🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Giáo trình bóng ném Ebooks Nhóm Zalo NGUYEN HUNG QUAN GIAO TRINH BONG NEM 9 (Giao trinh Cao dang Sit pham) NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU PHAM Muc luc Trang Chu dan ve ki h ie u ................................................................................ 6 Ldi noi d a u .............................................................................................7 PHAN I: GlOl THIEU MON BONG NEM Chuttog I: LjCH SCf HiNH THANH VA PHAT TRI^N MON THE THAO B6NG NEM....................................................................................... 9 1. Nguon goic ra ddi cua mon Bong n6m..................................................... 9 2. Su hinh thanh va phat trien cua mon the thao Bong n6m san to, ngoai trdi............................................................................................... 12 3. Su phat trien cua mon Bong nem san nho hien dai............................. 16 4. Bong nem 6 Viet Nam...........................................................................20 Chuvng II: VI TRI* TAC DUNG COA TAP LUYEN BONG NEM VA OAC DIEM TAM SINH LI LLfA TUOI THCS.....................................................27 1. Vi tri tac dung cua tap luyen, thi dau Bong nem................................. 27 2. Dac diem tam sinh li liia tuoi hoc sinh THCS..................................... 28 PHAN II: KI CHIEN THUAT CA NHAN VA CAC CHI DAN VE PHtfdNG PHAP GIANG DAY Chirong I: HE THONG PHAN LOAI CAC Ki THUAT CO BAN TRONG THI DAU BONG NEM.........................................................8 Chuvng II: PHAN TICH CAC KI THUAT CO BAN V6l BONG VA CHi DAN VE PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY.............................34 1. Ki thuat nhan bong va cac hanh dong phong thu chong nhan bong .... 34 2. KI thuat chuyen bong va cac hanh dong phong thu............................ 39 3. Ki thuat nem bong vao cau mon va cac hanh dong phong thu chong no ... 49 4. Dltn bong va phong thu chong din bong.............................................. 64 3 5. Dong tac gin va phong thu chong •-J'f't'.ir tac ' ................... ................. Chi/ong III: KI. CHIEN THUAT CA NHAN CUA CAC VDV TAN CONG KHONG BONG VA CAC BI$N PHAP PHONG THU......................69 1 *') 1 Y nghia. phan loai ki thuat tan rung khonc hong................................. 2. Phan tich mot so ki thuat cr.c 5<<*nu ......... *2 • i Chi dan ve rhien thuat ................................................................................................. -...................................................................................................................74 ■1. (’hi dan vt- phudng phap ....................................................................... ChUOng IV: KI, CHIEN THUAT CA NHAN CUA THU MON..............................75 1 Phan loai ki thuat cua thu mon ............................................................................. 75 2 Phan tirh mot so ki thuat cn ban cua thu mon.................................... ^6 3 Cac cln dan ve chicn thuat.................................................................... 4. Cac chi dan ve phUrtng phap................................................................. ^2 PHAN III: CHIEN THUAT TAP THE VA PHLfdNG PHAP GIANG DAY CHIEN THUAT TAP THE ChUOng I: MOT SO NGUYEN TAC CHIEN THUAT TRONG TAN CONG VA PHONG THU TAP THe.............................................................. 84 ChUOng II: CHIEN THUAT NHOM..................................................................... 86 1. Khai m em ch u n g ........................................................................................................... 86 2. Chicn thuat nhom trong tan c o n g .......................................................................... R7 3 Chicn thuat nhom trong phong thu...................................................... 99 ChUOng III: CHIEN THUAT DONG DOI............................................................105 l Khai m e n ’, va phan loai ............................................................................................ 105 2. Chien thuat tan cong dong doi............................................................. 105 3. Chien thuat phong thu dong doi.......................................................... 111 Chuvng IV: GIANG DAY VA HUAN LUYEN CHIEN THUAT NHOM VA DONG DOI............................................. ................................123 1. Mot so yeu cau chung trong viec to chiic giang day. huan luyen chien thuat nhom va dong doi............................................................. 123 2. Cac btfdc giang day. huan luyen chinh................................................. 123 4 Chu dan ve ki hi§u A A* I T O 6 : VDV tffa cong : VDV ta'n cong c6 bong : VDV phong thu : Chan : VDV phong thu v6i dong tac chan : Dtfdng chuyen bong : Hifdng di chuyen cua VDV : Dan bong : Dot pha : Nem bong cau mon Ldi noi dau Bong nem la mon the thao da co lich sit phat trien hang tram nam, no ditdc cong nhan la mon thi dau chinh thrtc cua Olympic tit nam 1972. Hien nay tren the gidi co khoang 5 trieu ngitdi tap luyen Bong nem thitdng xuyen, tren 200 doi tuyen Bong nem da. ditdc thanh lap 6 120 nitdc. Lien doan Bong nem the gidi da co tren 144 nitdc thanh vien. Bong nem khong chi ditdc yeu thich bdi tac dung tap luyen, nang cao site khoe ma no con hap dan ngitdi xem d trinh do kl thuat cao, ki xao thanh thao va nhitng mieng phoi hdp chien thuat bien hod linh hoat trong cac tran dau hap dan, quyet liet. Dac biet d chau Au, Bong nem cung co siic hap dan nhit Bong da, thu hut hang tram trieu ngiicfi xem. Bat dau tit thap ki 80 Bong nem ditdc phat trien manh 6 Viet Nam - dac biet la khu vitc thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Tit nam 1984 da co cac gidi •> ’ Bong nem chinh thiic do Tong cuc TDTT tntdc day (nay la Uy ban TDTT) to chitc tren pham vi toan quoc. Trong chitdng trinh Seagames 22 vao nam 2003 to chitc tai Viet Nam, Ian dau tien mon Bong nem da ditdc to chitc thi dau. Do dac diem noi troi cua mon Bong nem la phat trien nhanh cac to chat than the nhit siic phan itng nhanh, toe do di chuyen va cac kha nang phoi hdp van dong cung nhit tinh linh hoat cua cac hoat dong than kinh • cd nen no ditdc chu trong phat trien d cac liia tuoi tre, dac biet la cho hoc sinh THCS va sinh vien cac tritdng Cao dang - Dai hoc. Chitdng trinh giang day Bong nem da ditdc duy tri tit nhieu nam nay d cac tritdng chuyen TDTT nhit Dai hoc TDTT I, II va Cao ddng TDTT Da Nang. Tuy nhien no van chita ditdc dita vao giang day d cac tritdng Dai hoc va Cao ddng Sit pham va Sit pham TDTT. Chinh vi vay viec hinh thanh va bien soan cuon sach Bong nem Ian nay danh cho doi titdng la cac sinh vien cua cac tritdng Cao ddng Sit pham la rat bite thiet. 7 Vdi tong qui thdi gian la 45 tie't cuon sack Bong nem danh cho doi titdng giao vien Cao ddng Sit pham co cac muc tieu cu the sau day: a. Ve kien thitc: Trang bi cho ngitbi hoc nhitng kien thitc cd ban ve ki, chien thuat Bong nem, luat va phitdng phap to chitc thi dau, trong tdi. Trang bi cho ngititi hoc cac kien thitc ve phitdng phap giang day cho cac hoc sinh THCS va huan luyen cac doi tuyen Bong nem thieu nien. b. Ve ki nang thitc hanh Thitc hien ditdc d mile chinh xdc cac ki thuat cd ban (qui dinh trong chitdng trinh) Thitc hien ditdc d mite titdng doi dung mot so chien thuat cd ban va tit tham gia thi dau d mite titdng ditdng vdi trinh do cua cap III VDV. Co the thitc hien ditdc cac cdng viec cua trong tdi trong dieu harih tran dau d cap thieu nien cung nhit to chitc giang day, huan luyen Bong nem cho hoc sinh THCS. Vi qui thcfi gian co han nen trong cuon sach Bong nem nay khong de cap den phan luat thi dau Bong nem cung nhit cac phan md rong them ve mat kien thitc chuyen mon md no se ditdc hitdng dan cu the trong phan gidi thieu d cac tdi lieu tham khao d cuoi cuon sach hodc d trong cac phan tong ket d cuoi cac phan trong cuon sach. * Trong qua trinh bien soan, chung tdi da nhan ditdc sit hdp tac giup did nhiet tinh cua lanh dao Ditan Dao tao giao vien THCS va cac ban dong nghiep. Chung toi xin bay to long cam dn sau sdc. Do trinh do va thdi gian co han, quyen sach nay khong trdnh khoi nhitng han chevd thieu sot. Rat mong nhan ditdc nhitng y kien dong gop quy bdu tit cac ban dong nghiep va doc gia. Xin chan thanh cam dn ! 8 mmamm Chwong x LICH SU5 HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN MON THE THAO BONG NEM 1. Nguon goc ra ddi cua m on Bong nem Trong lich sU phat trien cua loai ngUdi thi cac bai tap giao due the chat cung nhu cac tro chdi van dong vdi muc dich ren luyen than the, truyen thu ki nang san, bat, hai. lufdm da luon gan chat vdi ddi song cua con ngUdi d thdi ki co dai. Lich sii cung da ghi nhan vao nam 776 trudc cong nguyen da dien ra dai hoi the thao Olympic co dai dau tien d Hy Lap vdi cac mon the thao chu yeu la chay, nhay va nem day. NhUng cung tijf the ki thti sau triidc cong nguyen ngUdi ta con ghi nhan dUdc nhiing buic hoa tren cac binh co d Hy Lap co ve nhiing ngUdi dan ong chdi cac tro chdi “cudi ngUa nem bong” la tien than cua cac mon the thao hien dai vdi bong sau nay. Tuy nhien phai chd tdi the ki XVIII khi cuoc cach mang cong nghiep no ra manh me d chau Au. Bac My v.v... va keo theo no la he tu duy mdi cua nhiing ngUdi tham gia lao dong, mot san phaim cua nen cong nghiep hoa vdi nhiing cong doan san xuat theo day chuyen va la khdi nguon ra ddi cua nhieu mon the thao tap the vdi luat chdi phuc tap va chat che 9 nhu Bong da, Bong chuyen, Bong n6m, Bong ro v.v... Nd ro nh&t cua thdi diem ra ddi cua cac mon bong hi$n dai phai dUdc tinh ttif niia cuoi the ki XIX - do la vao cag nam (txnh theo thdi diem xu£t ban lufit chdi d&u tien). 1852 ra ddi mon Hockey. 1862 ra ddi mon Bong da. 1892 ra ddi mon Bong nem. 1894 ra ddi mon Bong ro. 1896 ra ddi mon Bong chuyen. Tro ch(ri “cuoi ngua nem bong” cua ngu&i dan ong co dai Hy Lap (TK VI-TCN) Thdi diem ra ddi luat chdi cua cac mon bong hien dai da ro, trong do co mon Bong nem. Tuy nhien nguon goc phat sinh mon the thao Bong nem cf nUdc nao la dieu con bo ngo. Dieu nay khong chi b mon Bong nem ma d nhieu mon bong hien dai khac cung tUdng tU vi co rat it mon the thao hien dai lai co nguon goc ra ddi tijf mot nUdc cu the. Nhutng nghien cCfu g&n day da chi ra ring, Bong nem la mon the thao hien dai, xuat hien d&u tien d chau Au va khu vuc ra ddi la tren ban dao Scang-di-na vd (vung Thuy Dien, Na Uy, Dan Mach). Bong nem: Ten tieng Anh la Handball, xuat phat tut 2 tCr “Hand” la tay va ‘’Ball” la bong. Co mot so tai lieu cho rSng vao nam 1890 mot giao sU ngvfdi Diic ten la Konzad Koch da sang tao ra mot tro chdi the thao mdi co ten la Raffballspiele (mon bong nha ngheo) la tien than cua mon Bong nem chinh thong sau nay. Con d Tiep Kh&c co xuat hien mon Bong nem san nho vao nam 1892 nhu la mot mon the thao dan toe vdi ten goi la ‘’Ceska hazena” cung vdi Bo lulkt sd khai nhU: * San hinh chut nhat - dai 45m, rong 30m. * C&u mon cao - 2m40, rong 2m. * TrUdc cau mon ve mot hinh chii nhat, sau nay dUdc thay b&ng hinh ban nguyet co ban ki'nh R = 6m. * SoVDV moi ben la 7 ngUdi. * Thdi gian chdi la 3 hiep - moi hiep 1& 20 phut. Con d Dan Mach vao nam 1898 co mot Giao sU la Holger Nielsen truyen ba mon the thao nay va goi la "Handbold”. C) nUdc Dilc sau nay vao nam 1915 con hinh thanh mon Bong nem goi la ‘TorbaU” vdi kich thudc san hinh chut nhat la 40 x 20m. Clu mon rong 2m va cao 2m50 vong ban nguyet trUdc san co: R = 4m do Bachmann truyen ba va bien soan. Sau nay, vao khoang nam 1917, nhd cong cua Carl Sehlent, Max Heiser va Erich Konig ma mon Bong nem dUdc truyen ba vao cac nUdc My, Aixlen, Y, Thuy Si, Phap v.v... Mai cho den nam 1934 Thuy Dien m6i bien soan mot bo luat thi dau Bong nem san nho (diia vao luat chdi cua mot so' nUdc lan can) de trinh len Uy ban Quoc te ve Bong nem cong nhan la Luat Quoc te. Lien doan Bong nem Quoc te chinh thutc dUdc thanh lap vao nam 1928 luc do co ten la IAHF va dUdc bo sung lai vao nam 1946. Hien nay Lien doan Bong nem Quoc te da thanh lap vdi tren 144 nUdc thanh vien. IHF da to chijfc giai vo dich the gidi cho nam vao nam 1938 va cho nut tCr nam 1957 vdi chu ki hai nam mot lan. Bong nem san to ngoai trdi danh cho nam dUdc dUa vao thi dau lan dau tien d Dai hoi Olympic l&n thut l i d Beclin 1936. 11 2. Sit hinh thanh va phat trien cua mon the thao Bong nem san to, ngoai trcfi Nguon goc phat sinh cua Bong nem san to ngoai trdi dUdc bat dau cl nUdc Dtic. TrUdc do d Diic cung nhu cac niidc chau Au da hinh thanh va phat trien mon Bong nem san nho. Mot giao sU cua trUdng Cao dang TDTT Beclin ten la Carlschelent da co cong truyen ba rong rai mon the thao nay khong nhulng d rieng niidc Dtic ma con lan rong ra ca chau Au. Thdi diem dUdc ti'nh cho sU phat sinh cua mon the thao nay. nhu la mot nhanh cua mon Bong nem chi'nh thong la vao nam 1917. Va chinh Giao sir Carl Sehlent da phu trach ldp boi dUdng Bong nem Chau Au trong khoang 30 nam lien. Cac hoc sinh cua ong da quay trd lai nude minh va day len phong trao tap luyen Bong nem san to ngoai trdi rat manh me. Luat chdi va cach chdi cua mon Bong nem san to gan giong nhu vdi luat choi cua mon Bong nem san nho, diem khac chu yeu la: San bai: san la cac bai co, co the sii dung san Bong Da vdi ki'ch thudc chieu doc la 90 den 110m, chieu ngang tCf 55 - 65m. * Vung cam cua thu mon cd ban ki'nh R = 13m (tam dUdc ti'nh ti* diem giiia cua cau mon). * Con vach nem phat tu do co ban kinh R = 19m. * Vach phat den co do dai la 14m tfnh tCt vach ngang cuoi san trd ra. * Cau mon rong 7m32 va cao 2m44. * Cach vach ngang cuoi san 35m cd vach 1 vach ngang de chia san lam 3 phan san blng nhau. * Mot doi bong bao gom 13 VDV co 2 dang ki la thu mon va 1 dau thu du bi cho cac dau thu tren san. Cho tdi nam 1945 thi co them luat b it viet vi. Luat ban dau con cho phep VDV dUdc phep cam bong chay (khong co luat chav budc va luat giO bong trong tav qua 3 giav). Khi mot dau thu dang giu bong thi cac dau thu khac co quyen xong vao de gianh va cudp lai bong. 12 So lufdng toi da diidc tham gia trong mot tran dau cua mot doi la 11 ngUdi. Sau day la sd do san va cach s&p xep cac dau thu cd ban trong thi dau. Trong nhiing nam dau cua thap ki XX Bong nem san to ngoai trdi diidc phat trien rat nhanh va manh. Vao nam 1922, niidc Diic da to chutc diidc giai vo dich Quoc gia dau tien cho Bong nem san to ngoai trdi. Tran thi dau Quoc te dau tien dUdc to chiic cf Thanh pho' Halle thuoc niidc Diic vdi hai doi tuyen Quoc gia cua Diic va Ao vao ngay 13/9/1925 vdi hdn 3000 khan gia ham mo tdi co vu va doi Ao da thang doi Diic vdi ti so 6 : 3. Sau do thi mon Bong nem san to "Gropfeld Handball" ngay cang diidc phat trien rong rai va chiem mot vi tri quan trong trong cac moi giao lUu ve the thao giuta cac nUdc. Mot moc quan trong cua sU phat trien cua mon Bong nem la vao thang 8/1926 trong mot cuoc hop thiidng ki lan thii tam cua hoi Dien kinh nghiep du Quoc te vie't tat la IAAF (Internatioal Amater Atletic Federation) diidc to chuc d Thanh pho' Haag cua Ao ngiidi ta cung diia ra viec can thong nhat luat chdi mang ti'nh Quoc te cho mot so' mon the thao sau day chi dUdc phep dung tay de dieu khien bong nhu: Bong nem. Bong ro, Bong chuyen. Bong dam w ... va sil can thiet phai thanh lap hiep hoi *> ° X the thao cho cac mon bong. Vao ngay 27/7/1926. Uy ban thiidng true cua IAAF da giii tdi Hoi nghi thiidng dinh cua minh hop vao ngav 12/9/1927 tai Thanh pho Amsterdam (Ha Lan) dil an luat chinh thiic cho mon Bong nem san to ngoai trdi. Cung d Hoi nghi nay da chinh thiic thong qua Du an luat va vao thang 12/1928 no da diidc in va xuat ban bang 3 th’jf tieng Anh. Phap. Diic. 13 Ngay 4/7/1928 cung tai Thu do Amsterdam (Ha Lan) da tien hanh Hoi nghi thanh lap Hoi Bong nem nghiep du trong to chiic Olympic vdi ten goi tit la IAHF (International Amater Handball Federation) va ngay do cung dUcfc ti'nh la hoi nghi lan thuf nhat cua hoi Bong nem nghiep dii the gidi (luc nay IAHF to chiic va dieu hanh sU phat trien chung cho ca Bong nem san to va Bong nem san nho). So hoi vien thanh lap luc dau mdi chi cd 11 hoi vien. Tdi nam 1938 da tang len tdi 23 hoi vien. Thii tu cac hoi nghi cua IAHF dUdc dien ra nhu sau: Hoi nghi lan thut nhat Amsterdam (Ha Lan) 1928. Hoi nghi lian thii II b Beclin (Diic) 1930. Hoi nghi lan thii III d Stockholm (Thuy Dien) 1934. Hoi nghi l&n thii IV d Beclin (Diic) 1936. Hoi nghi lan thii V b Beclin (Diic) 1938. Chu tich hoi IAHF dau tien la Ngai F.P. Lang (Diic), cac thanh vien khac trong do cd ong Avery Brundage (Quoc tich My) ma chang bao lau sau da trd thanh Chu tich uy ban Olympic Quoc te (IOC) (t£f 1952 - 1972) va cung chinh nhd sU hoat dong tich cUc, khong biet met moi cua ong Chu tich Olympic Quoc te ma mon the thao Bong nem nhanh chong trcJ thanh mon the thao chmh thong cua the gidi. Cung chinh vi vay ma Hoi nghi Olympic Quoc te hop tai Brussel (Bi) vao ngay 08/5/1934 da quyet dinh dua mon Bong nem san to la mon thi dau chinh thiic cua The van hoi Olympic Quoc te lan thii XI - tii 01/8 den 16/8/1936 b Beclin (Diic). Cd hai ldp boi dudng trong tai co tinh chat Quoc te dau tien diidc to chiic tai Beclin (Diic) vao thang 5/1935 va thang 4/1936. Nhiem vu chinh cua ca hai ldp nay la lam sang to luat thi dau va xac dinh vi tri va vai tro cua mon the thao Bong nem tren pham vi toan the gidi va chuan bi cho viec dua Bong nem vao thi dau trong chtfdng trinh The van hoi Olympic. Cac ldp boi dudng tiep theo luat cung nhuf ki, chien thuat cua mon Bong nem cung dUdc md d Beclin vao nhiing nam 1937 va 1938. The van hoi Olympic l&n thii XI vao nam 1936 dUdc to chiic tai Beclin (Diic) cd sau doi Bong nem san to dufdc vao chung ket la: Diic - Ao - My - Thuy Si va 14 Hungari va day cung la budc dau tien quan trong danh dau sii phat trien cua mon the thao non tre nay tren dau trUdng the thao Quoc te. Tnidc do, vao thang 2/1936 cung tai Beclin, IAHF da to chiic giai vo dich the gidi ve thi dau Bong nem san nho trong nha cho nam gom bon doi tham gia la Diic - Ao - Dan Mach - Thuy Si va giai nay danh dau la giai vo dich the gidi Bong nem san nho trong nha lan thii nhat. Sau giai nay vao thang 4/1936, IAHF cung to chiic vong dau giai vo dich Bong nem san to ngoai trdi cho nam de chon 6 doi vao dii chung ket tai Olympic Beclin 1936. Sau hai giai nay, thi ca hai mon Bong nem san to va san nho trong nha cung diidc song song phat trien. Vao gifla nam 1936 IAHF cung quyet dinh cong nhan qui cach va dua mon Bong n6m trong nha trd thanh mon the thao chinh thong. Chien tranh the gidi lian thii II bung no da lam ngiing tat ca cac giai thi dau Quoc te, trong do cd mon the thao Bong nem san to ngoai trdi va san nho trong nha. Tuy nhien no vln dUdc ton tai va phat trien d tvfng quoc gia rieng biet. Chinh vi vay ma ngay sau ngay Chien tranh the gidi l&n thii II cham diit, mon the thao nay lai nhanh chong dUdc phuc hoi va tang them cac thanh vien mdi trong IAHF. TCf ngay 10 den 18/6/1946, tai Thu do Koppenhagen (Dan Mach) mot so' nUdc Bac Au da hop hoi nghi de tien hanh thanh lap hoi Bong nem the gidi, viet tSt la IHF (International Handball Federation). Cung tai Hoi nghi nay da xac dinh cac thanh vien cua IHF di dii dai hoi IOC (Uy ban Olympic Quoc te). Va tii nay hai to chiic IAHF va IHF chi con la mot. nhiem vu chu yeu cua to chiic mdi nay la day manh sii hoat dong cua mon the thao non tre nay. siia doi lai luat thi dau, to chiic cac giai cho nam va nfl the' gidi. Ban lanh dao cua IHF con ton tai mai tdi nam 1972 mdi thay doi. Cd cau cua Ban lanh dao hoi bao gom: Mot chu tich hoi, hai pho chu tich hoi, mot thu kl, mot quan 11 tai vu va tieu ban ki thuat bao gom bay thanh vien. 15 Chu tich cua IHF dau tien la Ngai GostaBjork ngiidi Thuy Dien. Tit nam 1950, tru sd chinh thiic cua IHF ddng tai Thanh pho Basel (Thuy Si). Hoi nghi thifdng ki cua IHF cut hai nam tien hanh mot lan va moi nam cd mot lan hoi thao de nam b&t va phat trien mon the thao nay nhanh chong tien len ngang dim vdi nhiing mon the thao tien tien khac. Trong qua trinh phat trien cua no, loi chdi san to ngoai trdi d&n d&n giam di va thay vao do la sii phat trien manh cua mon Bong nem san nho trong nha. Mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh la khi hau khac nghiet va that thudng d chau Au va nhat la cac nUdc Bac Au, khong phu hdp vdi sii phat trien nhanh cua no. Do vay ma giai Bong nem san to ngoai trdi to chiic vao nam 1969 d i phai huy bo vi sau nUdc da tii choi khong tham dii. Giai Bong nem san to ngoai trdi dUdc to chiic lan cuoi cung la v&o nam 1971 bao gom cac nUdc Tay Diic - Ha Lan - Thuy Si - Ao. Va sau giai nay thi mon Bong nem san to ngoai trdi khong con ai chdi niia ma chi con mon Bong nem san nho trong nha. 3. Stf phat trien cua mon Bong nem san nho hien dai Bong nem san nho trong nha dUdc phat trien rat nhanh va manh, nhat la tOf khi giai the cua mon Bong nem san to ngoai trdi. Ngoai ra con vi sii hap din cua no va nhiing cong trinh kien true san bai hien dai r&'t tien ldi cho sii thUdng thiic nghe thuat the thao cua nhiing ngUdi ham mo no. Sau gan 100 nam phat trien, mon the thao nay da lan truyen nhanh sang khap cac chau luc. Bong nem san nho dUdc chinh thiic dua vao thi dau d Dai hoi Olympic cho nam tii nam 1972 va cho nQ tii nam 1976. Sau day la mot so dieu luat cd ban cua mon Bong nem san nho trong nha: San bai: mat san cd the bing cac chat lieu nhu: dat nen, go, chat deo tong hdp (thong thudng la bang g6). San cd kich cd chuain nhat la: dai 40m, rong 20m. Bong cd chat lieu bang da, hoac chat deo tong hdp. Vdi nam: nang 425 - 475g chu vi 58 - 60cm 16 Vdi nii: nang 325 - 400g chu vi 54 - 56cm. Luat chdi: Moi doi gom 12 VDV trong do cd 2 dau thu dang ki la thu mon va 10 dau thu tren san. Thdi gian thi dau: Cho nam va nii thanh nien la 2 x 30 phut; nghi giiia hai hiep la 10 phut Cho thieu nien nam la 2 x 25 phut; nghi giiia 2 hiep 10 phut Cho thieu men nijf la 2 x 20 phut; nghi giiia 2 hiep 10 phut. Luat chdi quan trong la: dUdc phep giut, dan, nem bong va sU dung cac bo phan cua cd the tu: dau goi trd len. Khong dUdc phep giQ bong trong tay lau qua 3 giay, cam bong chay qua 3 biidc va khong diidc bfit bong qua 2 l&n w ... Mot tran dau Bong nem diidc dieu khien bdi hai trong tai cd quyen han ngang nhau la trong tai san va trong tai ban thing. Hai trong tai nay phai thiidng xuyen thay doi vi tri cho nhau va cung dong thdi keo theo sd thay doi ca chdc nang dieu khien trong qua trinh lam nhiem vu. Trong trUdng hdp giiia hai trong tai cd nhiing quan diem bat dong ve quyet dinh xii phat doi vdi mot doi bong nao do, thi y kien quyet dinh se thuoc ve trong tai san. Ngoai ban trong ra tai con: mot thii ki ghi bien ban. mot trong tai theo doi thdi gian. Cho tdi nam 1972, IHF da to chdc nhieu giai vo dich the gidi ve Bong nem cho ca nam va nii vdi chu ki hai nam mot lan. Ngoai ra con cd nhieu giai khac niia mang tinh chat khu vUc nhif: Giai nam va nut cua Lien bang Nam Tu. Giai cho nam cua khu vUc bien phi'a dong chau Au. Giai nam nii Cacpat Giai Balaton cua nut (Hungari). Gid day mon the thao Bong nem khong chi mang y nghla nhiing cuoc thi dau thong thudng ma con la nhu cau van hoa khong the thieu dUdc 2 - GTBN 17 cua nhiing ngUdi ham mo. Dinh cao cua tfnh quan chung la giai Bong nem vo dich the gidi dUdc to chiic tai Phap vao nam 1970 gom 16 niidc tham gia va dUdc to chiic d 25 thanh pho khac nhau cua Phap va thu hut dUdc hang trieu khan gia trong niidc va nUdc ngoai qua man anh truyen hinh triic tiep. Sau nhieu nam vang bong tai The van hoi, vao nam 1972 tai Mynich (Lien bang Diic) mon Bong nem trong nha lai dUdc xuat hien vdi 37 doi nam tham gia vong dau loai de chon 16 doi vao chung ket. Ket qua la: nha't Nam Tu. nhi: Tiep Khac va thii ba la Rumani. Sau do The van hoi nam 1976 d thanh pho Montrean thuoc Cannada da dua them mon Bong nem san nho danh cho nil. Vong dau loai de chon 12 doi nam va 6 doi nut tham gia the van hoi Montrean co 46 doi nam va 24 doi nii. Thanh vien cua Lien doan Bong nem Quoc te ngay cang dUdc tang nhanh. Sau hoi nghi khoa hoc dUdc tc chiic d Thanh pho Nurember (Tay Diic) da co them 15 thanh vien dUdc xet gia nhap IHF, ma chu veu la thuoc cac chau My. ch?u Phi va chau A. To chiic cua IHF cung khong ngufng dUdc cung co va ldn manh. Hien nay IHF da co nam tieu ban true thuoc ban lanh dao la: Tieu ban huan luyen. Tieu ban ki thuat va phudng phap trong tai. Tieu ban to chiic thi dau. Tieu ban siic khoe. Tieu ban phat trien, an loat. 1) Dia chi cua Lien doan Bong nem Quoc te: IHF Postfach 312, CH - 4020 BaSel / Schwitz (Switrland). Fax: 41 61 272 1344. Tel: 41 61 272 1300. Internet: http:/AVWW.Worldsport.Com/Sports/Handball/home.html. E-mail: ilf@ magnet.ch-in&in.ch Chu tich hien thdi: Ngai Erwin Lane. 18 Pho chu tich: Ngai Dr. Salem. Tong thu ki: Ngai Ray mond Haln. Chu tich Hoi dong trong tai: Ngai Kjartan Stein bach. Chu tich Hoi dong huan luven va phUOng phap huan luyen: Dr Hassan Moustafa. Sau day la bang phat tnen cua cac thanh vien thuoc IHF qua cac nam: Nam 1946 so thanh vien cua IHF la 8. Nam 1961 so thanh vien cua IHF la 30. Nam 1968 so thanh vien cua IHF la 34. Nam 1972 so thanh vien cua IHF la 64. Nam 1968 so thanh vien cua IHF la 69. Nam 1982 so thanh vien cua IHF la 86. Nam 1985 so thanh vien cua IHF la 95. Nam 1987 so thanh vien cua IHF la 98. Nam 1996 so thanh vien cua IHF la 138. Den thang 4/1998 thi ElSalvkdor la thanh vien thii 144 IHF. Ngay nay mon the thao Bong nem dUdc phat trien rat nhanh nhd ap dung dUdc cac thanh ttfu khoa hoc cua cac mon khoa hoc khac vao trong cong tac huan luyen cua minh nhu cac thanh tUu khoa hoc d cac mon y sinh, sinh li, sinh hoa, sinh cd hoac tam 11 hoc w ... Cac nUdc co trinh do phat trien cao cua mon nay d chau Au la: Lien Xo (cu), Cong hoa Lien bang Diic, Cong hoa Phap, Thuy Dien, Tay Ban Nha, Rumani, Nam Tu w ... 0 chau Phi la Ai Cap, Tuynidi, Algieri, vv... 9. 0 chau My la Cu Ba, Braxin vv... Va d chau A phai ke den: Nam Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc. 19 Nam 1985, Sd TDTT thanh pho Ha Noi da quyet dinh thanh lap bo mon Bong nem de diia nhanh Bong nem vao thanh pho. Doi tuyen Bong nem cua Ha Noi cung diidc thanh lap vao nam do. Phong trao tap luyen Bong nem cua thanh pho da phat trien rat nhanh d cac quan noi thanh. Cac trung tam co so dong ngtfdi tham gia tap luyen Bong nem phai ke den TrUdng Trung hoc pho thong Amstecdam, Quan Ba Dinh, Qu&n Dong Da va Quan Hai Ba TrUng. De phat trien nhanh phong trao Bong n6m cho thanh pho Ha Noi, Sd TDTT cung da to chiic mot ldp tap huan cho cac hudng dan vien cua qu&n, cua cac tnidng Trung hoc va Dai hoc dong trong khu vtfc thanh pho've luat thi dau cung nhu ki, chien thuat Bong nem. Doi tuyen Bong nem cua thanh pho” cung tham gia nhieu giai mcf rong vdi thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh va mot so tinh thanh khac. Dau nam 1989 Tong cuc TDTT cung da co ke hoach cii hai can bo di boi diidng them ve mon Bong n6m tai Cong hoa Lien bang Diic. Dau nam 1993, TrUdng Dai hoc TDTT I da dua chUdng trinh giang day Bong nem cho cac ldp khong chuyen cua dai hoc khoa 25 va cuoi nam 1993 cung tuyen sinh mon Bong nem cho ldp chuyen sau dai hoc 29 vdi 10 hoc sinh thi dau. Mua he nam 1993, thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh da to chiic mot giai thi dau md rong cho cac tinh thanh trong ca niidc tham dii (bao gom cac doi tuyen cua thanh pho' Ha Noi, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Quang Nam Da Nlng va cac doi thuoc thanh pho Ho Chi Minh) nham gidi thieu mon Bong nem de Tong cuc TDTT xem xet va cong nhan mon Bong nem trd thanh mon the thao pho cap trong ca nUdc. Sau giai md rong nay, Tong cuc TDTT da kien toan lai to chiic va ra quyet dinh thanh lap bo mon Bong nem cua Tong cuc triic thuoc vao bo mon Bong Ro. Cung trong nam 1993, Tong cuc TDTT da chinh thiic ra quyet dinh dua mon Bong nem vao trong chUdng trinh cua Hoi khoe Phu dong se diidc to chiic vao nam 1995 va trong nam 1994 se to chiic giai tre va giai vo dich Quoc gia ve Bong nem. Tuy phong trao tap luyen Bong nem d nUdc ta xuat hien cham 22 hdn nhiing gid day no da co the vUdn len ngang bang vdi cac mon the thao khac. Nhieu viec can lam de nhanh chong kien toan to chiic, phat trien phong trao theo ca hai hudng chieu rong va nang sau doi hoi nhiing nha chiic trach TDTT phai co' ging nang dong hdn niia. Dac biet la nhanh chong thanh lap dUdc Lien doan Bong nem Quoc gia de thong nhat hifdng phat trien chung cho ca nude ve mon Bong nem. 4.2. Cac gidi B ong nem the thao thanh tich cao 4.2.1. To chitc cac gidi Quoc gia a. Giai vo dich Bong nem Ha Noi md rong nam 1992 gom: 70 VDV. HLV cua cac doan: Ha Noi, thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, tinh Song Be, Bo Giao due va Dao tao. Ket qua: NhS't: thanh pho' Ho Chf Minh, nhi: Ha Noi, ba: Song Be, tU: Bo Giao due va Dao tao. b. Gidi vo dich Bong nem thanh pho Ho Chi Minh md rong nam 1993 gom: 80 VDV, HLV cua cac doan: thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Ha Noi, Song Be, Khanh Hoa, Dong Nai. c. Gidi vo dich tre Bong nem toan quoc lan thii nhat nam 1994 to chiic tai thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh tii ngay 20 den 25/7/1994, gom 80 VDV, HLV cua 5 ddn vi: thanh pho' Ho Chi' Minh, Song Be, Khanh Hoa, Dong Nai. Ket qua. Nhat: thanh pho' Ho Chi' Minh, nhi: Ha Noi, ba: Song Be, tii: Khanh Hoa, nam: Dong Nai. d. Dai hoi TDTT toan quoc lan thii 3 Bong nem dUdc dua vao thanh mot mon thi dau chinh thiic cua dai hoi. Mon Bong nem dUdc to chiic tai Da N^ng tii ngay 5 den 12/8/1995 gom co 90 HLV va VDV cua Ha Noi, thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, Ninh Binh, Bo Giao due va Dao tao. Quan doi. Ket qua: Nhat: Ha Noi, nhi: thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, ba: Ninh Binh. d. Vo dich cau lac bo Bong nem toan quoc va vo dich tre toan quoc lan thii 2 dUdc to chiic tai tinh Khanh Hoa tii ngay 10 den 20/8/1997 gom co: 64 VDV, HLV cua CLB quan Dong Da - Ha Noi, CLB Ho Xuan Hiidng thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, CLB Binh Thanh thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh. CLB quan 10 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. 23 Ket qua\ Nhat: CLB qu£m Dong Da Ha Noi, nhi: CLB Ho Xuan Htfdng thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ba: CLB Binh Thanh thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. - Gidi tre: gom co 80 VDV, HLV tham da giai cua quan 5 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, qu&n 10 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, tinh Binh Dinh. qu^n Dong Da - Ha Noi, quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Ket qua: Nha't: quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, nhi: quan 10 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ba: quSn 5 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tU: quan Dong Da - Ha Noi, nam: tinh Binh Dinh. e. Gidi vo dich CLB va vo dich tre toan quoc nam 1998 to chitc tai Nha Trang tii ngay 20 den 2418 11998 - Gidi tre: Co 96 VDV, HLV cua 6 ddn vi gom quan Dong Da Ha Noi, quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, qu&n 10 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, quan Phu Nhuan, tinh Binh Dinh, Lien hiep Thanh nien Viet Nam. Ket qua: Nhat: quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, nhi: quan 10 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, ba: quan Dong Da Ha Noi, tu: quan Phu Nhuan thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, nam: Binh Dinh, sau: Lien hiep thanh men Viet Nam. - Gidi vo dich CLB gom co: 80 VDV, HLV cua 5 ddn vi: CLB Dong Da Ha Noi. CLB quan 3 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, quan 10 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, CLB quan Phu Nhuan, CLB 3 Lien hiep thanh nien. Ket qua: Nhat: Dong Da Ha Noi, nhi: quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ba: Lien hiep thanh nien Viet Nam, tU: quan 10 thanh pho'Ho Chi Minh, nam: quan Phu Nhuan. h. Gidi vo dich va vo dich tre nam, nit toan quoc nam 1999 to chitc tai Khanh Hod tit 20 - 2918 11999 - Gidi vo dich: gom 64 VDV, HLV cua 4 doan: Ha Noi, quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, quan Binh Thanh thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, quan Phu Nhuan. Ket qua: Nhat: doi Dong Da Ha Noi, nhi: quan Binh Thanh thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ba: quan 3 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tU: quan Phu Nhuan. - Gidi vo dich tre: Nam: gom 80 VDV, HLV cua 5 ddn vi: tre thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, tre Ha Noi, tre Binh Dinh, tre quan Binh Thanh thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tre quan Phu Nhuan thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. 24 Ket qua\ Nhat: tre thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, nhi: tre Ha Noi, ba: tre Binh Dinh, tii: tre quan Phu Nhuan thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, nam: tre quan Binh Thanh thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Nil: gom 643 VDV, HLV cua Ha Noi, quan 3 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, quan 10 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, Nha Trang. Ket qua,-. Nha't: quan 10 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, nhi: Ha Noi, ba: quan 3 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh, tu: Nha Trang. 8. Gidi vo dich va vo dich tre toan quoc nam 2000 to chiic tai Ha Noi tii ngay 4 den 12/8/2000. - Gidi vo dich: gom 46 VDV, cua 3 ddn vi Ha Noi, Binh Dinh va ha Tay con thanh pho'Ho Chi Minh vi If do kinh phi nen khong tham du giai. Ket qua: Nhat: doi tuyen nam Ha Noi, nhi doi tuyen nam Ha Tay, ba: doi tuyen nam Binh Dinh. - Gidi vo dich tre nam, nii: - Nam: gom 64 VDV, 8 HLV va triicfng doan cua Ha Noi, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Binh Dinh va Ha Tay. Ket qua: Nhat doi tuyen tre nam Ha Noi cung diidc 7 diem vdi doi tuyen tre Binh Dinh nhung hdn he so' ban thang thua, nhi: doi tuyen Binh Dinh (dUdc 7 diem), ba: doi tuyen quan 1 thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (diidc 3 diem), tU: doi tuyen Ha Tay (diidc 0 diem). Nti: gom 48 VDV va 6 quan chiic cua doi tuyen Ha Noi, thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh va Ha Tay. Ket qua: Nhat: doi thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh (6 diem), nhi: doi Ha Noi (3 diem), ba: doi Ha Tay (0 diem). 4.2.2. Cac gidi Bong nem Quoc te to chiic tai Viet Nam: a. Gidi Bong nem Quoc te'Ha Noi md rong lin thii nhat thang 7/1999. Gom 48 VDV cua 4 doi nam Ha Noi I, Ha Noi II, doi tuyen tre Bac Kinh Trung Quoc, doi tuyen Quang Dong Trung Quoc. Ket qua: Nhat: doi tuyen Ha Noi, nhi: doi tuyen Bac Kinh, ba: doi tuyen Quang Dong Trung Quoc, tii: doi tuyen Ha Noi II. 25 b. Gidi Bong nem Quoc te Ha Noi md rong lan thit 2 thang 8!'2000 • Gom 48 VDV cua 4 doi nam Ha Noi I, Ha Noi II. doi tuyen tre B&c Kinh Trung Quoc, doi tuyen Bat Nh&'t Trung Quoc. Ket qua: Nhat: doi tuyen Bat Nh&'t Trung Quoc, nhi: doi tuyen Ha Noi II, ba: doi tuyen Bac Kinh, thii tU: doi tuyen Ha Noi II. - To chiic mot tran d&'u giao hutu giiia 2 doi tuyen nut Ha Noi va doi tuyen nQ Bac Kinh. Ket qua-. Doi tuyen nii Bac Kinh thing doi tuyen nii Ha Noi. 4.2.3. Thanh lap doi tuyen Bong nem Quoc gia Nham chuin bi liic liidng cho doi tuyen Quoc gia ve Bong nem tham gia tranh Huy chUdng tai Seagames Ian thii 22 to chiic tai Viet Nam vao nam 2003 - Uy ban TDTT da de ra cac Quyet dinh thanh lap doi tuyen tre va tuyen Quoc gia nhu sau: 1. Thang 3/1999 thanh lap doi tuven tre nam Quoc gia gom 17 VDV va 2 HLV va 1 chuyen gia Trung Quoc tap huan tai Ha Noi do Trung tam HLQG I quan li. 2. Nam 2000 tiep tuc tap huan doi tuyen Bong nem Quoc gia gom 19 VDV va 2 HLV va 1 chuyen gia Trung Quoc. 3. Nam 2001 doi tuven tre nang len thanh tap huan doi tuyen Quoc gia. 26 Chi/ong PHAN TICH CAC KI THUAT CCf BAN V 6 l BONG VA CHI DAN VE PHIT0NG PHAP GIANG DAY 1. Ki thuat nhan bong va cac hanh ddng phong thu chong nhan bong 1.1. Khai niem• Ki thuat nh&n bong difdc van dung nhim khorig che bong. VDV ta'n cong thiic hiep hanh dong t&n cong cua minh mot cach ch ic chin, con VDV phong thu thi tim cach han che viec thiic hien ki thuat nhan b6ng cua doi phUdng de sau do lai tiep tuc thuc hien cac hanh dong t&n cong co the. Tuy thuoc vao tinh huong chdi ma cac ki thuat nhan bong va ki thuat phong thu dUdc tien hanh theo nhieu cach khac nhau. Sa do He thong cac ki thuat nhan bong va cac bien phap phong thu chong lai Ki thuat nhan bong Phong thu chong nhantoong 1. Bat Wing: - Tai ch6, trong chay, trong nhay. • B6ng d 2 bfin sucm, phfa tnnfc vd dang sau. - Bat b6ng bang 2 tay va bang 1 tay. - Bat b6ng d nhi£u d6 cao kh^c nhau nhir Tren dihh dau, ngang dau, ngang nguc, ngang h6ng vd ngang dau g6i. 2. DCmg bong va nhan b6ng. - Bang 1 tay va 2 tay. - Tr6n dinh dau, ngang dau, ngang dau gfii. 3. Tilp nhan b6ng tCr dat - B6ng dang nam 1 ch6. - B6ng dang lan d&i va lan di. 4- GiCr bong trong tay. - Bang 2 tay va 1 tay. - 6 b6n canh sucn a phia tr6n va phia dirti. 34 I.Canph^c&c hanh ddng nhan b6ng. - Ph£ b6ng trftn duOrtg bay tdt dau thii tjn oflng. - Han chfi, gdy kh6 KhSn cho vi$c nhSn Ung. - T\6p c3n sdt d£u thti tiin cfing d£ gdy Rh6 kttdn cho vifec ti€p nhan b6ng. 2. Cu<5p b6ng. - Cudrp bong khi d(5i phuong chuy&i b6ng cho nhau. - CMm vj tri thuSn loi nhlm tranh, cudp bbng dang nam, lan hoac bat tir khu ciu mfln ra Viec sii dung cac ki thuat nhan bong phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau cua cac tinh huong thi dau. So do cac hanh dong tiep dien cua dong tac nhan bong \ Trtfdc Trong - Tai cho d vi tri tan cong. - Tiep nhan bong. Sau - Chuyen bong hoac nem bong vao cau mon. - Di chuyen tu do trong vj tri tan cong. - Di chuyen sang cac vi tri tan cong khac. - Chan va thoat ra khoi stf chan cua doi phutdng. - Bat bong. - Dting va nhan bong. t Lay bong tut dat. - GiiJ bong - Diin bong, chuyen bong hoac nem vao cau mon. - Din bong, dong tac gia, chuyen bong hoac nem vao cau mon. - Dong tac gia, chuyen bong ho&c nem. - Dong tac gia, d&n bong, chuyen bong hoac nem vao ciu mon. 1.2. Phan tich ki thuat nhan bong K! thuat nhan bong trong Bong nem chu yeu la ki thuat b it bong blng hai tay, con ki thuat b it bong blng mot tay thiidng suf dung trong mot so' tinh huong va ca nhan dac biet. a. Yeu linh ki thuat tai cho bat bong bang hai tay trxidc ngi/c Van dong vien d tut the chuln bi, hai chan rong blng vai, chan trtfdc, chan sau, hai tay diia ra phia trUdc (khong duoi thing het tay) doi dien vdi dutdng bong dang bay tdi. Ban tay tha long tii nhien, cac ngon tay md deu, hai ban tay tao thanh hinh tui, trong do ngon cai va ngon tro cua hai tay tao thanh hinh tam giac. Vao thdi diem tay cham bong thi cac ngon tay nhe nhang tiep xuc bong. Dong thdi vdi viec co khuyu tay nhlm hoan xung dutdng bong bay tdi, hai tay nlm chat bong mot cach chac chin, chuan bi cho cac dong tac tiep theo khac. b. Mot so'sai lam thtfbng mac khi tap kl thuat bat bong va bien phap siia chvCa chung Sai lam thu’dng mac Tay ciing nhlc trong khi tiep xuc bong. Vi tri cua tay va cac ngon tay sailech. - Don bong sai vi tri vi phan doan sai dia diem bong bay tdi. 36 Cach siifa chiifa Yeu clu tay tiep xuc bong mem mai khong co tieng keu to. Tai ch6 nlm chic bong blng 2 tay v£ sika chula hinh tay. Cac ngon tay cang xoe deu thi cang tao thiet dien 16n bit bong. Vj tri chu lac cua cac ngon cai phia sau se ngan chan khong cho bong lot qua khi bat bong. Tranh tiep xuc b6ng blng long ban tay trade ma phai blng cac ngon tay trade. Trade khi bit bong phai ludn tim moi cach de tao dieu kien tot nhat cho bit bong. Co nghla 16 phai di chuyen tdi vj tri bit b6ng, tot nh&t 16 phln trade cua cd the ddi dien vdi phadng bong tdi. c. Chi dan ve chien thuat Viec tiep nhan bong diidc thiic hien bdi cac VDV tan cong, do vay doi hoi ngUdi nhan bong phai luon d trong tii the chu&n bi va tinh toan tdi nhiing diidng bong tan cong tiep theo. Chinh vi vay ma trong cong tac huan luyen phai tao cho ngiidi tan cong biet ring: moi hanh dong nhan bong cua minh deu bi cac VDV phong thu ngan chan va gay kho khan. Do do doi hoi ngiidi tan cong phai luon quan sat toan canh tinh huong thi dau. quan sat sii di chuyen va dien bien hanh dong cua VDV dang giu! bong, cung nhu cua VDV phong thu gin nhat. VDV tan cong phai luon di chuyen trong khi tan cong de co vi tri thuan ldi nhan bong va tan cong tiep co hieu qua nhat. Phong thu chong tiep nhan bong: Viec phong thu chong tiep nhan diidc thiic hien bdi VDV phong thu qua viec phan tich, phan doan chinh xac tinh huong tan cong cua doi phUdng. Luc nay doi hoi VDV phong thu phai chiem diidc vi tri hdp 11 ve chien thuat de tiep can doi phUdng, chd don diidng chuyen bong cua doi phUdng va xu&'t phat nhanh de can pha hoac clt diidng bong do. Viec chong sii tiep nhan bong cua doi phUdng se diidc liia chon cac bien phap chinh sau day: Ciidp bong cua doi thu chuyen bong qua sii dot ngot tiep can bong va chay lao tdi clt dUdng bong chuyen cua doi phUdng. Pha bong ngay tii khi bong mdi rdi tay cua VDV chuyen bong (lam cho dUdng bong bay di khong dung vdi y do cua VDV tan cong nQa). Ngan chan khong cho doi phiidng nhan bong diidc di dang nhu: can pha khong cho doi phUdng diia tay tii do ra de nhan bong. Van dong vien phong thu phai can nhac de quyet dinh xem lieu viec lao len ciidp bong cua minh co dat diidc ket qua hay khong? Bdi vi neu lao len pha bong ma khong co ket qua thi se tao dieu kien cho doi phUdng dat dUdc liu the ve ngiidi trong tan cong va hau qua thiidng din tdi qua nem bong vao cau mon. Dac biet chu y la to chiic phong thu don, ciidp lai nhiing dUdng bong bat len tii thu mon hoac cau mon, qua do doi hoi phai chiem linh diidc cac vi tri thuan ldi trUdc cac dau thu tan cong. d. Cac chi ddn vi phtfctng phap Viec hoc tap va hoan thien cac ki thuat nhan bong bao gid cung lien quan chat che vdi ki thuat chuyen bong. Sau cac bai tap lam quen vdi bong phai la cac bai tap bat bong d tam ngang ngvfc, tai cho. Cac tieu chu^n kl thuat quan trong nhat d giai doan nay la hinh tay bat bong (vi tri hinh tam giac cua ngon trd va ngon cai) va dong tac bat bong em, gon (luon doi hoi stf gap hdp H cua cang tay, co tay khi tiep xuc bong). Doi hinh luyen tap tot nha't d giai doan nay la hang ngang va hang doc lien tiep lin ltfdt tifng ngiidi mpt. Tang dlin do kho 6 cac giai doan tiep theo bang cach: + Thay doi do cao, tha'p cua dUdng bong bay tdi. + Thay doi khoang cach chuyen bong. + Thay doi so liidng bong khi chuyen. + Thay doi vi tri ban d&u nhan bong. + Tap cac bai tap the luc trUdc cac bai tap bat bong hoac bang cac dong tac bat bong khac nhau (bat bong tai cho, trong nhay, trong di chuyen v.v...). Tang cUdng hoan thien ki thuat bat bong trong di chuyen. Viec bat bong va thUc hien cac dong tac phai nhanh dan mot cach hdp li de phu hdp vdi yeu cau cua thi dau sau nay. Viec liia chon va bien soan cac bai tap thi da'u cho phu hdp vdi cac yeu cau hoc tap d giai doan nay cung rat quan trong,. doi hoi hua'n luyen vien phai tinh toan tdi viec giam nhe tac dong cua ngtfdi phong thu, hoac hiidng ngUdi tap vao cac y do chien thuat cu the nao do. 6 day tot nha't la sii dung cac tro chdi van dong nhii: “Bong chuyen 6”, “San tho” chdi “ma” vdi cac doi hinh 3 chong 1 hoac 5 chong 2 v.v... 38 2. KI thuat chuyen bong va cac hanh ddng phong thu 2.1. Khai niem Trong cac ki thuat chuyen bong va nhan bong, ki thuat bat bong va nem bong la nhufng ki thuat trong tam quyet dinh kha nang thi dau cua mot doi bong. Tru(6c het no dUdc phoi hdp vdi cac hoat dong d gan khu vUc c^u mon cua doi phUdng va dUdc ket thuc bang dong tac nem bong vao cau mon. Cac loai hinh va cac bien phap cua ki thuat chuyen bong cung nhu cac hanh dong phong thu chuyen bong phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to' khac nhau nhu: khoang cach, vi tri va tinh huong thi dau, moi quan he cua VDV tan cong cung chdi va dau thu doi phUdng. Bang phan loai ki thuat chuyen bong va cac hanh dong phong thu chong lai Chuyen bong - Nem bong mot tay tren vai. + Tai ch6. (v6i chuyen trUc tiep va chuyen bat san bang mot va hai tay) + Co da va trong di chuyen. + CJ do cao ngang dau va tren dau. - KI thuat diiy bong mot tay ngang dau va ngang ngUc sang hai ben. - Chuyen bong sau lung. + Mot tay hoac hai tay chu}'en bong ra sau lung hoac sau dau. - Nhay chuyen bong bang mot tay tren vai. - Nhay cao va nhay xa khi chuyen bong. - Chuyen bong bang hai tay tr Udc ngUc. Phong thu ch on g lai chuyen bon g - Gay kho khan cho dong tac chuyen bong. + Dung mot tay hoac hai tay de chin hudng chuyen bong b g in hoac d xa ngUdi chuyen. + Tranh cudp bong khi phong thu sat ngUdi chuyen bong. - Han che viec chuyen bong. - Cudp bong. - Pha va cUdp bong vCfa rdi tay ngUdi chuyen bong. 39 Cac hanh dong tiep dien cua chuyen bong Trufdc Trong Sau - Nh6n bong (tai cho, di chuyen, nhay). - N6m b6ng mot tay tren vai. - Dirng lai cl vi tri t£n cong. - Nhan bong, - dan bong. - Nem bong hai tay trUdc ngUc. - Di chuyen tdi mot vi tri tan cong. - Nhan, din, dong tac gia. Nh&n, dong tac gia - Dlly bong. - N6m bong ra sau lting. - Di chuyen sang vi tri tSn cong khac. - Chan doi phiidng. - Nhay n6m b6ng - Chay v£ vi tri phong bang mot tay. thu. 2.2. Phan tich ki thuat chuyen bong Trong cac ki thuat chuyen bong thi ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai co do diing va khong co do dvfng dUdc sii dung rong rai nhat vi kha nang nem xa cua no va dac biet hieu qua d cac cii ly trung binh (tfif 5 - 10m). 6 dSy chung toi chi phan tich ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai khong co do diing, con ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai co do diing chung toi se phan tich ki d phan ki thuat n6m bong vao cau mon. a. Ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai khong co do diing Ki thuat nay thudng dUdc van dung nhieu d khu vole giuta san vdi sii di chuyen lien tuc cua ngiidi chuyen bong. Ki thuat nay co sii khac biet 16n so vdi ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai co do diing. Ki thuat nem bong mot tay co do diing thi d giai doan ra siic cuoi cung co sii van nhieu cua hong va ba vai (hong va ba vai xoay thang ra hiidng nem, xem hinh 2). Con nem bong mot tay tren vai khong co do diing, khong nhiing do van cua hong va vai nho ma dong tac ra siic cuoi cung cua no diidc ket thuc khi tay nem diia ra phia sau va chan cung ben tay nem thi diia ra phia tru6c. Dong thdi vdi tay nem bong chuyen dong 40 ve trUdc, chan phia ben kia cua tay nem cung dUdc chuyen dong dat len d phia trUdc, d day ca hai chan khong tao nen chan de diing de nem bong ma no dUdc chuyen dong lien tuc. Chinh vi vay ma ngUdi ta con goi no la ki thu&t nem bong mot tay tren vai trong chay. Ki thuat nay diidc sii dung tot, da dang trong chuyen bong va ca trong nem bong vao ci\x mon vi yeu to' bat ngd cua no (xem hinh 3). k "k Inf 5 V© \A Hinh 2 K t % ilA Hinh 3 b. Ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai trong nhay Day la mot ki thuat diidc sii dung tUdng doi da dang va dac biet co hieu qua khi co doi thu phong thu d sat ngiidi chuyen bong. Ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai trong nhay diidc sii dung nhieu d hai dang chinh. Dang thii nhat la nhay cao len chuyen bong khi phia trUdc la VDV phong thu nh&m chiem linh dinh cao khong gian de chuyen bong di cac phia. Dang thtit hai la dang nhay xa chuyen bong khi can vUdt qua doi thu phong thu ve phia trUdc hoac nhay sang hai ben de rdi xa sii khong che sat cua doi phiidng. Ve yeu linh ki thu&t thi tUdng doi giong vdi ki thu&t n6m b6ng b&ng mot tay tren vai, chi khac la btfdc cuoi cung diidc thiifc hien khi cd thi ngiidi nem dang d tren khong d do cao cao nh&t. Hinh 4 c. Ki thuat nem bong bang cang tay Trong ki thuat nay co nhieu loai hinh nhU: - Nem bong b&ng clng tay d do cao ngang dau rdi ve phia tnl6c va ra sau. - Nem bong d do cao ngang hong ve phia trUdc va ra sau. - Nem bong d do cao ngang vai ra trU6c. - Nem bong b do cao tren vai ra sau. - Nem bong phia sau dau sang ben. - Nem bong cl phia sau lung sang ben. Ngoai ra con nem bong b4ng cing tay cua hai tay tii do cao ngang hong ra trUdc, sang ben va ra sau. Hinh 5 Trong cac ki thuat nem bong bang cang tay thi ki thuat nem bong bang c6ng tay d phia sau hay dUdc sii dung nhieu va dem lai hieu qua cao bdi tinh bat ngd cua no. Ki thuat nay thudng dUdc sii dung d khu viic nem bong gan clu mon doi phUdng. Luc sii dung chu yeu d day cung thong qua cang tay canh tay vong ra phia sau liing ngUdi chuyen nen khong tao cd hoi cho ben phong thu co dieu kien de cU6p va pha bong. Yeu linh cua ki thuat nay la khi d bUcic cuoi cung phai tao thanh tu the chan trUcic, sau (chan phai dat sau, v6i ngUdi thuan tay phai) hai tay giut bong b triidc bung. Khi thiic hien ki thuat thi vai trai danh sang phai, trong tam cd the dUdc don len chan trUdc, luc do bong dUdc dua tii bung sang ben hong phia ben phai. Tay trai rdi bong va tay phai giuf bong d do g&p kha 16n cua cd tay, giut chat bong va theo da chuyen cua vai, than thi tiep tuc vang cang tay vong ra phia sau ltfng. Bong rdi tay khi vi tri cua no da d phia sau liing. d. Day bong (chu yeu bang duoi cang tay) Trong ki thuat nay co cac loai hinh chinh sau: Thiic hien bang hai tay cf do cao ngang ngiic ra trUdc va sang ben. Thiic hien bang mot tay cf do cao ngang ngUc ra tru6c, d do cao ngang dau sang ben va cl do cao ngang hong sang ben. Trong ki thuat nay thi ki thuat day bong bang mot tay d do cao ngang ngtfc vk ngang dau di cac phia la quan trong nhat. No diidc sii dung co hieu qua vdi cac dUdng chuyen bong gan. 0 day ki thuat nem bong dUdc tao nen chu yeu nhd chuyen dong “vay” cua cd tay va cang tay d do cao ngang ngiic hoac ngang dau di cac phia. Ki thuat nay tao nen sU bat ngd do toe do chuyen dong nhanh cua bong va do kin cua no khi thiic hien ki thuat. Yeu linh ki thuat la d bade cuoi cung, trtf6c khi thiic hien, bong dUdc giiJ bang hai tay d trUdc ngUc, chan trUdc, chan sau, trong tam don deu len hai chan. Khi thiic hien dong tac chuyen thi tay trai rdi bong, bong diidc chuyen het sang tay phai, dong thdi ban tay hdi xoay vao hong de chuyen bong ra phia triidc (ban tay giii bong d phia sau). Khuyu tay hdi nho ra tru6c. Liic sii dung chu yeu la do “va[y” nhanh cua cang tay, cd tay sang cac phia ma minh dinh chuyen. 43 e. Ki thuat nem vung bong (vdi tay thang khong co gap cang tay) Trong ki thuAt nay cung co nhiing loai hinh chu yeu: bang mot tay hoac hai tay d do cao ngang hong hoac ngang dau goi ra phia trUdc, sang ben hoac ra sau. Ki thuat nay dUdc sii dung trong cac tinh huong bi doi phUdng kem sat vi no dUdc thuc hien d cac do cao tii hong trd xuong, do vay cung r£t gav kho khan cho sU phong thu cua doi phUdng. Yeu linh ki thuat nem vung bong bang mot tay d dudi thap la khi thuc hien ngUdi chuyen diing chan trUdc, chan sau vdi do rong hdn vai, trong tam ha thap, bong dUdc chuyen sang tay phai va d\ia thang ra sau vdi do gap nhieu cua cd tay vao cang tay de giut chat bong. Khi tay nem vung bong ra phia trUdc thi canh tay luon thang ket hdp vdi luc dap cua chan, sau do dua trong tam ra trUdc, tay phai tiep tuc theo bong. Khi da di qua hong thi tay phai rdi bong vdi do “vay” them cua co tay ra trUdc. 2.3. Phong thu cac ki thuat chuyen bong Phong thu ki thuat chuyen bong bi phu thuoc r&'t nhieu vao kha nang cua VDV phong thu cung nhu sU chu y va suy nghi den tinh huong thi dau cua ho. No co moi quan he rat chat tdi vi tri va y do chien thuat cua ben phong thu. Van dong vien phong thu cd the chd ddi thdi diem bong tdi tay ngtfdi chuyen thi tien tdi cUdp, hoac pha dUdng bong do. Van dong vien phong thu chuyen bong can phai sii dung triet de cac loi lam cua VDV chuyen bong, khi ho khong che khong ch&c chin qua bong do hoac gay kho khan cho sU chuyen bong de qua bong do khong bay tdi dia chi chinh xac hoac thdi diem can thiet cua viec nhan bong. 44 2.4. M ot so sai lam thudng mac va cach siia chita trong hoc tap k i thuat chuyen bong Sai lam thifofng m ic Cach su'a chua K3 thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai khong co do diing: Sai lim thudng mic la dat nham chan tru cf dong tac ra siic cuoi cung. KI thuat day bong bang mot tay: dong tac chuan bi va ra siic cuoi cung qua 16n. Ki thuat nem bong blng c&ng tay c) phia sau lung: dUdng chuyen bong khong chuan xac. Ki thuat nem vung bong: tay khong thing va thdi gian bong rcii tay khong dung luc. 2.5. Chi ddn ve chien thuat - ThUc hien cham cac chuyen dong cua dong tac. + Yeu cau cua thuc hien dong tac vdi sU chuyen dong lien tuc khong co do diing. + Khong dUa bong ra sau qua xa than cf dong tac ra siic cuoi cung. - Khep canh tay tren sat than, khuyu tay khong qua cao de tao dieu kien cho nam dUdc de va chac bong. - Yeu cau than tren phai van nhieu ve phia phai de hudng nem thu&n ldi sang ben trai. - Yeu cau khong gap c&ng tay khi nem bong, ba vai long khi nem bong va khong gap cd tay hudng len tren khi bong rdi tay. Chuyen bong la nh&m nhanh chong diia bong sang khu vile cau mon cua do'i phiidng, ddng thdi viec chuyen bong qua lai tao nen dieu kien va thdi cd thuan ldi cho viec nem bong dutt diem vao cau mon. Chuyen bong qua lai nhanh lam thay doi tinh huong thi dau se gay kho khan cho cac bien phap phong thu. Chinh vi vay doi hoi chuyen bong phai nhanh va chinh xac (thtfdng la cac qua chuyen d do cao ngang ngUc hoac ngang dau). Tuy nhien do yeu clu cua chien thuat va do cac tinh huong thi dau cu the diia lai ma doi hoi phai sii dung nhieu cac qua chuyen kin. chuyen bat dat v.v... Cac VDV dang diing tii do d cac vi tri tan cong thi doi hoi chuyen bong phai th&ng vao ngUdi, con cac VDV bi ben phong thu che 45 chan hoac dang di chuyen tu do thi dUdng chuyen luon phai tinh toan v6i toe do cua ngUdi di chuyen. Nhiing VDV dang giii bong phai chuyen bong cua minh dung thdi diem, dung hudng. toe do phu hdp vdi khoang cach cua ngUdi nhan bong va doi thu phong thu... NgUdi chuyen bong cung luon phai chu y tdi toe do cua ban than khi thiic hien dUdng chuyen, toe do cua ngiidi nhan bong cung nhu khoang cach xa hay g&n cua ngUdi nhan bong. Trong huA'n luyen phai lam cho ngUdi chuyen bong hieu dUdc rang: qua trinh chuyen, b it bong luon bi doi phUdng kiem soat chat che. Chinh vi vAy, doi hoi giula VDV co bong va nhiing VDV nh&n bong khac phai co nhiing moi lien he blng cac tin hieu (hoac blng anh mat). Trong qua trinh huan luyen chien thuat chuyen bong vai, tro nhan biet blng mlt rat quan trong. Tuy nhien sii phat trien cua no d thi dau dinh cao phai dat diidc d mile ngoai suy ma khong can tdi nhiing quan sat trUc tiep bang mat. Con cac bien phap chong cac hanh dong chuyen bong nham muc dich khong tao cd hoi cho doi phUdng cd dieu kien thuan ldi de nem bong vao cau mon diit diem. Blng cac bien phap phong thu hdp li. ngUdi phong thu phai tim dUdc cach tiep can, chiem vi tri phong thu phu hdp vdi tvfng tinh huong thi dau cu the_de cd the tao anh hUdng triic tiep vdi cac diidng chuyen bong do nhii: tu the phong thu dung, day doi phiidng ra khoi pham vi nguy hiem hoac danh lira ngUdi tan cong v.v... O day cung phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac cd ban trong phong thu ca nhan, chd de lo lieu qua sdm cac y do hanh dong trong phong thu ma ngiidi tan cong co the tii do ldi dung diidc. 2.6. Chi ddn ve phitdng phap Viec hoc tap va hoan thien cac ki thuat chuyen bong bao gid cung gan chat vdi ki thuat nhan bong, vi chung la cac dieu kien quan trong de thutc hien cac y do chien thuat trong thi dau. Chinh vi vay, de hoan thien ca hai mang ki thuat nay phai dau tii thdi gian tiidng doi ldn trong cac gid huan luyen. Neu co dieu kien phai dUdc luyen tap trong cac dieu kien thi dau co doi khang triic tiep. Nham tiep thu cac ki thuat chuyen bong mot cach thuan ldi. ngudi ta thiidng bat dau bang cac ki thuat chuyen bong tai cho, ki thuat di chuyen 46 n6m bong mot tay tren vai phai diidc hoc ki va van dung tot d giai doan n£y vi no cung 16 ki thuat n6m b6ng vao c^u mon quan trong... Cac bai tAp d dang n6y cung phai dUdc luyen tap d nhieu dpi hinh cd ban khac nhau. Khi hia chon cac bai tap d giai doan nay, cAn chu y tdi cac diem sau: Nang cao dUdc so' Mn lap lai bai tap, nhung van dam bao ve cac mat nhu tu the cd ban khi thUc hien bai tap cung nhu thdi gian can thiet de thuc hien no (xem hinh 1-4). Hinh 8: Chuyen bdng theo Hinh 9: Chuyen bdng theo hinh tam guk (2 bdng) hinh vuong (2 bdng) A7J Sau do nhanh ch6ng chuyen qua bai tAp chuyen, b&t bdng trong di chuyen. 6 day cAn phai tinh toan cu the tdi khoang cach chuyen bdng, toe do cua ngUdi nhan bdng, toe do cua dUdng chuyen bdng va ca sii di chuyen cua VDV thiic hien dong tac chuyen bong v.v. 6 day cd the tham khao cac bai tap d hinh 10 va 11. Hinh 10: Chuyen bdng 8 ngudi Hinh 11: Chuyen bdng theo ddi 2 bdng theo hinh vuong hinh vdng tron (2 bdng) Nhiem vu d giai doan nay la ngUdi tap luon phai quan sat lan nhau (vi tri va hUdng di chuyen) de cd the van dung trong nhieu tinh huong vk hoan canh khac nhau thong qua viec thay doi ki thuat chuyen, thay doi tay chuyen, thay doi khoang cach va toe do diidng bdng tdi, chuyen tnic tiep hay gian tiep, sau khi da thiic hien mot nhiem vu them nao do, tang so liidng ngUdi tham gia chuyen bong hoac han che khu viic chuyen bdng. Cong v6i sii tham gia them cua ngUdi phong thu thi cac bai tAp chuyen bat bong se dUdc thiic hien them vdi mot y do chien thuat ta'n cong nao do nhU: trong tan cong nhanh vdi so' liidng ngiidi phong thu thay doi con doi v6i nhiing y do cua chien thuat ta'n cong khu viic hoac cl nhiing vi tri chuyen mon nao do thi cac bai tap thi dau hoac tro chdi van dong cd ngUdi phong thu phai la nhiing dang chinh d£ hoan thien nhanh cac ki thuat nay. Hinh 12 Hinh 13: Chuyen bat bong ben canh du&ng ben khu vuc cam cua cau mon Hinh 14: ChuySn bat bdng phia trudc mat cac dau thu phdng thu 3. KI thuat nem bong vao cau mon va cac hanh dong phong thu chong no 3.1. Khai niem Muc dich cua moi hanh dong tan cong la tao nen ban thang. Tat ca cac hanh dong tan cong khac deu phuc vu cho viec nem bong vao cau mon. Trong pha cuoi cung nay, cac hanh dong tan cong cung phai dUdc van dung nhiing ki thuat nem bong vao cau mon hdp 11. Trong do VDV tan cong phai d trong vi tri va tinh huong thuan ldi ve khong gian va thdi gian trUdc khi lua chon xong ki thuat thuc hien. Cac hanh dong cua VDV phong thu cung phai hu6ng vao do nhim phong thu chong lai dong tac ra stic cuoi cung cua dau thu tan cong hoac ngan can dUdng bong dang bay vao ludi. 4 - GTBN 49 So do phan loai cac ki thuat nem bong vao cau mon va nhitng bien phap phong thu chong no KI thuat nem bong vao cau monPhong thu chong nem bong vao cau mon Nem bong mot tay tren vai: + Vdi budc diing 0 cao ngang dlu, tren dinh dlu va ngang vai + Khong co budc diing (trong chay) - Ki thuSt n6m bong mot tay dudi thap: + Vdi do g&p cua than ve tnidc ho&c ben canh. + Bong rdi tay d do cao ngang hong, ho&c thap hdn. - Ki thuat n6m bong nghieng bdng mot tay d do cao tren dinh dau co nghieng cua than tren sang phia ben kia cua tay nem bong. - Ki thuat nhay nem bong (co chay da, bat nhay tren khong nem boog va tiep dat). + Vdi nhay len cao phia trudc cua ngUdi phong thu. - Ki thuat nga nem bong: + Tai ch6 hoac chay da, nga nem bong va tiep dat. - Ki thuat nhay nga nem bong: + Tai cho hoac vdi da chay bat nhay, nga nem bong va tiep dat. + Nem bong ngtfdc ra sau (lung hufdng nem). + 0 do cao ngang hong co va khong co do xoay cua than. - Ki thuat dap, chuyen, hat bong vao cau mon sau khi: + Bong chuyen vao khu viic cam cua thu mon. + Bong bat quay trd lai tii thu mon hoac cau mon. 50 Phong thu chong nem bong vao c&u mon co the dUdc thiic hien d phia triidc, ben canh.va phia sau ciia ngUdi n£m bong, hoSc d phia ben nay cua tay nem bong. hoSc phia ben kia cua tay nem bdng. - Gay kho kh&n cho ngiidi n6m bong nhii: + Dung mot tay, hai tay ch&n hudng bong bay vao c&u mon khi phong thu xa hoac gan. + Ngan can khong cho nem. + Kern that sat ngiidi nem. - Dung tay chan khong cho tay nem bong cua doi phUdng hoat dong ra triidc tu do. - Chan hudng bong nem vao c£u mon vdi muc dich khong cho bong ra tay theo y do cua ngUdi nem bong. - Doat lai bong. Lay bong ra khi: Doi phUdng ket thuc dong tac ra siic cuoi cung va khi doi phUdng bat d£u thiic hien chuyen dong cua tay n6m bong ra triidc. Cac hanh dong tiep dien cua nem bong vao cau mon Trtfdc Trong Sau Nhan bong. Nhan bong, din bong va dong tac gia. Nhan bong va dong tac gia. Nhan, dong tac gia va din bong Nhan, dong tac gia, din, dong tac gia. Nem bong 1 tay tren cao. Nem bong 1 tay du6i thap. Day bong. Nem bong nghieng. Nhay nem bong. Nga nem bong. Nhay nga nem bong. Nem bong lung hucing nem. Chuyen, dap, hat bong vao cau mon. Chay chiem vi tri phong thu. Phan cong nh&m cu6p lai bong bat ra tif thu mon va cau mon. Cu6p lai bong bat ra tir tay chan cua doi phUOng. Chiem vi tri tan cong sau khi doi nha lay lai dUOc bong va to chtic taxi cong lai. 3.2. Phan tich cac ki thuat nem bong vao cau mon a. Ki thuat nem bdng mot tay tren vai co biidc da Trong nhieu loai ki thuat nem bong vao cau mon thi ki thuat nem bong mot tay tren vai co budc da la cd ban va quan trong nhat. Vdi sU giup dd khi thuc hien ki thuat nay, ta co the dat dUdc do chinh xac cao nhat va vdi toe do dUdng bong bay 16n nhat. Viec phan chia cau true cua ki thuat nay dUdc the hien d ba giai doan chinh la: giai doan chu^n bi, giai doan chinh va giai doan ket thuc. Tat ca cac bien dang cua ki thuat nay nhu: nhay nem bong, nga nem bong,nem bong dudi thap v.v... deu dUdc nhan biet ro d giai doan chinh, con cac giai doan khac deu tUdng tu nhu trong ki thuat nem bong bang mot tay tren vai. 6 giai doan chuan bi thi bong dUdc dua bang hai tay tut phia tru6c ra phia sau tdi ngang vai, sau do bong dUdc chuyen tCf mot tay tiep tuc ra sau. Vai phia tay nem luc nay dUdc dua ra phia sau, con vai ben kia thi dUa thang ra hudng nem, khuyu tay trai hdi co tu nhien, con tay cam bong co nhe d khdp khuyu, cang tay hdi chech len phia tren. Cung trong thdi diem khi dong tac tay da d trong tu the ra siic cuoi cung thi chan doi dien vdi ben tay cam bong dUdc chuyen len phia trudc tao diem chong ngUdc lai. Ban chan dat d phia trudc hdi xoay vao trong (cd the van vo do) va ket thuc giai doan chuan bi. 51 Giai doan chinh dUdc bat diu bang sU quay nhanh va manh cua than tren tCr sau ra trUdc, cong vdi sii hop liic cua chan trudc chong d6 va liic keo cua tay nem cung nhu liic dap cua chan cung phia vdi tay nem chuyen len hong. Chu y d giai doan nay khuyu tay dUdc chuyen dong trudc, k6o theo toe do vung cua canh tay va co tay. Giai doan nay diidc ket thuc khi bong rdi tay nem. Sau do la giai doan ket thuc vdi sU chuyen dong tiep tuc cua chan sau rdi da't dUa len dat d phia trUdc. Sai lam thudng mac va cach svCa chiia Nh€fng sai lam Chay vUtft qua chan tru phia trU6c (thieu do dttag) va ban chan d&t thing theo hudng n6m. Khong co do xoay cua vai ben tay n6m bong. Ban tay khong dat 6 phia sau cua bong, khuyu tay chia qua nhi@'u ra phia trUdc. Cach sifa chu’a DSt chan tru cr phia trudc mot vfit can nao do va chu y tdi dong tac xoay bin chan vao trong. Vai ben kia tay n6m yeu ciu phai thing vao hudng nem. Nhan manh xuong phia dudi. b. Ki thuat nhay nem bong mot tay tren vai K3 thuat nay diidc van dung nhieu d hai dang chinh la nhay cao va nhay xa n6m bong. Uu diem cua ki thuat nay diidc the hien b cho: - N6m cao hdn hang phong thu tii khu viic xa vao c&u mon va nhay vUdt qua hang phong thu cua doi phUdng vao sat khu vile cau mon de nem bong. - Mcl rong dUdc goc nem khi nhay nem ttf cac khu viic phia hai ben vao cAu mon (cl vi tri so' 5 va so 7). Trong pha chu&n bi, ngUdi tap chay ba budc da (trai, phai, trai doi vdi ngUdi nem tay phai) hdi cheo so vdi hudng nem. NgUdi n6m tay phai se bat nhay cl budc thii ba b&ng chan trai (chu y budc thii ba hdi dai hdn hai budc triidc de tao the” cho chan tru dat xuo'ng dat dUdc viing). Vdi sii bot phat cua chan bat nhay pho'i hdp vdi tay vung dua trong tam len cao thi giai doan chinh cua ki thuat bSt dau dUdc thtfc hien. Cung vdi sU bat nhay thi dong tac ra siic cuo'i cung cung dUdc thuc hien ngay, tay cam bong diia ra phia sau, vai cua tay nem cung hoan toan xoay va hildng ve phia sau. Dong tac nem bong diidc thiic hien sau khi cd the dat tdi do cao nh&'t cua sii bat nhay vdi sii chuyen dong nhanh, manh cua tay n6m bong. Rieng trong dong tac nhay vao khu vile cam cua thu mon thi thdi diem bong rdi tay nem se diidc thiic hien d giai doan chot triidc khi tiep dat nhim chd ddi phan ling cua thu mon. Trong tat ca cac trildng hdp tren deu doi hoi bong phai rdi tay n6m triidc khi ngUdi tiep dat. Giai doan tiep dat diidc thiic hien theo qui luat chan dam nhay cham dat triidc. Hinh 16: Ki thuat nhay cao nem bong cd da Hinh 17:Ki thuat nhay xa nem bdng cd da. 53 Mot so sai lam thudng mac va cach stia chita Sai lam thu’dng mdc Loi xay ra trong sii phoi hdp giiia chay da va dam nhay. Khong co siic manh trong bat va nhay (ca trong nhay cao va nhay xa). Khong xoay diidc vai ve phia hiiflng n6m. c. Ki thuat nem bong ditcti thap Cach sufa chufa • Ling nghe nhip bieu hien (nhii nhip vo tay ching han) trong thiic hien ba biidc da. - Thiic hien ba budc da vtfdt qua vat can nao do. ■ Yeu ciu cho triidc diem bat nhay va gicri han phai tiep dat de VDV phai chu y tdi siic manh bat nhay. • Cho chay da bat nhay trudc mot coc cao de VDV phai xoay vai hiidng ra trUdc nham chong lai sii va cham. Khi nem bong cl dudi thA'p, ngiidi n6m bong gay dUdc sii bat ngd tnidc hang phong thu cua doi phiidng, vi trong trUdng hdp nay vi tri tay cd ban cua ngUdi phong thu bao gid cung de cao ngang ngiic. Ngiidi tap nen sii dung bien hoa cac dang nem bong diidi th&'p vao c&u mon nhU: - K5 thuat nem bong mot tay dudi thap khong co g&p than. Khi thiic hien ki thuat nay, than tren vln givi nguyen thing ve hudng nem. Chan tru d phia trudc se tao dufdc diidng ra siic cuoi cung tudng doi ngan cho tay nem bong b do cao ngang hong. Qua do tat nhien se tao dUdc dUdng nem bong khong qua manh, nhiing lai dat dude hieu qua cao qua yeu to bat ngd cua dUdng nem. - KI thuat nem bong 1 tay dudi thap co gap than. Khi thuc hien ki thuat nay sau khi dat chan phia trudc thi cd the dong thdi cung nghieng nhieu ve phia tay nem de bat dau cho giai doan chinh. Trong thdi diem thi true vai cung dUdc xoay thing ve hudng nem nhii nem bong cd ban. Viec ra siic cuoi cung cua dong tac nem bong se dude cong them liic bo sung cua viec xoay chan tren ve phia trudc. Ngiidi nem bdng luc nay d tu the nghieng ve mot ben. Tay nem bdng dUdc sii dung chinh nhd siic lang cua cang tay va co tay chii khong phai cua canh tay. 54 Hinh 18: Ki thuat nem bdng mdt tay du&i thap cd nghieng ngudi. Nhitng sai lam thudng mac va cach svla chiCa Sai lam thifofrig mac - Than tren nghieng qua sdm khi dang chay dk dat chan tru. - Kh6ng phoi hdp dtfdc liic cua ddng tic xoay vai ra triidc khi n6m. - Diidng n6m bong qua cao khi bdng rdi tay n6m. d. Ki thuat ngd nem bong Cach siVa chufa - Chu y khong dtfdc ha th&'p thfin triidc khi ra sttc cuoi cung. - Thiic hien tai cho tnidc, sau d6 k£t hdp vdi chay da de chu y tdi ddng tac xoay than. - BSt buoc nem qua mot gidi han nko d6. Ki thuat nga nem bong diidc sii dung nhieu d sat khu viic cam cua thu mon, ca trong trUdng hdp n6m phat den. Vdi dong tac ki thuat nay, ngiidi tan cong se dat diidc mot so ldi the sau: Thoat ra khoi sii khong che cua hang phong thu doi phUdng va tao thuan ldi cho tay n6m bong diidc tii do. Dong thdi nhd sii keo dai cua thdi diem bdng rdi tay ma VDV tan cong cd the nhan biet diidc cac hanh dong phan ling cua thu mon. Tuy theo tinh huong cu the trong thi dau ma van dung ki thuAt nay se diidc thay doi: nga thang, nga nghieng qua trai hoac qua phai v.v... Dac diem chinh cua ki thuat nay la vi tri thap cua trong tam cd the. Tii the chu^n bi diidc tien hanh qua sii co cua khdp dau goi cung ben vdi tay nem. Ha thap trong tam va chuyen dan trong tam sang chan trai. dong thdi vdi chuyen than sang phai dua bong len cao. Khi cd the da dat difdc do th&p nhfit dinh thi keo nhanh cang tay nem bong ve phia tnidc. Sau do nhanh chong tiep dat bang hai ban tay. tien tdi gap khuyu tay. lam ddng tac hoan rung va nhanh chong diing day chuan bi cho cac dong tac khac. Nhitng sai lam thudng mac va cach sUa chita Sai lam thrfdng m&c - Trong tam chi ha dtfdc th£p chd khong dua ra ditdc xa cd the ve hudng nem. - Dong tac hoan xung kem vi co khuyu tay qua cham khi tay tiep dat. Cach si/a chufa • Cho tip d trong dSm ho&c d lt mem tnidc nham holm thien ki thuAt. - Chu f than tren hdi xoay sdm xuong dudi khi bong rdi tay nem de tao thuAn ldi cho hai tay cung tiep dat. Himk 19: Ki Uuut nga mem bong. e. Ki ttuiat nhay ngd nem bong Trong nhiing nam gan day, ki thuat nay diidc van dung nhieu bdi vi hieu qua cua no trong thi dau rat cao. I/u diem chinh cua no la tao dieu kien cho ngUdi tan cong thoat ra khoi ngiidi phong thu va ap sat thu mon cua doi phUdng. Ki thuat nav la sii phoi hdp tildng doi kho gida hai ki thuat nhav va nga nem bong. Khi lam dong tac chay da thi budc cuoi cung khong nen dat qua xa ve phia tnidc vi se gav kho khan cho dong tac bAt ra xa. 56 Khi chan bat khoi dat dtfa cd the bay tren khong thi dong thdi vdi dong tac co gap cua chan cung ben tay nem vao sat than, bdng dtfdc chuyen tut giiia ngtfc sang mot tay ra sau va len cao, than tren hdi xoay ra trudc de tay cam bdng dtfdc giijf d phia sau trUdc luc nem. Khi cd the da dat dtfdc do bay xa va thap cua trong tam thi bat dau dong tac tay nem bdng. Liic sxi dung chu yeu la nhd do xoay chuyen than, hong ra phia trudc va do lang nhanh cua cSng tay, co tay, sau do tay trai den tay phai, ltfdn va dui ben trai lan ltfdt nhanh chong cham dat. Hinh 20: Ki thuat nhay ngd nem bdng Nhitng sai lam thitdng mac va cach stta chita Sai lam thifo'ng mac - - Btfdc cuoi cung qua ldn nen thtf dng bi nhay len cao chti khong ra xa. - Than tren qua cao khi ra siic cuoi cung. - Luc rdi xuong dat khong lam tot dong tac hoan xung. Cach siifa ehCtfa - Cho s&n cac gidi han cua cac budc chay da. - Yeu cau phai diing lau tren khong mdi ra siic cuoi cung. - Yeu ciu 2 tay phai cham dat trudc, sau do mdi den lUdn va dui. g. Ki thuat nhay nem, hat bong qua dau thu mon So ltfdng nhiing qua nem bdng gan cau mon ngay cang gia tang trong thi dau. Thu mon vdi muc dich thu hep goc nem cua ddi phUdng da tim cach tien sat ngtfdi nem va dung chinh than the cua minh de can pha dtfdng ndm bdng vao ciu mon. O trong cac tinh hudng nay ddi hdi ngtfdi ndm phai biet sii dung thanh thao qua nem vong cung qua dau thu mon vdi mot dong tac gia trtfdc do la ki thuat nhay nem bdng binh thtfdng. 57 Qua sii phan doan chinh xac tinh huong va do bat cao cua minh, ngiidi nem tao dtfdc dieu kien sii dung dong tac hit bdng ttfdng doi bat ngd qua din thu mon bang cach thay doi dot ngot dong tac nem. Chinh vi the ma giai doan chinh cua ki thuat nay cung dtfdc chia lam hai phan va d giiia co giai doan chuyen tiep. - Giai doan chay da va phan doan tinh huong (giai doan chuan bi) gom: + Giai doan chinh mot: Bat nhay, ra stic cuoi cung va lam dong tac n6m bong binh thtfdng. + Giai doan chuyin tii'p: Ham dong tac n6m vA chuyin htfdng sang chuyen dong n6m mdi. + Giai doan chinh hai: Tay chuyen dong len cao va hAt b6ng qua dlu cua thu mon vao ciu mon. - Giai doan ket thuc: Ham tay nem bong va tiep dAt bang chan dam bat. De dat dtfdc hieu qua cua dong tac nem nay thi cac phan doan d giai doan chinh nhtf: Khoang cach giiia ngtfdi nem va thu mon, cac phan ting cua thu mon cung nhtf liic svL dung can thiet cho qua nem bong chinh xac vao khung thanh la rat quan trong. Hinh 21: Ki thuat nhay nem hat bdng qua dau thu mdn. h. Ki thuat nhay nem bong mot tay tren vai nghieng ngvtbi Day la mot ki thuat bi&n dang cua ki thuat nhay n6m bong mot tay tren vai. No dtfdc stf dung chu yeu nham chong cac dtfdng chan b6ng tnic tiep ben phia tay nem cua ngtfdi phong thu khi nhay cao len phia trtf6c hang phong thu nem bong. Va trong trtfdng hdp nhay xa vao khu viic ca'm cua thu mon thi no lai co tac dung mcl rong goc nem vao cau mon. No dac biet quan trong doi vdi nhiing VDV thuan tay phai chdi d cac vi tri ben trai (d so 5). Ve ki thuat thi giai doan chuan bi va giai doan ket thuc deu giong nhu trong ki thuat nhay nem bong mot tay tren vai. Diem khac chu yeu la: d giai doan chinh trtfdc khi sii dung ltfc cua tay nem bong thi than tren dtfdc nghieng nhieu sang phia ben kia cua tay nem bong, hoac nghieng het sang cung ben vdi tay nem bong (d trtfdng hdp hoat dong tti so” 7 vao). Ltfc nem bong chu yeu do ket hdp gap than ve phia trtfdc va keo theo do lang cua canh tay, cang tay va co tay. Nhiing sai lam thiibng mac va cach sita chila Sai lam thu'dng mac Cach sufa chuTa - Khong co siic manh trong bat va do - Yeu cau nem bong triidc mot coc cao. nghieng qua it. - Chi dtfdc phep nghieng ngtfdi nem - Nghieng ngiidi qua sdm trtfdc khi ra bong theo tin hieu cua huan luyen stic cuoi cung. vien. i. Ki thuat nem bong ra sau liing bdng mot tay Day la mot ki thuat dtfdc stf dung rat co hieu qua d khu viic giiia, sat vong cam cua thu mon vdi hang phong thu ciia doi phtfdng d phia sau ltfng ngtfdi nem. De tan dung yeu to' bat ngd va thuan ldi cua goc nem 16n, ngtfdi nem phai thtfc hien dong tac nem ngay sau khi nhan bong, do vay chi co the quay than dtfdc 1/4 hoac 1/2 cua vong ttron. Sau khi nhan dtfdc dtfdng chuyen bong cua dong doi, than ngtfdi d t tf the chan trtfdc, chan sau (chan cung ben vdi tay nem bdng dat d trtfdc) ltfng xoay thing ve htfdng nem. Giai doan chinh dtfdc b it dau bAng viec dot ngot nem bdng ttf trtfdc ra phia sau ltfng. Neu cd xoay than 1/4 hoac 1/2 thi dtfdc cong them ltfc dap d&'t cua ben cung tay nem bdng va lang theo do vong sang ben kia cua tay nem bdng. Giai doan ket thuc dtfdc chuyen tiep bdi do xoay cua chan tru de dtf a ngtfdi ve phia ben htfdng nem chuan bi tot cho cac dong tac tiep theo. 59 k. Ki thuat nhay, chuyen, hat vit bong vao cau mon Day la mot ki thuat bien dang cua ki thuat nhay nem bdng mot tay tren vai va nhay nga ndm bdng. No dtfdc sii dung khi ngtfdi n6m bdng nhay vao khu vtfc cam cua thu mon de bat nhiing dtfdng bdng cua ddng doi, hoac ddn nhiing dtfdng bdng doi trd lai ttf thu mon va cau mon nhtfng khong du thdi gian de thtfc hien cac ki thuat nem bdng khac ma phai nhanh chong dung hai tay hoac mot tay daiy. vit. hat bdng vao c£u mon. Khi sii dung ki thuat nay thi cung tuy vao ttfng tinh hudng cu the v& do diing tam thdi cua than d tren khong ma ngtfdi nem tiep tuc quan sat thu mon, phan doan tinh huong va dtfa ra dtfdc nhiing hanh dong hdp H nhtf vit, dSy hay hat bdng vao goc trong cua c£u mon. De phong thu cac dong tac nem bdng vao cau mon cua ddi phtfdng thi doi hdi ngtfdi phong thu phai biet sii dung thanh thao mot so ki thuat phong thu dac biet nhtf: chan bdng, lay bdng ttf tay nem bdng va cac kha nang tong hdp khac (nhtf phan tich, tap trung chu y, phan doan chinh xac toe do nhanh cua cac hanh dong phan ting) cung nhtf cac kinh nghiem cua chien thuat ca nhan. Dieu quan trong trtfdc tien cua VDV phong thu la luon chiem diidc vi tri phong thu hdp li de cd the sii dung cac ki thuat phong thu nham ngan chan trtfc tiep cac dtfdng bdng nem thang vao cau mon. Trong ki thuat chan bdng bang hai tay can chu y la hai canh tay thang va doi dien vdi htfdng nem, dong thdi sii dung tot hai ban tay trong thdi diem bdng rdi tay ddi phtfdng. Trtfdc do cung ddi hdi ngtfdi phong thu vtia dam nhiem tot dong tac chan bdng trtfc tiep, vtia chu y tdi stf phong thu tong the cua ca doi. 3.3. Chi ddn ve chien thuat nem bong vao cau mon Ve nguyen tac thi khi thtfc hien nem bdng vao cau mon la ket thuc mot nhip tan cong, ddng thdi bdng thuoc ve ben ddi phtfdng. Chinh vi vay ma ngtfdi nem bdng vao cau mon phai cd mot trach nhiem rat ldn vdi doi minh, vi lieu qua nem bdng do cd tao nen ban thang hay khong? Nhin chung stf qua cting nhac trong thtfc hien chien thuat hoac qua lam dung y thich ghi ban cua ca nhan trong thi da'u deu dan tdi viec han che tao nen ban thang cua dong doi. 60 Viec n6m bong vao dtu mon se dtfdc thtfc hien dtfa tren stf chuan bi dot pha cua ca nhan hoac cua toan doi. Viec quyet dinh hanh dong nem bong vao cau mon la sii phan tich tong hdp tinh huong thi dau cu the luc do de co dtfdc mot quyet dinh dung d&n. Hanh dong nem bong vao cau mon can phai dtfdc phan tich va tong hdp cac thong tin ve tinh huong thi dau trong mot thdi gian ng&n nhat nhtf: ttf stf phong phu cua nhiing thong tin ve dtfdng di chuyen cua dong doi va do'i phtfdng, ve dtfdng bong, vi tri tren san cua ngtfdi nem bong va cac moi lien he vdi cac chtfdng trinh dat s&n cung nhtf kha nang quyet doan cua ngtfdi nem qua trinh dieu chinh va dieu khien hanh dong van dong nay dat ra mot yeu c&u rat cao ve kha nang ttf duy cua VDV cho phu hdp vdi nhip do va toe do thi dau cao cua tran dau. Con doi vdi VDV phong thu thi dieu quan trong nhat la anh ta khong dtfdc phan ting lai qua voi va doi vdi cac dong tac cua ngtfdi nem bong ma phai phan doan dtfdc hanh dong cuoi cung cua ngtfdi nem (ttic la thdi diem cuoi cua viec dtfa ra dong tac n6m bong vao cSu mon). 3.4. Chi ddn ve phiidng phap Muc dich cua cong tac giang day va huan luyen dong tac nem bong khong chi dting lai d cho thtfc hien co chat ltfdng dong tac nem bong ma con phai biet van dung hdp H cac ki thuat nem bong trong tting tinh huong thi dau cu the. Chinh vi vay, cong tac huan luyen ngay ttf ban dau da phai dtfa y do chien thuat va cac trtfdng hdp van dung no doi vdi tting loai ki thuat nem bong vao c&u mon. Huan luyen cac ki thuat nem b6ng vao c&u mon phai sii dung da dang cac hinh thiic luyen tip nhii: tro chdi van dong co sii dung dong tac nem bong, tang ctfdng sii chu&n xac cua diem cham cung nhu viec hoan thien ki thuat trong tinh huong co doi khang. Day chinh la cd sd tang hieu qua cua ttf duy chien thuat. Cac bai tap ddn le hoac tong hdp khi co hoac khong co ngtfdi phong thu can dtfdc thtfc hien tot trong qua trinh giang day nham van dung t&'t ca cac ki thuat nem bong ttf nhieu vi tri va htfdng khac nhau vao ciu mon. Nhd tang ctfdng cac phtfdng phap luyen tap co doi phtfdng ttf y§u tdi khoe, chung ta se dat dtfdc cac yeu c6u chien thuat g&n giong nhii trong thtfc te thi diiu, cung nhtf do hoan thien cac ki thuat nem bong theo yeu cau chien thuat. Trong tien trinh huan luyen, theo thdi gian phai giam bdt cac bai tap nem bong cd ban, tang ctfdng cac bai tap nem bong trong thi dau. Vi du cu the ve viec hoc tap ki thuat nhay nem bong Hinh thiYc luyen tap Chay theo nhip dieu. Muc dich bai tap Dung cu Cac dac tinh quan trong - Nhay khoi vong - Hdc ba bufdc da - Ghe bang - Nhay vUdt qua tron sau khi thutc ghe bang. hien ba bade cuoi - Nhan manh - Vdng trdn - GiGf nguyen chan cung. budc bat nhay vung d tren - Ba budc da bat cudi cung. khong. nhay va chuyen - Phoi hdp giiia - Day thtfng - Yeu ciu phai bit dong cua tay nem bat nhay va (bat qua nhay dung vi tri bong tren khong. tay nem bdng. day da danh dau. - Ba bifdc da bat nhay thifng) va phoi hdp dong - Nhip dieu va - Buc go - Bat nhay tii buc tac nem bong that. - Chay da, nhan bdng va thuc hien ba budc bat nhay phdi hdp tdan than. - Nhjp dieu va phdi hdp ddng g6, chay da ched, cham dat bing chan dam bat. nem bdng. tac chung. 62 Sau day la mot so vi du ve cac bdi tap nhay nem bong vao cau mon: Hinh 23: N6m bdng xa a khu vuc sd' Hinh 24: Nem bdng 6 khu vuc gan 2 vd 4 vdo cdu mdn vdo cau mdn Hinh 25: Xoay ngudi nem bdng d Hinh 26: Chay xoay ngudi nem khu vuc gan cdu mdn. bdng tit bien vdo cdu mdn Hinh 27: Phdi hop chan nem bdng (2 chong 1) Viec hoan thien cac bdi tap nhay nem bong ditoc dien ra qua: - Cac dong tac nem bong vao cSu mon luc dau khong co thu mon, sau co thu mon. - Thay doi do xa va cac vi tri cua ngtfdi chuyen b6ng. - Nhay nem bong la dong tac gia, sau do chuyen bong sang ben trai hoac ben phai. - Dat mot so' vat can hoac chtfdng ngai vat gia lam cac dau thu phong thu. - Nhay nem bong trtfdc khi dau thu phong thu bi gidi han cac hanh dong phong thu. - Rut ng&n budc chay da bat nhay xuong con hai budc, sau do la mot btfdc. - Cac bai tap nhay nem d dang thi dau doi khang 1:1; 2:2 hoac 3:2; 2:1 (xem 1 so' bai tap b cac hinh). 4. Dan bong va phong thu chong dan bong 4.1. So litoc ve ki thuat ddn bong Dan bong la dieu kien de VDV dang cam bong co the thay doi vi tri cua minh tren san, co ldi cho stf tiep can khu cau mon cua doi phtfdng va tranh dtfdc luat giti bong trong tay qua ba giay. Phan loai cac ki thuat dan bong va cach phong thu chong dan bong Phong thu chong ddn bong Can pha dong tac ddn bong. Luon tiep can sat ngtfdi din bong. Ep ngtfdi dan bong ra khu vtfc ben ngoai. Ngan chan dong tac din bong. Chin htfdng, dtfdng di cua ngtfdi dan bong. Tranh ctfdp bong khi da ap sat ngtfdi dan bong. • Ctfdp bong. • Lay bdng ttf ngtfdi din d phia trtfdc va ben canh ngtfdi dan. 64 Dan bong Dap bdng mot nhip. Dap b6ng nhieu nhip, chi sii dung dan bong bdng mdt tay. Vdi chuyen doi sang ca hai tay khi dan bdng. Dap bong ngang dau go'i va ngang ltfng, ngang ngtfc. Dan bong tai cho va di chuyen v6i co va khong dung mlt quan sat khi dan bong. Hinh 28: Ki thuat ddn bdng bdng mot tay co ban + Cac hanh dong noi tiep cua ngtfdi dan bong Trtfdc Trong Nh&n b6ng. - Dap bong mot nhip Nh&n b6ng, dong 1 Dap bong nhiS'u nhip tac gia 4.2. Phan tich ki thuat ddn bong Sau - Chuyin bong - Dong tac gia, chuyen bong. - N6m bong vao cau mon. - Dong tac gia, nem bong vao clu mon. Khi d&n bdng thi bdng diidc tay day tut tren xuong dtfdi, trong do stf dung chu yeu la cac ngon tay. Ban tay xoe deu va tiep xuc kin phan tren cua bdng. Trong khi thtfc hien dong tac thi phan canh tay hau nhtf gitf nguyen, chu yeu sii dung ding tay va co tay de day bdng. Sau khi tao ra ltfc day vao bdng thi ban tay con tiep tuc chuyen dong xuong dtfdi mot chut, sau do thi ddn dtfdng bdng nay len theo chieu ngtfdc lai co stf hoan xung cua ban tay (chu y cac ngon tay xoe rong va mem) va tiep tuc lam dong tac day bdng di theo mot htfdng mdi. 5 - GTBN 65 Mot so sai lam thitbng mac va cach siia chOta Sai lam chinh C&ch stjfa chufa Danh thing vao bong (co tieng keu to, ciing khi cham bong). Din bong vdi ban tay qua thing. Sii dung dong tac qua manh cua canh tay. Thiic hien dong tac ch&m va mem mai vdi sii chuyen d6ng theo bong cua tay. Yeu ciu cac ngon tay om gon vko bong, cac ngon tay xoe deu, thay doi hudng diy bong de tao cam giac bong. Co ging giut nguyen canh tay, hoan toan si dung chuyen dong cua canh tay va co tay khi din. 4.3. Chi ddn chien thuat ddn bong D in bong se lam cham lai cac hanh dong tan cong so vdi dong tac chuyen bong, do vay chi sii dung din bong d cac tinh huong phu hdp nhtf: chuyen bong cho dong doi d the tan cong khong dtfdc ch ic chin cho lim, hoac ngtfdi co bong co cd hoi hdp 11 de din bong dot pha ca nhan, khi dong doi chtfa kip len de phoi hdp Ngoai ra dan bong con la phtfdng tien chien thuat nham lam cham lai nhip do thi dau, de dong doi co cd hoi chuan bi trong cac ddt tan cong tap the khi doi phtfdng sii dung chien thuat phong thu kem ngtfdi. Trong khi din bong cin luon chu y, tham chi ngtfdi din bong phai cf giQa bong va ngtfdi phong thu trong dong tac tranh ctfdp din bong. Chinh vi vay, ngtfdi dan bong phai sii dung thanh thao hai tay khi din bong. Vdi nhiing ngtfdi mdi tap, doi hoi dieu khien dong tac din bong vdi sii chu y nhieu cua mit, dan dan ve sau can giai phong m it cho cac nhiem vu chien thuat khac (co nghia la tang ctfdng stf dieu chinh va dieu khien dong tac thong qua ttf dong hoa hanh vi van dong). Luc VDV dang din bong, phai chu y tdi tinh huong xay ra tren san. Phong thu dong tac dan bong chu yeu dtfa vao nguyen tic ctfdp, lay lai bong. Neu nhtf VDV tan cong khong che bong rat ch ic chin thi viec lay lai bong chi co the thtfc hien dtfdc trong khi bong rdi dat nay len, hoac 66 dung cac ki thuat phong thu khac nhtf 6p va da’y ngtfdi din bong ra khoi vung nguy hiem. 4.4. Chi ddn ve phtfdng phap Vi din bong con la bien phap lam quen vdi bong luc ban dau, do vay no thtfdng dtfdc sft dung cf phan dau cua cac buoi huan luyen. Dong tac din bong trtfdc het dtfdc luyen tap tai cho. De tang ctfdng do hoan thien cho viec xay dtfng cam giac bong thi dan bong tai cho se dtfdc thtfc hien theo nhieu kieu khac nhau nhtf: - Ttf cac ttf the ban dau khac nhau (quy, ngoi, nam dan bong). - Phoi hdp vdi cac nhiem vu phoi hdp van dong khac nhtf: nhlm mit dap bong, dap bong vdi hai tay hai qua bong co do cao thap khac nhau v.v... Din bong trong di chuyen luon doi hoi stf pho'i hdp tot vdi nhip dieu chay va toe do cua thi d&u. 6 day luon chu y din bong cf ben canh stfdn vdi do nay cao cua bong cf ngang th&t ltfng. Viec tang toe do din bong can dtfdc thtfc hien thanh thao vdi moi VDV cf trong tat ca cac bai tap cho nen ngay ttf ban dau da phai chu y tdi huan luyen din bong ca blng hai tay va tuy theo kha nang cho phep ma giai phong stf chu y cua m&t tdi bong. Sau day la mot vdi vi du ve cac bdi tap ddn bong; - Din bong tien, lui vdi toe do thay doi. - Din bong theo doi hinh nhtf cf hinh 29 va 30. - D in bong ttf do trong mot khoang khong gian ngay cang bi thu hep vdi mot ltfdng VDV. - Cac tro chdi van dong co sii dung nhieu dan bong, chuyen bong va chay v.v... nhom 3 hoac 2 bong nhom 4 hoac 2 bong 67 5. Dong tac gia va phong thu chong dong tac gia 5.1. Khai niem ve dong tac gid Dong tac gia la mot hanh dong co chu dinh cua mot ngtfdi thong qua mot hoac hai hanh dong “gia” lo lilu va tiep tdi la hanh dong that (diidc thiic hien dot ngot) de thoat khoi sii khong che cua doi phtfdngr Trong khi thi dau Bong nem thi dong tac gia la phtfdng tien htiu hieu de thtfc hien thanh cong nhieu chien thuat khac nhau. Do vay viec sti dung thanh thao nhieu loai dong tac gia khac nhau cua VDV tan cong cung nhtf phong thu la ctfc ki quan trong vk phai dtfdc chu y tdi trong cong tac huan luyen ban dau. Bdng he thong cac ki thuat dong tac gid va cac hanh dong chong lai Dong tac gia Phong thu Hanh dong gid ■ Gia chuyen bong (sii dung tat ca ki thuat chuyen). - Gia nem bong vao cau mon - Gia dot pha (dan bong dot pha). - Thay doi toe do, thay doi hudng - Gia xuat phat va xuat phat lao len. - Gia than. - Gia quay ngtfdi 68 Hanh dong tiep dien - Tat ca cac dong tac rieng le cua: - Chuyen - D|n, dot pha. - Nem bong vao diu mon Chong hanh dong gid Quay roi dong tac gia. Thu hep pham vi hoat dong qua viec phong thu sat ngUdi tan cong. Quay trd ve phong thu khu vtfc quan trong cua doi nha. Cho doi phtfdng hoat dong d nhiing khu vtfc nhat dinh. Ap che dong tac gia. Tranh ctfdp quyet liet de pha bong. Ch&n bong ben tay nem hoac chan hudng di chuyen. Ctfdp lai bong, gay kho khan quyet liet de ddi phtfdng pham cac loi ki thuat nhtf: chay btfdc hoac 16i xo day tho bao. Chong hanh dong that - Quay roi ngan chan hoac ctfdp lav bong d cac hanh dong tiep theo sau cung cua cac dong tac gia. Chuyen gia, nem hoac gia dot pha. Cac hanh ddng tiep dien cua dong tac gia Trtfdc Dong tac gia Sau Nhan bong Nhan bong va din bong. Gia chuyen Gia nem bong vao cdu mon. Gia dot pha bang din bong vao cau mon. - Chuyen bong - Nem bong vao cau mon - Dot pha sau v&o khu vuc cau mon. Mot so vi du cu the ve dong tac gid Dong tac gia ■ Chuyen bdng sang trai, len cao. - Chuyin b6ng sang phai. - N6m bong vao cau mon. - N6m bong mot tay dxldi tha'p cl do cao ngang hong hoac ngang dlu goi. - Dot pha sang trai. - Gia n6m hoac gia chuyen. Hanh ddng sau ddng tac gia - Chuyin bong bat dtft sang phia ben. - Chuyen bong sang trai bang k! thuat chuyin sau ltfng. - Chuyin bong cho dong doi. - Nem bong cao ngang dlu hoac nga nghieng n6m bong. - Dot pha sang phai. - D6t pha vao clu m6n. Hinh 31: Gid nem sang ddn bdng ddt phd 69 Hinh 32: Gid ddt pha sang ddi pha. 5J2. Chi ddn ve chien thuat Dong tac gia la mot thanh ph&n quan trong trong thi dau, do v&y hanh dong gia phai tao nhu the nao de tao nen phan ting doi ph6 cua ngtfdi phong thu va sau do yeu cau van dung tot, dieu luyen cac hanh dong that. Stf van dung cac dong tac gia luon phai dtfa vao yeu dku chien thu&t ma tinh huong thi dau cu the doi hoi. Viec ltfa chon dong tac gia luon phai phu hop vdi vi tri cua ngtfdi thtfc hien, cung nhtf hoan canh phong thu cua doi phtfdng hoac stf tham gia cua dong doi luc do. Y nghla to ldn va ket qua cua dong tac gia la stf thtfc hien co nhip dieu ca mot chuoi dong tac (trtfdc, trong va sau do). Do vay hanh dong gia phai dtfdc nhan manh that ro nhlm gay nen phan ting cua do'i phtfdng, con dong tac that tiep theo phai dtfdc thtfc hien nhanh, dot ngot nh&m v&n dung thdi gian ngin, co ldi cho ngtfdi thtfc hien. Ttf ttfdng phong thu doi vdi cac hanh dong cua dong tac gia phai la nhting phan ting that stf co tac dung nhtf: can pha, ngan chan hoac gay kho khan cho cac hanh dong cua VDV Um cong, dong thdi cung phai co kha nang can pha tiep ngay sau do cac hanh dong khac cua ngtfdi tan cong. Qua qua trinh thtfdng xuyen stfa chtia cac sai lim trong phong thu cung nhtf ren luyen stf tap trung chu y cao do trong phong thu dan dan se giup cho ngtfdi phong thu nhan biet mot cach chinh xac cac hanh dong gia va that cua ngtfdi tan cong. Con trong cac tinh huong cl xa khu vtfc clu mon thi tot nhat la ngtfdi phong thu quay ve chiem linh cac vi tri xung yeu trong phong thu de chong stf dot pha cua ngtfdi din bong vao khu vtfc sat vach c&'m cua thu mon. 5.3. Cac chi dan ve phitdng phap. De thtfc hien co hieu qua dong tac gia, dieu quan trong la ngtfdi tap phai thuc hien tot va thanh thao mot loat cac hanh dong ki thuat khac nhtf: din, chuyen, nem va dot pha v.v. Ve luyen tap. trtfdc tien la blng cac bai tap bo trd khong ti'nh tdi cac vi tri chuyen mon. 0 day chu yeu la luyen tap nham nam vtfng cac dong tac gia ddn le trong dieu kien ddn gian khong co doi khang trtfc tiep. Sau do lap ghep chung trong cac tinh huong chien thuat cu the hoac d cac vi tri chuyen mon khac nhau. Doi vdi dong tac dot pha la dong tac gia thi trtfdc tien luyen tap dot pha ttf khu vtfc xa tdi sat cau mon, sau do thtfc hien ttf ngoai hai bien vao trong. Dac biet nen sii dung ddi khang trtfc tiep 1:1 trong viec hoan thien dong tac gia. 71 Chuong KI, CHIEN THUAT CA NHAN CUA CAC VDV TAN CONG KHONG BONG VA CAC BIEN PHAP PHONG THU 1. Y nghia, phan loai ki thuat tan cong khong bong Tat ca cac VDV deu co vi tri cu the cua minh khi doi nha dang khong che bong. Stf thanh cong trong thi dau cua mot dpi bong phu thuoc cl mot mtfc do nao day vao cac hoat dong khong co bong cua cac VDV. Ki thuat cd nhan cua VDV tan cong khong bong gom: a) Tii the chuan bi. b) Cac dang di chuyen nhii: di, chay tha long, chay bien hiidng, bien toe. c) Diing. d) Quay ngiidi va chay vong. e) Chan (chan bdng than triidc va chan bang liing). g) Dong tac gid. 2. Phan tich mot so ki thuat cd ban cua VDV tan cong khong bong 2.1. Tit the chuan bi Tu the chuan bi cd ban trong thi dau Bong nem la the diing hdi nghieng ngtfdi va gap nhe d khdp dau goi, mSt luon htfdng vao vi tri cua VDV tan cong dang co bong, dong thdi cung htfdng vao doi thu phong thu cl vi tri gan nhat de co the nhan bong hoac xuat phat di bat ctf htfdng nao mot cach di dang. Trong ttf the chuan bi cd ban cua VDV phong thu, can chu y hdn tdi do cao cua hai tay d phia trtfdc cd the va than trtfdc hdi gap ve phia trtfdc. 72 Tu the cd ban nay se giup ngtfdi phong thu co the de dang xuat phat nhanh tdi moi htfdng hoac nhanh chong duoi thang tay len phia tren trong chin bong cung nhu lay da nhanh trong nhay. 2.2. Cac dang di chuyen Chay la ki thuat quan trong nhat trong cac bien phap di chuyen. Tuy theo yeu clu cua chien thuat thi dau ma ngtfdi tan cong sii dung cac loai hinh chay khac nhau nhtf: chay tha long, chay nhanh, chay bien toe hoac bien htfdng. Dieu dac biet chu y trong chay la luon phai quan tam tdi hoat dong cua VDV co bong va cac hoat dong VDV phong thu gan nhat. 2.3. Quay ngtldi va chay vong - Khi quay ngtfdi bao gid cung phai lay mot chan lam tru: Vdi mui chan lam tru khi chi can quay 90° va vdi got chan lam tru khi can quay vdi goc ldn hdn 90°. - Trong chay vong thi c&n chu y luc vong trong tam hdi do ve ben trong, canh tay ben ngoai vung ttfdng doi rong de gifl thang bang. 2.4. Ditng va dong tac gid Dting dot ngot cung nhtf chay bien toe, bien htfdng la nhting bien phap can ban cua cac hoat dong dong tac gia khong co bong. Trtfdc khi citing (trtfdc btfdc cuoi cung) phai co stf chu^n bi nhtf ha thap trong tam, chan sau btfdc len hdi dai hdn binh thtfdng va mui ban chan hdi xoay vao trong de tao nen phan ltfc cho dong tac hoan xung trong dting. 2.5. Chan Chan la hoat dong co chu y cua VDV tan cong khong bong, nham yem ho va ngan chan stf phong thu true tiep doi vdi VDV tan cong co bdng. Co the dung than trtfdc hoac than sau de chan htfdng di chuyen trtfc tiep cua ngtfdi bi chan nham ho trd cho VDV tan cong co bdng. 3. Chi dan ve chien thuat Cac hanh dong cua VDV tan cong khong bdng deu htfdng tdi hai muc dich: - Muc dich thii nhat la bang cac hoat dong di chuyen cua minh nhtf 73 luon chuyen doi giiia dting va xuat phat cung vdi sii tAp trung chu y v&o VDV tan cong dang co bong se tao len ap liic hoat dong rong cua toan ddi. - Muc dich thit hai la blng cac hoat dong khong bong cua minh se tao nen thdi cO thuan ldi nhat ca ve khong gian va thdi gian de co the nhan bong cua dong doi. Thdi cd co ldi se xay ra khi doi phUdng trong mot thdi diem nao d6 phai hudng sii chu y vao nhting tinh huong xay ra trong thi dau nhii VDV dang co bong v.v... Cac hoat dong khong bong phai tao dieu kien hoat dong manh phia ben kia cua tay ngtfdi elm bong nham phat huy dtfdc the manh cua ngtfdi tan cong dang co bong. Stf di chuyen thtfdng xuyen lien tuc cua ngtfdi ta'n cong se nang cao hieu qua hoat dong cua ca nhan va cua ca dong doi vi no 16m phan tan stf tap trung chu y cua hang phong thu va nhtf vky se gay kho khan cho viec to chtic cua ben phong thu. 4. Chi dan ve phtfdng phap Cac dong tac cua VDV tan cong va phong thu khong bong nhtf: chay ttf do, xuat phat, dtfng, chay bien toe v.v... can dtfdc luyen tap thtfdng xuyen b cac buoi tap hoac trong thi dau. Dieu can thiet trtfdc tien la phai chi dan cac htfdng can chuyen dong trong cac hoat dong khong bong. O day nen ltfa chon cac bai tap co ngtfdi chan bong hoac cac bai tap phoi hdp nhom hai ngtfdi. Sau khi da hoan thien dtfdc cac hoat dong cua ca nhan thi nhanh chong dtfa cac tinh huong chien thuat cu the vao bai tap va doi hoi d VDV tan cong khong bong phai biet van dung tot thdi cd va thdi diem de co the nhan dtfdc chinh xac dtfdng chuyen bong cua dong doi va tiep tuc md rong cac hoat dong co bong. Qua day thay rang viec ket hdp chien thuat cua ca nhan va dong doi la rat quan trong. 9. ^ 0 day nen stf dung cac bai tap thi dau co do doi khang phu hdp nhtf: 2 chong 1, 3 chong 2 v.v... hoac stf dung cac mon bong khac nhtf: Bong da, Bong ro, la nhting phtfdng tien hua'n luyen co hieu qua cao nham phat trien cac hoat dong khong bong cua VDV. 74 Chuong Kf, CHIEN THUAT CA NHAN CUA THU MON * Trong doi bong thi thu mon giijf mot vi tri vo cung quan trong va dac biet, do vay ngtfdi thu mon ngoai viec phai nam bat va thanh thuc nhiing ki, chien thuat ri§ng biet, con doi hoi long dung cam, tinh quyet doan cung nhtf cac to' chat rieng biet nhtf: kha nang phan xa, kha nang phan doan tinh huong v.v... 1. Phan loai ki thuat cua thu mdn 1.1. Ki thuat cua thu. mon trong phong thu. Tat ca cac dong tac phong thu bang ban tay, canh tay, than ngiidi va chan deu la nhiing nhiem vu quan trong cua thu mon. Hoat dong cua thu mon dtfdc phan thanh cac ki thuat chinh sau. a) Tii the chuan bi. b) Cac bien phap di chuyen chiem vi tri phong thu. c) Phong thu bdng tay. ■ Bat bong. - Chan bong. d) Phong thu blng chan. e) Pho'i hdp phong thu tay va chan. f) Phong thu blng than. g) Phong thu trong nhay. h) Phong thu trong xoac. m) Dong tac gia. 75 1.2. Ki thuat cua thu mon trong tan cong a) Phat bong vdi muc dich chuyen bong. b) Phat bong vdi muc dich nem bong vdo cdu mdn. c) Tham gia tan cong (nhii mot VDV tren sdn) * 2. Phan tich mot so ki thuat cd ban cua thu mdn 2.1. Tit the chuan bi Hieu qua hoat dong cua thu mon trudc tien phu thuoc vao tu the chuan bi ban dau va viec thudng xuyen kiem tra ttf the, vi tri cua minh trong phong thu. Tuy theo tinh the bong dang xay ra b tren san ma thu mon luon phai thay doi vi tri cho phu hpp vdi no. Neu nhtf bong dang hoat dong b khu vtfc phia trtfdc thi thu mon thtfdng la b trong khoang 0,5 tdi lm trtfdc vach ngang cua clu mon. (!) tu the nay hai chan rong bang vai, khdp goi hoi khuyu, trong tam don dlu len hai chan va rdi vao phan trtfdc ban chan, hai tay co va giut cao ngang vai. Mat luon theo doi dtfdng di chuyen cua bong cung nhtf cac hoat dong cua ca hang t&'n cong va phong thu (xem hinh 32). Con neu nhtf bong dtfdc nem tdi vi tri bien (ttf so' 5 va 7 vao) thi vi tri cua thu mon ban dau se sat d phia trtfdc cua cot cau mon. Tay phia trong se gid cao hdn tay phia ngoai (xem hinh 33, 34). 76 Mot so'sai lam thudng mac va cach siia chtfa Sai l&m thtfdng mac Cach sifa chtfa Than ngtfdi qua nga ve trUdc va trong tam do don ve mot chan. Vi tri ban dau sai lech nhieu so v6i cau mon. 2.2. Cac bien p h ap di chuyen Tay chu dong giU cao hdn vai va hai chan luon ddng day, diing tren nUa trtfcic ban chan. Thu mon tu danh dau cac vi tri phia tren cua khung thanh de lam dau so sanh trong cac giai doan huan luyen ban d&u. Thay doi dot ngot cac htfdng nem vao cau mon de thu mon co dieu kien kiem tra vi tri chuan. Trong phong thu thtfdng dung cac bien phap chinh sau: a. Biidc triidt ngang, trtfot tien va lui Yeu linh chu yeu d day la khi can di chuyen sang htfdng nao thi trong tam don sang ben do trtfdc, dong thdi dich chuyen chan ben htfdng di chuyen trtfdc sang mot btfdc, chan kia nhip nhang keo theo (hai chan khong vtfdt qua nhau), con than tren vln gitf nguyen, m&t luon theo doi bong, (hinh 35). b. Biidc cheo Thtfdng sii dung khi thu mon can di chuyen ngay sang trai, hoac sang phai mot btfdc dai. Thi du, khi muon di chuyen sang phai thi trong tam nghieng ve ben phai, chan trai btfdc mot btfdc dai vtfdt qua chan phai va nhanh chong keo chan phai qua phai trd lai ttf the ban dau (hinh 36). Hinh 35: Buoc truqt ngang Hinh 36: Buoc cheo don 77 c. Btfdc chay Dtfdc stf dung chu yeu trong cac trUdng hdp ra ISiy bong xa than ngtfdi trong khu vtfc cam cua thu mon hoac nhat bong d sau khung thanh de chuan bi cho cac hoat dong phan cong nhanh. Yeu linh ki thuat giong nhtf trong chay cua cac VDV t&'n cong va phong thu tren san. 2.3. Bat bong La ki thuat thu mon phai biet set dung thanh thao khi bong bay tdi d do cao, thap khac nhau. Bat bong tot se tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho doi nha co the phat dong tan cong nhanh de dtit diem. Tuy nhien trong thtfc te, thu mon rat kho co the sii dung bat bong thudng xuyen ma chu yeu la cac hoat dong chan, pha bong. a. Bat bong d do cao ngang ngtfc. Yeu linh ki thuat nay giong nhtf dong tac bat bong bang hai tay cd ban trtfdc ngtfc. b. Bat bong bong. Tuy theo do cao cua dtfdng bong bay tdi ma thu mon co the diing tai cho hoac nhay cao len bat bong. Luc bat bong hai tay gid len cao, long ban tay htfdng ra trtfdc va tao thanh hinh tui ddn bdng. Hai ngon cai de sat nhau. Khi bdng cham tay thi ban tay nhanh chong om lay bdng, cang tay co nhanh lai de lam dong tac hoan xung va giCt bdng d phia trtfdc ngtfc. c. Bat bong dtfdi thap Bat bdng dtfdi thap khi bdng bay tdi sat ngtfdi va d do cao ngang hong trd xuong. Neu bdng bay sat mat dat hoac nufa nay thi dung dong tac quy de bat bdng. TCf ttf the chuan bi ban dau chan trtfdc, chan sau, trong tam rdi deu len hai mui ban chan, hai dau goi khuyu nhieu, dau goi cua chan sau gan sat vdi got chan trtfdc, hai tay htfdng thang ttf nhien, long ban tay htfdng ra trtfdc va xuong dtfdi, hai ngon trd de sat nhau. Khi hai tay cham bdng thi lam dong tac bat bong, cac ngon tay om chat bdng va co nhanh cang tay len ngUc. 78 2.4. Chan bong Chan bong la mot hoat dong chu yeu va quan trong cua thu mon. Chan bong ve nguyen tac sii dung de dang hdn bat bong do vay trong thi dau no cung dtfdc van dung thtfdng xuyen de ngan chan nhiing dtfdng bong bay tdi nhanh va manh vao cac goc cua khung thanh. Tuy nhien sau hoat dong chan bdng, thu mdn con phai tiep tuc cac hoat dong quan trong khac nhtf lay lai bdng, hoac vo lai bdng. Tuy theo nhiing tinh huong cu the tren san ma thu mdn cd the dung tay, chan, than hoac phoi hdp giiia tay va chan de chan bdng. Neu nhtf ddi phtfdng nem bdng vao goc cao cua cau mdn thi thu mdn chu yeu dudi thang ban tay va canh tay ra de ddn bdng, long ban tay htfdng ve dtfdng bdng bay tdi, cac ngon tay xoe deu va co tay ttfdng doi ciing de chong bdng bat qua manh hat vao trong khi cham tay. Luc tay cham bdng thi dung ltfc cua co’ tay gap xuong de bdng cd the dtfdc hoan xung va rdi xuong phia trtfdc cd the. Sau do thu mdn nhanh chong bat lai bdng de tiep tuc cac hoat dong khac nhtf: chuyen bong, phat dong ta'n cong nhanh hoac nem bdng true tiep vao ciu mdn ben ddi phtfdng khi thay thii mdn len qua cao phia tren khu vtfc ciia thu mdn. Neu nhtf ddi phtfdng nem vao goc thap cua khung thanh thi thu mdn dung chan nhay sat mat dat ve phia bdng, dong thdi nghieng ngtfdi, vtfdn thang tay ho trd chan de chan bdng. Diem cham bdng chu yeu la long trong cua ban chan nham md rong do khong che cua bdng. Neu bdng dtfdc nem d do cao 1/2 cau mdn thi thu mdn phdi hdp ca tay va chan de chan bdng. Diem cham bdng cd the la dui, cang chan hoac tay. Con neu bdng dtfdc nem tdi tii hai goc (tii bien vao) thi thii mdn triidc do phai biet chiem vi tri ban dau cho phu hdp. Tuy theo goc do md ciia ngtfdi nem bdng vao khung thanh ma vi tri ban dau cua thu mdn cd the la d ngay sat vdi coc cau mdn hoac d phia tren cua coc cau mdn mdt chut. 79 Hinh 37: Tu the chuan bi cua thu Hinh 38: Tu the chuan bi cua thu mdn khi ddi phucmg tan cdng tit khu mdn khi ddi phucmg nim bdng tit vuc giiia vdo hai ben vdo Hinh 39: Thu mdn phong thu bdng chan va tay chong nem sat mat dat vdo gdc cua doi phucmg. Hinh 40: Thu mdn phoi horp chan va tay trong phong thu nhitng du&ng bdng nem vdo cdu mdn a do cao ngang hong. 80 3. Cac chi' dan ve chien thuat Nhiem vu quan trong cua thii mon la bat va ngan chan khong cho bong cua ddi phtfdng nem vao khung thanh cua minh, do vay trong huan luyen can phai giup cho thu mdn sti dung thanh thao cac ki thuat dac biet cua thii mdn nhtf: bat va can pha bdng vao khung thanh. Thu mdn phai nhan thiic dtfdc rang, hieu qua cua cac ddt phat dong tan cong nhanh phu thuoc trtfdc tien vao kha nang nhanh chong lay lai bdng cua thu mdn sau khi phong thu (ca chay ra ngoai lay bdng d sau khung thanh) va sU chuyen nhanh, chinh xac cua thu mdn, cong vdi stf phdi hdp phat dong nhanh cua cac cau thu tren san trong phat dong tan cong nhanh. De dam bao bat va ngan chan tot khong cho bdng vao khung thanh thi viec di chuyen ddn bdng va chiem vi tri phong thu cua thu mdn la ctfc ki quan trong. Ve nguyen t§c, thu mdn chi di chuyen d phia trong (giiia hai coc cua cau mdn) va hdi lech sang phia ben tay nem bdng cua VDV, do vay luon ddi hdi thu mdn trong khi di chuyen phai luon kiem tra vi tri cua minh so vdi hai coc cua cau mdn va ngtfdi dang cd bdng. Vi tri cua thu mdn cd nhiing thay doi, tuy thuoc vao stf phoi hdp giiia thu mdn va cac VDV phong thu chan bdng. Ve phtfdng dien chien thuat thi phong thu chan bdng phai chan doi dien vdi tay nem va chan bdng vao goc cau mdn gan nhat, con vi tri cua thu mdn hdi ep ve phia goc xa cua khung thanh de cd the ddn cac dtfdng Bdng nem doi htfdng cua VDV tan cong, dong thdi van cd the ddn dtfdc cac dtfdng bdng cham tay chan di thang vao goc gan cua cau mdn. Khi doi nha dang cd bdng tan cong thi vi tri cua thu mdn thtfdng d khoang cach 7m de cd the nhanh chong nhan nhiing dtfdng bdng bat ngtfdc trd lai san nha, hoac cd the cat dtfdc dtfdng chuyen bdng dai phan cong nhanh cua doi phtfdng. Ngoai ra, thu mdn phai biet stf dung dong tac gia de danh lCra ngtfdi tan cong, nhat la trong phong thu nem phat den 7m. Viec stf dung dong tac gia trtfdc het ddi hdi thu mdn phai nam dtfdc ttfdng doi ki cac dac diem nem bdng cua doi phtfdng cung nhtf kha nang tam li ben viing cua ho trong cac hoan canh thi dau cu the. 6 - GTBN 81 4. Cac chi dan ve phtfdng phap Dieu nhat thiet la trong giai doan huan luyen cd ban ban dau phai huan luyen toan dien de phat trien cac mat nhtf nhQng VDV thi d&'u khac. NhQng VDV co tai nang dac biet, phu hdp vdi stf phat tnen tot cua thu mon sau nay se dtfdc lay sang huan luyen thu mon rieng biet cua cac giai doan tiep theo. Viec huan luyen thu mon cung dtfdc dien ra theo nguyen tic tii huan luyen ca nhan den huan luyen theo nhom (ttic la phoi hdp vdi hang phong thu). Sau day gicii thieu mot so bai tap sik dung trong huan luven thu mon: Cac bai tap chay, nhay co cong them yeu cau phoi hdp van dong (kheo leo). + Chay va chuyen doi htfdng theo hieu lenh. + Cac bai tap xuat phat tii cac ttf the chuan bi ban dau khac nhau nhtf: ngoi, quy, nam, ltfng htfdng xuat phat. + Di chuyen tien, lui, ngang bang cac btfdc trtfdt. + Cac bai tap nhay cao, nhay xa, nhay co ket hdp nhtf: nhay len cao va dtfa chan sang ngang. Cac bai tap phan xa (phan iing). Cac bai tap huan luyen kha nang thang bang. Cac bai tap keo dai tay, vai, hong, chan. Cac bai tap vo, bit bong tu! nhieu ttf the ban dau khac nhau cua thu mon. Cac bai tap phan xa b it bong tii ttfdng bat ra d khoang cach 2 - 4m, thu mon ttf nem bong vao ttfdng va VDV tan cong khac nem bong vao ttfdng. Cac bai tap phong thu chong nem bong tu! cac vi tri vao khi khong co ngtfdi phong thu va co ngtfdi phong thu d hang tren. Sap xep 6 VDV co bong diing hang ngang d vach 9m va nem bong vao cau mon theo hieu lenh cua huan luyen vien (co the thay doi cac kieu nem bong de tang ctfdng kha nang phong thu cua thu mon), Phong thu cua thu mon d tiing vi tri dac biet nhtf: so 4, so" 3. so 2, so 6, so 5 va 7 v.v... nem bong vao cau mon. 82 Luyen t&p cac dang phan cong nhanh tif bong chuyen len cua thu mon. + Tap chuyen bong len cho cac VDV xuat phat trtfdc len cac vi tri ttf do co ldi cho viec tan cong nhanh. + Nem bong cho thu mon, sau do thu mon bat dtfpc bong va chuyen bong len cho VDV doi nha co dieu kien xuat phat len sdm nhat va co ldi nhat v.v. Ojnh htfdng nghien curu 1. Hay neu nhiing tieu chuain cu the cua mot ki thuat hoan hao (ca ki thuat tan cong va phong thu). 2. Nhiing dang nem bong nao ma mot VDV Bong nem phai biet hoac stf dung thanh thao trong thi dau: a. Trong dao tao cd ban. b. Trong huan luyen nang cao. 3. Nhiing ki thuat cd ban nao ma mot VDV tan cong phai nam viing de van dung trong tinh huong tan cong 1:1 . 4. Hay chi ra nhiing tieu chuan cu the de danh gia mot ki thuat s\i dung dung hdp li: a. Ki thuat nem bong cku mon. b. Ki thuat chuyen bong. 5. Hay thong ke va bien soan nhiing bai tap nham hoc mdi va hoan thien ki thuat nem bong ciu mon mot tay tren vai. Tai lieu tham khao TS. Harre: Hoc thuyet huan luyen\ NXB TDTT; Ha Noi; 1996 (Ban dich cua TS. Trtfdng Anh Tuan, TS. Bui The Hien). Nguyen Hung Quan; Huan luyen Bong nem\ NXB TDTT; 2000; Trang 116 - 141. Men chel: Bong nem (danh cho htfdng dan vien); NXB TDTT; 2000. 83 ChMng MOT SO NGUYEN TAC CHIEN THUAT TRONG TAN CONG VA PHONG THU TAP THE Thi dau Bong nem la thi dau tap the, trong do moi doi deu tim cach nem dtfdc bong vao khung thanh cua doi phtfdng va ngan can khong cho doi phtfdng nem bong vao khung thanh cua minh. Cuoc chdi dtfdc thtfc hien nhd nhiing hanh dong rieng biet cua tifng VDV trong tat ca cac tinh huong thi dau. Stf phoi hdp hanh dong cua cac VDV trong thi dau the hien nhiing y ttfdng chien thuat quan trong sau day: 1. Luon nam bat dtfdc dien bien toan cuc cua tran dau, trong do dac biet chu y tdi hoat dong xay ra gan xung quanh VDV dang trtfc tiep gitf bong va tiep tuc phan tich, phan doan nhiing hanh dong tiep dien cua no. 2. Luon giii dtfdc moi lien he thtfdng xuyen vdi dong doi, nhan biet dtfcfc y do cua dong doi de tan dung dtfdc nhiing ldi the trong thi dau va gay nen ap ltfc cua toan doi len doi phtfdng. 3. Luon ho trd cho dong doi. Cac boat dong cua ca nhan trong to chiic tan cong se luon tao cd hoi 84 de dong doi dCft die'm hoac lam phan tan su tap trung chu y cua hang phong thu, hoac giup dd dong doi trong phong thii, khep chat hang phong thu de ngan can nhiing qua dot pha ciia cac VDV tan cong xuat sac. 4. Luon hUclng tdi muc dich chung I6n nhat va hieu qua cua cac hoat dong, tranh lap lai nhiing sai lam dang tiec. tan dung tot cac cd hoi xay ra gan giong nhu' trong luyen tap da dtf kien. 5. Tan dung tot cac cd hoi co ldi ve vi tri hay thdi diem tan cong manh d nhiing ndi co dau thu phong thu yeu, hoac van dung tan cong nhanh, manh khi doi phtfdng phai chdi trong tinh trang thieu ngtfdi. 6. Luon gay dtfdc stf bat ngd cho doi phtfdng bang cach thtfdng xuyen - bien hoa cach chdi. C) day doi hoi phai co stf chuem bi tot cho cac hanh dong phoi hdp nhtf: dong tac gia, phoi hdp cac hoat dong nhom co toe do nhanh, thanh thao va bien hoa. 7. Luon phat huy sang kien qua cac hoat dong tich ctfc, chii dong ciia tiing ca nhan. Nhiing sang kien nay deu dtfdc nay sinh tii mot khung chien thuat chung cua toan doi (vln gitf dtfdc ki luat chien thuat, ddng thdi vin phat huy dtfdc kha nang ttf duy sang tao cua tiing ca nhan). 85 CHIEN THUAT NHOM 1. Khai niem chung * * Ta biet ring, khong the cung mot luc chu y tdi dtfdc tOUt ca nhiing hanh dong van dong chung cua toan doi 0 tren san, ma chi chu trong tdi dtfdc nhiing phan trong tam hoac cac hoat dong rieng le trong thi d&'u. Nhiing hanh dong van dong dtfdc xac dinh trong mot khoang thdi gian va khong gian nao do cua mot vai VDV dtfdc sap xep d mot htfdng nhat dinh nao do la cd sd cd ban cua cac hanh dong phoi hdp chien thu§t nhom. De giup cho viec quan sat, phan tich va danh gia chien thuat dtfdc tot, ngtfdi ta da phan ra nhiing nhom VDV cd moi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau trong tan cong va trong phong thu (co tinh tdi ca dau thu doi phtfdng) nhtf sau: - Hoat dong cua mot nhom VDV tu’ luc nhan bdng cho tdi luc bi mat bdng do nem bdng c£u mon. - Cac VDV d vi tri ben canh VDV dang cd bdng. - Cac VDV d cung phia cua san thi dau vdi nhau. - Cac VDV d cung hang (chi theo hang ngang). - Cac VDV cung ddng thdi thtfc hien mot nhiem vu nao dd. - Cac VDV lien tiep thtfc hien cac nhiem vu cd lien quan vdi nhau. Hoat dong chien thuat nhom la stf phoi hdp hanh dong cd chu dinh cua mot nhom VDV (tCf 2 trd len) nhSm cung nhau giai quyet mot tinh hudng thi dau nao dd. Cac hanh dong phdi hdp nay dtfdc tap trung trong hai hanh dong phoi hdp cuoii cung la hanh dong din d it va hanh dong ket thuc. 86 2. Chien thuat nhom trong tan cong 2.1. Cac mieng phoi hop chien thuat nhom co ban trong tan cong Tut stf phoi hop hoat dong chung cua 2 VDV trong tan cong, ngtfdi ta chia ra lam 4 loai hinh phoi hdp cd ban sau day: - Di chuyen ttf do cf trong cung vi tri tan cong (viet tat theo ki hieu la FEP). - Di chuyen qua vi tri tan cong khac (FAP). - Chuyen doi vi tri (PW). - Chan yem ho (S). De tien cho viec quan sat cac hanh dong phoi hdp cd ban nay trong tan cong, chung ta chi quan sat cac hanh dong cuoi cung cua VDV din dat viet tat la E va VDV ket thuc viet tat la A. a) Di chuyen tic do d cung mot vi tri tan cong (FEP). Diem mau chot cua dang phoi hdp cd ban nay la VDV tan cong khong bong (A) phai di chuyen trong vi tri tan cong cua minh va trong mot khoang khlc nao do tao dtfdc the thuan ldi de nhan bong chuyen tdi cua dong doi (E) va nem bong vao cau mon dijft diem. Stf di chuyen cua VDV tan cong khong bong nay co the la stf dot pha vao phia cau mon, hoac cheo ve hai goc cua vi tri tan cong cua minh, tham chi la di chuyen ngang (song song vdi cau mon) vdi muc dich tao 87 the tan cong thuan ldi, thoat ra khoi sU kem chat cua doi phucmg (dac biet la thoat khoi hanh dong chin chinh dien phia tay nem cua dau thu phong thu) de nhan bong cua dong doi va n6m bong vao cau mon. Trong trUdng hdp nay, sU phoi hdp thanh cong la d dUdng chuyen chinh xac va dung thdi diem cua VDV din dat (E), bdi vi ve nguyen tic thi VDV tan cong dang d sat khu vUc ca'm va bi sU kem cap rat sat sao cua cac VDV phong thu. Cung chinh vi dieu do ma khi doi nha dang co bong thi moi VDV khong co bong phai biet ttf di chuyen trong vi tri ta'n cong cua minh, hoac di chuyen sang vi tri tan cong khac de tao nhieu “khoanh khic tu do” co ldi cho viec nhan bong dtit diem. Hinh 44 Hinh 41, 42, 43 la.mot so' mieng phoi hdp chien thuat cu the cua FEP. b. Di chuyen tit do sang vi tri tan cong khac (FAP) Su pho'i hdp cd ban nay la VDV tan cong khong bong nhanh chong rdi khoi vi tri ta'n cong cua minh sang vi tri ta'n cong khac va trong mot khoang Ishic b vao the co ldi se nhan dtfdc dtfdng chuyen bong cua dong doi de nem bong vao cau mon. Hinh 45 Hinh 46 88 Di chuyen cua van dong vien khong bong co the la tan cong vao khu vtfc gin cau mon, vtfdt qua VDV phong thu tien hoac co the di chuyen ngang qua trtfcic mat cac VDV phong thu lui. De tao thdi cd thuan ldi phoi hdp thanh cong mieng phoi hdp cd ban nay thi trtfdc do can co nhiing hoat dong danh ltfa (dong tac gia) de htfdng stf chu y cua cac VDV phdng thu sang mot htfdng khac, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho VDV can phoi hdp nhan bong. Stf phoi hdp cd ban d day se la: ai chuyen cho ai, d vi tri nao? Thi du: FAP: 2-7 (6). So" 2 chuyen bong cho so' 7 cf vi tri tan cong so' 6. Thi du: FAP: 4-5 (6). So' 4 chuyen cho so' 5 d vi tri so 6. (Yeu cau so' 5 phai biet sii dung tay trai la thuan). Thi du: FAP: 2-4 (6). So 2 chuyen bong cho so' 4 cf vi tri tan cong so' 6. c. Chuyen doi vi tri trong tan cong (PW) Stf pho'i hdp chien thuat trong mieng tan cong nay la do mot VDV tan cong co bong trong mot khoanh khic nao do rdi khoi vi tri tan cong cua minh sang mot vi tri tan cong khac, dong thdi keo theo stf di chuyen ciia VDV phong thii do'i dien. Trong khoanh khac sai lam cua hang phong thu giiia viec “chuyen giao” va “tiep nhan”, ngtfdi tan cong se nhan bong va tan cong diit diem. Dtfa tren tinh chat ciia VDV tan cong pho'i hop thii 2, co the chia thanh hai dang pho'i hdp PW la: - Diit diem phia trtfdc cac VDV phong thii. tiic la viec chuyen bong va diit diem d phia trtfdc ciia hang phong thii. - Dtit diem 6 phia sau hang phong thu tile la diit diem ciia VDV pho'i hdp thii hai sau khi da vtfdt qua dtfdc hang phong thii ciia do'i phtfdng. Can chu y la VDV phoi hdp thii hai luon xuat phat muon hdn VDV dan dat thii nhat. Hieu qua cua dang phoi hdp nay con phu thuoc vao kha nang tan cong cua VDV thii nhat. 6 day VDV tan cong thii nhat (co vai tro la ngtfdi dan bong ban diu) phai co nhiing hanh dong nhtf that, gay dtfdc phan ilng kem cap quyet liet ciia VDV phong thii nhtf la: dot pha lao thang vao trong, gia lam dong tac nhav len nem bong qua dau hang phong thii v.v. 89 de tao dieu kien cho VDV t&'n cong thii hai co dtfdc nhilu khe hd trong hang phong thu doi phtfdng va nhin bong, diit diem. Diem nh&'n manh cl dang phoi hdp nay la: ai chuyen doi cho ai diit diem? Sau day la mot so vi du cu thi: Vi du: PW 3-4 So' 3 cam bong tien sau sang vi tri so 4 (gia dot pha). VDV phong thu so 6 doi dien se phai di chuyen theo. So 4 lam dong tac gia vtfdt qua ben trai roi dot ngot quay ngtfdi chay qua so 4 de nhan bong cua so 3 chuyen cho va lam dong tac diit diem. Vi du: PW 5-2. So' 5 co bong dot pha vao vi tri cua so' 7 va 4. So' 7 phong thu do'i dien phai theo vao trong so' 2 xuat phat sau chuyen cho cho so' 5 va nh^n bong cua so 5 lao vao diit diem. Vi du: PW 4-7 So' 4 co bong dot pha vao giuta so' 2 va 5. So' 2 la VDV phong thu do'i dien se phai lui vao theo sat so 4. So 7 xuat phat sau se nhan bong cua so' 4 de lao vao diit diem. Hinh 47 Hinh 48 d. Chan yem ho (S) Mieng tan cong nay do hai VDV pho'i hdp, trong do VDV thii nhat co vai tro cua ngtfdi din dat, dung than the cua minh chan htfdng di chuyen 90