp dat Hdi gido vao nhiing cu ddn theo Phat gido va Hindu gido, tu ddnh cho minh nhting uu tien vd rudng dd't, dia vi trong bd mdy quan lai. Vf nhu ngoai thud rudng da't (1/5 thu hoach), nhiing ngudi khdng theo dao Hdi phai nop thdm mdt khoan, ggi la "thue ngogi dgo" -jaziah. Mac dii cdc dng vua da cd gdng thuc thi nhieu chfnh sdch mdm mdng de gitf ydn ddt nudc, nhung su phan biet sdc tdc va tdn gido khdng thd lam tan di ndi bdt binh ciia nhan ddn. Mat khdc, mdt ydu to van hod mdi - van hod Hdi gido - ciing dugc du nhap vdo An Dg, vd'n da cd mdt ndn van hod rat phong phii va da dang. Cd mdt sd cdng trinh kidn true do chfnh quydn Hdi giao xdy dung, mang ddm da'u an kie'n trtic Hdi gido. Trai qua 6 ddi vua, chinh chidn nhidu horn xdy dung, nhung kinh dd Dd-li cung da trd thdnh "mdt trong nhiing thdnh phd ldn nhat the gidi" d thd ki XIV, nhu mdt ngudi duong thdi nhan xet sau khi da di rdt nhidu noi. Didu quan trgng d day la sif phdt Men nhau giQa hai nen vdn minh dgc sdc Id An Do Hindu gido va A-rap Hdi gido. Su giao luu van hod Ddng - Tay cung dugc thiic ddy hom^'). Didu khdng kem quan trgng ntia Id thdi Vuang tridu Hdi gido Dd-li cung la thdi md cdc thuang nhan An Do mang dao Hdi ddn mdt sd nai, mdt sd nudc d Ddng Nam A, noi ma mdt vai cdng ddng nhd Hdi^ gido A-rap mang de'n tir trudc da dugc gia tang sdu dam ban vdi thuang nhan Pjt\ Do theo dao Hdi. 4y Nhimg net chinh ve Vu'o'ng tiiiu Hoi giao De-li. (1) Ngudi A-rap Hdi giao tan cdng vao luu virc sdng An nam 710, chau Au nam 732, sau dd lap qud'c gia Codc-dd-ba d Tay Ban Nha. Cac tii nhu hod Iwc (Chimi), ri(ffu (Alcool), dqi .vo'(Algebra) v v cd gdc tit A-rap. 42 3. Vuong tridu Md-gdn The kl XV, Vuang trieu Hdi gido Dd-li bdt ddu suy ydu, thi cung la liic md mdt bd phan dan Trung A khdc do thii ITnh - vua Id Ti-mua Leng chi huy, cung theo dao Hdi nhung lai tu nhdn Id ddng ddi Mdng Cd, bdt ddu td'n cdng An Do tii nam 1398. Tuy the, phai ddn chdu ngi ciia dng Id Ba-bua mdi thuc hien dugc viec danh chidm De-li, lap ra mdt vuong tridu mdi, ggi la Vuang trieu Mo-gon (gd'c Mdng Cd). Vuong tridu Md-gdn (1526 - 1707) la thdi ki cudi cting ciia chd do phong kie'n An Do. Tuy Id thdi ki cudi cimg, nhung khdng phai chi cd khiing hoang, suy thoai va tan ra. That vay, cdc vi vua thdi ki ddu da ra siic ciing cd vuomg tridu theo hudmg "An Do hod" va xdy dung ddt nudc. Ddn thdi tri vi ciia vi vua thii tu la A-ca-ba, An Do dat dugc budc phdt tridn mdi. Trong nira the ki tri vi, A-co-ba (1556 - 1605) da thi hanh mdt sd chfnh sdch tfch cue : - Xay dung mdt chfnh quyen manh me, dua trdn su lien kdt tdng ldp quy tdc, khdng phdn biet ngudn gd'c, sd quan lai gd'c Mdng Co (thuc ra Id gd'c Trung A Hdi giao), gdc An Do Hdi gido va cd gd'c An Do An gido, cd ti le gan nhu bang nhau ; - xay dung khd'i hod hgp dan tdc tren ca sd ban chd su phan biet sdc tdc, tdn gido va cung ed bien phdp ban chd su bdc lot qud dang ciia chii ddt, quy tdc ; - Tien hanh do dac lai rudng ddt dd dinh ra miic thue dting va hgp If, thd'ng nha't cdc he thd'ng can dong va do ludng ; - Khuye'n khfch va hd trg cdc hoat ddng sdng tao van hod, nghe thudt. Hinh 18 - Cdng lang A-co-ba d Xi-can-dra (ddu the ki XVII) Nhumg chfnh sdch dd lam cho xd hdi /m Do dn dinh, kinh td phdt tridn, van boa cd nhidu thdnh tuu mdi, dat nudc thinh vugng. A-co-ba dugc coi nhu la 43 mdt vi anh hung dan tdc ; ngdy nay tdn dng dugc dat cho nhidu dudng phd, cdng trtnh, xiimg vdi danh hieu ciia dng la Ddng Chi ton A-ca-ba. Tuy nhidn, hdu hdt cdc vua ciia vuong tridu nay ddu dung quydn chuyen chd, ddc dodn dd cai tri mdt dd't nudc rdng ldm nhumg rdt da dang, phan tan. Mdt sd vi vua da dting bien phdp dan dp quydt liet, hinh phat khdc nghiet dd bdt dan chung phuc tting, ddng thud va lao dich nang nd, bdt cdc quy tgc cd y chd'ng ddi phdi vang ldi. Con vd chdu ciia A-ca-ba la Gia-han ghi-a (1605 - 1627) vd Sa Gia-han (1627 - 1658) da chidm doat rat nhidu ciia cai. De chiing td quydn luc, y mud'n ciia minh, cdc dng da cho khdi cdng xay dung nhidu cdng trinh kidn Hinh 19 - Lang Ta-gia Ma-han (d A-gra, the kl XVII) tnic, dac biet la lang md Ta-gia Ma-han va Idu ddi Thdnh Dd (La Ki-la), dudi thdi Sa Gia-han, trdn hai bd sdng Y-a-mu-na d Bdc An Do. Nhting cdng trinh dd da trd thanh di san van hod bd't hii, nidm tu hao vTnh ciru ve su sdng tao, nidm xiic ddng sau sdc vd tinh cam cao quy ciia con ngudi. Nhumg Gia-han-ghi-a va Sa Gia-han da lam cho su dd'i khdng ciia nhdn ddn tang them, do lam dung quydn luc, cdng quy cting siic lao ddng ciia dan. Hai dng vua ndy hdu nhu da dot chdy tdt ca thdnh qua ciia vua A-ca-ba. It lau sau, tinh trang chia re va khiing hoang xud't hien trd lai. Trong liic dd, thuc ddn Bd Ddo Nha ddn tir thdi ki ddu vuang tridu vd ngay cdng nhidu, nhdt la dudi thdi Sa Gia-han. Hg da lap cdc didm budn ban nhu Diu, Da-man... Vua cudi ciia Vuomg tridu Id Ao-reng-dep da phdi dd'i dien vdi thuc ddn Anh vd budc ddu de mat Ma-drdt, Bom-bay. - Nhifng net chinli ve Vu'o'ng trieu Md-gdn. •AU HOI 1. Trinh bay nhu'ng chinh sach cua A-cd-ba va y nghTa ciia no. 2. Hay cho bie't vi tri ciia VUdng trieu Hoi giao De-li va Vuong trieu M6-g6n trong Ijch sir An Do. 44 Chuang D6NG NAM A THCa PHONG KI^N Bai ^ Sir HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CAC VUONG QUOC CHINH 6 DONG NAM A Ddng Nam A ttr lau vdn dugc coi la mdt khu vuc dia If - lich sir - van hoa rieng biet va cdn dugc ggi la khu vuc chau A gid miia. Gid mtia kem theo mua rat thuan lgi cho viec phdt tridn nen ndng nghiep lua nudc. Tren ca sd phat tridn ciia dd sat va nen kinh te ndng nghiep kia nudc, ttr nhung the ki ddu ciia Cdng nguyen, cac vuang qude cd ddu tien da dugc hinh thdnh o Ddng Nam A ; tidp dd den khoang the ki IX - X, cac qud'c gia phong kidn Ddng Nam A dugc xac lap va phdt trien thinh dat cho tdi nira ddu the ki XVIII. 1. Su ro ddi cua cdc vuong qud'c cd d Odng Na m A Ddng Nam A la mdt khu vuc khd rdng, bi chia cdt bdi nhiing day mii, rimg nhiet ddi va bien. Vi the, d day khdng cd nhting ddng bdng rdng ldn dd trdng Ilia, nhiing thao nguydn mdnh mdng dd chan nudi ddn gia siic ldm. Nhung thidn nhien da "uu dai" cho viing nay mdt didu kien hdt siic thuan lgi - dd la gid miia. Gid miia kem theo mua rat thfch hgp cho su phdt tridn ciia cay liia nudc. Vi thd, 45 cu dan Ddng Nam A tir rdt xa xua da bidt trdng liia va nhidu loai cay an cii, an qua khdc. Ngay tUthdi dai dd da, ngudi ta da tim thay da'u vet cUtru ciia con ngUdi d hau khap cac nU6c Ddng Nam A. Den nhumg the ki dau Cdng nguyen, cudan Ddng Nam A da biet sir dung dd sat. Ndng nghiep van la nganh san xua't chinh, nhung d mdi nudc da hinh thanh mgt sd nganh thil cdng truyen thdng nhU det, lam do gdm, nghe due ddng va sat... Do nhu cau trao ddi san pham, viec budn ban theo dUdng ven bien rat phat dat. Mpt sd thanh thi - hai cang da ra ddi va boat dpng nhpn nhip nhu 6c Eo (An Giang - Viet Nam), Ta-kd-la (ban dao Ma Lai) v.v... Su phdt tridn ciia cdc nganh kinh td la co sd cho su ra ddi ciia hang loat qud'c gia nhd d Ddng Nam A. Su ra ddi cua cdc vuomg qud'c cd Ddng Nam A cdn gdn lidn vdi tdc ddng vd mat kinh td ciia cdc thuong nhdn An va dnh hudng ciia van hod An Do. Cdc nudc Ddng Nam A da tidp thu va vdn dung van hod An Do dd phdt trien sdng tao van hod ciia ddn tdc minh. Trong khoang 10 thd ki ddu sau Cdng nguyen, hang loat qud'c gia nhd da dugc hinh thanh va phdt tridn d khu vuc phia nam Ddng Nam A nhu Vuomg qud'c Cham-pa d viing Trung Bd Viet Nam, Vuang qud'c Phii Nam d ha luu sdng Me Cdng, cdc vuang qud'c d ha luu sdng Md Nam va tren cdc dao ciia In-dd-ne-xi-a. Tbdi dy, cdc qud'c gia nay cdn nhd be, phdn tdn trdn cdc dia ban hep, sd'ng ridng re vd nhidu khi tranh chdp ldn nhau. Dd cting chfnh la nguydn nhan ddn tdi su sup dd ciia cdc vuang qud'c cd, dd rdi, tren co sd dd binh thdnh ndn cdc qud'c gia phong kidn ddn tdc hflng manh sau nay. - Dieu kien hinli tliduli cac vu'dng qude cd ci Ddng Nam A la gi 7 2. Su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua cdc qud'c gia phong kidn Odng Nam A Trong khoang tii thd ki Vll den X, d khu vuc Ddng Nam A da hinh thdnh mdt sd qud'c gia, lay mdt bd tdc ddng va phdt tridn nhat ldm ndng cdt, thudmg dugc ggi la cdc qud'c gia phong kidn "dan tdc" nhu Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia ciia ngudi Kho-me, cdc vuomg qude ciia ngudi Mdn vd ngudi Mien d vtmg ha luu sdng Me Nam, cua ngudi In-dd-nd-xi-a d Xu-ma-to-ra vd Gia-va v.v... Tir khodng nita sau the ki X de'n nira ddu thd ki XVIII la thdi ki phdt tridn ciia cdc qud'c gia phong kidn d Ddng Nam A. 46 THAI BINH DWONG O"^ \PMNm\: T6n vLfong quoc cd MO-GIO-PA-HIT: TSn quoc gia phong kien Bien gidi qu6c gia ngay nay Hinh 20 - Lugc dd cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A co dai va phong kien 6 In-dd-ne-xi-a, den cud'i the kl XIII ddng vua Gia-va manh len, da chinh phuc dUdc Xu-ma-td-ra, thdng nha't In-dd-ne-xi-a dudi VUdng trieu Md-gid-pa-hi't hiing manh trong 3 the ki (1213 - 1527), bao gdm hdn 10 nudc nho va dao phu thudc, cd "san pham quy, ddng hang thir hai sau A-rap". Tren ban dao Ddng DUdng, ngoai cac qud'c gia Dai Viet va Cham-pa, VUdng qud'c Cam-pu-chia tU the ki IX cung budc vao thdi ki Ang-co huy hoang. Tren luu vUc sdng l-ra-oa-di, tir giUa the ki XI, 47 qud'c gia Pa-gan cf mien Trung da manh len, chinh phuc cac tieu qude gia khae, thd'ng nha't lanh thd, md dau cho qua trinh hinh thanh va phat then ciia Vudng qud'c Mi-an-ma. Cung trong thd ki XIII, do su tan cdng ciia ngudi Mdng Co, mdt bd phan ngudi Thdi, vd'n sinh sd'ng d thugng ngudn sdng Me Cdng da di cu d at xud'ng phfa nam, dinh eu d luu vuc sdng Me Nam va lap nen Vuong qud'c Su-kbd-thay - tidn than ciia nudc Thdi Lan sau nay. Mdt bd phan khdc dinh cu d viing trung luu sdng Me Cdng, lap ndn Vuong qud'c Lan Xang (Lao) vao giifa thd ki XIV. Hitih 21 - Toan canh dd thi co Pa-gan (Mi-an-ma) The kl X-XVl 11 cdn la giai doan phat then thjnh vugng ciia nen kinh te khu vUc, hinh thanh nhung viing kinh te quan trgng, cd kha nang cung cap mdt khd'i lugng Idn lua gao, ca, san pham thii cdng (vai, hang sdn, dd sU, thudc nhudm, che pham kim khi v.v...) va nha't la nhufng san vat thien nhien (cac loai gd quy, hUdng lieu, gia vi, da quy, nggc trai, canh kien v.v...). Da cd mpt thdi lai budn ciia nhieu nudc tren the gidi den day budn ban, mang san vat ciia Ddng Nam A ve nUdc hg, hay de'n nhtimg ndi khae xa xdi hdn. Cting vdi su phat tridn kinh td vd vdi qud trinh xdc lap cdc qud'c gia "dan tdc", van hod dan tdc ciing ddn dugc hinh thdnh. Sau mdt thdi gian tidp thu vd chgn lgc, cdc ddn tdc Ddng Nam A da xay dung dugc mdt nen van hod rieng ciia minh va ddng gdp vdo kho tdng van hod chung ciia lodi ngudi nhtfng gia tri tinh thdn ddc ddo. 48 Tir nua sau the ki XVIII, cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A budc vao giai doan suy thodi, mac du xa hdi phong kien vdn tidp tuc tdn tai cho tdi khi trd thanh thudc dia ciia cac nudc tu ban phuang Tay vao giiia thd ki XIX. Hinh 22 - Toan canh khu den thap Bd-rd-bu-dua (In-dd-n6-xi-a) - Hay ke ten va chi tren hrgc dd cac qud'c gia phong kien 6' Ddng Nam A. r >AU HOI 1. Dieu kien tu nhien ciia Dong Nam A c6 nhting thuan Igi va kho khSn gi ddi vdi sU phat then kinh te va Ijch sir cua khu vuc ? 2. Su phat trien thjnh dat cua cac qude gia phong kie'n Dong Nam A the ki X - XVIII dUdc bieu hien nhu the nao ? 3. Lap bang tdm tat cac giai doan Ijch sir trong sU phat trien GLia khu vuc Dong Nam A den gitifa the ki XIX. J 4. LICH SU10C -A 49 Bai 9 VU^ONG QUOC CAM-PU-CHIA VA VUONG QUOC LAO Cam-pu-chia va Lao - hai qud'c gia ldng gidng gdn giii Ciia Viet Nam, da cd mdt truydn thd'ng lich sir lau ddi va mdt nen van hod dac sac. 1. Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia Ddt nudc Cam-pu-chia nhu mgt ldng chao khdng Id, xung quanh la rimg va eao nguydn bao bgc, cdn ddy chao la Bidn Hd va viing phu cdn vdi nhiing cdnh ddng phi nhidu, mdu md. 6 Cam-pu-chia, tdc ngudi chidm da sd la Kha-me. Dia ban sinh tu ddu tien ciia ngudi Kho-me d phfa bdc nudc Cam-pu-chia ngay nay, trdn cao nguydn Cd Rat va man trung luu sdng Md Cdng. Ngudi Kho-me gidi san bdn, quen dao ao, ddp hd trii nudc. Hg da sdm tidp xtic vdi van hod An Do, bidt khdc bia bdng chii Phan. Ddn the ki VI, vuong qud'c cua ngudi Kho-me dugc hinh thanh ma sir sach Trung Qud'c ggi la nudc Chdn Lap ; cdn ngudi Kho-me tu ggi tdn nudc minh la Cam-pu-chia. Thdi ki Ang-co (802-1432) la thdi ki phdt tridn cua Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia. Ang-co la ten kinh dd, dugc xdy dung d Tdy Bdc Bidn Hd (nay thudc tinh Xiem Riep). Sau nay, ngudi ta ldy Ang-co dat ten cho thdi ki dai nhd't va phat trien nha't eiia nudc Cam-pu-chia phong kidn. Dudi thdi Ang-co, ngudi dan sd'ng chii yeu bang ndng nghiep. NgUdi ta dao nhieu hd, kenh, mang de trCr va dieu phdi nudc tudi. Hd Ba-ray Tay cd dien tich rgng 14000 ha, chda dugc 47,7 trieu m^ nudc. Ngoai ndng nghiep, cU dan cdn danh bat ca d Bien Hd, khai thac lam san quy va san bat thu tren rtmg. Thu cdng nghiep d Cam-pu-chia da cd nhieu thd kheo tay, dac biet la cac nghe lam dd trang sUc va cham khae tren da, tren cac bdc phti dieu ciia cac den thap. Nhd su dn dinh viing chdc vd kinh td, xa hdi, cdc vua Cam-pu-chia thdi Ang-co da khdng ngimg md rdng quydn lire ciia minh ra ben ngodi. Trong cdc ^ 0 4. L!CHSiri0C-B the ki X - XII, Cam-pu-chia trd thdnh mdt trong nhiing vuong qud'c manh va ham chie'n tran nhdt Ddng Nam A. Dudi thdi Giay-a-vac-man Vll (1181 - 1201), quan Cam-pu-chia da tien danh Cham-pa (1190) va bie'n vUdng qud'c nay thanh mdt tinh ciia Ang-co, sau do lai tien hanh thu phuc viing trung va ha lUu Me Nam, tien den tan Say Phong (gan Vieng Chan). O thugng luu sdng Me Nam, vua Giay-a-vac-man Vll da tien danh va thu phuc dja ban ciia VUdng qud'c Mdn Ha-ri-pun-giay-a, tie'n tdi sat bien gidi Mi-an-ma. Ve phia nam, lanh thd Cam-pu-chia dUdc md rdng tdi mien Bae ban dao Ma Lai. Nhung tir cud'i thd ki XIII, Cam-pu-chia bdt ddu suy ye'u. Thdm vao dd, Vuong qud'c Thdi thdnh ldp vao thd ki XTV da nhidu ldn gdy chie'n vdi Cam-pu-chia, tan phd kinh thdnh Ang-co. Sau 5 ldn bi ngudi Tbdi xdm chie'm, nam 1432 ngudi Kho-me phai bd kinh dd Ang-co, lui vd phia nam Bidn Hd, tiic la khu vuc Phndm Pdnh ngay nay. Ttir dd, chfnh quydn phong kidn Cam-pu-chia ludn phai dd'i phd vdi nhiing cudc tdn cdng tii bdn ngoai vd lao vdo nhiing vu muu sdt, tranh gianh dia vi ldn nhau. Tmh hinh didn bidn rd't phiic tap, khidn ddt nudc Cam-pu-chia hdu nhu suy kiet khi thuc ddn Phdp de'n xdm lugc (1863). Trong hon mdt nghin nam dudi chd do phong kidn, ngudi Cam-pu-chia da xdy dung nen mdt ndn van hod ridng, hdt siic ddc ddo. Ttr nhiing thd ki ddu Cdng nguydn, ngucri Kho-me da hgc chtf Phan ciia ngudi An. Trdn co sd dd, tir thd ki VII, ngudi Kho-me da sang tao ndn he thd'ng chii vie't rieng ciia minh. Tir dd vd sau, cdc bai van bia, ngoai phdn md ddu theo thdi quen vidt bdng chii Phan, cdn phan ldm ddu dugc vidt bdng chii Kho-me cd. KS' Hinh 23 - Ang-co Vat (Cam-pu-chia) 51 Ddng van hgc dan gian va van hgc vidt vdi nhiing truyen thdn thoai, truyen cudi, truyen trang, truyen tho v.v... deu phan dnh nhiing tinh cam ciia con ngUdi ddi vdi thidn nhien, dd't nudc, tinh cam giiia nhumg con ngudi ciing sd'ng chung trong mdt cdng ddng. Nghe thudt kie'n tnic Cam-pu-chia gdn chat vdi nhiing tdn giao da truydn ba d ddy. Thdi ki ddu, Cam-pu-chia tidp thu van hod Hindu gido. The ki XII, Phat gido Dai thura lai cd anh hudng ldn d Cam-pu-chia. Nhiing cdng trtnh kidn tnic Hindu gido va Phat gido da xud't hien. Noi tidng nhat la qudn the kidn tnic Ang-co Vat va Ang-co Thom. - Sw phat hien cua Cam-pu-chia thdi Ang-co dudc bieu hien nliW the'nao 7 2. Vuong qude Ldo Da't nudc Lao ngay nay gdn lidn vdi ddng sdng Me Cdng. Sdng Md Cdng vtra la ngudn tdi nguydn thuy van ddi dao, true giao thdng cua ddt nudc, viia la ydu to ciia su thd'ng nhdt Ldo vd mat dia II. Ddng bdng ven sdng tuy hep nhung mau md la vua liia cua Lao. Noi day da cd con ngudi sinh sdng tir lau ddi, ma chu nhan ddu tidn la ngudi Lao Thong. Ngudi Ldo Thong cd thd la chu nhdn ciia cdc ndn van hod dd dd, dd ddng cd tir hang nghin nam trudc va da sang tao ra nhiing chum da khdng Id cdn ndm rai rdc hien nay tren cdnh ddng Chum (Xieng Khoang). Mai den the ki XIII mdi cd mdt nhdm ngudi ndi tidng Thdi di cu den ddy, sinh sd'ng boa hgp vdi ngudi Lao Thong, ggi la ngudi Lao Liim (ngudi Lao d thd'p, de phdn biet vdi ngudi Ldo Thong d vimg ddi niii). Td chiic xa hdi so khai ciia ngudi Ldo la cdc mudng cd. Cudan trong cac mudng chii yeu trdng lua nUdng, san ban va lam mgt sd nghe thu cdng. Quan he kinh te - xa hgi dan dan phat then. Theo truyen thuyet, vi vua dau tien ciia Lao la Khun Bo-lom da len ngdi va thuc hien cha truyen con ndi. Cd 15 vua ke tie'p nhau tri vi da't nudc trong vdng 500 nSm. Vua Lao luc dau gpi la Khiin, sau la Thao, rdi 1^ Phia (Phia). Pha Ngifm la ngudi da cd cdng thd'ng nhdt cdc mudng Lao, ldn ngdi vua nam 1353 va dat tdn nudc la Lan Xang (nghia Id Trieu Voi). Vucmg qud'c Lan Xang budc vdo giai doan thinh vugng d cac the ki XV - XVIL Cdc vua Lan Xang chia ddt nudc thanh cdc mudmg, dat quan cai tri, xay dung quan ddi do nha vua chi huy. Nhidu ngudi chau Au den budn ban thdi ki 52 nay da midu ta cudc sd'ng thanh binh, trii phii ciia ngudi Lao va cho biet dd't nudc cd nhieu san vat quy nhu thd cdm, cdnh kidn, nga voi... Trong quan he dd'i ngoai, Lan Xang ludn chii y giu: quan he hod hieu vdi cac nudc ldng gidng, ddng thdi Cling cuong quyet chie'n dd'iT chd'ng qudn xdm lugc Mi-an-ma vao nira sau the ki XVI de bao vd lanh thd va ndn ddc ldp ctia minh. Dudi thdi Xu-li-nha Vdng-xa, da't nudc dugc chia thanh 7 tfnh. Dudi vua CO mpt phd vuong va 7 quan dai than kiem tdng dd'c 7 tinh. Quan dpi dugc chia lam hai loai : quan thudng true cua nha vua va quan dja phUdng. Nha vua cdn mua them mpt sd vu khi ciia thUdng nhan chau Au de trang bj cho quan dpi. Den thd ki XVIII, Lan Xang suy ydu ddn vi nhiing cudc tranh chdp ngdi bdu trong hoang tdc. Sau khi Xu-Ii-nha Vdng-xa chdt, nudc Lan Xang bi phdn liet thanh 3 tieu qud'c dd'i dich nhau : Ludng Pha-bang, Vidng Chan va Cham-pa-xde. Nhan co hdi dd, Xidm da xdm chidm va cai tri Lao. Nam 1827, Chau A Nu da phat cd khdi nghia, chd'ng lai ach thd'ng tri ciia Xidm, nhung da hi that bai. Lao tie'p tuc la thudc qud'c ciia Xidm. Tinh trang dd keo ddi ddn khi thuc dan Phdp xdm lugc va bie'n Lao thanh thudc dia (nam 1893). Ciing nhu cdc nhdm ngudi Thai khdc, ngudi Lao cd he thdng chii vidt rieng, dugc xdy dung mdt cdch sang tao trdn co sd van dung cdc net chii cong ciia Cam-pu-chia va Mi-an-ma. ••m-Mi^ Hinh 24 - Thap That Luong (Vieng Chan - Lao) 53 Ngudi Lao thfch ca nhac va ua miia hat, sd'ng bdn nhidn ndn cdc dieu miia ciia hg that cdi md, vui tuoi. Tir the ki XIII, dao Phat truydn bd vao Lao theo mdt ddng mdi. 6 Lao da xud't hien mdt sd cdng trtnh kie'n tnic Phat gido ma dien hinh nhdt la That Ludng d Vieng Chan. That Ludng la mdt cdng trtnh kie'n tnic Phat gido, nhung lai chiu anh hudng ciia cdc thdp An Dd, ddng thiri ciing cd mdt dang ve rieng ciia Lao. Hinh tugng qua bdu trdn dinh That Ludng tao cho kidn tnic mdt dang ve dgc dao, ridng biet ciia ngudi Lao. Neu nliung chinh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai cua cac vua Lan Xang. »AU HOI /^ 1. Lap bang bieu thj cac giai doan Ijch sir Idn cue Cam-pu-chia. 2. Lap bang bieu thj cac giai doan Ijch sir ldn cua Lao. 3. Hay neu nhuTig net tieu bieu ciia van hoa Cam-pu-chia va van hoa Lao. J 54 THCII KI HINH THANH Bdi If) VA PHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DO PHONG KIEN O TAY AU (Tiif the ki V den the ki XIV) Ttr the ki V, iren lanh thd ciia de qude Rd-ma rdng ldn tnrdc kia, dan hinh thanh cac qude gia cua ngirdi Giec-man. quan he san xuat phong kien cimg dan dan dugc thidt lap va cimg cd. Su xuat hien ciia cac thanh thi trung dai vao thd ki XI - XII da cd mgt vai trd het sire to ldn ddi vdi su phat tridn cua xa hdi chau Au thdi trung dai. 1. Su hinh thdnh cdc vuong qud'c phong kidn d Tdy Au Tir thd ki III, dd qud'c Rd-ma ddn ddn Idm vao tinh trang khung hoang. Hinh thtic bdc ldt chidm hiiu nd 16 khdng cdn phu hgp. Cudc ddu tranh ciia nd Id ddn ddn tinh trang san xudt bi siit kem, xa hdi rd'i ren. Trong tinh hinh dd, ddn cudi thd ki V, dd qud'c Rd-ma hi ngudi Giec-man ttr phuong Bdc tran xudng xdm chidm. Nam 476, dd qud'c Rd-ma bi diet vong. Chd do chie'm nd kdt thtic b khu vtic Dia Trung Hai, thdi dai phong ki€n bdt ddu d chdu Au.' 55 Khi vao lanh thd ciia Rd-ma, ngudi Giec-man da thG tieu bd may nha nudc cu, thanh lap nhieu vuong quo'c mdi ciia hg nhU vuong qud'c ciia ngudi Ang-gid Xac-xdng, VUdng qud'c Phd-rSng, Vuong qud'c Tay Gdt, Ddng Gdt... Ngudi Giec-man cdn chidm rudng dat cua chu nd Rd-ma cii rdi chia cho nhau, trong dd cdc tudmg linh quan su va quy tdc dugc phdn nhidu hon. Ddng thdi, cac thu linh bd lac, cdc quy tdc thi tdc ngudi Giec-man cung tu xung vua, phong cdc tude vi nhu cdng tude, bd tude, nam tude v.v... tao ndn he thdng dang cap quy tdc vii si. Ngudi Giec-man ciing tir bd cdc tdn gido nguyen thuy cua minh va tidp thu Kitd gido. Hg xdy dung nha thd va tim each chidm rugng dd't ciia ndng ddn. Ddng thdi, nha vua ciing phong tang ddt dai theo tude vi cho cac quy tdc va nha thd. Tdng ldp quy tdc tang 10 dugc hinh thanh. Thd la ciing vdi cac quy tgc vii si va quan lai, quy tdc tang lii ciing dan trd thanh tdng ldp ridng, vira cd dac quydn viia rat giau cd. Hg trd thanh cdc lanh chiia phong kidn, cdn nd le va ndng ddn thi bidn thanh ndng nd, phu thudc vao cdc lanh chiia. Quan he san xud't phong kidn d chdu Au da dugc hinh thanh. Qud trtnh nay didn ra ro net va manh me nhdt d Vuong qud'c Pho-rang. Khi trail vao lanh thd Rd-ma, ngWdi Giec-man dii lam gi 7 Nhiing viec lam dd cd tac ddngnhw the'nao den qua hinli hinli thanli quan he san xuat phong kie'n o' chau Au 7 Xd hdi phong kidn Tdy Au Ddn giiia thd ki IX, phdn ldn dd't dai da bi cac quy tdc vd nha thd chia nhau chidm doat xong. Nhting vtmg da't dai rdng ldn dd da nhanh chdng bi hg bidn thdnh khu ddt ridng ciia minh - ggi la ldnh dia phong kie'n. Day la don vi chfnh tri va kinh td co ban trong thdi ki phong kidn phan quydn d Tay Au. Moi lanh chua phong kien deu cd mpt lanh dja rieng. Mdi lanh dia la mdt khu da't rdng Idn bao gdm da't ciia lanh chtia va da't khau phan. Trong khu da't ciia lanh chua cd nhting lau dai, dinh thu, nha thd va cd ca nha kho, chudng trai v.v..., cd hao sau, tudng cao bao quanh, tao thanh nhung phao dai kien cd. Da't khau phan 6 xung quanh phao dai dugc lanh chua giao cho nong nd cay ca'y va thu td thue. 56 Ndng nd la nhiing ngudi san xudt chinh trong cdc lanh dia. Hg hi gdn chat vdi rudng ddt va le thudc vao lanh chiia. Ai bd trdn se bi trimg phat rd't nang. Hg nhdn rudng dat dd cay cdy va phai ndp td cho lanh chiia. Miic td thudng rd't nang, cd khi tdi 1/2 sd san phdm thu dugc. Ngoai ra, ndng nd cdn phai ndp nhidu thii thud khae nhu thud thdn, thud cudi xin, thud thira kd tai sdn v.v... Tuy vdy, ndng nd vdn dugc tu do trong qud trtnh san xud't, cd gia dinh ridng, cd tiip Idu dd d, cd ndng cu va gia siic... nen hg da quan tdm ddn san xud't. Ki thudt san xud't da cd nhiing tidn bg dang ke : bidt diing phdn bdn, gieo trdng theo thdi vu, bidt diing cay va biira cai tidn do hai ngua keo v.v... Mgi thu" cdn diing trong lanh dia tir luong thuc, thuc phdm cho ddn qudn do, giay dep... ddu do ndng nd san xudt. Ngudi ta chi mua mud'i vd sdt, hai thii ma hg chua tu lam ra dugc ; ngoai ra khdng cd su trao ddi, budn bdn vdi bdn ngodi. Nhu thd, lanh dia la mdt co sd kinh td ddng kin, mang tfnh chdt tu nhidn, tu cap, tu tiic. Trdn co sd cua ndn kinh td tu nhien, ddng kin, mdi lanh dia ciing Id mdt don vi chinh tri dgc ldp. Cdc lanh chtia cd quydn cai tri lanh dia cua minh nhu mdt dng vua, cd qudn dgi, toa an, ludt phdp ridng, cd chd do thud khod, tidn te, cdn dong, do ludng rieng. Mdt sd lanh chtia ldn cdn budc nha vua ban cho minh quydn "midn triir" khdng can thiep vao lanh dia ciia lanh chiia. Nhu vay, nha vua thuc chat cung la mgt lanh chiia ldm. Day la nhiing bieu hien cua chd do phong kidn phan quydn d Tay Au thdi trung dai. Hinh 25 - Lau dai va thanh quach kien co cua lanh chiia Trong cdc lanh dia, cdc lanh ehiia sdng cudc ddi nhan rdi, xa hoa. Thdi binh, hg luydn tap cung, kidm, cudi ngua hoac td chiic nhiing budi tiec tiing, hdi he 57 trong nhtfng lau ddi nguy nga, trdng Id. Hg sd'ng sung sudng trdn su bdc lot td thud va siic lao ddng ciia ndng nd. Khdng nhung thd, hg cdn dd'i xir vdi ndng nd hdt siic tan nhdn. Vi vay, ndng nd da nhidu ldn ndi day chd'ng lai cdc lanh chua, didn binh la cudc khdi nghia Gidc-co-ri nd ra d Phdp nam 1358 va Odt Tay-lo nd ra d Anh nam 1381. 1^ Hay mieu ta lanli dia phong kien \'a cudc sdng cua lanh chua ti'ong lanli dia. 3. Su xudt hien cdc thdnh thj trung dgi Do san xudt phdt tridn, tit thd ki XI, d Tdy Au da xud't hien nhumg tidn dd ciia ndn kinh td hang hod. Gid ddy, san phdm dugc ban ra thi trudng mdt cdch tu do, khdng bi ddng kfn trong lanh dia. Trong cac nganh thu cdng nghidp da didn ra qud tnnh chuyen mdn hod tuong dd'i manh me. Mdt sd , thg gidi chi lam mdt nghd thii cdng ridng biet nhu ren, mdc, lam dd da, dd gdm v.v... va sd'ng bang viec trao ddi san phdm thil cdng cua minh vdi nhirng ndng nd khdc. Ddn ddn, de cd didu kidn thuan lgi nhd't cho boat ddng san xud't, trao ddi san phdm, mgt sd thg thu cdng da tim each thoat khdi lanh dia bang Hinh 26 - Hdi cho d Diic each bo trdn hoac diing tien chude lai thdn phdn. Hg ddn nhumg noi cd ddng ngudi qua lai nhu nga ba dudng, bdn sdng v.v... dd ldp cac xudng san xud't va budn bdn hang hod. Tir dd, cdc thanh thi ra ddi. Ngoai ra cdn cd nhirng thanh thi do cac lanh chiia ldp ra hoac dugc phuc hdi tir nhumg thanh thi cd dai. 58 Trong cac thanh thj, cUdan chu yeu gdm nhtimg thd thii cdng va thUdng nhan. Hp tap hop trong cac td chUc gpi la phudng hdi, thUdng hdi va dat ra nhtimg quy che heng (gpi la phudng quy), nham giU ddc quyen san xuat, tieu thu san pham, bao ve quyen Igi cho nhtimg ngudi cting nganh nghe va da'u tranh chdng su ap bufc, sach nhieu ciia cac lanh chua dia phuong. Cac thUdng nhan chau Au hang nam cdn td churc nhiimg hpi chd Idn hoac cao hdn la thanh lap cac thUdng doan de trao ddi, budn ban. Su phat trien eiia cac ngdnh thii cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep trong cac thdnh thi da gdp phdn phd vd ndn kinh td tu nhien ciia cac lanh dia, tao didu kien cho kinh te hang hod gian dom phdt tridn. Thanh thi cdn gdp phdn tfch cue xod bd chd do phong kidn phan quyen, xay dung chd do phong kidn tap quyen, thd'ng nhdt qud'c gia, ddn tdc. Dac bidt, nd mang khdng khf tu do va md mang tri thiic cho mgi ngudi, tao tidn de cho viec hinh thanh cac trudmg dai hgc ldm d chau Au nhu Bd-ld-nha (I-ta-li-a), O-xphdt (Anh), Xodc-bon (Phdp) v.v... Thanli tlii trung dai da du'dc hinh thanh nliu the nao 7 Lit dan sdng d dd lam nliihig nghe gi 7 r »AU HOI 1. Cac tang I6p lanh chua va nong no da dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao ? 2. The nao la lanh dja phong kien ? Ddi sdng kinh te va chi'nh trj trong cac lanh dja d6 nhuthe nao ? 3. Trinh bay nguon goc va vai tro cua cac thanh thi trung dai chau Au. J 59 11 Bai I I TAY AU THCfl HAU KI TRUNG DAI Sir phat trien nhanh chdng ciia san xuat da lam cho nhu cau vd huang lieu, vang bae, thi trudng ngay mdt tang. Viec tim con ducmg di sang phuang Ddng da thtic ddy cac cudc phat kien Idn vd dia If. Nd mang lai ngudn cua cai ldm vd chau .Au cting nhu nhtfng hidu bidt mdi vd Trai Dat. Tren co sd dd, cdng cugc tich luy tu ban ban dau dugc tien hanh. Quan he san xuat tu ban chii nghia hinh thanh. Hai giai cap mdi - tu san va vd san da ra ddi. Giai cap tu san dang len, cd dia vi kinh td, nhirng lai hi che do phong kidn va Giao hdi can trd. Hg da diing len ddu tranh, xay dung mdt ndn van boa mdi trong phong trao Van hod Phuc hung, tien hanh Cai each tdn giao. Phong trao ddu tranh ciia ndng dan da didn ra sdi ndi d nudc Diie, bdo hieu cho su suy vong ciia che do phong kien. 1. NhQng cudc phdt kidn dja If Su phat trien nhanh chdng ciia luc lugng san xud't da lam cho nhu cdu vd huong lieu, vang bae, thi trudmg ngay mdt tang. Nhung tir thd ki XV, con dudmg giao luu budn bdn qua Tay A va Dia Trung Hai lai do ngudi A-rap ddc chidm. Van dd cdp thidt dang dugc dat ra la phai tim con dudng thuong mai giifa phuang Ddng va chdu Au. , Vdo thdi diem dd, kho^ hgc - ki thudt cd nhifng budc tid'n quan trgng. Ddy chfnh la tidn dd cho cdc cudc phdt kidn dia If. Cac nha hang hai hieu biet nhieu ve dai dUdng, cd quan niem dung dan ve hinh dang Trai Da't. NgUdi ta da ve dugc nhieu ban dd, hai dd ghi ro cac vting da't, cac hdn dao cd cU dan. May do gdc thien vSn, la ban dugc sir dung trong viec djnh hudng giUa dai dUdng bao la. Ki thuat ddng tau cd nhumg tien bp mdi, ddng dugc tau cd banh lai va he thdng budm Idn nhu loai tau Ca-ra-ven. 60 Bd Ddo Nha vd Tay Ban Nha la nhumg nudc tidn phong trong cdc cudc thdm hiem, khdm pha ra nhting midn ddt mdi. Nam 1487, B. Di-a-xa{U5i) - 1500) la hiep sT "Hoang gia" da ddn ddu dodn thdm hiem di vdng qua cue Nam cua chau Phi. Didm dd dugc dng dat tdn Id mui Bao Td, sau ggi la miii Hao Vgng. Thdng 8 - 1492, C. Co-lom-bo (1451 ? - 1506) da ddn ddu doan thuy thu Tay Ban Nha di vd hudng Tdy. Sau hon 2 thdng ldnh denh tren Dai Tdy Duong, dng da den mdt sd dao thugc viing bidn Ca-ri-be ngay nay, nhumg dng tudng ddy la midn "Ddng An Do". Cd-ldm-bd dugc coi la ngudi phdt hien ra chau Mi. Thdng 7-1497, Va-xco do Ga-ma (1469? - 1524) chi huy dodn thuydn Bd Ddo Nha rdi cdng Li-xbon, di tim xii sd huydn thoai ciia hucmg lieu vd vdng d phuong Ddng. Thdng 5 - 1498, dng da ddn Ca-li-ciit thudc bd Tay Nam An Do. Trd vd Li-xbon, Va-xed do Ga-ma dugc phong lam Phd vuong An Do. Ph. Ma-gien-lan (1480 - I52I) la ngudi da thuc hien chuyen di ddu tien vdng quanh thd gidi bdng dudng bien tir nam 1519 ddn nam 1522. Doan tau ciia dng di vdng qua diem cue Nam ciia Nam MI (sau nay dugc ggi Id eo bidn Ma-gien-lan) tidn vao dai duong, ma dng dat tdn la Thai Binh Duong. Tai Phi-lfp-pin, dng bi thiet mang trong liic giao tranh vdi thd dan. Cud'i cimg, doan thdm hiem cbi cdn I thuydn va 18 thuy thu da vd ddn bd bidn Tay Ban Nha. Hinh 27 - Luoc do nhirng cuoc phat kien dia h' 61 Phdt kidn dia 11 da md ra mdt trang mdi trong tidn trtnh phdt trien ciia lich sit loai ngudi. Nd da khang dinh Trdi Ddt hinh cdu, md ra nhiing con dudng mdi, nhting viing dat mdi, nhting ddn tdc mdi, nhiing kie'n thiic mdi, tang cudng giao luu van hod giiia cdc chau lue. Thi trudng thd gidi dugc md rdng, hang hai qud'c td phdt trien. Ddng thdi, nd ciing thtic ddy qud trinh khiing hoang, tan ra ciia quan he phong kidn va su ra ddi eiia chii nghia tu ban d chau Au. Tuy nhien ciing vdi nhifng ydu to tfch cue, cdc cudc phdt kidn dia If da nay sinh qua tnnh eudp bdc thudc dia va budn bdn nd Id. t ~- Hay cho liiet nguyen nlian cua cac cudc phat kien dia li. Hay chi tren lu'g'c do nliihig cudc phat kien ve dia li. 2. S\J nay sinh chu nghea tu ban or Tdy Au Sau cac cudc phdt kidn dia If, kinh td d chdu Au phdt trien nhanh. Tdng ldp quy tdc, thuong nhdn Tdy Au ra siic eudp bdc ciia cai, tai nguydn cua cdc nudc d chdu Ml, chdu Phi va chdu A. Giai cdp tu san tfch luy dugc sd vdn ban ddu bdng su eudp bdc thuc ddn. Ddng thdi, hg cdn dting bao luc dd eudp doat rudng dd't ciia ndng ddn. 6 Anh dien ra phong trao "rao da't cUdp rudng", bien rudng dat thanh ddng co nudi cUu. Hang van gia dinh ndng dan mat da't, di lang thang, budc phai lam thue trong cac xf nghiep ciia giai cap tu san. Ngay cl thanh thj, thg thii cdng cung bj tude doat tu.lieu san xua't, trd thanh ngudi di lam thue. Ddn ddu the ki XVI, d Tdy Au bdt ddu xud't bien hinh thiic kinh doanh tu ban chil nghla. Cdng trudng thii cdng thay thd cdc phudng hdi. Quy md cua cdc cdng xudng thil cdng ldn tdi hon IOO ngudi. Nhd dp dung ki thuat mdi vdo quy trtnh san xud't, nang suat lao ddng tang, san pham nhidu horn, gia ca ha. Chii xudng tie'n hdnh bdc lot nhumg ngudi lao ddng lam thud, quan he gitia hg la quan he ciia chil vdi thg. Quan he san xud't tu ban chii nghia da dugc hinh thanh trong cac cdng trudmg thii cdng. Nhidu noi d ndng thdn, san xuat nhd ciia ndng dan ddn ddn bi xod bd va dugc thay thd bang hinh thiic ddn dien hay trang trai. Ngudi lao ddng bien thdnh cdng nhan ndng nghiep theo chd do lam cdng an luong. Chii rudng ddt trd thdnh tU san ndng thdn hay quy tdc mdi. 62 Trong ngdnh thuong nghiep cung xudt hien cdc cdng ti thuong mai thay cho cac thuong hdi trung dai. Tir nhifng thay ddi ndi trdn, xa hdi Tdy Au da bidn ddi, cdc giai cd'p mdi dugc hinh thdnh. Nhting chii xudng, chii ngdn hang, chu ddn didn hgp thdnh giai cd'p tu san. Nhirng ngucri lam thud, bi bdc lot trd thdnh giai cdp vd san. <^ ^ : — ^ — - F\fliung bieu hien cua sWnay sinh chu nghia tif ban o' chau Au la gi 7 3. Phong trdo Vdn hod Phuc hung Budc sang giai doan hau ki trung dai, giai cdp tu san mdi ra ddi, tuy cd thd luc vd kinh td, song lai chua cd dia vi xa hdi tuong ling. Ciing vdi viec con ngucri budc ddu nhdn thiic dugc ban chat ciia thd gidi, giai cdp tu san da diing ldn dd'u tranh, chdng lai gido If Kitd mang nang nhting quan diem ldi thdi ciia xa hdi phong kie'n. Cudc dd'u tranh trudc hdt thd hien qua phong trdo Van hod Phuc hung. Giai cdp tu san, mdt mat mud'n khdi phuc lai tinh hoa van bod xdn lan ciia cdc qud'c gia cd dai Hi Lap va Rd-ma, mat khdc ciing gdp phdn xay dung mdt nen van hod mdi, dd cao gid tri con ngudi, ddi quyen tu do ca nhdn, coi trgng khoa hgc - kl thuat. Trao luu van hda nay dugc ggi la phong trao Vdn hod Phuc hung. Hinh 28 - Biic hoa "La Gio-cong" cua Le-6-na do Vanh-xi Que huong cua phong trdo Van hod Phuc hung Id I-ta-li-a. Tir day, phong trao Van hod Phuc hung da lan nhanh sang cdc nudc Tdy Au va trd thdnh mdt trao luu rdng ldn. Thdi dai Van hod Phuc hung chiing kidn su tidn bd vugt bdc ciia khoa hgc - kl thudt, su phdt tridn phong phu ve van hgc va su nd rd cdc tdi nang. Nhtrng con ngudi "khdng Id" da xua't hien, toa anh hao quang trong Ijch sir: Ra-ba-le vUa la nha van, vUa la nha y hoc ; De-cac-tO vUa la nha toan hgc xua't sac, vUa la nha triet hpe Idn ; Le-o-na do Vanh-xi vUa la hoa sT thien tai, vUa la kT sU ndi tie'ng ; Sech-xpia la nha soan kjeh vTdai v.v... 63 van hod thdi Phuc hung da len dn nghidm khdc Giao hdi Kitd, td'n cdng vao trat tu xa hdi phong kidn, dd cao gia tri nhan ban va tu do ca nhan, xay dung thd gidi quan tidn bd. Day la cudc dd'u tranh cdng khai ddu tidn tren ITnh vUc van hod, tu tudng ciia giai cdp tu sdn chd'ng lai giai cdp phong kidn ldi thdi. Nd da cd vii va md dudng cho van hod chau Au phat trien hon. Vi sao CO sw xuat hien cua phong trao Van hoa Phuc Iiu'ng 7 4. Cai cdch tdn gido vd chidn tranh ndng ddn a) Cdi cdch ton gido Trong thdi trung dai, gido hgi Kitd la chd dua viing chdc nhd't cua chd dp phong kidn chdu Au. Nd chi phd'i toan bg ddi sd'ng tinh than cua xa hdi. Den hau ki trung dai, Gido hdi ngay cdng cd xu hudmg ngan can, chdng lai cdc phong trdo ciia giai edp tu sdn dang ldn. Cudc dd'u tranh chd'ng phong kidn da lam bung ldn nggn lira cua phong trdo Cai each tdn gido. Di ddu trong phong trao cai cdcli la cdc nha tu tudng theo chu nghia nhdn van. Hg dd ra nhiing tu tudng tidn bd. Phong trdo Cai cdch tdn gido didn ra d khdp cdc nudc Tay Au. Di ddu la Diic, Thuy Si, sau dd sang Bi, Ha Lan, Phdp, Anh. Ndi tie'ng nhd't la cudc cai cdch tdn gido cua M. Lu-tho (1483 - 1546) d Diic va ciia G. Can-vanh (1509 - 1564, ngudi Phdp) d Thuy Si. Cdc nha cai each Lu-tho vd Can-vanh thuc chat ddu khdng cd y dinh thu tieu tdn gido, ma chi diing bien phdp dn hod de tidn banh cai cdch, bai bd cdc thu tuc va Id nghi phien todi. Cai cdch tdn gido da dugc ddng dao nhdn ddn iing hd va lan rdng khdp chau Au d the ki XVI. Gido hgi da phan irng ddn ddn su phdn boa trong xd bdi Tdy Au thanh Tdn gido va Cuu gido. Cdc phong trdo Cai cdch tdn gido va Van hod Phuc hung la nhung cudc ddu tranh cdng khai ddu tidn tren ITnh vue van hod tu tudmg ciia giai cdp tu san chd'ng lai giai cap phong kidn da suy tan. Nd cd vii va md dudmg cho ndn van hod chdu Au phat trien cao hon. b) Chien tranh nong ddn Dice O Diic, trong va sau Cai cdch tdn giao, ndn kinh td thd'p kem, chd do phong kidn bao thu da can trd viec vuon len ciia giai cap tu san. Ngudi ndng dan cung bi dp biic bdc lot nang nd ndn da tiep thu cai each tdn gido, tidp thu tu tudng ciia 64 Lu-tho. Tir miia xuan 1524, cudc ddu tranh da cd tfnh chdt quydt liet, md ddu cho cudc chidn tranh ndng dan that su. Ngudi lanh tu kiet xudt ciia phong trdo la Td-mdt Muyn-xe. Td-mat Muyn-xe xua't than tU mdt gia dinh thg md d Xton-bec. Thud nho, dng rat cham hoc ; 15 tudi da lap trong trudng dng hpe mdt hdi kin chdng Giam muc Ma-dd-bua va nha thd La Ma. Sau khi dd Tien sT, dng trd thanh Linh muc. Nam 1521, dng ra nudc ngoai, sau dd trd ve DUc van dpng each mang. Ong rat ddng cam vdi nhan dan, len an gay gat sU hii bai ciia Giao hdi, len an che dp bdc lot phong kien. Ong keu gpi ndng dan ndi day chdng ap bUc ; tuyen truyen va md cupc xay dung mdt xa hdi binh ding cho mpi ngUdi. Phong trdo ndng dan da gianh dugc thdng lgi budc ddu. Trudc sir phdt trien ciia phong trdo, gidi quy tdc phong kidn va tang Iti Dti:c da dting mgi thii doan, dd'c mgi luc lugng ddn dp. Phong trao ndng ddn bi tdn that nang ne. Cudc chidn tranh ndng dan Diic la mdt su kien cd y nghia lich sir ldn lao. Nd bidu hien tinh than dd'u tranh quydt liet va khf phach anh hung eiia ndng dan Diic ddu tranh chd'ng lai Gido hdi va chd' do phong kidn. Nd ciing bdo hieu su khiing hodng suy vong ciia chd do phong kidn. Hay trmh bay nliitngnet chmli cua Chien tianh ndng dan Dwc. »AU HOI / 1. He qua ciia cac cugc phat kien dja li la gi ? 2. Tai sao vao thdi hau ki trung dai, quan he san xuat tu ban chil nghTa da xua't hien 6 Tay Au ? 3. Hay neu tinh chat ciia phong trao Van hoa Phuc hung. 4. Trinh bay dac diem va y nghTa ciia phong trao Cai each ton giao. 5. V nghTa ciia cugc Chie'n tranh nong dan Dire. •^ 5. LICH SU 10C -A 65 Bai I y^j ON TAP LICH Sir THE Gldl THCfl NGUYEN THUY, CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI Ddn day, chting ta da bidt ba thdi ki Idn ciia lich sir loai ngudi : thdi ki xa hgi nguyen thuy, thai kl cd dai va thdi ki phong kien (cdn dugc ggi la thdi trung dai). 1. Xd hdi nguyen thuy Thdi ki xd hgi nguyen thuy la budc di ddu tien chap chdng cua lodi ngudi md ddn tgc ndo ciing phdi trdi qua. - Viec tao ra lira va diing lira, viec lam ra cdng cu lao ddng tit thd so ddn chfnh xdc, da dang va sir dung cd hieu qua da chumg td tinh than lao ddng sang tao, ludn ludn cdi tidn cdng cu lao ddng ciia con ngudi, nhdm muc dfch khdng ngung cai thien ddi sd'ng cua minh. - Nhd tinh thdn dd, ddi sd'ng ciia con ngudi khdng ngimg tidn bd : tir chd biia an thidu thdn, thdt thudmg tidn tdi du ddt, cd de danh va cao hom niia, bidt chan nudi va trdng trgt de ehii ddng tao ra ngudn thiic an. Con ngudi ciing da bidt ldm nhd, dung bdp, mac qudn do va deo dd trang siic. - Trong cudc sd'ng dd, mgi cdng viec ddu ddi hdi su cd gdng cao nhd't ciia td't ca cdc thdnh vidn. Mgi ngudi ddu sd'ng theo cdng ddng, cdng bdng vd tu nguyen ; cd su kfnh trgng va yeu quy ldn nhau giua ldp gid va ldp tre, nhung chua cd su dp biic va cudng ep, tu hiru va bdc lot. Song xa bgi nguydn thuy cdn d trtnh do qud thdp ndn loai ngudi phai vugt qua mdt chang dudng dai de tidn tdi ngudng cira cua van minh. 2. Xd hdi CO dai a) Phuong Dong cd dgi Khoang 6000 nam trudc day, ngudi ndng dan da bat ddu cay bua trdn rugng d viing ven sdng Nin va Ludng Hd. 66 5. LjCHSUlOC- B - Ngudi ta da cd dugc nhumg didu kien thuan lgi d day : dd't ven sdng phi nhidu va dd cay bua ; miia nudc len xud'ng bdng nam dn dinh, tien viec gieo trdng vd tudi tidu ; da't dai rdng rai cd thd qudn tu dugc ddng ngudi. Nhirng thuan lgi dd lam cho con ngudi mac dii cdn d trinh do ki thuat thdp, vdn tao ra dugc san phdm thiia thudng xuydn - didu kien ciia su binh thanh xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc. Xa hdi cd giai cdp ddu tidn ra ddi khodng 3500 nam TCN d sdng Nin, Luong Ha, tiep dd o sdng An vd sdng Hang (An Do), Hodng Ha (Trung Qud'c). va sdng Hdng (Viet Nam), khoang gdn 2000 nam TCN, ggi chung la xd hgi co dgi phuang Dong. 0 day, nen kinh te chii ydu la ndng nghiep. Ben canh ndng nghiep, ngudi ta ciing phdt trien mdt sd nganh nghd thii cdng nhu diic ddng, lam gdm, det vai, lam gia'y v.v... Mdt sd noi da dat tdi trtnh do tinh xao vd mdt loai ngdnh nghe nao dd. Viec budn bdn trao ddi trong vimg va giiia cdc viing vdi nhau ctfng da dugc tie'n hdnh. Trong xa bdi, tang ldp nong ddn cong xd la ddng ddo nhdt va giii vai trd chii ydu trong san xud't. Diing tren td't cd, vua trd thanh vua cHuyen che, vd'n la mgt quy tdc ldm nhdt va dua vdo quy tdc de cai tri. b) Phuffng Tdy cd dgi O nhiing viing ven bidn, nhidu dao, di lai khd khan, ddt trdng ft vd ciing. Phdi de'n khi cd sdt, khoang 1000 nam TCN, sdt mdi giiip con ngudi giai quydt dugc nhiing khd khan dd. Hon thd, sdt cdn md ra ca mdt giai doan mdi, phdt tridn vdi quy md va nhip do ldn hon nhidu so vdi xd hdi cd dai phuong Ddng. Thil cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep phdt tridn. Tidn te xudt hien. Thi qud'c ra ddi va boat ddng nhdn nhip. Nd le trd thdnh ngudi san xudt chfnh. Xa hdi chidm nd la mdt hinh thiic xa hdi bdc lot chii ydu nhiing ngudi nd le. Chii cdc xudng, cdc hang budn... lam thdnh giai cdp chii nd va la giai cdp bdc lot, thdng tri. Tdng ldp nhiing ngudi binh ddn khdng cd vai trd chii ye'u trong san xudt ciing nhu trong ddi sd'ng xd hdi. Xd hgi chie'm nd phdt trien cao va nhanh hon xa hdi cd dai phuong Ddng, bdt ddu khoang gdn 1000 nam TCN va chdm dut vao nam 476, ddng thdi cung kdt thuc thdi cd dai. 67 3. Xd hdi phong kidn - trung dal - Cdc nudc phuang Dong chuyen sang che'dd phong kieh tuang ddi sdm, tif khodng nhOng theki cudi trudc Cdng nguyen. Hinh thanh trong xa hdi hai giai cap dia chii va nong ddn ITnh canh, phan dnh quan he bdc lot chii ydu la bdc lot dia to. Trong didu kien dd, vua chuyen che khong mdt di ma cdn tang them quyen luc, trd thdnh hodng deh'a.y dgi vuang. Cdc vuong qud'c thd'ng nhdt rdng hon va chat che ban. Chd do phong kidn phuong Ddng roi vao tinh trang khiing hoang tram trgng trong khoang cdc thd ki XVII - XIX, trudc khi chii nghla tu ban phuang Tdy dat chan ddn. - Tdy Au hudc vao die do phong kie'n mugn han cdc nuae phuang Dong chitng 5 theki. De qud'c Rd-ma sup do, cdc vuang cong dia phuang ra sifc chia nliau rugng dd't vd chiem rugng cua nong ddn ldm ldnh dia. Bdn thdn hg tra thdnh ldnh chda. Sau nhiing cudc phdt kie'n dia If, ndn san xudt d Tay Au dugc day manh. Bdt ddu qua trinh hinh thdnh mdm mdng cua chii nghTa tu ban va ciia giai cdp tu san. Giai cap tu sdn mdi ra ddi tuy cdn non ye'u nhung da td rd stre manh vd kinh td vd tinh thdn eiia nd, trd thanh giai cap gidu cd nhdt trong xa hdi, tfch cue dd'u tranh chd'ng phong kidn tren cdc ITnh vuc tdn gido, tu tudng, van hod, nghe thuat... The kl XV - XVI la giai doan hau ki trung dai, giai doan suy vong cua chd do phong kidn va chudn bi cho su ra ddi ciia chii nghTa tu ban. »AU HOI 1. Neu nhumg diem ndi bat trong sU tien then ciia ddi song va xa hgi loai ngudi (den thdi trung dai). 2. Ve bieu do thdi gian chi sU phat then kinh te ciia xa hgi loai ngudi (de'n thdi trung dai). I '. / 68 hdn hai LICH SOVIET NAM Tif NGUON GOC DEN GI0A THE KI XK 69 Chucfng , VI£T NA M Ttr THCa NCUYfiN THUY D^N THEKIX Bai J^^ VIET NAM THCII NGUYEN THUY Cach ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam, do ed dieu kien tu nhien, khf hau thuan lgi cho su sinh trudng ctia cay cd va ddng vat ndn tren ddt nude ta sdm cd con ngudi sinh sd'ng. Trai qua hdng chuc van nam. Nguai tdi to da tien hod thdnh Nguai rinh khon, xa hdi nguyen thuy d Viet Nam chuydn ddn qua cac giai doan hinh thanh, phat tridn va tan ra. 1. NhOng ddu tich Ngi/di td'i cd o Viet Nam Tren dd't nudc ta, cdc nha khdo cd hgc da tim thay ddu tfch Ngudi tdi cd cd nidn dai cdch ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam va nhidu cdng cu da ghe deo thd so cua Ngudi tdi cd d Lang Son, Thanh Hod, Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc v.v... Ngudi tdi cd sdng thanh timg bdy. Hg san bat thu rimg vd hdi lugm hoa qua de sd'ng. 70 '••f^vlsf Hinh 29 - Riu tay da cu Niii Dp (Thanh Hoa) - Em hay nhan xet vS dia ban smli sdng cua Ngwdi tdi cd d Viet Nam. 2. Su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua Cdng xd thi tdc O nhidu dia phuong ciia nudc ta da tim thd'y nhiing rang hod thach va nhidu cdng cu da ghe deo cua Ngucri tinh khdn tai cdc di tfch van hod Ngudm (Vd Nhai - Thai Nguydn), San Vi (Ldm Thao - Phti Thg). Chii nhdn cua van hod Son Vi cu tni trong cdc hang ddng, mai dd ngoai trdi, ven bd sdng, sudi, trdn mdt dia ban kha rdng tir Son La, Lai Chau, Ldo Cai, Yen Bdi, Bdc Giang ddn Thanh Hod, Nghe An, Qudng Tri. Hg sd'ng thdnh cdc thi tdc, sir dung cdng cu dd ghe deo, lay san bdt, hdi lugm lam ngudn sd'ng chfnh. O Hod Binh, Bae Son vd nhieu dia phuong khdc trdn dat nudc ta da tim thdy nhieu ddu tfch ciia van hod so ki dd mdi, cdch ngdy nay khoang 6000 - 12000 nam. Cu dan Hod Binh, Bdc Son da sd'ng dinh cu Idu ddi trong cdc hang ddng, mdi dd gdn ngudn nudc, hgp thdnh cac thi tdc, bd lac, ldy san bdt, hdi lugm lam ngudn sd'ng chfnh. Ngodi ra, hg cdn bidt trdng cdc loai rau, cii, cdy an qua... Mdt ndn ndng nghiep so khai da bdt ddu tir thdi van hod Hod Binh. NgUdi Hoa Binh da biet ghe deo nhieu hdn len ca met ben mat riu da, budc dau biet mai ludi riu va lam mpt sd cdng cu bang xUdng, tre, gd. NgUdi Bae Sdn bie't mai rpng len tren ludi riu da va bat dau bie't lam dd gdm. Cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn ciia cu ddn Hod Binh, Bdc Son ciing dugc ndng cao hon. 71 Cdch ngay nay khoang 5000 - 6000 nam, con ngudi da bie't sir dung ki thudt cua, khoan da, phat trien kl thudt lam dd gdm bdng ban xoay. Cdng cu lao ddng dugc cdi tidn, lam tang nang sudt lao ddng. Phdn ldn cdc thi tdc ddu budc vdo giai doan ndng nghiep trdng liia dimg cudc da. Ciing vdi su gia tang dan sd, viec trao ddi sdn pham dugc day manh giiia cdc bd lac. Ddi sdng vat chdt dugc dn dinh va cai thien ban, ddi sd'ng tinh thdn duge nang cao. Cdc nhd khao cd hgc thudng coi dd la "cudc cdch mang dd mdi" d nudc ta. Dia ban cu tni ciia cdc thi tdc, bd lac bdy gid da md rdng ra nhidu dia phuong trong ca nudc. - Hay did biet nliitng diem tien bd trong hoat ddng kuih te ciia cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn. - Nhimg bieu hien ciia "each niiing da md'i" d nudc ta la gi 7 3. Su ra ddi cua thudt luyen kim vd nghd ndng trdng lua nudc Cdch ngdy nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng rdi rdc tren ddt nudc ta, trdn co sd trinh do phdt trien cao ciia kT thudt chd tdc dd, lam gdm, da bdt ddu bie't khai thdc, sir dung nguydn lieu ddng va thudt luyen kim dd chd tao cdng eu, cdc vat dung trong cudc sd'ng. Nghd ndng trdng liia nudc trd ndn phd bidn. Cu dan van hod Phiing Nguyen la nhifng ngudi md ddu thdi dai ddng thau d Viet Nam. Cdc bd lac Phiing Nguydn lam ndng nghiep trdng liia nudc, sd'ng dinh cu lau dai trong cdc cdng xa thi tdc mdu he. Cdng cu lao ddng chii ydu vdn bdng da. Hg lam gdm bdng bdn xoay, sir dung cdc nguydn lieu tre, gd, xuong dd lam dd dimg, bidt xe chi, ddt vai va chan nudi gia siic, gia cdm nhu trdu, bd, lgn, gd... Trong cdc di chi thdi Phiing Nguyen, cdc nha khao cd hgc da tim thd'y nhidu cue ddng, xi ddng, day ddng, diii ddng. Ciing thdi vdi cac bd lac Phiing Nguydn, cac bd lac sd'ng d viing chdu thd sdng Ma (Thanh Hod), d vting luu vuc sdng Ca (Nghe An) cung da tidn ddn thdi dai so ki ddng thau vdi ndn ndng nghiep dung cudc da phdt trien. Nghd ndng gitf vai trd chii dao trong boat ddng kinh td. Cdc nghd thii cdng lam dd, gdm dat trtnh do tuong duang vdi cu dan Phiing Nguyen. Trong cdc di tfch, ben canh cac hien vat bdng da, gdm cdn cd hien vat bdng ddng. Cach ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng dinh cu d viing Nam Trung Bd ngay nay, chii nhdn ciia van hod Sa Huynh eiing da tien den budi ddu thdi dai kim khf, bidt ddn thudt luyen kim. Cac di tich van hoa Sa Huynh da dugc phat hien d Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa... 72 Hoat ddng kinh td ehu ydu ciia cu dan Sa Huynh la ndng nghiep trdng lua va cac cay trdng khdc. Hg bdt ddu bidt chd tdc va sir dung dd sdt. Ngoai ra, hg cdn lam gdm dep, det vai, lam dd trang siic bdng dd quy, ma nao, vd dc, thuy tinh. Cu dan vSn hoa Sa Huynh thudng thieu xac chet, dd tro vao cac vd bang da't nung cung vdi cac dd trang sire. O luu vuc sdng Ddng Nai ciing da phdt hien dugc mgt so di tfch van hod thdi dai dd ddng. Cac di tfch van hoa sdng Ddng Nai dugc phan bd d Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, cac tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc, Binh DUdng, Long An... Cu ddn van hod sdng Ddng Nai lam nghd ndng trdng liia nudc vd cdc cdy luong thuc khdc. Ngodi ra, hg cdn lam nghd khai thac san vat rimg, san bdn, lam nghe thil cdng. Ben canh cac cdng cu bdng dd la chii ydu cdn cd mdt sd hien vat bdng ddng, vang, thuy tinh. Tdm lai, cdch ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, trdn cdc viing mien eiia dd't nudc ta, cdc bd lac da budc vao thdi dai kim khf, hinh thanh nhiing nen van hod ldn phan bd d cdc khu vuc khdc nhau, ldm tien dd eho su chuydn bidn ciia xa hdi nguyen thuy sang thdi dai mdi. Nhihig diem mdi trdng cudc .song cua cu dan Phiing Nguyen la gi 7 Sd sanli vdi cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn. »AU HOI / 1. Trinh bay nhu'ng giai doan phat then chinh ciia thdi nguyen thuy d Viet Nam. 2. Em c6 nhan xet gi ve thdi gian ra ddi thuat luyen kim 6 cac bg lac song tren dat nudc ta ? 3. Su ra ddi ciia thuat luyen kim c6 y nghTa gi ddi vdi cac bg lac sd'ng tren dat nu6c ta each day khoang 3000 - 4000 nam ? 4. Lap bang thdng ke nhiirig diem chinh ve cugc sd'ng ciia cac bg lac Phiing Nguyen, Sa Huynh, Dong Nai theo cac ngi dung : dia ban cutrii, cong cu lao dgng, boat dgng kinh te > 73 Bai 7 4 CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI TREN DAT NU^CfC VIET NAM Vao cudi thdi nguyen thuy, cac thi tdc. bd lac sdng tren ddt nudc ta da biet str dung kim loai dd che tao edc vat dung. Nghd ndng trdng liia nudc trd nen phd bidn. Tren ca sd dd da hinh thanh cac qud'c gia cd dai : Van Lang - Au Lac, Cham-pa, Phu Nam. 1. Qud'c gio Vdn Lang - Au Lgc Vdo thdi gian ddu ciia van hod Ddng Son*^^\ cdc cdng cu lao ddng bdng ddng thau trd ndn phd bidn va bdt ddu cd cdng cu bdng sdt. Nhd vay, viing chau thd sdng Hdng, sdng Ma, sdng Ca dugc khai phd thdnh nhumg cdnh ddng mau md, cd ndn ktnh td ndng nghiep trdng liia nudc, diing cay vdi siic keo ciia trdu, bd khd phdt trien. Hinh 30 - Luoi cay dong (1) Thcri gian ton tai cua van hoa Dong Son la tir ddu thien nien ki I TCN den the ki I SCN. 74 Ciing vdi nghd ndng, cu dan Ddng Son cdn san bdn, chan nudi, ddnh ca va lam nghd thu cdng nhu diic ddng, lam dd gdm. Su phdn cdng lao ddng giiia ndng nghiep va thii cdng nghiep da xudt hien. Su chuyen bidn trong ndn kinh te da tao tien dd cho sir chuyen bidn xa hdi. Tit thdi Phiing Nguydn da bdt ddu cd hien tugng phan hod xa hdi giiia gidu vd ngheo. Thdi Ddng Son, miie do phdn hod xa hdi ngay cang phd bidn ban. Tuy nhien, su phan hod gidu, ngheo cting chua that sdu sdc. Cting vdi su phan hod xa hdi thdnh cdc tdng ldp giau, ngheo va su giai the cdc cdng xa thi tdc, cdng xa ndng thdn (ldng, xdm) va cdc gia dinh nhd theo chd do phu he ra ddi. Su chuyen bidn kinh te - xa hdi ndi trdn ddi hdi cd'p thidt phdi cd cdc boat ddng tri thuy, thuy lpi de phuc vu ndng nghiep. Ciing thdi gian nay, ydu cau chd'ng ngoai xam ciing dugc dat ra. Nhumg didu dd da ddn ddn su ra ddi sdm cua nha nudc Van Lang - Au Lac. Td chiic nhd nudc Van Lang - Au Lac cdn rdt don gidn, so khai. Diing ddu nhd nudc Van Lang la vua Hiing, dung ddu nhd nudc Au Lac Id vua Thuc An Duong Vuong. Giup viec cho vua cd cdc Lac hdu, Lac tudng. Ca nudc chia lam 15 bd (don vi hanh chfnh ldn), do Lac tucmg dimg ddu. Dudi bd la cdc xdm, lang, do Bd chfnh (gid ldng) cai quan. Kinh dd ciia nudc Au Lac dat d Cd Loa (Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi)0. Hinh 31 - MOt doan thanh Ngoai Co Loa (1) Ve kinh do cua nudc Van Lang, co nliidu sach viei khae nhau : Van Lang, Phong Chau, Bach Hac. 75 Nha nudc Au Lac dugc md rdng born vd mat lanh thd, hodn chinh hon ve td chire so vdi nha nudc Van Lang (cd quan ddi manh, vti khf td't, dac biet cd thanh Cd Loa kidn cd, viing chdc). Nhd vay, nhieu ldn nhdn dan Au Lac da ddnh bai cdc cudc xam lugc ciia Trieu Dd. Trong xa hdi Van Lang - Au Lac cd cac tang ldp : vua, quy tdc ; dan tu do ; nd ti. Cu dan Van Lang - Au Lac cd cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn khd phong phti. Ngudn luomg thuc chfnh la thdc gao (gao ndp va gao te), ngoai ra cdn cd khoai, sdn. Thiie an cd cdc loai cd, thit, rau, cii. Cu ddn Viet cd cd tap qudn d nha san, nhudm rang den, an trdu, xam minh ; ca nam ldn nii ddu thfch diing dd trang siic. Thudmg ngdy, nif mac do, vdy ; nam ddng khd. Tin ngudng phd bidn ciia cu ddn Van Lang - Au Lac Id sung bdi tu nhien (thd thdn Mat Trdi, thdn Sdng, thdn Niii va tuc phdn thuc). Tfn ngudng thd ciing td tidn, sung kfnh cae anh hung, ngudi cd cdng vdi lang nudc la net dac sdc ciia ngudi Viet cd. Ddn dan hinh thdnh mdt sd tuc le : cudi xin, ma chay ; Id hdi kha phd bie'n, nhdt Id hdi mua. Hoat ddng kinh te cita cW dan Ddng Sdn cd gi khae so vdi cu' dan Phiing Nguyen 7 Nhihig cd sd va dieu kien dwa deh sW ra dd'i cua niia nu'dc Van Lang la gi 7 • Neu nliifiig net cd ban h'ong dd'i sdng vat chat, tinli than cua CW dan Van Lang - Au Lac. 2. Qud'c gia cd Cham-pa Trdn co sd ciia van boa Sa Huynh d khu vuc ddng bdng ven bien mien Trung va Nam Trung Bd ngay nay, da hinh thdnh qud'c gia cd Cham-pa. Thdi Bae thugc, viing ddt d phfa nam day Hodnh Son bi nha Han xam chie'm dat thdnh qudn Nhat Nam va chia lam 5 huyen dd eai tri. Tugng Lam la huyen xa nhdt (viing ddt Quang Nam, Quang Ngai va Binh Dinh ngay nay). 76 Vao cudi the ki II, nhan liic tinh hinh Trung Qud'c rdi loan, Khu Lidn da hd hdo nhan dan huyen Tugng Lam ndi day gianh quydn tu chii. Cudc khdi nghTa thdng lgi, Khu Lidn tu ldp lam vua, dat ten nudc la Lam Ap. Cdc vua Lam Ap vd sau md rdng lanh thd vd phfa bdc den sdng Gianh (Qudng Binh), phfa nam den sdng Dinh (Binh Thuan) va ddi tdn nudc Id Cham-pa. Cung nhu cu dan Viet cd, boat ddng kinh td chii ye'u ciia cu dan Cham-pa la ndng nghiep trdng liia, sir dung cdng cu bdng sdt va sire keo ciia trau, bd. Hg da bie't sir dung gudng nudc trong san xuat. Ngoai nghd ndng, cdc nghd thii cdng, nghd khai thdc lam thd san ciing khd phdt trien, dac biet Id ki thudt xdy thdp dat tdi trinh do rdt cao. Cu dan Cham-pa cd cac nghe thu cdng phat then nhu nghe det, che tao dd dung, lam dd trang sdc, vu khi bang kim loai, nghe ddng gaeh va xay dUng. Nhieu cdng trinh xay dUng ndi tieng nhu khu thanh dja MTSdn, cac thap Cham, tugng, cac bUc cham ndi. Cham-pa theo thd chd qudn chu. Vua ndm mgi quydn hanh vd chfnh tri, kinh td, tdn giao. Giiip viec cho vua cd Te tudmg va cdc dai than. Ca nudc chia lam 4 khu vuc hanh chfnh ldn ggi la chdu, dudi chau cd huyen, ldng. Kinh dd ban ddu ddng d Sin-ha-pu-ra (Tra Kieu - Qudng Nam), sau dd ddi den In-dra-pu-ra (Ddng Duong - Quang Nam) rdi ehuyen tdi Vi-giay-a (Chd Ban - Binh Dinh). Hmh 32 - Khu di tich thanh did MI Son (Quang Nam) 77 Tir the ki IV, dan tdc Cham da cd chti vidt bdt ngudn tir chti Phan ciia An Do. Tdn giao ciia ngucri Cham la Hindu giao va Phat gido. Ngudi Cham cd tap tuc d nha sdn, an trdu cau va boa tdng ngudi chdt. Xa hgi ngudi Cham bao gdm edc tdng ldp quy tdc, dan tu do, ndng dan le thudc vd nd le. Ndng ddn chidm sd ddng, lam ndng nghiep, ddnh cd va thu kie'm ldm sdn. Cham-pa phdt tridn trong cdc thd ki X - XV rdi sau dd suy thodi va hdi nhap, trd thanh mdt bd phan cua ldnh thd, cu ddn va van hod Viet Nam. Qude gia cd Cham-pa du'dc hinh tiianh nhw the nao 7 Tdm tat hnli hinh van hoa Cham-pa tif the ki 11 den the ki X. 3. Qud'c gia cd Phu Nam Tren dia ban chau thd sdng Cim Long (Nam Bd) da hinh thanh ndn van hod cd tir cudi thdi dai da mdi chuyen sang thdi dai dd ddng va sdt cdch ngdy nay khoang 1500 - 2000 nam. Cdc nha khao cd hgc ggi la van hod Oc Eo. Van hod Oe Eo cd ngudn gdc tir van hod sdng Ddng Nai. Dia ban chii ydu ciia van hod Oc Eo Id viing chdu thd sdng Ciru Long (Oc Eo nay thudc huyen Thoai Son, tinh An Giang) gdm nhieu tinh : An Giang, Kien Giang, Ddng Thdp... va mdt so dia phuong thudc Binh Duong, Tay Ninh, Ddng Nai, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Trdn co sd van hod 6c Eo, qud'c gia cd Phil Nam hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki I va trd thanh mdt qud'c gia rdt phat trien d viing Ddng Nam A trong cdc Hinh 33-Am dai nung (the ki VHI) the ki III - V. Qud'c gia Phii Nam bao gdm nhieu tieu qud'c, bg phan chii ye'u d viing Tay Nam Bd cd tieng ndi thudc ngO he Nam Oao. The che chinh trj quan chii, do vua dUng dau nam mpi quyen hanh. 78 """