🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Nhân vật lịch sử Kinh đô Hoa Lư Ebooks Nhóm Zalo NHA N VA T WGf l sir " KINH DO tiQA LII NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA THONG TIN Ha Noi - 2008 L A DAN G BA T Que: Hoa Lii - Ninh Binh Cu* nhan van hoc H6ivien Hoi VHNT Ninh B inh Nghe nghifep: Day hoc Giaithiio-ngVHNT Triidng Han SiSu Ninh Binh Giai thtfclng VHNT cua Uy ban toan quo'c lign higp cac Hoi VHNT Viet Nam Ben tho vua Dinh Tien Hoang 6 xa Triidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu - Anh: NINH MANH THANG Titcfng vua Dinh Tien Hoang tho a den vua Dinh tai xd Triidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lie - Anh: NINH MANH THANG Tttcfng vua Le Dai Hanh tha a den Le tai xa Triidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu - Anh: BUI DUY TU Tuong Duong hdu thd d den vua Le tai xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hca Lu - Anh: BUI DUY TU Tuqng vua Ly Thdi To thd d den Ly Bat Be (Bac Ninh) Anh: TU LIEU Nhd bia tuong idem vua Ly Thai Ta a xa Trit&ng Yen, huyen Hoa Lit - Anh: NINH MANH THANG Toan canh den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang a xa Triidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu - Anh: PHAM HY LUONG Long Sang dd a den thd vua Dinh tai xa Trit&ng Yen, huyen Hoa Lit - Anh: NINH MANH THANG Mot goc den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang 6 xd Truong Yen huyen Hoa Lit - Anh: NINH MANH THANG Nhan vat lic h si t • m Kinh d o Ho a Lit N H AM V NHA N VA T LIC H SU * KINH DO HOA LIT Stfu tam vd bien soqn: L A DANG BAT I § H BI > N Z HI I z V N HA XUA T BAN VA N HOA TH6N G TI N HA NO l • 2009 DIN H TIE N HOAN G D E (DIN H B O LINH ) (92 4 - 979 ) 1- TUOI NH6 , CH I L6N CUA DINH B0 LIN H Dinh Bo LTnh sinh nam Giap Than (924)(1), que 6" thon K im LIT, lang Dai Huu, chau Dai Hoang (nay la thon Van Bong, xa Gia Phuong, huyen Gia Vien, tinh Ninh Binh). Cha la Dinh Cong Trti, me la Dam Thi. "Ong sinh ra, ddng ngudi vd tit chat khac thudng " ( 2 ) Dinh Cong Trii que cf thon Kim Lu, lang Dai Huu, chau Dai Hoang. Ngay nay la thon Van Bong, xa Gia Phuong, huydn Gia Vien, tinh Ninh Binh. - Cac sic sach xtfa khong ghi ngay, thdng sinh cua Dinh Bd LTnh. 121 - "Lich trieu hien chuang loqi chi" - Tap I - Phan Huy Chii - NXB KHXH-1992-Trang 190 5 "Dai Viet sit ky toan thu" ghi: "Cha ciia vua la Dinh Cong Trit lam nha tudng cua Duong Dinh Nghe, ditqc Dinh Nghe giao giitchitc quyen Th.it sii" Chau Hoan, sau theo ve vdi Ngd vitong, van duoc give chdc cii roi md't"<2>. Khi quan Nam Han xam luge va do ho nude ta, Duong Dinh Nghe ndi day gianh doc lap. Ngo Quy6n d Phong Chau (thuoc Son Tay, Ha Tay cu) va Dinh Cong Trir d Trudng Chau (Ninh Binh), la nhung tudng tai da theo Duong Dinh Nghe danh quan Nam Han. Nam 931, Duong Dinh Nghe danh tan quan Nam Han, gianh doc lap, tu xung la Tiet do sir. Ong cut Dinh Cong Trir lam thii sir Hoan Chau (Nghe An), Ngo Quyen lam Thii sir A i Chau (Thanh Hoa). Nhu the Dinh Cong Trir da la mot tudng tai, mot ong quan to, diing Mu mot chau tii thdi Duong Dinh Nghe. Nam 937, Kieu Cong Tien la nha tudng da giet Duong Dinh Nghe, dinh doat chue Tiet do sii. Ngo Quyen khi dd la Thu" sii A i Chau dem quan ra giet Kieu Cong Tien va sau dd danh tan quan Nam Han d song Bach Dang (nam 938). Nam Ky Hqi (939) Ngo Quyen xung vuong ddng do d Co Loa (Ha Noi). Kh i Ngo Quyen dem quan giet Kieu Cong Tien va danh quan Nam Han, Dinh Cong Trir theo Ngo Quyen va lap cong. Chinh vi the, khi Ngo Quyen d ngoi (939 - 944), da giu nguyen chiic cho Dinh Cong Trir lam Thii sir Hoan Chau. Dinh Cong Trir lam Thu: six Hoan Chau dudi hai trieu 01 - Chile quan cai quan mot chau thdi Bac thuoc. 121 - "Dai Viet silky toan tint" (Sdd) - Trang 210. 6 Duong Dinh Nghe va Ngo Quyen, tii nam 931 den nam nao khong ro. Su cu khong ghi nam Dinh Cong Trir mat, chi ghi "sait theo ve vdi Ngd vitong, van duoc giitchitc cu, rdi mdt". Co the phong doan Dinh Cong Tni lam thur sir Hoan Chau tren 10 nam. Phai la mot ong quan trung quan, ai quoc, co tai nang mdi co duoc vinh du do. Dinh Cong Tru chinh la mot vi quan to, th6ng minh, diic do, yeu nude, thuong dan. Sau khi Dinh Cong Tni mat, Dinh Bo Linh da cung me la Dam Thi va gia nhan tir Hoan Chau trd v& que. Thdi gian nay Dinh Bo LTnh cd tudi khoang tren 15. Gia dinh Dinh Bo LTnh phai nuong nhd ong chii ruot la Dinh Thuc Du d qug. Dang song thanh nha d noi quan trudng cung bd, duoc hoc hanh, giao due tu te, nay phai ve que song vdi ngudi dan chan lam tay bun la mot budc ngoat trong cuoc ddi cua Dinh Bo LTnh. Tai dong Hoa Lu 0' , liic dau Dinh B6 LTnh cung me d canh ddn Son than (xa Gia Thuy, huyen Nho Quan ngay nay). "Dai Viet sit ky toan thu" ghi: "me ho Dam dua gia thudc vao d canh den Son than trong ddng " Den Son thah theo "Dai Nam nhat thdng chi" tire la den Long Vien: "d xa De Cdc, nhd me Dinh Tien Hoang 6 day, titc chd d cu ciia Dinh Tien Hoang liic con an ndu, nen nhd cii nay van con nen goi la "Long Vien ", trudc mat trong ra '" - Ddng Hoa Lu la Tlumg Lau dxa Gia Htfng va vitng dd't xung quanh do thudc huyen Gia Vien, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay. 7 song, co cau Ngu, cau Phanh, ben td vudn co gd bdng phdng, titc la chd bay tran cd lau " U ). Xa D6 Cdc xira, ngay nay chinh la thon My Ha, xa Gia Thuy, huyen Nho Quan, tinh Ninh Binh(2). Vdi tri thong minh, tai nang bam sinh, lai la con nha quan co hoc, vao Ilia tudi duong do trudng thanh, Dinh Bo LTnh da thich nghi ngay moi trudng song mdi, hoa dong, chiem duoc long men phuc cua bon tre quanh vung nong thon va dan lang. Dinh Bo LTnh cung nhu bao tre nhd khac trong lang que, thudng phai di kiem cui, chan trau. Liic di chan trau Dinh Bo LTnh luon duoc ton dung diu bon tre chan trau, duoc chiing khoanh tay gia lam ngai rude choi bay 16 vua toi, lay hoa lau lam cd cho quan mang phia trudc, lai gia lam quan di rude d hai ben ta huu, het nhu nghi thiic trieu dinh. Dinh B6 LTnh con bay cho bon tre chia quan danh tran gia. Nhdm ban than cung liia tudi con cd Dinh Dien, Nguyen Bac, Trinh Tii, Luu Co cung tudi, cung que, da ciing Dinh Bo LTnh ket nghTa anh em. Dinh Bo LTnh duoc ton lam anh ca. Sach "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" ghi: "Ba me thay vay mieng 1dm, mo Ion nhd cho chiing an. Phu lao ede sach bao nhau: "Diea be nay khi luong nhu the at lam nen su nghiep, bon ta neu khong theo ve, ngay "> - "Dai Nam nhat thdng chi "-Tap III - NXB KHXH -1971- Trang 251 m - Hien naydkhu vice thon My Ha con co mot so dia danh ndi ve Dinh Bp LTnh khi dad day: doi Ho Id noi dicng trau, Noi Choi la noi lam chdi liic trii quan; Noi Ron Chiing la noi de chiing linh; Noi Nam Cam Id noi decani nam, rieng Trong Id noi de trong; ddng Quan Id noi hdi quan. Theo "Di tich Lich sic Van hod ve hai trieu Dinh - Tien Lid Ninh Binh " - Nguyin Van Trd - NXB VHDT - 2007) 8 sau hdi thi dd mudn ". Ben ddn con em den theo, roi lap lam trudng d sdch(l> Dao Ao 2 - DIN H BO LIN H TAP HOP QUAN SY TRCf THANH MOT TUQNG TA I Cang ldn len, Dinh Bo LTnh to ro la ngudi muu luge cao, cd chi ldn nen da tap hgp, luyen tap quan sy d Thung Lau (con goi la Thung Ong thuoc thon Mai Phuong, xa Gia Hung, huyen Gia Vien ngay nay). Day la mot thung lung bang phang, cd dien tich khoang 16 mau, xung quanh deu la nui cao, chi cd mot con dudng duy nhat vao ra la di qua mot cai quen nhd, cao khoang 30m. Phu lao trong lang thay khi chat Dinh Bo LTnh td ra nhu mot ngudi anh hung nen cho con cai theo rat dong. Luc lugng vu trang cua Dinh Bo LTnh cang ngay cang ldn manh, chiem giu ca mot vung que Hoa Lu. Dinh Bo LTnh da thu phuc dugc ca sach Bdng cua ngudi chii Dinh Thuc Du. "Dai Viet sic ky toan thu" ghi: "Ngudi chii ciia vua giicsdch Bdng chong danh vdi vua. Bay gid, vua con it tudi, the quan chua manh, phai thua chay. Khi qua cau 6 Dam Gia Nuang Loan{}), cau gay, vua roi xudng biin, ngudi chii toan dam, bdng thay hai con rong vang hd ve vua, nen so md hd. Vua thu nhat quan con sot, quay lai danh, ngUdi chii phai hang. Tit day ai ciing so phuc, pham di danh den ddu deu di nhu che tre, goi la Van Thdng vuong"{4). "' - Sach: don vi hanh chinh nhd d mien nui nhu ban, trai. I2> - "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 210. m - Loan: la chd song udn vdng. Nay dxdGia Tien, huyen Gia Viin, tinh Ninh Binh, gan ben dd Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lie. 141 - "Dai Viet sicky toan thic" (Sdd) - Trang 211. 9 Nam Giap Thin (944) vua Ngo Quyen mat. Trieu dinh luc bay gid xay ra nhieu bien loan va xung dot. Duong Tam Kha con cua Duong Dinh Nghe va la em vo cua Ngo Quyen cuop ngoi nam 945, xung la Duong Binh vuong. Con trudng cua Ngo Quyen la Ngo Xuong Ngap chay trdn ve Nam Sach (thuoc Hai Duong). Duong Tam Kha nhan con thii cua Ngo Quyen la Ngo Xuong Van lam con nuoi. Den nam 950 Ngo Xuong Van lat do Duong Tam Kha. Nam 951 Ngo Xuong Van len ngoi xung la Nam Tah vuong. Cung nam dd Ngo Xuong Van cho ngudi di ddn anh ruot la Ngo Xuong Ngap ve cung minh trong coi viec nude. Ngo Xuong Ngap ve xung la Thien Sach vuong. Liic dd da cd hai vua lanh dao dat nude. Dat nude liic nay rdi ren. Mot sd tudng cua nha Ngo va cac tho hao da tu tap hop luc luong quan si rieng chiem ddng cac dia phuong (Sau nay trd thanh 12 sii quan). Dinh Bo Linh d Hoa Lu budc sang tudi 27, da trudng thanh, cung tach khdi chinh quyen cua hai vua, cai quan rieng ca vung Hoa Lu. Nhung la ngudi "biet minh, hieu ngitdi", mudn cd mot luc luong manh hon niia, biet Tran Lam la mot trong 12 sii quan d Thai Binh, cd tai thao luqc, dung cam, diic do, nen Dinh Bo LTnh da cung vdi con trai la Dinh Lien den lien ket lam thuoc tudng cua Tran Lam. Dieu nay da the hien t&m nhin xa rong cua mot vi tudng bie't danh gia luc luong cua minh. Tran Lam khong cd con ndi, thay Dinh Bo LTnh la ngudi tai nang, cd chi khi, uy nghiem, hy vong se lam rang rd cho 10 dat nude, da nhan lam con nuoi va giao quyen binh cho ong. Day la mot budc ngoat rat quan trong trong su nghiep cung cd luc luqng quan su cua Dinh Bo Linh. Ra Thai Binh vdi Tran Lam, khong cd nghia la bd Hoa Lu, ma la md rong dia ban hoat dong, lam cho uy the cua Dinh Bo Linh v£ chinh tri va quan sir cang manh hon. K h i Tran Lam mat, Dinh Bo LTnh thay the chi huy, diing dau sii quan ciia Tran Lam. Nhung ong thay vung dong bang Bd Hai dia hinh bat lqi trong chien dau, nen quyet dinh ddi quan ve" Hoa Lu, que huong ong, cd nui non trung diep, song ngoi khuc khuat, dia the hiem trd hon, thuan lqi cho phdng thu, tien cong. Ve Hoa Lu, Dinh Bo LTnh cang cung cd luc luqng. Nam Tan vuong va Thien Sach vuong, thay Dinh Bp LTnh khong chiu quy phuc minh thi dem quan den Hoa Lu danh Dinh Bp LTnh. "Dai Viet sit litqc" (khuyet danh) thdi Tran ghi: "Lite bay gid co ngitdi a dong Hoa Lit la Dinh Bo LTnh nitcmg tita noi khe md hiem trd, kien co ma d, khong chiu tu sita cho diing cai chdc vu ciia be tdi. Hai vi vitong (Nam Tan vuong vd Thien Sach vitong) mudn danh, Dinh Bp LTnh so hdi sai con Id Liin vao trieu cdng. Liin den, hai vi vitong che trdch sao khong vao chau, roi bat gift Liin vd dem di danh Dinh Bp LTnh. Danh hon mot thdng van khong thdng duoc, hai vuong ben treo Liin len can tre (ddu ngon sao) rdi bao Bp LTnh 11 rang: "Neu khong hang tat se giet Liin ". Dinh Bp LTnh tiec gian dap rang: "Dai tritqng phu hd vi dita con nho md lam luy den viec ldn sao? ". Rdi ra lenh cho hon 10 tay cung nd ban Liin. Hai vi vuong kinh so rdi dem quan trd ve"u>. Hanh dong nay cua Dinh Bo LTnh sanh vdi hanh dong cua Luu Bang Han Cao To, da dat su nghiep vi nghTa ldn len tren tinh cam gia dinh (Hang Vu da bat cha cua Luu Bang, chuan bi dem chem de doa Luu Bang). Nam Giap Dan (954), Thien Sach vuong, Ngo Xuong Ngap mat. Nam At Suu (965) Nam Tan vuong Ngo Xuong Van bi tir tran d Thai Binh. The la dat nude lam vao mot thdi ky loan lac, khong cd ai lanh dao. Dd la loan 12 sir quan hinh thanh ro nhat tu* nam 966. Mudi hai sii quan dd la: 1 - Ngo Xuong X i (con cua Thien Sach vuong Ngo Xuong Ngap) chiem giu dat Binh Kieu (Thanh Hoa) la sir quan cd the' luc manh hon ca. 2 - Tran Lam la ngudi goc Quang Dong (Trung Qudc), (xung la Tran Minh Cong), chiem giQ dat Bd Hai Khau, thudc Tien Hai, Thai Binh. Dinh Bp LTnh la thuoc tudng cua Tran Lam. 3 - Nguyen Thu Tiep (xung la Nguy6n Lenh Cong), chiem giu vung Tien Son , Bac Ninh. "> - "Dai Viet sit luge " - NXB thanh phd Ho Chi Minh - Bp mon Chau A hoc. Dai hoc tong hap thanh phd Ho Chi Minh -1993 - Trang 84. 12 4 - Ly Khue (xung la Ly Lang Cong), chiem giu vung Thuaui Thanh, Bac Ninh. 5 - Lu Duong, con goi la La Duong (xung la LffTa Cong), chiem giu vung Te Giang, nay thuoc Van Giang, Hung Yen. 6 - Pham Bach Ho (xung la Pham Phong At), chiem giu vung Dang Chau, Hung Yen. 7 - Nguyen Sieu (xung la Nguydn Huu Cong), chiem giu vung Thanh Tri, Ha Noi. 8 - Nguyen Khoan (xung la Nguydn Thai Binh), chiem gitf dat Vinh Tudng, Vinh Phuc. 9 - Kieu Cong Han la chau noi cua Kieu Cong Tii n va la anh rupt cua sir quan Kieu Thuan (xung la Kieu Tam Che), chiem giu vung Bach Hac, Phii Tho. 10 - Kieu Thuan (xung la Kieu Lenh Cong), chiem giu vung Cam Khe (Ha Tay). 11 - D6 Canh Thac, chiem gitf vung Dd D6ng Giang, thuoc Thanh Oai, Ha Tay. 12 - Ngo Nhat Khanh (xung la Ngo Lam Cong), chiem gitf vung Duong Lam, Ha Tay. (Ngo Nhat Khanh la chau Ng6 Quyen, sau nay la pho ma cua vua Dinh Tien Hoang. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang ga cong chua Phat Kim cho Ngo Nhat Khanh). Nhtfng ngudi dtfng dau mudi hai stf quan phAn ldn la nhtfng ngudi thuoc ddng doi con chau hoac tudng linh cu cua nha Ng6, deu chiem mot vung dat, mdi vung dat r6ng khoang vai huyen nhu ngay nay, cd xay thanh, dap luy va thon tinh 13 lan nhau keo dai trong hai nam (966 - 967), tap trung chu yeu d khu vuc song Hong. Dinh Bo Linh da dung dau mot su quan manh nhat. Trd ve Hoa Lu, Dinh Bp LTnh thay cd nhieu thuan lqi. Hoa Lu cd nhi6u day nui da voi chay theo hudng Tay Bac - Dong Nam va ha thap dan. Nui d day vach dung diing, cheo leo, 1dm chdm, vo ciing hiem trd nhu nhung hue tudng thanh thien nhien hung vT. Khong chi cd nhi6u nui, Hoa Lu con la vung dat day dac song ngoi. Dd la song Day, song Than Phii, song Van Sang, song Hoang Long, song Sao Khe,... Mot dieu rat thuan lqi la Hoa Lu vua la vung ddng bang vita cd bien. Gan thanh phd Ninh Binh ngay nay tiLhoi the ky thii X thi dd van la bien. Nui Due Thuy khi dd nam sat bien duoc goi la Due Thuy Son Hai Khau. Hoa Lu khong chi la Thung Lau nhd hep khi xua nua, ma con la noi rat thuan lqi ve giao thong thuy bq, co dong duoc ve quan su, day con la vung dat mau mo, quan sy cd the vua chien dau vira san xuat de tao ngudn luong thuc tu tuc. Dinh Bq LTnh da sdm cd quan diem va ap dung chinh sach vira chien da'u vira san xuat nen d Hoa Lu, sii quan cua Dinh Bp LTnh cd du ba dieu kien: thien thdi, dia lqi, nhan hoa. Ong dua vao the nui song tu nhien de xay thanh, dap luy va chieu mq cac hao kiet cung quan sT den Hoa Lu. Trong dd cd nhihig tudng gidi nhu: Pham Hap, Pham Cu Luqng, Le Hoan. 14 3- DINH BQ LINH DEP LOAN 12 Sll QUAN Trd thanh ngudi diing dau mot sii quan, Dinh Bq LTnh co nhieu tudng gidi nhu Dinh Dien, Nguyln Bac, Trinh Tii, Luu Co, Pham Hap, Pham Cu Luqng, Le Hoan giup siic. Duoc quan sT theo phuc dong, nhan dan ung hq, Dinh Bp LTnh ra tay dep loan 11 sii quan con lai. Ong danh dau duqc day. Cac chau, cac phu khong ai khdng quy phuc. Trong chien dau Dinh Bq LTnh khong chi dung quan su ma con khon kheo van dung chinh tri ket hop vdi quan su. Ong da diing ke sach thu phuc duqc Pham Bach Hd d Dang Chau (Hung Yen), hang phuc duqc Ngo Nhat Khanh dDudng Lam (Ha Tay) va Ngo Xuong X i d Binh Kieu (Thanh Hoa). (Chinh sach nay con thuc hien khi Dinh Bq LTnh da len ngoi hoang de. Dinh Tien Hoang da lap me cua Ng6 Nhat Khanh lam hoang hau, cho con trai ca cua minh la Dinh Lii n lay em gai Ngo Nhat Khanh. Nhung van so Ngo Nhat Khanh cd kha nang sinh bien, chong lai, nen vua Dinh quyet dinh ga con gai yeu quy cua minh la Phat Kim cho Ngo Nhat Khanh). Con lai 8 sii quan nira la: Kieu Cong Han d Bach Hac (Phii Tho), Nguyln Khoan d VTnh Tudng (VTnh Phuc), Dd Canh Thac d Thanh Oai (Ha Tay), Ly Khue d Thuan Thanh (Bac Ninh), Nguyln Thu Tiep d Tien Son (Bac Ninh), Lu Dudng d Van Giang (Hung Yen), Nguyln Sieu d Thanh Tri (Ha Noi), Kieu Thuan d Cam Khe (Ha Tay), Dinh Bp LTnh cung da to chiic nhilu tran danh ac liet de tieu diet 13n luqt cac sii quan trong vdng 2 nam, ttir nam 966 den cudi nam 967. 15 Cudi nam Dinh Mao (967), Dinh B6 LTnh danh va dep yen duqc 11 sir quan, khong con loan 12 sii quan nua non song thu ve mot mdi, dat nude trd lai thdng nhat, ba quan tudng sT ton vinh ong la Van Thang vucmg. Su nghiep do cua Dinh Bq LTnh cua nude ta cung khong khac gi Tan Thuy Hoang thdi trudc Cong nguyen khi thon tinh duqc 6 nude khac, thdng nhat dat nude Trung Quoc. 4 - DINH BO LINH LEN NGOI HOANG DE Nam 968, Van Thang vuong (Dinh Bq LTnh) len ngoi hoang de(1), hieu la Dinh Tien Hoang "Dai Viet sii ky toan thu" ghi: "Bay toi ddng ton hieu la Dai Thdng Minh hoang de"(2\ Dinh Tien Hoang dat ten nude la Dai Cd Viet, ddng do d Hoa Lu (xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay). Dinh Tien Hoang la ngudi cd cong cung cd nen dqc lap va chu quyen dan tqc, xay dung quoc gia phong kien thdng nhat dau tien trong lich sir dan tqc. Viec "Bay tdi ddng ton hieu Id Dai Thdng Minh hoang de" cd y nghia rat ldn. 6" Trung Quoc viec xung "vuong" cd tu* thdi thuqng co den the ky III trudc Cong nguyen. 6" Viet Nam viec xung "vuong" cung cd tir lau. Hq Hong Bang da cd Kinh Duong Vuong va Hung Vuong. "> - Cac sach sicxica khong ghi ngay, thdng Dinh Bo Unh len ngoi hoang 121 - "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 211. 16 Den doi vua Tan (Trung Quoc) Doanh Chinh (Tan Thuy Hoang) trudc Cong nguyen mdi tu xung la "Tan Thuy Hoang de". Chu "de" trudc day (thdi co dai) chi dung di goi Trdi khong diing de goi vua. Nhung den ddi Doanh Chinh da dung d6 goi vua. ("hodng": ngudi thdng tri bac cao nhat. "de": Trdi). Qua dd Doanh Chinh mudn khang dinh minh cd uy quy6n thdng tri toan bo the gian vi da thon tinh duqc 6 nude khac, thdng nhat dat nude Trung Quoc. C) Viet Nam, mai den the ky V I sau C6ng nguyen, Ly Bon (Ly Bi) (544 - 548) mdi xung "de", goi la Ly Nam De, lap nude Van Xuan. Sau dd, nam 722, Mai Thuc Loan cung xung "d€\ goi la Mai Hac De. Viec xung "de" cua Ly Bon cd y nghia ra' khang dinh nude Nam cung cd Nam de ngan; (Trung Quoc). Nhung Ly Nam De va Mai Hac Dechi xun' chua xung la "hoang de" nhu d Trung Qudc duqc m6t thdi gian ngan do dat nude con nhd hi chua diy du. D. trieu ne u Den Dinh Tien Hoang duqc ton hieu la "Dai Thdng Minh Hoang de" ("dai": to ldn; "thang": duqc, hon; "minh": sang ro; "hoang de": vua nude ldn) do Dinh Tien Hoang chinh la ngudi toan thang ve vang nhat, da cd cong thdng nhat dat nude. Lin dau tien trong lich su dung nude cua Viet Nam, Dinh Tien Hoang la ngudi cung cd doe lap chu quyen dan tqc, xay 2-NVLS 17 dung quoc gia phong kien thdng nhat. Va cung la lan dau tien quoc gia ay cd vua duqc ton xung danh hieu "Hoang de". Neu Tan Thuy Hoang de d Trung Quoc cd cong thdng nhat dat nude, tu xung la hoang dedau tien trong lich sir Trung Quoc, thi Dinh Tien Hoang d Viet Nam cung cd cong thdng nhat dat nude, duqc ton hieu la "Dai Thang Minh Hoang de" dau tien trong lich sir Viet Nam. Phai chang, lich sir vo tinh hay huu y cd su khang dinh cong lao cua nhung ngudi cd cong thdng nhat dat nude! Danh hieu "Dai Thdng Minh Hoang de" cd y nghia rat ldn, khang dinh nude ta cd n6n doe lap tu chu va Hoang de nude Nam phai sanh ngang vdi Hoang de phuong Bac, the hien y thue cua cha ong ta khong thira nhan chi cd m6t Hoang de duy nhat d the gian, neu phuong Bac cd Hoang de thi phuong Nam cung cd Hoang de. V i the trong "Lich trieu hien chuong hai chi" Phan Huy Chii (1782 - 1840) viet: "Xet: Nude ta thdi Hiing Vuong mdi bat ddu thdng hien vdi Trung Quoc, nhung danh hieu con nhd, khong duoc du vao hang chu hdu trieu hdi... Rdi bi Trieu Dd kiem tinh, nhd Hdn phong Dd lam Nam Viet vuong, chi duqc sdnh vdi chu hdu ciia Trung Quoc, chit chua tieng duqc neu la mot nude... Den khi Dinh Tien Hoang binh dinh cac sit quan, khdi phuc md mang bd coi, bay gid dien le sach phong ciia Trung Quoc mdi nhan cho ditng rieng la mot mtdc "(l>. '" - "Lich trieu Men chuong loai chi" - Tap III - Phan Huy Chii - NXB KHXH -1992 - Trang 186 18 Nam 969, vua Dinh Tien Hoang phong con trudng lam Nam Viet vuong. Nam Canh Ngo (970) vua Dinh Tien Hoang dat nien hieu la Thai Binh. Do la nien hieu rieng cua nude Dai C6 Viet, khong dung nien hieu cua cac hoang de Trung Quoc. Lan dau tien trong lich sir nen phong kien tap quyen, mot thu linh dia phuong len ngoi vua da vut bo nien hieu cua Thien Tri6u, khang dinh thang lqi cua xu hudng thdng nhat quoc gia, thang lqi cua tinh than dqc lap dan tqc va y chi dqc lap manh me cua dan tqc ta thdi ay. Ly Nam De trudc vua Dinh Tien Hoang da bat dau dat nien hitu la Thien Due (544- 548). Nhung Ly Nam De da dat theo nien hieu cua Trung Quoc. Con 'Thai Binh" la nien hieu rieng cua Dinh Tien Hoang, cua Viet Nam. Cung nam 970, vua Dinh Tien Hoang lap 5 hoang hau, gdm Dan Gia, Trinh Minh, Kieu Quoc, Cd Quoc va Ca Ong. Trong sd 5 ba hoang hau nay cd hoang hau Duong Thi va me Ng6 Nhat Khanh cung lam hoang hau. Nhung chua ro ten hai hoang hau nay la ai trong sd 5 hoang hau dd. Ve va'n d l nay nha sir hoc Le Van Huu da phe phan: "ticxiia chi lap (hoang hau) mot ngudi de chit viec noi tri md thdi, chua tung nghe ndi lap den 5 ngudi... Tien Hoang khdi xudng su rdi loan thii bac vdy"0). Trong 5 hoang hau nay cd hoang hau Duong Thi la me cua Dinh Toan. M6t nam sau, nam Tan Mui (971) vua Dinh Tien Hoang quy dinh cap buc van vo, tang dao, phong cho Nguyln Bac "> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 212 19 lam Dinh Quoc Cong (tudc cong, quyen dinh lieu viec nude, lam cong viec chile phan cua Te tudng nhu chiic Thii tudng bay gid); phong Dinh Dien giu chut Ngoai giap (cai quan cong viec ben ngoai Kinh do); phong Luu Co giu chiic Si su d Do hq phu (chiic quan coi viec hinh nguc). Vua Dinh Tien Hoang con phong Le Hoan lam Thap dao tudng quan (la tudng chi huy 10 dao quan, tire chi huy quan doi trong ca nude, ngang vdi chiic Bq trudng Bq Quoc phdng ngay nay). Vua Dinh Tien Hoang cung ban luon chiic cho cac nha su. Su Ngo Chan Luu (933-1011) duqc giu chiic quan Tang thdng la ngudi diing da\i Phat giao trong nude, duqc ban hieu Khuong Viet dai su. Ngo Chan Luu da tham gia hoat dong chinh tri, cd cong rat ldn trong su nghiep xay dung trieu Dinh, la mot thien sudiic tai song toan. Nha suTruong Ma Ni cung duqc vua Dinh Tien Hoang ban chiic Tang luc, la chiic quan trong coi Phat giao dudi chiic Tang thdng. Dao si Dang Huyen Quang duqc giu chiic Sung chan uy nghi, la chiic quan trong coi ve Dao giao. V i the, cac nha su dudi trieu vua Dinh Tien Hoang da trd thanh nhung tri thiic yeu nude, gdp phan rat quan trong giup vua Dinh Tien Hoang dung nude va giu nude. Thdi dd, Phat giao chie'm mot vi tri dac biet, khong the thieu duqc trong trieu dinh duqc coi la Quoc giao. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da biet khai thac nhung gia tri cua Phat giao de lanh dao dat nude. Dd cung chinh la mot trong nhung tu tudng 20 quan trong de an dan tri quoc. No da trd thanh he tu tudng chinh thdng, chi phdi ddi song tinh than cua xa hdi. Cung nam 971, vua Dinh Tien Hoang ga cong chua Minh Chau cho Tran Thang va phong Tran Thang lam Phd ma Do uy. Tran Thang la em Tran Lam (Tran Minh Cong). Nam Nham Than (972), vua Dinh Tien Hoang sai Nam Viet vuong Dinh Lien sang sir tham nha Tong. Nam 973, sau khi Nam Viet vuong Dinh Lien di su: ve nude, vua Tong sai sii sang nude Dai Co Viet, phong cho vua Dinh Tien Hoang lam Giao Chi Quan Vuong. Giao Chi Quan Vuong la sac phong d£u tien cua vua Tong phong cho vua Dinh Tien Hoang, cung la sac phong dau tien cua Nha Tong ddi vdi nude Dai Co Viet. DI nhien vua Dinh Tien Hoang con bd dung nhieu chiic quan khac nira de hoan chinh bq may quan lieu, gdm cac quan van vo tai nang va ddng dao. Den mua xuan nam 975, vua Dinh Tien Hoang con quy dinh ao mu cua cac quan van vo theo diing nghi thiic cua tri6u dinh. De bao ve cho nude Dai Cd Viet thdng nhat, dqc lap, tu chii, vua Dinh Tien Hoang da chii y xay dung mdt quan ddi vung manh. Mua xuan nam 974, vua Dinh Tien Hoang quy dinh quan ddi phai cd 10 dao quan: "mdi dao co 10 quan, mot quan 10 lii, mot lie 10 tot,, mot tot 10 ngu, mot ngu 10 ngudiTinh ra dao quan ay len tdi mdt trieu ngudi, trong khi dan sd trong nude khi dd chi cd khoang ba trieu ngudi, - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 213 21 nhir vay cii ba ngudi dan co mot ngudi lmh. Co the hieu nhu bay gid, do la hinh thiic vu trang nhan dan, dua vao dan de phat trien quan dpi. Xa hqi Dai Co Viet con non tre khi do rat can co mot dpi quan dong va manh nhu the de bao dam cho dat nude yen on, neu giac phuong Bac xam luqc thi co du sire manh de danh tra. Chinh vi the, Ngo Phong hq Ngo (Ngo Thi Sy) da viet rang: "Xet quy che quan IS nay, tit 1 ngu 10 ngudi den 1 dao 10 quan, thanh so mdi quan 10.000. Tong so 10 dao la 100 van ngudi. Sd com do 100 van ngudi ay tat phai phien den may itc van ngitdi cung cap, thi ddn lite trong nude lay gi md cung dii duqc? Cd le bay gid binh vd ndng chua chia nhau, con la khi cd viec thi goi ra, khi xong viec goi gidi tan veddng ruong "(" Cung nam do, vua Dinh Tien Hoang con quy dinh quan doi deu phai dqi mu "binh dinh " (phang dau) vuong bon goc (loai mu nay lam bang da, chop phang, bon ben khau lien, tren hep, dudi rong). Dat nude ta day dac song ngoi "Nam chu, Bac ma", ngucfi Trung Quoc dung ngua, ngudi Viet Nam diing thuyen, trong chien dau rat cin den thuy quan. V i vay vua Dinh Tien Hoang cho thuy quan thudng xuyen tap luyen d s6ng Sao Khe chay qua Kinh do Hoa Lu. Tuong truyen, ong dung d Gh6nh Thap la mot mom nui thap nho ra sat song Sao Khe de xem thuy quan tap luyen. "> - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III - Phan Huy Chit - NXB KHXH-Trang7. 22 Nam Mau Dan (978), vua Dinh Tien Hoang lap con nho la Dinh Hang Lang lam hoang thai tu va phong con thu" Dinh Toan lam Ve vuong. Nam Ky Mao (979) vao mua dong, thang 10(1), "Chi hdu noi nhan Dd Thich (ngudi xa Dqi De, huyen Thien Ban, nay Id huyen Vu Ban, tinh Nam Dinh) giet vua dsdn cung"i2> "nhan liic vua an yen ban dem, say ruqu nam trong sdn, Thich ben giet chet, lqi giet luon cd Nam Viet vuang Liin "(3). Theo "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu", "rude linh ciai Tien Hoang Devi tang d Son Lang, Trudng Yen "(4), tuc la tang d tren nui Ma Yen (nui Yen Ngua) thuoc xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu ngay nay. Dinh Tien Hoang d ngoi 12 nam (968-979), tho 56 tudi (924 - 979). 5. NHUNG THANH QUA CUA VUA DINH HEN HOANG 5-1. XAY DUNG KINH DO HOA LU 6 XA TRUClNG YllN, HUY$N HOA LUNGAY NAY: a- Vi tri vd dien tich Sach "Dqi Viet sic luge" (Khuyet danh thdi Tran) cd ghi: "Den nam thii nhat nien hieu Khai Bao (968) ddi vua Trieu la Tong Thdi Td, vuong xung hoang di d ddng Hoa Lu. Rdi dung cung dien, che trieu nghi, sap dat tram quan, lap xd tdc"«\ '" - Cac sach sicxifa khong ghi ngay Vua Dinh Tien Hoang mat. m t at. "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 214. <•" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 215. - "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 211. <2> - "Nguyin Trdi toan tap "(in ldn thit 2) - NXB KHXH - Ha Noi -1976- Trang 216 131 - "Dai Nam nhat thdng chf" (Sdd) - Trang 249 24 Kinh do Hoa Lu rong khoang 300ha bao triim len xa Trudng Yen huyen Hoa Lu, lai duqc chia lam hai khu vuc: Thanh Ndi va Thanh Ngoai. Thanh Ngoai nam vd phia Dong, gdm thon Yen Thanh va thon Yen Thuqng ngay nay. Day la noi xay dung nhung cung dien chinh ma khu vuc ddn Dinh va den Le la trung didm, la noi Dinh Tien Hoang cam cd nude. Trudc cac cung dien cd nui Ma Yen, tuong truyen vua Dinh Tien Hoang lay nui nay lam an. O thon Yen Thanh cd nhieu chua va den, hien nay van con, la mot phan kien true trong khu cung dien chinh. Dd la chua Nhat Tru, duqc xay dung tii ddi vua Le Dai Hanh. Cach chua Nhat Tru mot doan la den Phat Kim (thd cong chua Phat Kim - con gai vua Dinh Tien Hoang). Thanh Ngoai rong khoang 140ha. Thanh Nqi rong hon Thanh Ngoai, cd dien tich khoang 160ha, nam ve phia Tay d sau trong cac day nui phia Tay, gdm dat thon Chi Phong xa Trudng Yen ngay nay. Thanh Nqi con cd ten la Thu Nhi xa hay Khd Nhi xa, la noi d cua gia dinh cac quan lai, cac kho tang va la noi ddng quan. Goi Thanh Nqi, Thanh Ngoai la goi tfir phia trong ra phia ngoai, chii khong phai chi cac vdng thanh phia trong hay phia ngoai, cung khong mang y nghia khu thanh phu hay khu thanh chinh. Thanh Nqi va Thanh Ngoai la hai khu vuc each biet nhau nhung d sat canh nhau va cd the qua lai duqc dd dang nhd mdt ngach an thdng goi la Quen Vdng. (Quen Vdng nam ve phia Tay Nam den Dinh hien nay - thudc dat thon Chi Phong). Quen cao so vdi mat dudng khoang 5m, rdng gan 10m. Phia Nam quen la nui Quen Dot. Phia Bac quen la nui Phi Van 25 (ngay nay nhan dan pha quen lam them mot con ngoi - phia Nam quen di dan nude va ha thap quen xuong, chi cao dp 1,5m). Nhu the Kinh do Hoa Lu thdi xua co dien tich khoang 300ha, gdm hai khu Thanh Ngoai gdm 140ha, Thanh Nqi gdm 160ha. b - Thanh tri Kinh do Hoa Lu Kinh do Hoa Lu nam gqn trong thanh tri thien nhien va nhan tao d phia Bac va phia Dong, con phia Tay va phia Nam deu la nhung tudng thanh thien nhien gdm cac day nui cao trung diep. Kinh do Hoa Lu chinh la mot quan thanh vung chac do thien nhien va con ngudi lam nen. Khac vdi moi do thanh da xay dung tren dat nude ta, thanh Hoa Lu gdm nhiing day nui da voi va cac tudng thanh nhan tao dan xen, ndi lien vdi nhau, nhap nhd tao nen mdt dd thanh ddc dao ma khong noi nao cd duqc. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da biet khai thac triet de thien nhien de phuc vu cho con ngudi. Ldi kien true nay da tiet kiem tdi da siic ngudi siic cua. Chi can bit kin cac vach nui, nghia la dap them nhung tudng thanh nhan tao de ndi cac day nui lai vdi nhau la cd nhung vdng thanh vd ciing ky vi va kien cd. Chieu dai cua cac day nui tao nen tudng thanh thien nhien khoang 8km. Chieu cao binh quan cua cac ngon nui la 100m. Nhung cd cac ngon nui cao hem 200m nhu nui Mdng Mang cao 222m, nui Ddc Son cao 207m, nui Nhien Son cao 208m. Sau nhieu lan nghien ciiu va khai quat, chiing ta cd the khang dinh duqc rang Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd 13 doan tudng thanh nhan tao. 26 Thanh Ngoai d ve phia Bac va Dong Bac g6m cac tudng thanh nhan tao sau: - Tudng Dong: Gom hai doan: mot doan ndi tir nui Dam sang nui Thanh Lau dai 250m. Mot doan tCr nui Thanh Lau ndi sang nui Cot Cd cung dai 250m. Hai doan nay che chan phia Dong Kinh do Hoa Lu. - Tudng Bac: Nam ve phia Bac Kinh do Hoa Lu, gdm hai doan. Mot doan ndi tit nui Cot Cd den nui Che dai 300m. (Doan nay hien nay di qua san trudng THCS Trudng Yen). Mot doan tir nui Che den nui Cho, dai 150m. - Tudng Den: Che chan mat Bac d Thanh Nqi (thon Chi Phong) gdm hai doan: mot doan tir nui Hang To sang nui Canh Han, dai 150m, mot doan tiit nui Canh Han sang nui Sau Cai, dai 500m. - Tudng Nam nam d phia Nam Kinh do Hoa Lu, dai khoang 100m, ndi hai mom nui phia Ddng sang phia Tay, tai diem goi la Mang Nude. Dd la 7 tuyeh tudng thanh nhan tao chinh. Ngoai ra, d Thanh Ndi va phia Nam Kinh dd Hoa Lu con cd 6 doan tudng thanh nua. Tudng Bim ndi tir nui Cd Giai sang nui Mdng Mang, ngan nha't, cd 65m. Tudng Bd ndi tir nui Bd sang nui Quen Dot, dai 150m. Tudng Vau ndi tir nui Hang Quan sang nui Ma Yen dai khoang 200m. Tudng Ngoi Chem ndi tir nui Hang Quan den nui Dai Van. Tudng Quen Thung Mdc ndi tir nui Hang Luon sang nui Thung Mdc. Tudng Vau khu Thanh Ndi ndi tir nui Chua Thu sang nui Hang Sung. Tong sd cac doan tudng thanh nhan tao d Kinh dd Hoa 27 Lir la 13 doan, co 11 doan chay qua vung sinh lay va 2 doan d tren quen da voi cao rao(1). Chidu dai cua cac tudng thanh nhan tao gan 2km. Nhiing tudng thanh nhan tao nay duqc dap kha cao tir 8 den 10m, mong sau 2m, chan tudng thanh rong khoang tfir 15 den 17m, mat tren cung cua tudng thanh rong tii 3m deh 4m. Co doan xay kin bang dat ken gach, chan thanh bo gach, co doan phia trong xay gach, phia ngoai dap dat, co doan dap da Ian dat va co doan dap toan bang dat. Mong thanh co doan duqc lat bang nhung doan g6 sat vao nhau lam mong be nhu tucmg Ngoi Chem. Hien nay da'u vet cua 13 tuyeh tudng thanh vi n con. Nhu the tucmg thanh Hoa Lu la do thien nhien va con ngudi tao dung. Nd nha'p nho khong deu. Tudng thanh thien nhien la cac day nui ldn, cd ngon nui nhu Mdng Mang Cao den hon 200m. Tudng thanh nhan tao ndi cac day nui lai vdi nhau chi cao den 10m. Dieu dd lam cho tudng thanh Kinh do Hoa Lu cao khong ddu, nha'p nho nhung be the, hoanh trang. V i the, vai trd cua nhiing day nui ldn d Kinh do Hoa Lu rat quan trong. Hien nay nhung tudng thanh nhan tao d Kinh do Hoa Lu xua khong con niia. Nhieu ngudi cho rang Kinh do Hoa Lu khong con thanh cd. Nhung thuc ra thanh cd Hoa Lu van con. Du trai qua hon 1000 nam, chiu mua nang cua dat trdi khac nghiet, nd van diing dd "trogan ciing tue nguyet", khong "> - Theo Ddng Cong Nga - "Kinh do Hoa Lu thai Dinh-Tien Le" - Sd VHTT Ninh Binh - 2002. 28 phai khai quit, khong phai trung tu, dai tu. Do la nhiing day nui dung lam tuong thanh Hoa Lu xa xua van con giu nguyen cac ten goi nhu da co, chinh la mot phan con lai muon doi cua thanh co Hoa Lu ma khong bao gio mat di duqc. Da co tucmg thanh thi phai co cua thanh. Co the, d Kinh d6 Hoa Lu co cac ciia thanh sau: cua bq gom cua Dong (cua chinh) nam & tudng thanh phia Dong theo dudng cura Dong; tudng thanh phia Dong con mot cita thanh niia d doan tir nui Thanh Lau sang nui Cot Cd, cua Dong Bac nam d tudng thanh phia Dong Bac, ciia Tay nam d phia Tay; cira nude (thuy mon) gdm ciia Bac d doan song Sao Khe gan nui Che, cua Nam la hang Ludn (Xuyen Thuy Dong) va mot ciia gdm ca bq va nude la cura Thanh D6n. Theo "Dqi Nam nhat thong chi" cac ciia thanh Hoa Lu deu "co cita xay bang dd "a> rat chac chan. c - Cac cung dien trong Kinh do Hoa Lu "Dqi Viet sitky toan tint" cd viet: "Mau Thin, nam thitl (968) vua len ngoi... bat dau ditng do mdi, dap thanh, dao hao, xdy cung dien"a). Nhu the la tir nam 968 vua Dinh Tien Hoang da cho xay dung cac cung dien trong Kinh do Hoa Lu. Cac cung dien nay duqc xay dung d thon Yen Thanh va th6n Yen Thuqng, xa Trudng Yen ngay nay, ma tap trung - "Dai Nam nhat thong chi" (Sdd) - Trang 249 <2> - "Dqi Viet sitky toan tint" (Sdd) - Trang 211 29 nam d khu vuc hai ngoi den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang va vua Le Dai Hanh. d - Kho tang Trong Kinh do Hoa Lu xay dung nhieu kho tang. Day la mot loai kien true de chua cac vat lieu, vu khi, luong thuc, thuc pham, tien bac... Cac sach sir xua khong noi den kho tang. Nhung chac chan la d Thanh Noi duqc xay dung nhieu kho tang. Mot dieu rat dac biet la vua Dinh Tien Hoang da biet khai thac tdi uu thien nhien de phuc vu cho trieu dinh, lam giam nhung chi tieu khong can thiet trong dieu kien mot nha nude phong kien tap quyen con non tre. V i vay, nha vua da diing mot sd hang dong trong nui de lam kho tang. Theo truyen thuyet, d xa Trudng Yen con cd hai hang Mudi: Mdt hang Mudi d trong nui Hang Mudi nam sat phia Tay song Sao Khe (qua Ghenh Thap mdi deh hang Mudi), mdt hang Mudi Can nam ve phia Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu, deu la kho tich mudi. Hang Tien la kho tru tien d phia Tay Bac Kinh dd Hoa Lu (phia Bac thon Chi Phong, gan dudng Nguyen Van Trdi, hien nay da bi san lap do pha nui la'y da). Lai cd hang Trau la noi chiia luong thuc, hang Bim la kho vu khi,... Ngoai ra, tuong truyen thi ddng Hoa Son (xa Ninh Hoa) va khu Nen kho d thon La Mai (xa Ninh Giang) cung duqc dung lam kho chiia luong thuc, thuc pham. e - Nguc that Khong chi dung cac hang ddng de lam kho, vua Dinh Tien Hoang con dung cac hang ddng de lam nguc that. O 30 phia Dong Nam khu Thanh Ngoai co dong Am Tien d lung chirng nui, tuong truyen la noi vua Dinh Tien Hoang nhdt hd bao de khi cd ke nao pham toi nang thi bat nhdt vao day cho manh thu an thit. Dudi chan nui Dia nam ve phia Bac d khu Thanh Ngoai cd mdt ao ldn, ten la Ao Giai. Tuong truyen Ao Giai la noi vua Dinh nudi giai, de nem nhung ke cd tdi xudng ao cho giai an thit. / - Cac ngoi chiia trong Kinh do Hoa Lu Phat giao thdi Dinh da phat trien manh, nen trong Kinh dd Hoa Lu da duoc xay dung nhieu ngoi chua. Trong khu vuc Thanh Ngoai cd cac ngoi chua: - Chua Thap cd thap Bao Thien nam ve phia Bac Kinh dd Hoa Lu, gan sdng Hoang Long (d vi tri gan cdng de Trudng Yen - each den thd Le Dai Hanh khoang 2 km) da bi pha huy. Hien nay con dao thay rat nhieu tang da cac loai cua chua Thap. - Chiia Ba Ngd cung nam gan ben bd sdng Hoang Long d phia Ddng Bac Kinh dd Hoa Lu. Hien nay chua Ba Ngd da duqc xay dung lai, con giu duqc mdt tam bia da bdn mat cao hon 1 m, be ngang 0,5 m deu cham khac chu Han ghi cdng due nhung ngudi da cung tien xay dung chua d thdi gian trimg tu. - Chua Am nam trong hang nui Chiia Am duqc tao dung tir thdi Dinh, thudc thon Thong Bai. - Chiia Dia nam trong hang nui Dia duqc xay dung tir thdi Dinh. 31 g - Song, ben do vd cau trong Kinh dd Hoa Lu Dieu rat dac biet la Kinh Do Hoa Lu co song Sao Khe bat nguon tir song Hoang Long d phia Bac chay doc chay xudi ve phia Nam qua Thanh Ngoai do vao song Vac d Cau Yen, gap song Van Sang tao thanh nga ba Vu Lam. Day chinh la dau mdi giao thong bang dudng thuy rat quan trong cua Kinh do Hoa Lu. Chinh vi Kinh do Hoa Lu cd song Sao Khe nen da cd mot sd cau. Dd la cau Dong lam bang da phien (hien nay lam thay bang xi mang cot thep) nam gan nui Hd, bac ngang qua song Sao Khe. Hien con hai chu Han ldn "Dong Kieu" cham khac ndi d vach da nui Hd. Cach ciu Dong vi phia Bac khoang 500 m, con cd cau Den cung lam bang da phien bac qua song Sao Khe (hien nay lam bang x i mang cot thep)(/>. Hien nay d ("Th&i gian sau, edit bi do ndt. Den ddi Vua Le The Tong nien hieu Quang Hung (1578-1599) My quan cong Bui Van Khue da xay dung lqi can. Thong qudn Cong Dd Chit tic la Don Phu dd dung bia cho cau. Trong bdi minh co ghi: Phien dm: Gia Viin Trudng Yen Tit thuy ky son Cicu huu thuy hcong Den kieu ky nhan Dich nghia: Trudng Yen Gia Vien Sdng dep nui ky Xica cd chiic cau Dqt ten can Den 32 phia Tay bo song Sao Khe, gan cau Din con mot tam bia ldn, goi la "Den Kieu " duqc dung nam Tu Due thii 28 (1875), co noi ro cau Den la dau vet cu cua Kinh do Hoa Lu, nay tu sua lai cho moi me va dep de hon. Vi co song Sao Khe nen trong Kinh do Hoa Lu d khu vuc Thanh Ngoai co ba ben thuyen: - Ben Chq nam sat cho Trudng Yen hien nay. - Ben Den nam trudc ciia den Dinh - Le hien nay. Day chinh la mot ben thuyen rat quan trong. Neu di dudng thuy vao Kinh do Hoa Lu thi ben nay la noi cac sii than nha Tong (Trung Quoc) va cac quan van vo vao trieu gap vua phai dung thuyen d ben nay. Dd cung la ben thuyen khi Ly Thai Td ddi do phai xuat phat tu day. - Ben Lac (con goi la ben Lac) nam d doan song chay sat lang Trudng Yen Thuqng. h - Mot so nui quan trong trong Kinh do Hoa Lit - Nui C6t Cd: Nui cao hon 90 m nam vi phia Dong Bac Kinh do Hoa Lu. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang diing nui nay de cam cd nude, vi vay goi la nui Cot Cd. Nd nhu mot cot cd thien nhien khong Id vi dai. - Nui Ma Yen: Hien nay nui d ngay trudc cita den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang, hai dau nho cao, giua vong xudng, trong gidng hinh yen ngua, nen goi la Ma Yen. Tuong truyen, vua Dinh Tien Hoang lay nui nay lam an xay dung Kinh do Hoa Lu. Tren dinh nui cd lang vua Dinh Tien Hoang bang da. - Nui Dai Van duqc dung dien Bach Bao Thien Tue. 3-NVLS 33 - Ghenh Thap: La mot mom nui thap nho ra sat song Sao Khe (gan Xuyen Thuy Dong). Mom nui nay tuong truyen la noi vua Dinh thudng diing tren do de duyet thuy quan. - Nui Hang Luon: Nui co hang Luon xuyen qua nui. Hang rong hon 30m, vdm hang thap nhung dai den 143m. Song Sao Khe chay xuyen qua hang, day chinh la cura thanh phia Nam cua Kinh do Hoa Lu. Tii Kinh do Hoa Lu co the xudng thuyen theo sdng Sao Khe qua hang Luon di ve phia Nam rat de dang. - Nui Am Tien: trong nui cd ddng, vua Dinh dung noi dd lam nguc da, nudi ho bao trong hang, he cd ke nao pham toi nang thi bat nhdt vao day cho manh thu an thit. •7, , - Nui Chua Am: O phia Bac nui cd hang rdng va sau duqc dung lam chua Am. O phia Nam goi la nui Dia cung cd hang diing lam chua Dia. Hai chua nay deu duqc hinh thanh tuf thdi Dinh. - Nui Hang Quan: trong nui cd hang rdng ldn la noi quan xac chet cua ngudi trong trieu dinh trudc khi dem chon. i - Nhiing tram gdc bao ve Kinh do Hoa Lu Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd cua thanh, chac chan d cac cira thanh dd deu cd quan lmh giu thanh. Dd la cac tram gac bao ve Kinh dd Hoa Lu. Phia Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu la dudng Tien Yet. Day la con dudng bd chinh, dudng huye't mach vao ra Kinh dd Hoa Lu. Con dudng dd con duqc goi la "Dudng Cita Ddng". (Hien con tam bia Cira Ddng ghi: "Dudng Ciia Ddng Trang An la 34 mdt ldi di rdng ldn, mdt thdng canh dddt Gia Viin (Hoa Lit). Tit khi Dinh Tien Hoang ditng nitdc dinh dd... d phia Ddng dd thanh, Nien Than The goi la Dudng Cita Ddng. Bay gid cac quan van vd thudng theo dudng nay lui tdi trieu can..."). Doc dudng Tien Yet nay, trudc day co dung nhieu tram gac kien cd de bao ve Kinh thanh Hoa Lu. Cach Thanh Ngoai v6 phia Ddng khoang gan 1km la thon Ang Ngu - noi ma cac quan til khap noi trong nude ve day, trudc khi vao Kinh dd chau vua, dung lai de sira sang trieu y. Cach thon Ang Ngu hon 1 km la Quen Oi - cua ngd vao Kinh dd, trudc day rat cao, khd di, hai phia Bac Nam deu la nui chan chi cd cai quen nay di vao cung la mdt tram gac. Cach Quen Oi 1km la thon Quan Vinh, cung la mdt tram gac ldn. Cach thon Quan Vinh l km la tram gac d khu vuc nui Dung Duong, nui Nuong Son (nui Nang) va Con Linh thudc thon Da Gia, thi trail Thien Ton va xa Ninh My ngay nay. Ba nui ldn nay nam gan hai ben dudng Tien Yet nhu mdt cdng thanh thien nhien ky vi an ngu con dudng chinh vao Kinh dd Hoa Lu. (Tai chiia Ha d xa Ninh My, huyen Hoa Lu cd mdt ve' ddi ndi de'n tram gac d£u tien nay: "Con linh tiin ddn Dinh tiin thuy", nghia la: nui Con Linh cd mdt tram gac dau tien cua Kinh dd trieu Dinh). De bao ve Kinh dd Hoa Lu ve mat dudng thuy va dudng bd, vua Dinh Tien Hoang con cho xay ddn luy tren nui Non Nude (nui Due Thuy) d thanh phd Ninh Binh hien nay. Day la mdt tien ddn de kiem soat con dudng bd tut Tam Diep ra va dudng bien theo cura Dai Ac vao. Cd the ndi, nui Non Nude 35 chinh la mot can cii quan su cua quan bp va quan thuy thdi Dinh. Ngoai ra d phia Dong kinh thanh cd mot cai quen khong cao qua 10m. Phia Bac la nui Dam, phia Nam la nui Am Tien, chd ha thap cua hai nui nay lii n nhau lam thanh quen. Tur day cd the qua mot thung nhd di thang vao hang Quan, se vao duqc Kinh do Hoa Lu. Do dd d phia ngoai quen giua nui Dam va nui Am Tien chac chan se cd tram gac bao ve phia Dong Kinh do Hoa Lu. O day con duqc goi la An Quan (cua ai duqc tran giu bao ve). Dieu dd chiing td vua Dinh Tien Hoang rat quan tam, chii y xay dung kinh thanh va cac phdng tuyeh de bao ve vung chac Kinh do Hoa Lu, cung la bao ve nude Dai Co Viet. k-He thdng giao thdng ra vao Kinh do Hoa Lu - Giao thong bp: Dudng bp quan trong nhat la dudng Tien Yet (dudng Ciia Dong) da neu d tren. Con dudng nay chay ra phia Dong den nga ba Cau Huyen d thi trail Thien Ton ngay nay ndi vdi dudng thien ly Bac Nam gan trung vdi dudng qud'c Id 1A. Hien con bia Cua Ddng ghi: "Dudng Cita Ddng Id mdt ldi di rdng ldn ... Tie khi Dinh Tien Hoang dung nude dinh dd...d phia Ddng dd thanh ... Bay gid cac quan van vd thudng theo dudng nay lui tdi trieu can ". Tuyen dudng bd phia Tay Kinh dd Hoa Lu. Dudng bd nay men theo bd sdng Hoang Long di qua xa Gia Sinh, huyen Gia Vien va mot sd xa d huyen Nho Quan den nga ba Ria se 36 ndi vdi dudng Thucmg Dao di vao Thanh Hoa neu nguqc len phia Bac se den Hoa Binh. Mdt tuyeh dudng bd nua di ve phia Bac, qua sdng Hoang Long, theo dudng Tien Yet, thudc xa Gia Tien, huyen Gia Vien tdi thi tran Me huyen Gia Vien, rdi qua Chi Ne, Ha Nam, nhap vao dudng thien ly. - Giao thong thuy: + Dudng sdng: Trong Thanh Ngoai cd sdng Sao Khe la con sdng rat quan trong cd the nguqc len phia Bac den sdng Hoang Long, re ve phia Ddng, den nga ba Gian Khau, gap sdng Day. Tii sdng Day cd ba dudng, mdt dudng di len Phu Ly (Ha Nam) la dudng len phia Bac, mdt dudng chay ra bien. Dudng thu* ba den nga ba Non Nude d thanh phd Ninh Binh, qua sdng Van Sang, sdng Trinh Nu, sdng Hd di vao Thanh Hoa. Neu theo sdng Sao Khe, qua hang Luon xudi vd phia Nam, den nga ba Yen Dang (xa Ninh Tien), con goi la nga ba Vu Lam theo sdng Trinh NO, sdng Hd, vao sdng Than Phu ra cira bien Than Phu. Mdt hudng di nua cua sdng Sao Khe la nguqc len phia Bac, theo sdng Hoang Long se den sdng Kim Bdi (Hoa Binh) d phia Bac, qua phia sdng Lang (Hoa Binh) ve phia Tay. + Dudng bien: Thdi nha Dinh, bien d sat chan nui Non Nude (nui Due Thuy), tai dd cd cang Phuc Thanh vura la cang sdng vira la cang bien. Mdt cura bien nua la cua Tieu Khang (cura Can) hidn nay la dat xa Yen Mac, huyen Yen Md. 37 Ngudi xua thudng ndi "Nam chu, Bac ma", nghia la ngudi Viet Nam di lai chii yeu bang thuyen, ngudi Trung Quoc di lai chu yeu bang ngua. V i vay giao thong thuy d Kinh do Hoa Lu rat quan trong. Cac quan lai ve trieu chau vua, cac sir than nha Tong den Kinh do Hoa Lu va nhung hang hoa, vat lieu, duqc chuyen chd den Kinh do Hoa Lu deu duqc di bang dudng thuy. Trong chien dau, cac tudng linh va quan sy cua Kinh do Hoa Lu di danh giac Tdng bang dudng thuy. Cac quan cua trieu dinh di ddn tiep sir Tdng cung bang dudng thuy. (Nam 990 vua Le Dai Hanh cur Dinh Thira Chinh dem 9 chiec thuyen chd 300 quan vuqt bien sang Quang Dong (Trung Quoc) ddn sir Tdng). Ke thu mudn danh Kinh dd Hoa Lu cung phai vao bang dudng thuy. (Nam 979 Ngd Nhat Khanh da dung hon 1000 chiec thuyen de vao danh cudp Kinh dd Hoa Lu). * * * Kinh dd Hoa Lu con toa ra mdt khong gian rdng hon nua d thon Trung Tru, xa Ninh Giang, huyen Hoa Lu. Thdi xa xua thon Trung Tru van thudc xa Trudng Yen. Giua thon cd nui Chua. Nui Chiia cd hang Mieu Ndi la noi vua Dinh Tien Hoang dung lam kho luong thuc Tom lai, Kinh dd Hoa Lu la mdt quan thanh, mat phia Bac la sdng Hoang Long nhu "bftc tudng thanh thien nhien 38 nude", phia Dong la cac ngon nui ndi vdi nhau bang cac tudng thanh nhan tao, phia Tay va phia Nam la cac day nui da cao viit. Day la mdt thanh luy ldn gdm nhiing qua nui bao bqc xung quanh nen mang nang tinh chat quan su. Kinh dd Hoa Lu lai cd nhieu tram gac bao ve, giao thdng thuy, bd rat thuan lqi. Day la mdt vi tri kin dao thuan tien cho viec phdng thu, tien cdng, mat khac lai xa bien thuy ai Bac - khien cho giac phuong Bac khd khan trong viec tim hieu de md nhiing dot tien cdng chop nhoang. Xa hdi Dai Co Viet khi dd rat can mdt quan thanh nhu the de ton tai va phat trien. Kinh dd Hoa Lu khi dd hoan toan phu hop vdi tinh hinh thuc te cua nude Dai Co Viet liic bay gid. 5.2 - N^N KINH TE NUC-C DAI CO VIET 6 N DINH VA PHAT TRIEN a- Thu cdng nghiep phat trien De xay dung duqc Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd cac cung dien nguy nga nhu the, thi trong nude phai cd cac nganh nghi phat trien nhu: nghe khai thac vat lieu xay dung, nghe mdc, nghe gdm, nghe cham khac da... - Cham khac dd: Nghe cham khac da d thdi dd da phat trien manh. Nam 979, sau khi giet em la hoang thai tii Dinh Hang Lang, an nan va dau khd, Dinh Lii n da cho thq lam 100 toa kinh Phat bang da hinh bat giac dung ben bd sdng Hoang Long de cau cho linh hdn Hang Lang duqc sieu thoat, cung la cau xin cho viec lam ac cua minh. Tren tam mat cua 100 cot kinh Phat deu 39 khac bai kinh bang chir Han. Chiing to rang nghe cham khac da cua nudfc ta da co tir thdi nha Dinh hoac trudc do. - Tint phap dd: Song song vai nghe cham khac da phai noi den thu phap da, tiic la cham khac chu Han tren da. Trong kho tang van bia Viet Nam, chiing ta mdi phat hien duqc 6" Dong Son (Thanh Hoa) mot bia co nien dai vao nam 618, cham khac co it chu Han. Nhung 100 cot kinh Phat do Dinh Lien cho lam hien van con luu giu duqc mdt sd cot d Nha Bao tang Ninh Binh da khang dinh van bia chu Han ve kinh Phat da phat trien manh b Kinh do Hoa Lu. Tren 8 mat cua 100 cot Kinh Phat ma Dinh Lii n cho lam dlu khac day bai Kinh Da Na Ni. Didu do cung khang dinh thu phap da of Kinh do Hoa Lu da phat trien manh. - Kien true, dieu khac phat trien: Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da cho xay dung cac cung dien d Kinh do Hoa Lu, thi chac chan nghe kien true va dieu khac b thdi Dinh da phat trien manh. Theo Dang Cong Nga trong "Kinh do Hoa Luthdi Dinh - Tien Le"(,), kien true cac cung dien la mot ting, theo kieu hinh chu nhat, cd tir nam gian trd len, bq khung cua cung dien la mot ket ca'u hoan toan bang gd til thiet, cd hai mai chinh va hai mai phu lqp bang ngoi. So Van hod - Thong tin Ninh Binh xuat ban nam 2002 40 Kien true va dieu khac phat trien tlic la nghd moc d thdi Dinh da hung thinh. Theo ngoc pha d ddn Ninh Xa thuoc xa Yen Ninh, huyen Y Yen, tinh Nam Dinh, nhan vat chinh duoc phung thd trong ddn la Thanh Td nghe moc Ninh Huu Hung. Day cung la nhan vat duoc thd tai den - phu La Xuyen, thon La Xuyen, xa Yen Ninh, huyen Y Yen, tinh Nam Dinh. Ong Ninh Huu Hung la ngudi thon Chi Phong, xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay. Ong theo nghd moc truyen thdng cua gia dinh. Nghd mdc cua dng ndi tieng khap noi. Vdi nghe mdc dd, khi xay dung cac cung dien d Kinh dd Hoa Lu vua Dinh Tien Hoang da trieu dng den de tham gia xay dung cac cung dien, chu yeu lam nghd mdc. Ong da duoc vua Dinh Tien Hoang phong chiic "Cong tuong luc phu gidm sat dqi tudng quan " (Dai tudng quan trong coi cdng vide sau phu). - Nghe gom: Sau nhieu lan khai qu|t d khu vuc ddng Thien Ton, chan mdng cac tudng thanh nhan tao, dac biet la xung quanh hai ngoi den Dinh va Le, chiing ta da tim thay rat nhieu loai gach va do gdm. Cd nhieu loai gach de xay tudng thanh va xay cung didn, lat cung dien. Dac biet, cd cac loai gach vuong trang tri 2 bdng hoa sen, gach "Dqi Viet quoc quan thanh chuyen" cd lot chii d vien gach, gach cd chu 'Thai Binh" ddu bang chCr Han. Ngoai ra con tim thay cac mang dat nung cd trang tri hoa van dep, md con phuong dat nung, nhiing con vit dat 41 nung dupe trang tri tren mai cung dien, dau rong dat nung, mat ho phu dat nung. Gan day, tir nam 2002 den nam 2004, trong ke hoach nao vet va hinh thanh Khu hang dong Trang An thuoc phia Nam Kinh do Hoa Lu xua, chiing ta da da thu duqc nhieu cd vat thdi Dinh nhu: gach xay, gach lat, coi gia, bat dia, hu vai, vd, nhac ngua, ngoi dng, ngoi lip, ngoi mui, ngoi mau,... Nhiing co vat dd chiing td rang nude Dai Co Viet khi dd da cd nhieu Id san xuat dd gdm. - Nghe thuoc da: Nam 974 vua Dinh Tien Hoang quy dinh mot trieu quan phai dpi mix "binh dinh". Loai mu nay lam bang da. Den cac ddi sau vi n dung nd. Sd luqng mu rat ldn, phai thupc nhieu da mdi lam du mu. Dieu nay cung chiing td nghi thupc da phat trien manh. Nhung nganh nghd dd phat trien the hien d Kinh do Hoa L u cd nhung xudng diic tien, ren vu khi, may mu ao, ddng thuyen, xay dung cung dien, nha ciia,... b- Kinh tehdng hod phat trien: Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da cho diic tien ddng "Thdi Binh Httng Bao " la ddng tii n cd nhat cua Viet Nam con lai den ngay nay. Trong qua trinh khai quat va nao vet cac thung, cac hang dpng trong Khu du lich Trang An gan day chiing ta cung da thu duqc rat nhieu tii n ddng d thdi Dinh. Chiing td kinh te hang hoa da thuc su hinh thanh trong nude Dai Co 42 Viet, dong thdi co sir giao thirong vdi nude ngoai. "Dqi Viet sicky toan thit" cho biet: "Nam 976...mua xudn, thuyen buon ban cua nude ngoai den ddng sdn vat cua nude ho "(l>. c- Nghe ndng phat trien manh: Day la mot nghe co ban, quan trong nhat cua dan. Gac su sach xua khong ndi den su phat trien ndng nghiep d nha Dinh. Nhung dieu chac chan la, vua Dinh Tien Hoang rat quan tam den san xuat nong nghiep, cd the mdi du luong thuc nudi sdng va du tru cho ba trieu ngudi, trong dd cd mdt trieu quan ddi. Ngoai ra, cac ngh6 nhu trong dau nudi tam, det lua, cung duqc phat trien. Cd the ndi, n6n kinh te cua nude Dai Cd Viet da on dinh va phat trien. 5.3 - QUAN HE NGOAI GIAO TOT DEP Nam 969 d Trung Quoc van con canh Dai loan 5 ddi 10 nude (Ngu dai thap quoc), nha Tdng la nam thu 10, d nude Dai Cd Viet cua chiing ta la nam thii 2. V i vay, nen nha Tdng chua kip "vdi tay" xudng phuong Nam. Dinh Tien Hoang nhan thiic duqc dieu dd va cung hi6u ro rang sir tdn tai cua dat nude phai gan chat vdi mdi quan he ngoai giao tot dep vdi nha Tdng, vdi cac nude lang gieng. Cho nen mac du mdi len ngoi vua duqc mdt nam, con dang phai ciing cd bd may ciia trieu chinh, nhung vao mua xuan, thang gieng, nam Canh Ngo (970), Dinh Tien Hoang da chu ddng sai sii sang nude Tdng de ket hao. Viec chu ddng nay "> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd ) - Trang 213 43 ciia Dinh Tien Hoang rat can thiet, the' hien tam nhin diing dan vd quan he ngoai giao giua nude nho vdi nude ldn d phuong Bac. Cd le day la doan sii gia dau tien ciia mot Nha nude phong kien tap quyen d nude ta sang Trung Quoc, cung la doan sii Viet Nam dau tien di nude ngoai? Rat tiec la sir sach Viet Nam khong ghi duqc doan di sii Trung Quoc gdm nhung ai? Nam sau, nam 971, nha Tdng sai ngudi mang thu deh Kinh dd Hoa Lu "nhdc nhd" Dinh Tien Hoang nhu sau: "... Cong nghiep dd thanh roi. Gid doi nhd nguoi den-decho yen long tram. Nhd ngtfcfi chd nen quay di noi khac;... "a>. Den thdi diem nay, khong con la chu ddng, tu nguyen nua, ma con phai lam theo yeu cau cua nha Tdng, Dinh Tien Hoang quyet dinh sai Dinh Lien - con trai ca cua minh la Nam Viet vuong di sang nude Tdng vao nam 972, den nam 973 mdi trd ve nude. Chon Dinh Lien di sii the hien su ton trong nha Tdng de cung cd niem tin cua nha Tdng vdi nude Dai Co Viet. Dinh Lien lai d nude Tdng khoang gan 1 nam nen cang them gan bd than mat tinh hiiu hao gifla hai nude. Dieu chac chan la chuyen di sii sang nha Tdng cua Dinh Lien da thanh cdng, nen khi Dinh Lien ve nude, vua Tdng da sai sii den Kinh dd Hoa Lu phong Dinh Tien Hoang lam Giao Chi Quan vuong, ldi che' cd doan: "nhd Dinh ddi ddi Id ho ddn anh, gitf duqc coi ddtd phuong xa ... Dekhen ngttdidiic tot, sac menh ddu cd hep hdi "(2>. Dinh Lien duqc phong lam <" - "Dai Viet sit luge " (Sdd) - Trang 73. 121 - "Licit trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III (Sdd) - Trang 186 44 Kiem hieu Thai su, Tinh hai quan Tiet do stf "A n Nam do hp. Day la cot moc quan trong trong quan he ngoai giao giua nha Dinh vdi nha Tdng. Nha Tdng phai thira nhan Dinh Tien Hoang la vua cua mdt nude. De giu gin mdi quan he ngoai giao tot dep dd cho lau dai, nam 975, Dinh Tien Hoang lai sai Trinh Tii (la mdt trong tii tru trieu Dinh) sang nude Tdng tri6u cdng: vang, lua, sirng te, nga voi. Nha Tdng cung dap 16 lai nen sai Hong Ld Tu Khanh Cao Bao Tu dan Vuong Ngan Phii mang che sach sang nude Dai Cd Viet phong Dinh Lien lam Khai phu nghi ddng tam ty, kiem hieu thai su Giao Chi Quan Vuong. Ro rang la mdi quan he ngoai giao giua hai nude ngay cang hiiu hao hon len. Nam 976, Dinh Tien Hoang sai Tran Nguyen Thai sang nha Tdng dap 16 viec nha Tdng sang sach phong cho Dinh Lien. Nam 977, Dinh Tien Hoang lai sai sii sang nha Tdng mirng Tdng Thai Ton len ngoi, hai lan nay d6u the hien quan he ngoai giao cua Dinh Tien Hoang rat diing nghi 16 va rat can thiet. Nam 979 (nam Ky Mao) thi Dinh Tien Hoang mat. Nhu the'tir nam 970 de'n nam 977, trong vdng cd 8 nam ma Dinh Tien Hoang da cu di sii sang nha Tdng 5 lan. Nha Tdng cung cu sii sang nude Dai Co Viet 3 lan. '" - Tiet dd sir: quan cai quan mot don vi hanh chinh gom nhieu chau, quan d vung bien gidi Trung Quoc thdi Duong (goi la phien tran). Vao nira sau theky IX, chirc quan do ho An Nam dirge doi thanh Tiet do sir. Ngudi ddn tien gift chirc nay Id Cao Bien. 45 Nam doan sii cua nude Dai Co Viet sang nude Tong d6u la nhung lan chii dong, can thiet, dung thdi diem va diing 16 nghi. Va cd le, khong lin nao doan sii ciia nude Dai Co Viet lam cho nha Tdng phat y. Nhiing cudc bang giao dd da ghi nhan mot quan he ngoai giao quoc te ban dau, mot chinh sach ddi ngoai kheo leo, mem deo cua Dinh Tien Hoang de giu gin hoa binh cho dan tqc. Phai chang, d tri6u Dinh Tien Hoang quan he bang giao giua Viet Nam va Trung Quoc la tot dep va thanh cong, mdra mot tam nhin ddi ngoai ciia nude ta. Dinh Tien Hoang da khdi ngudn di dau ve cdng tac ngoai giao each chiing ta hon lOtheky. 5.4 - KHAI SINH RA NGHfe THUAT SAN KHAU CHEO DAN GIAN C> VIET NAM Vua Dinh Tien Hoang rat quan tam den hat miia. Sach "Dd CdLuc"(ghi chep v6 phep danh trong) - mdt trong nhung cuon sach ngay xua con giu duqc den ngay nay - cd ghi: phep danh trong trong cac cudc vui cua quan ngu thdi Dinh theo ldi "hdi thanh" (mugn tieng muqn ldi ndi ma ghi). Mdi cau ghi dieu trong la mdt ldi mdt khau hieu cd vu quan si tdng quan giet giac, tham duqm tinh than chien dau quyet thang, long tu hao dan tqc. Nhung tieng trong ay cung gdp phan khai sinh ra tieng trong cheo. 46 Vua Dinh Tien Hoang cung mudn nang cao si khi va lam cho tam hon quan si thu thai nen da quan tam den viec hat xudng, dien cheo. Ba Pham Thi Tran que d Hong Chau, tinh Hung Yen la ngudi rat xinh dep va cd nang khieu ca miia tur nhd. Ldn len ba dien trd rat gidi va thupc nhieu lan dieu ve nhung khuc hat ddng que dan da. Nghe tieng ddn ba cd tai nang nhu the nen vua Dinh Tien Hoang da cho trieu ba v6 Kinh do Hoa Li i de day miia hat lam vui long cac quan si. Ba day hat va miia cho mot dan dien vien, rdi trong nhiing dem trang va dip hpi ldn, dudi nhung ngon dude thong, ba thudng td chiic nhung budi dien nham cd vu quan si. Nhung dem vui ay, ba la ngudi dao dien, ngudi td chiic, ngudi chi huy. Liic dau chi truydn day trong quan dpi, sau thi ba truyen day ra ngoai Kinh do, rdi lan sang cac tinh Thai Binh, Hung Yen. Nhd cd cdng lao ldn nhu the nen vua Dinh Tien Hoang da phong cho ba chiic "Ifu Ba" - mdt chiic quan thdi dd. Nhu the ddng gdp quan trong cua ba d thdi Dinh la hinh thanh mdt nghe thuat hat, miia dan gian va budc dau cd bieu dien trd, tiic la bieu dien cheo. Sau nay, ba Pham Thi Tran duqc suy lam "Ba td nghe hat cheo" Viet Nam. 5.5 - HINH THANH NGHE THUAT XIEC Theo sii cu, d thdi Dinh, cung vdi phudng cheo, da xuat hien mdt ganh xiec chuyen nghiep. Trum xiec la mdt phap su. Thang 1 (mudi mdt), thang chap, dan Phong Chau cd (Son Tay, Vinh Phii cu) md hdi den tethan Xuong Cudng - 47 mot vi than co (tuong truyen, phai diing ngudi song lam vat te than). Trudc den dung lau Phi Van cao 20 thudc (khoang 8m), dung mot cay cot d trong, tet vd cay gai lam day chao dai 136 thudc (khoang 50m), dudng kinh khoang 2 tac (khoang 6 - 8cm) day may qua'n ngoai rdi chon hai dau day xudng dat, doan giua gac len cay. Mot day khac dai 150 thudc, cd mot chd mac chac ba, hai day giao nhau. Doan xiec cd 6 ngudi, mang ten Thuqng Ky, Thuqng Can, Thuqng Hiem, Thuqng Dat, Thuqng Toai, Thuqng Cau (Thuqng cung nhu thang, chi mot ngudi dan ong). M d dau la tiet muc leo day, Thuqng Ky mac quan den, dqi khan den diing tren day ma chay nhanh ba bon lan, di di, lai lai ma khong nga. Rdi den Thuqng Can hai tay cam hai can cd leo tren day, ca hai ngudi cung di tren day, gap nhau d chd chac ba thi lai tranh, leo xudng la khong nga. Tiep theo Thuqng Dat lay mot tain gd ldn, rong 1 thudc 3 tac, day 7 tac, dat len tren cay cao 17 thudc 3 tac, Dat diing d tren, nhay hai ba cai, tien tien, liti liii ma khong nga. Thuqng Toai lay tre dan thanh ldng hinh nhu cai Id bat ca, dai 5 thudc, trdn 4 thudc rdi chui vao diing thang minh ma lan. Thuqng Cau vd tay nhay nhdt, la het keu gao, chuyen dong chan tay, vd dui, vd bung, tien lui len xudng. Lai nhay len minh ngua, vira phi vira cui minh xudng lay vat, nhat ddng tien d dudi dat ma khong nga. 48 Thuqng Hiem bieu dien mot tro khac: nga minh nam ngua, lay chan do mot cai gay dai rdi cho diia tre treo len ma khong rot xudng. Trong khi cac nghe sy xiec bieu dien hay diing lai giua cac tiet muc, cd nhdm choi nhac go trong, khua chieng, ca miia gdp vui. Chung ta chua ro nghe thuat xiec Viet Nam ra doi tit bao gid, nhung sir sach da ghi lai cho biet xiec thdi Dinh la nhu the. 5.6 - NHA NUtJC CHUA CO PHAP CHE Vua Dinh Tien Hoang mdi lap nude, chua dinh ra luat de xtr nhung ke pham tdi. Nhiing ke pham tdi deu dupe xu theo y nha vua va rat da man. "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu" ghi: "Vua mudn diing uy che ngu thien hq, ben dat vac ldn 6 sdn trieu, nudi ho du trong ciii, hq lenh rang: "Ke nao trdi phep phai chiu tdi bd vac ddu, cho ho an "u>. Chinh vi vay, tuong truyen ddng Am Tien d lung chung nui Am Tien thudc xa Trudng Yen la mdt nguc that. Nha vua cho nudi nhdt hd bao trong ddng, de khi cd ke nao pham tdi nang thi bat nhdt vao dd cho manh thii an thit. Dudi chan nui Dia nam ve phia Bac d khu Thanh Ngoai cd mdt ao ldn. Tuong truygn, ao dd goi la Ao Giai la noi vua Dinh nudi nhieu con giai de khi nao cd ke pham tdi nang thi cho nem xudng de giai an thit. Thdi Dinh, dan tinh chua chiu tuan theo luat le nen cd "' "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 211. 4-NVLS 49 the nhiing hinh thiic xii phat nhu tren de trurng tri nhung ke gian ac la can thiet. Chinh vi the sach "Viet Nam Sit htqc " da nhan dinh: "Hinh luat uy nghiem nhu the thi cung qua lam, nhung nhd co nhung hinh luat ay thi ddn trong nitdc mdi ddn ddn duqc yen "(". 6 - KET LUAN VE VUA DINH TIEN HOANG "Dqi Viet sitky toan thit" danh gia: "Vua tdi ndng sdng sudt hon ngudi, dung cam muu htqc nhdt ddi "(2>. Vua'Dinh Tien Hoang chinh la ngudi anh hung dan toe, da co nhieu chien cong ky vi: thdng nhat dat nude, xay dung mdt nha nude phong kien Trung uong tap quyen dau tien, bao ve va xay dung nen ddc lap tu chu cua nude Dai Co Vi6t. Ong chinh la ngudi cd cdng md dau, ngudi khai pha va dat nen mdng cho Kinh dd Hoa Lu - Ong td phuc hung thdng nhat quoc gia. Su nghiep ay da duqc nha sii hoc Le Van Huu nhan xet: 'Tien Hoang nhded tdi ndng sdng sud't hon ngudi, dung cam mitu htqc nhdt ddi, duong liic nitdc Viet ta khong cd chu, cac hung trudng cat cd, mdt phen cat quan md 12 sit quan phuc hit. Vua mdnudc ditng dd, doi xung hoang di', ddt tram quan, lap sau quan, chi'dd gan day dii, cd le y trdi vi nude Viet ta md lqi sinh bde Thanh trii't ". "> - Trdn Trong Kim - "Viet Nam Siduqc " - Ha Noi -1949 (2). "BVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 210. <3> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 211. 50 Dl/ON G HA U (? - 1000 ) Theo "Dqi Viet sicky toan thit", thi ba khong dupe ghi ro ten chi goi la "Duong Thi". Chinh vi the co y kien cho la ba que 6" Chau A i (Thanh Hoa) von dong Duong Dinh Nghe((7 ; 111 - Duong Van Nga, theo truyen thuyet ddn gian dNinh Binh, que d Van Long, huyen Gia Vien, vique bddxdVdn Long (nay IdxdGia Van, huyen Gia Viln), co nghia la "rong may", con me que d Nga My (nay Id xa Gia Thuy, huyen Nho Quan), co nghia Id "may ngai". Vi vdy borne mdi ddt ten con gdi Id Van Nga, co ngliia Id ngudi con gdi yeu dieu nhu may. Ten goi do cung ndi duoc ten lang que xua cua borne Duong Van Nga. Tuong truyen, khi mdi chdo ddi, bd ddkhdc "dq de" ba thdng, khong ai dd nin duoc. Sau do cd mdt dao sy ru bd bang mot can: "Nin di, nin di thdi/ Mot vai gdnh vac cd doi son hd ". Sau cau ru ay, bd nin ngay, khdng khdc nua. Theo 'Truyen cd lau ", Duong Van Nga ldn len la mot cd gdi dep tuyet tran, lqi rat thdng minh. Cung thdi gian dd Dinh Bo LTnh lam trai trudng trqi Dao Ucu> chua cd vq. Liai Phiic Id ngudi ban than trudc day ciia Dinh Cdng Trie da di tim vq cho Dinh Bd LTnh. Ong den vitdn Rong (Long Vien) dthdn My Hq, thay cd mot cd gdi rdtxinh dep dang cat co, vita cat vita hat edit: "Anh di tan tia, tan vang De em cat cd ben ddng sao dang. Tay cam ban nguyet xenh xang Hang tram ngon co lai hang tay ta." Ong cho rang, day chinh Id ngudi phu nit can tim deldm vet cho Dinh Bo LTnh. Ong ben tim den nha dng Duong Thdi Huyen (Trudc day la nha tudng ciia Duong Dinh Nghe ve hint) de tham ban cii vd hoi them vied 51 Quy dinh cua trieu dinh phong kien Trung Hoa xua, vua chi duoc lap mot hoang hau. Nhung khi Dinh Bo LTnh len ngoi vua, den nam 970, ong da lap mot loat 5 ba hoang Mu, trong do co Duong Thi. Sau khi vua Dinh Tien Hoang mat, trieu dinh da dua Dinh Toan la con cua Duong Thi len lam vua, khi mdi 6 tudi. Liic dd Le Hoan giu chiic Phd vuong nhiep chinh. So Le Hoan lam dieu bat lqi cho vua nhd, luon luon trung thanh vdi trieu Dinh, Dinh quoc cong Nguyln Bac, Ngoai giap Dinh Dien va Pham Hap da cung nhau da'y binh, chia hai dudng thuy, bo tit A i Chau (Thanh Hoa) tien ve Kinh do dinh giet Le Hoan. Duong Thai hau thay nqi chien cd the xiy ra lam ton thuong den trieu dinh. Khong mudn dat nude lai roi vao canh chien tranh, vdi cuong vi cao nhat cua chinh quyen nha Dinh khi dd, ba da quyet dinh rat sang sudt, trao quyen cho Le Hoan di danh bon hq. Thai hau ndi: "Bon Bac day quan khdi loan lam kinh dong nude nha ta. Vua con nho yeu chua kham noi nhieu nan, cac ong nen lieu tinh di chd de tai hoa ve sau "(l>. Dd la menh lenh cua Thai hau. Ba da dat lqi ich cua "nude nhd ta " len tren het. Ba hieu rat ro Dinh Dien, Nguyln Bac la hai ngudi ban than, cung liia tudi, cung que, ket nghia anh em vdi Dinh Bd LTnh tii thud chan trau. Hq da cung vdi Dinh Bo LTnh sat canh tir nhiing ngay dau di dep loan 12 sii quan. Sau khi Dinh Bd LTnh len ngoi hoang de, Dinh Dien va Nguyln gdi vica gap. Khong ngd Duong Van Nga chinh Id con ciia Duong ThdHuyen. The" Id Lmi Phuc da tim duqc ngudi vq ddu tien cho Dinh Bp LTnh la Duong Van Nga. "> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 215 52 Bac la hai trong tii tru cua trieu Dinh da giup vua Dinh Tien Hoang lanh dao trieu chinh lam cho nude Dai C6 Viet on dinh va phat trien. Nhung luc nay ho da "khdi loan lam kinh ddng nude nhd ta ", khong the de xiy ra canh noi chien, nen ba quyet dinh phai danh dep. Do la mot quyet dinh rat dung dan. Le Hoan giet duqc Dinh Dien, Nguyln Bac va Pham Hap lam phan, nude Dai Cd Viet da yen on. M6t quyet dinh nBa rat quan trong niia cua Duong Thai hau la, trong khi trieu dinh dang chuan bi cuqc khang chien chong quan xam luqc Tdng vao mua thu, thang 7 nam Canh Thin (980), "Thdi hdu sai Le Hoan chon dung sy di danh giac, lay ngUdi dNam Sach Giang la Pham CuLqng lam Dqi tudng quan "(1>. Day la mot quyet dinh kep. Ba neu ra mot dudng ldi chien luqc la phai "di danh giac ", phai danh quan xam luqc nha Tdng khi xam pham bd coi nude Dai Co Viet. Ddng thdi ba con neu ro phai chon tudng tai di danh giac. Ngudi cam quan di danh giac la Le Hoan. Quyet dinh cua ba chi dao cho Le Hoan phai "chon dung sy" tiic la phai chon nhiing ngudi tai nang ve quan su nhat thi mdi duong diu dinh giac Tdng duqc. Mot trong nhung "diing sy" dd, ba chi dich danh "la Pham Cu Lang lam Dqi tudng quan ". (Mac du Pham Cu Lang la em ruqt cua Pham Hap vira bi Le Hoan giet). Dieu dd the hifin Duong Thai hau rat am hieu ve quan su va danh gia diing tai nang cua cac tudng linh. - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 217 53 Dinh Toan len ngoi tir thang 10 nam 979. Dinh Toan con nho, chua lanh dao duoc trieu chinh, Duong Thai hau da chap chinh, nam chac uy quyen, dieu khien cong viec cita trieu dinh de giu ngoi bau cho nha Dinh. Ba khong chinh thtic lam vua, nhung thuc su da dieu hanh viec nude nhu mot ong vua. Cong lao 1dm nhat cua ba la luqng sue minh khong dam duong noi viec nude trong luc nude soi lira bdng, nam 980, quan Tdng theo hai dudng thuy bq keo sang xam luqc nude Dai Co Viet, ba da quyet dinh trao ngoi bau cho Le Hoan, tufc la da trua't bd co nghiep cua nha Dinh, xay dung nha Tiin Le. Day la viec lam hop vdi long trdi va long ngudi khi dd. "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu" cd ghi: "Khi dang ban ki'hoqch xuat quan, Pham CuLuqng ciing ede tudng quan khac deu mac do tran di thdng vao Ndi phu, ndi vdi moi ngudi rdng: "Thudng ngUdi cd cdng, giet ketrdi lenh la phep sdng dethi hanh viec quan. Nay chua thuqng con tre tha, chung ta ddu hit site lieu chet dechdn giac ngoai, may cd chiit cdng lao, thi cd ai biet cho ? Chi bdng trudc My ton lap dngThqp dao lam Thiin tit, sau dd se xuat quan thi hon ". Quan sy nghe vay deu hd "van tui'". Thdi hdu thay moi ngudi vui long quy phuc ben sai lay do long con khodc lin ngudi Le Hoan, mdi lin ngoi hoang di'"a>. Ba la ngudi phu nu thue thdi, nghi den van menh cua dat nude tren het, bd qua nhung ldi ban tan, phan ddi, tham chi ca nhung du luan xau cua trieu dinh luc bay gid. "> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 217 54 Duong Thai hau chinh la ngudi da quyet dinh ket thuc vuong trieu Dinh, dong thdi khai sinh ra vuong trieu Tien Le. Khi Le Hoan cam quan di danh giac Tdng d bien thuy, Duong hau lai tiep tuc budng manh chap chinh, dieu hanh viec nude. Lai mdt lan nua, vuqt len tren nhung ngudi phu nu duong thdi, dam tu quyet doan tinh cam rieng tu, theo tieng goi cua con tim, ba chia se hanh phuc vdi Le Hoan. Nam 982 vua Le Dai Hanh da lap Hoang thai hau nha Dinh lam "Dqi Thdng Minh hoang hdu ". Nhu the ba la mdt ngudi phu nu cd hai ddi chong va vdi ca hai ddi chong d6u lam hoang hau. Duong hau da cung vua Le Dai Hanh gdp phan xay dung dat nude sau chien thang. Duong hau chinh la ngudi phu nu Viet Nam tai nang, quyet doan, cd tam nhin chien luqc, am hieu ve quan su, biet minh hieu ngudi, da cd cdng dep "thu trong, giac ngoai" Den nam Canh Ty (1000) ba qua ddi, tho 49 tudi. 55 L E DA I HAN H HOAN G D E (98 0 - 1005 ) Le Dai Hanh (Le Hoan) la ngirofi tinh Ha Nam(1), sinh ngay ram thang 7 nam Tan Sun (941), cha ten la Le Mich, me la Dang Thi. "Dang Tin dang cd thai, chiem bao thay bung nd ra hoa sen, roi ket thanh nhan sen ngay. Ddng Thi dem chia cho moi ngu'di, rieng minh lqi khong an. Liic tinh day, lay lam la lam. Kip khi sinh con, thay con mat mui hinh ddng khac thudng, Dang Thi ndi vdi ngudi ta rang: "Thang chau nay mai sau chdc se lam nen sang cd, chi hiem tdi khong kip hudng loc thdi! "(2> Ba Dang Thi sinh ra Le Hoan vai nam thi mat. Sau do ong Le Mich cung qua ddi. Le Hoan mo coi cha me tii khi con nho, duqc vien quan sat hq Le (khong ro ten) nhan lam con nuoi, sdm chieu cham soc, day d6. "Gap tiet trdi ddng ret mitdt, Ngai nam phuc nhu hinh coi tip: dang dim, sdng rue cd nha, cd con rdng vdng dp d trin " ( 3 > "' - Theo "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" va theo Ngo Thi Sy vdi "Viet sic tieu an " thi Le Hoan la ngudi Ai Chau (Thanh Hod). Theo "Dai Viet sic luqc" thi Le Hoan la ngudi Trudng Chau. Den nay nen ghi: Le Hoan que goc d lang Bao Thdi, huyen Thanh Idem, tinh Hd Nam. <2). <3>. "Khdm Dinh Viet sic thdng gidm cuong muc " - Tap I - NXB due-1998-Trang 249-250 56 Lcm len, khi Dinh Bo LTnh day binh d Hoa Lir, Le Hoan v6 Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) theo giup Nam Viet vuong Dinh Lien. Ong la ngucfi "phong khoang, co chi ldn. Tien Hoang khen la ngtfdi tri dung, chac the nao ciing lam duoc viec, ben giao cho cai quan 2.000 quan sy"(". Ong trd thanh canh tay phai cua Dinh Bo LTnh, di theo Dinh Bp LTnh dep loan 12 sir quan, da co cong lao Ion trong su nghiep thdng nhat dat nude gdp pMn sang lap ra trieu Dinh. Khi len ngoi vua, nam 971. Dinh Tien Hoang quy dinh cap bac van vd trong trieu da phong Le Hoan lam Thap dao tudng quan. Ong diing dau chi huy toan bp quan ddi nha Dinh gdm 1 trieu ngudi, khi dd mdi 30 tudi. Sau khi vua Dinh Tien Hoang bi sat hai, Thap dao tudng quan Le Hoan da cung Dinh Quoc cdng Nguyln Bac, Ngoai giap Dinh Dien dua Ve vuong Dinh Toan mdi 6 tudi len lam vua. Luc nay Le Hoan giu chile Phd vuong Nhiep chinh. Ong la ngudi dieu hanh viec nude khdn kheo, het sue giu vung trieu chinh trong liic hiem nguy, cd quyen ra vao trong cung cam. Khi Nguyln Bac, Dinh Dien cung Pham Hap day binh, chia hai dudng thuy, bd mudn tien ve Kinh dd Hoa Lu giet dng, Le Hoan da dem quan di danh nhau vdi Dinh Dien, Nguyln Bac d A i Chau (Thanh Hoa), chem Dinh Dil n tai tr|n, bat duqc Nguyln Bac ddng cui dua ve Kinh dd, rdi sau dd Nguyln Bac bi chem dau d dd. "DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 220 57 Den mua thu, thang 7 nam Canh Thin (980), nghe tin quan Tdng (Trung Qud'c) sap keo sang xam luqc nude Dai Co Viet, Duong Thai hau sai Le Hoan di danh giac Tdng. Luc nay Dai tudng Pham Cu Luqng, "ciing ede tudng quan khac, deu mdc do Iran di thdng vao Ndi phii, ndi vdi moi ngudi rang: "Thudng ngudi cd cdng, giet ke trdi lenh la phep sdng de thi hanh viec quan. Nay chiia thuqng (Dinh Toan) con tre' tha, chiing ta ddu het sice lieu chii de chan giac ngoai, may cd chiit cdng lao, thi cd ai bii't cho? Chi bdng trudc hay ton lap dng Thap dao lam Thiin tit sau dd se xuat quan thi hon ". Quan synghe vqy hd "Van tui". Thdi hdu thay moi ngitdi vui long quy phuc ben sai lay do Long con (do ciia vua thiu hinh rdng cuon) khodc lin ngudi Li Hoan, mdi lin ngoi hoang de. Tit dd Hoan len ngoi hoang di', doi niin hiiu la Thiin Phiic nam dau (980), giang phong vua (Dinh Toan) lam Vi vitong "a>. Le Hoan len ngoi vua nam 980, lap nen mdt trieu dai mdi - Nha Tien Le, khi dd dng 40 tudi. Ong giu nguyen to chiic bd may nha nude cua thdi Dinh. Le Hoan len ngoi vua, khong phai do y mudn chu quan cua Duong Thai hau, ma la su tat yeu cua lich sii khi dd. Diing trudc liic td qud'c lam nguy, can phai cd ngudi lanh dao tai nang - ngudi dd phai la Le Hoan. Le Dai Hanh bd nien hieu "Thai Binh " cua nha Dinh, lay nien hieu cua Trung Qud'c la "Thiin Phitc ". "> - "DVSKTT"(Sdd)-Trang2I7 58 Mua xuan, thang 3 nam Tan Ty (981) vua Le Dai Hanh dem quan di danh giac Tdng. Mudn cung cd, on dinh trieu chinh, vua Le Dai Hanh cung nhu vua Dinh Tien Hoang lap nam hoang hau de cai quan Ndi cung. Nam Nham Ngo (982), vua Le Dai Hanh quyet dinh lap Hoang Thai hau nha Dinh la Duong Thi lam hoang hau. Dieu nay the hien dng la mdt vua rat trqn nghia, nang tinh, yeu thuong het long. Cung nam dd, vua Le Dai Hanh lap bdn hoang hau nua la: - Phung Can Chi Ly hoang hau - Thuan Thanh Minh Dao hoang hau - Trinh Qud'c hoang hau - Pham hoang hau Nam hoang hau tren cua vua Le Dai Hanh sinh duqc nhieu hoang tir va cdng chiia. Sir cu khong chep ten cac cdng chiia, chi ghi ten cua 11 hoang tir nhu sau: - Nam 989 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thii nhat la Le Long Thau lam thai tir, la Kinh Thien Dai vuong; phong hoang tu thii hai la Le Ngan Tich (Le Long Tich) lam Ddng Thanh vuong, den nam 1004 lai phong Le Long Tich lam Ddng Thanh Dai vuong; phong hoang tu thii ba la Le Long Viet lam Nam Phong vuong khi mdi 7 tudi, den nam 1004 lai lap Nam Phong vuong Le Long Viet lam hoang thai tir (sau nay la vua Le Trung Tdng). Than ml u cua Le Long Viet "Id cd gdi lam cong giup viec cho ngtfdi"(" . "> - Dqi Viet sit htqc (Sdd) - Trang 124 59 - Nam 991 vua Le Dai Hanh phong voang tu thii tu la Le Long Dinh lam Ngu Man vuong, dong d Phong Chau. (Sau khi Le Long Dinh len ngoi, Ngu Man vuong cung lam phan. Le Long Dinh dem quan di danh, Ngu Man vuong mdi chiu hang). - Nam 992 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thu: nam la Le Long Dinh (em trai cung me vdi Le Long Viet) lam Khai Minh vuong, ddng d Dang Chau (Kim Thi, Hung Yen), den nam 1004 lai gia phong Le Long Dinh lam Khai Minh dai vuong. - Nam 991 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tit thu" sau la Le Long Can lam Ngu Bac vuong, ddng d trai Phu Lan (huyen Dudng Hao, tinh Hai Duong). (Sau khi Le Long Dinh len ngoi, Ngu Bac vuong va Trung Quoc vuong chiem trai Phu Lan lam phan. Le Long Dinh than chinh di danh, vay trai vai thang. Ngudi trong trai het luong an. Ngu Bac vuong phai bat Trung Quoc vuong dem nop. Le Long Dinh giet Trung Quoc vuong, tha toi cho Ngu Bac vuong). - Nam 993, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thu: bay la Le Long Tung lam Dinh Phien vuong, ddng d thanh Tu Doanh, Ngu Huyen Giang (Bac Ninh); phong hoang tur thfi tam la Le Long Tuong lam phd vuong, ddng d Dd Dong Giang (Thanh Oai, Ha Tay cu); phong hoang tu thii chin la Le Long Kinh lam Trung Quoc vuong, ddng d Can Da, huyen Mat Lien (huyen Phii Tien, Hai Hung cu). (Den nam 1005, Trung Quoc vuong da ciing Ngu Bac vuong lam phan, Le Long Dinh giet Trung Quoc vuong). 60 - Nam 994, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tu thu mudi la Le Long Mang lam Nam Quoc vuong, dong d Vu Lung (Thanh Hoa). - Nam 995, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thii mudi mot la Le Long De (Minh D6) lam Hanh Quan vuong, ddng d Bac Ngan chau Cd Lam (Tien Son, Bac Ninh). Nam 1004, Hanh Quan vuong duqc vua Le Dai Hanh cir di sur sang tham nha Tdng duqc vua Tdng ban cho chiic Kim tir vinh lap dai phu kiem hieu Thai uy Hoan Chau thii sir. V i trong nude rdi loan, cac hoang tir tranh nhau len ngoi n6n khong ve duqc, Le Long De phai d lai Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c), den mua ha, thang 6 nam 1006 mdi ve nude. Cung nam dd (995) phong mdt con nudi lam Phu Dai vuong, ddng d huong Phu Dai (VTnh Bao, Hai Phdng). Su than Ngd Sy Lien luan ban: "nhdnh hp cua vua dd dong ngudi rdi, cai goi la con nudi, chang qua Id mudn thod long yeu ddu rieng vdi ngudi ay ma thdi"«>. Sau khi vua Le Dai Hanh mat chi cd hai hoang tir la Le Long Viet va Le Long DTnh (cung mdt me) len lam vua. Theo "Dqi Viet sit luqc " me "la cd gdi lam cdng giup viec cho ngudi" nhung sach "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu" lai ghi: "me la Chi Hdu Dieu nu"m (Chi Hau Dieu nu la con gai cua quan giff chiic Chi Hau, ten la Dieu, khong ro hq gi). Nhu the' cac sach sir xua deu khong ndi ro me cua Le Long Viet va Le Long DTnh la ba hoang hau nao? "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu" con ghi: Mua xuan nam Dinh Mui (1007), vua Le Long DTnh "> • "DVSKTT" (Sdd) - trang 228 121 - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 232 61 "sai em la Minh Xudng va Chuong thuky la Hoang Thanh Nha ddng te ngitn trang cho nhd Tdng, xin kinh "Dqi tang " Den mua xuan nam Ky Dau (1009) Minh Xuong moi ve nude, xin duqc kinh "Dqi tang ". Vua Le Dai Hanh chinh la vi chu soai tai ba thao luqc, la ngudi chien dau va bao ve Kinh do Hoa Lu, cung cd nghia la bao ve n6n dqc lap tu chu cua dat nude. 1 - VUA LE DA I HANH VOT SU NGHIEP DANH TONG BINH CHIEM Khi duqc tin nude Dai Co Viet gap nhieu khd khan, vua Dinh Toan len ngoi con nhd tudi, nha Tdng (Trung Qud'c) nghi ngay den viec di xam luqc nude Dai Co Viet de khoi phuc cai de qud'c Dudng rdng ldn trudc day. Thang 8 nam Canh Thin (980), vua Tdng xudng chieu dem quan sang xam luqc nude ta, sai Lu Da Ton dem thu sang Kinh dd Hoa Lu. La thu rat dai, trong dd cd doan de doa: "Neu chiu theo giao hod, ta se tha tdi cho, neu trdi lenh, ta se sai quan danh. Theo hay chong, lanh hay dii, tunguoi xetlay"(2>. Den mua ddng thang 10 nam dd, vua Le Dai Hanh sap xuat quan danh Tdng, lien sai Giang Cu Vong va Vuong Thi6u Td dua thu sang nude Tdng tra ldi, nhung lam gia la thu cua Ve vuong Dinh Toan. Trong thu cd doan: "nhd Than sap sup do chua bd do tang ... Cid mong duqc chinh thiic linh menh, dii duqc du hang phien bang, deyen Hi tam long tan trung13*". "> - "D VSKTT" (Sdd) - trang 235 m . ••DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 219 62 Do la la thu vua Le Dai Hanh lam gia di dung lam ke hoan binh vdi nha Tong. Dieu do da the hien su khdn kheo, muu meo ciia vua Le Dai Hanh hoan binh d6 cung cd luc luong, chuan bi cho chien dau. Vua Tdng nhan duqc thu, sai Truong Tong Quyen dua thu tra ldi vua Le Dai Hanh, cd doan: "... tram mudn cho Toan lam Thdng sodi, khanh (vua Le Dai Hanh) lam phd. Neu Toan tudng tai chang cd, van con tre con, thi nen bao cd me con cung than thudc sang quy phu. Dqi khi bon hq vao chau at se cd dien le Uu ddi vd se trao cd tiet cho khanh. Nay cd hai dudng, khanh nen chon mdi". Vua Le Dai Hanh da khong nghe vua Tdng. Ong the hien y chi chien dau bao ve nen tu do, ddc lap cua dan tqc, da quyet tam chien dau chong giac ngoai xam. Mac du mdi len ngoi vua dng da phai ganh mdt trach nhiem ldn nang ne\ Day la mdt thu- thach dau tien ddi vdi vua Le Dai Hanh. Sach "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu" cd ghi: "Nam Tan Ty (981), mua xudn, thdng 3, Hdu Nhan Bao, Ton Toan Hitng den Lang Son, Tran Kham Td den Tay Kit, Luu Trioig din sdng Bach Dang (Quang Ninh). Vua (Li Dqi Hanh) tu lam tudng di chan giac, sai quan sy ddng cqc ngan sdng. Quan Tdng lui, lqi din sdng Chi Lang (Lang Son). Vua sai quan sy trd hang dedu Nhan Bao, nhan dd bat duqc Nhan Bao, dem chem. Bon Kham Td nghe tin quan thuy thua tran, dan quan ve. Vua dem cac tudng danh, quan ciia Kham To thua to, <" - ••DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 219 63 chet den qua niia, thay chet day dong, bat duqc tudng giac la Qudch Quan Bien, Trieu Phung Hudn, dem ve Hoa Lt("(l>. Doan sir do da giup chung ta hinh dung dupe nha Tdng da cir nhung tudng tai chi huy. Hau Nhan Bao la tong chi huy, Ton Toan Hung chi huy dao quan bd di theo hudng Ddng, Tran Kham Td chi huy dao quan bd di theo hudng Tay, Luu Trirng chi huy dao quan Thuy. Cd the ndi, day la cudc xam luqc dai quy md cua nha Tdng. Vua Le Dai Hanh da la mdt nha qu&n su chi huy 1 trieu quan d thdi Dinh, cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong chien dau, nen da td chiic danh quan xSm luqc Tdng rat chu dao, cd kehoach ro rang. Danh quan thuy do Luu Trirng chi huy, vua Le Dai Hanh cho ddng cqc d ciia sdng Bach Dang de chan thuy quan. Ddi vdi quan bd, dng cho xay thanh Binh Ld d viing Nhu Nguyet va tai ai Chi Lang dng bd tri quan sSn sang giao chien de ngan bd binh cua nha Tdng. Vua Le Dai Hanh lai la ngudi true tiep cam quan danh giac. Viec ddng cqc d cira sdng Bach Dang da lam cho quSn Tdng thua to, pha vo toan bd ke hoach xam luqc cua nha Tdng. Chien thang Bach Dang da di vao lich sir dan tqc. Nhu the chi trong vdng cd 3 thang, vua Le Dai Hanh da danh tan quan xam luqc nha Tdng d phuong Bac khien cho nha Tdng khiep so, "Vua Tdng xudng chieu nit quan ve, sai - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 220 vd Trang 221 64 sitqud trdch bon Luu Trirng, Gid Tlu^c, Vuong Soqn. Trirng dm chet, Soqn bi giet d Ung Chau, Ton Toan Hung ciing bi giet beu dchq"(". Nha Tdng tire gian vi that bai ldn dd nen da trirng phat bon quan lai cua minh va rat hoang mang khong dam sang xam luqc nude ta nua. Su khiep so dd con keo dai den sau nay. Nam 1006, sau khi vua Le Dai Hanh mat, cac hoang tir tranh gianh ngoi, danh giet lan nhau. Nude Dai Cd Viet khi dd cung rdi ren. Nhan day tri Quang Chau nude Tdng la Lang Sach da dang thu len vua Tdng d6 nghi vua lai cho quan di xam luqc nude Dai Co Viet: "xin dem quan sang danh dep, bon Khanh Tap nguyen lam tien phong, co the hen ngay lay duqc. Neu trieu dinh chudn ldi thinh cau, thi xin lay binh ddng ddn d ede chau thudc Quang Nam vd cho them 5.000 quan manh d Kinh Hd, thuy bd ciing tien, cd the binh dinh duqc ngay"<2>. Nhung den thdi diem dd vua Tdng van con khiep so, khang khang tir chd'i, khong dam cho quan sang xam luqc nude ta nQa, lay cd la "vdi danh ke cd tang, hd phai la viec lam ciia bde vuong gid ", "neu dem c/udn sang danh thi chet hai tat nhieu, nen can than giic gin coi dat ciia td tdng md thdi"<3>. Su thuc la vua Tdng da khiep so, y chi xam luqc hoan toan bi de bep. Dieu dd la su chiing minh cho siic manh cua "' - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 221. 121 - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 234 '•" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 234 5-NVLS 65 quan dan nude Dai Co Viet va tai nang quan su cua vua Le Dai Hanh trong cong cudc chong giac ngoai xam. Chien thang quan xam luqc nha Tong d£u nam 981 cua vua Le Dai Hanh da chuyen nguy thanh an, dua the cua dat nude di len. Nha sur hoc Le Van Huu danh gia la "cong danh dep chien thang (nhd Tdng) ddu Id nhd Hdn, nhd Dudng ciing khong hon duqc "(". Sau chien thang quan xam luqc nha Tdng, dat nude trd lai binh yen. Tir nam 980, sau khi len ngoi, vua Le Dai Hanh da cfr Tu: Muc va Ngo Tir Canh sang Chi£m Thanh dat quan he hoa hieu nham yen on phia Nam de chong giac Tdng phia Bac. Nhung vua Chiem Thanh cSy the' hiing manh da bat giu Tir Muc va Ngd Tir Canh. V i vay, den nam 982, thay vua Chiem Thanh bat giu sir cua minh la Tir Muc, Ngd Tir Canh, "Vua (Le Dqi Hanh) gian, sai ddng chien thuyen, sita hinh khi, tu lam tudng di danh, chem Be Mi Thue tai tran. Chiem Thanh thua to. Bat sdng duqc quan sy ciia chiing nhieu vd ke, cung la ky nii trong cung tram ngudi vd mdt nhd su ngudi Thien True, lay ede dd quy dem ve, thu duqc vdng bac ciia bdu ke hang van, san phdng thanh tri, phd huy tdng mieu, vita mot nam thi trd vekinh su"(2}. Dd la su nghiep binh Chiem cua vua Le Dai Hanh. Nhu the tii miia xuan nam 981 den nam 982, chi trong vdng gan 2 nam, vua Le Dai Hanh da danh thang 2 nude: phia Bac pha "> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 221 121 - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 222 66 Tong, phia Nam binh Chiem, ghi mot mdc son bao ve ddc lap va chii quyen cua nude Dai Co Viet d the ky thii: 10. Khong chi pha Tdng, binh Chiem, vua Le Dai Hanh con the hien tai nang quan su cua minh d nhung cudc chinh chien di danh bon phien loan, lam phan trong nude. Nam 989, vua Le Dai Hanh sai Quan giap Duong Tien Ldc di thu thue hai chau: A i Chau va Hoan Chau (tinh Nghe An, Ha Tinh va Thanh Hoa ngay nay) nhung Duong Tien Ldc lam phan dem hai chau A i va Hoan theo ve nude Chiem Thanh. Nude Chiem Thanh khong nhan. Vua Le Dai Hanh nghe tin dd, lai than chinh cam quan di danh, bat duqc Duong Tien Ldc. Mua xuan, thang 2, nam Binh Than (996) vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh bdn ddng: Dai, Phat, Dan, Ba d Ma Hoang. Mua thu, thang 7, nam 997 vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh giac d Dd Ddng Giang, bat duqc bon chiing dem ve Kinh dd. Nam 999, vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh giac d - Ha Ddng (huyen Thach Thanh, tinh Thanh Hoa),..., tat ca 49 ddng va pha duqc ddng Nhat Tac, chau Dinh Bien (Cao Bang). Tir dd cac chau, ddng deu quy phuc. Nam 1000, vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh giac d Chau Phong (Phii Tho). Nam 1001, vua Le Dai Hanh lai than chinh di danh giac a Cu Long (Cim Thuy, Thanh Hoa). 67 Dieu do cung the hien, mac du da giao cho cac vuong di tran tri d cac noi trong ca nude, nhung d&u nam dudi quyen cua vua Le Dai Hanh, nen ong van quan tam, khi cd bien dong dlu than chinh di dep loan. Nhu the sau nam 982 vua Le Dai Hanh chi duqc nghi yen lanh dao dat nude trong 6 nam (tit nam 983 den het nam 988), den nam 989 lai phai di chinh chien dep loan trong nude, sau dd duqc nghi yen 7 nam nua, den nam 996, 997, 999, 1000 va nam 1001 cung phai cam quan di dep loan. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang d ngoi 12 nam (968 - 979), tri vi dat nude trong canh hoa binh khong cd chien tranh, thi vua Le Dai Hanh d ngoi 24 nam (980 - 1005), tri vi dat nude trong canh chien tranh, pha Tdng, binh Chiem va dep bon phan loan. Le Dai Hanh chinh la mot ong vua chien tran. Thien tai quan sir cua vua Le Dai Hanh con the hien d viec dung ngudi. Pham Hap la anh rupt cua Pham Cu Luqng, vira bi vua Le Dai Harm giet xong, nhung thay Pham Cu Luqng cd tai nang quan su, ong van trong dung, phong Pham Cu Luqng la Dai tudng quan. De cung cd quan dpi nha Le vung manh, nam 986 vua Le Dai Hanh cho diem dan de lay linh "dat binh tuc ve, goi Id Than quan, tren tran deu thich ba chit "Thien Tic Quan " m. "nam 988 lqi tuy en quan ngu"m va den nam 1002 con cho "' - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tdp III (Sdd) - Trang 7. m - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap 111 (Sdd) - Trang 23. 68 tuyen chon quan linh mot each nghiem ngat, chia tudmg hieu lam 2 ban va cho 6 quan phai dqi mu dau mau. Vua Le Dai Hanh cung nhu vua Dinh Tien Hoang da bo' tri mot dao cam quan g6m khoang 3000 ngudi. Dao quan nay chu yeu lam nhiem vu bao ve Kinh do. Ngoai ra con co mot dao qu&n tii suong, coi giu cac cong thanh. Tat ca nhung dieu do dlu chiing minh vua Le Dai Hanh la mot nha quan su tai nang. Chinh vi the, sir than Ngo Sy Lien danh gia: "Vua danh ddu duqc day, chem vua Chiem Thanh de rita cai nhuc phien di bat gift sit than, danh lui quan Trieu Tdng debecdi mini tat thdng ciia vua toi bon hq, co the goi la bac anh hung nhdt ddi vay " m. Nha sir hoc Le Van Huu danh gia: "Ke ve mdt tritdep gian trong, danh tan giac ngoai, lam manh nitdc Viet ta, ra oai vdi ngudi Tdng thi LyThdi Td khong bang Le Dqi Hanh cd cdng lao gian khd hon "(2). Vua Le Dai Hanh noi len trong lich sit dan tqc ta, xiing dang duqc ngang hang vdi nhiing anh hung dan tqc nhu: Ly Thudng Kiet, Tran Hung Dao, Le Lqi, Nguyln Trai, Quang Trung,... a> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 231 131 - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 221 69 2 - VUA LE DA I HAN H CUNG CO BQ MA Y NHA NUQC Tu: nam 991 trd di vua Le Dai Hanh phong dat de cho cac hoang tit cai quan, tran tri. Nhung nhung vung dat dd deu nam dudi quyen cua vua Le Dai Hanh, nen khi cd bien dong, vua deu than chinh di dep loan. Dieu nay the hien bq may nha nude cua vua Le Dai Hanh la tap trung vao quyen cua vua, khong phan tan. De cung cd bq may nha nude, nam 1002, vua Le Dai Hanh ddi 10 dao thanh lq, phu, chau. Ong con dung nhiing danh tudng gidi de tham gia bq may nha nude. Mac du Pham Cu Luqng la em ruqt Pham Hap, vua Le Dai Hanh van trong dung phong Pham Cu Luqng lam thai uy nam 986. Cung nam dd (986), vua Le Dai Hanh phong Tuf Muc lam Tdng quan tri quan dan su la ngudi torn giu viec nude, tiic la cong viec cua Te tudng. Vua Le Dai Hanh phong Ly Cong Uan giur chiic Ta Than ve Dien tien chi huy sii. Vua Le Dai Hanh con dung Thai su Hong Hien la ngudi Trung Quoc nhung thong hieu kinh sit lam quan su. Khong quan tam den quan he, xuat than rieng, nhung ai cd tai nang, trung thanh vdi minh deu duqc trong dung. Nhu the vua Le Dai Hanh da dat them cac chiic nhu: Thai su, Dai tdng quan, Thai uy, ta va huu Dien tien chi huy sii, ... 70