🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Đường Vào Triết Học Ebooks Nhóm Zalo ES+ : ::_: - ;,`?*5€-*3at*± +`^&-*;:-3# s'i:3}. Eja cap d'en cdc ufin-de cdn.bt'In vd trong-dqi ci}ia con ng-rdi TU SACH "I€T-HOC ' 197' https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org Du6'ng v6o Tri€t Hpc https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org duirng vao TRIETHOCI, LE THANH TRl 1 tw SACH TRlgT HOC 1971 https://tieulun.hopto.org Cdng met t6c:gia : Hgc thuuriet cad h©i nhan ui ( 1956) L'id6e de lci Participation chez Gabriel Marcel {1961} Lu4n 19 todn hgc I (1966) 50 ndm Tri'et 19 Khoa hgc hi6n.cab (1968) Hi¢n Tureyrig lu¢n u`e Hi4n sinh (1969) Sap in , I,u¢n 19 Todn hgc 11 Con Budrng Ldng https://tieulun.hopto.org NIld M? https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org NOI DUNG . THAT Lcrl TUAT'ang _ Y nghia T6ng qua( cda Tri€t I+ 1 Ki6n tho.c tien Tri€t ly 2 Y nism ve Triet ly - Nhanthdrcluan 3 V6nd6 nh¢n th¢c 4 Thvc tqi v6 nhan th¢c 5 The nao la chin ly 6 suy,u,agi -Namv5n detrong dai 7 vande gi6 lri 17 87 107 125 143 https://tieulun.hopto.org 8 Ngu.6i ld gi g Suy niSm v6 ri@u 10 X6 h§i la ihvc tqi 11 Thuqng d6 hay tuySt d6i 12 Tri6t gia trong X6-hsi el *ii 165 185 205 223 257 https://tieulun.hopto.org Thay L6i TTo Soerate, assieds.to.I pros de moi, af.in que je profile de cctle sage pens6e que tu as m6di{6e clans le vestibule. Ploton Ding ho.n, day ld mGt c6 gang nhd tron€ men vqri heo door.g vG MiBn Qut Tri tfdec. Mong rang a¢c gid, nhat l`a trong gidi ere Gang laT., s~e rihic they trTc, 1¢hi aqc nhfro;8 trang s&ch n`ay, mStvai b6ng gi.dng Chan dung Tu Turchg nh6n https://tieulun.hopto.org I.oqi, va thohag nghe aurg`c nhtrng vgng 6m, dtitl chi ld y€u 6't, cha Ltri N6i TTt Tu? v6 hinh trong gi6 th`eri gian dr kh6ng gian nhs &6. DB r`oi, phtin khdri dan816n, a`ong ntip *hdr v6!i Ntin Tin Who kh,a ndng, chirc uu, vat i.r`o, nh6t I.a tu` cdch, cia Tinh Thiart trong lank u.Tc ddnh ri6ng cho Tr(Zt fry. Rieng a6i vdi gidc mo! gi&o luy?n ji thdrc va ki6n-thtrc chayen m6ri, the tap bien khdo Tiay s~e gap phihn gitip hgc sink, siTth vi€n, c6 au:q'c nh&ng cdi nhin todt ygu v`e mat s6 vtin da can ban vd trqr[g dqi thur`o'ng aurgrc d¢1 racho con ngurtri. M©t nhip cau ire vd mSt m6 thirc hi`en trhe, dii rthien con rrrong d¢c gid sdra chfra vh lam a?p horn len, aurgrc @B nghi tren durtrng thien ty ngarL dam xa mdr... Dirtrng di khtip kfiBnh, gap ghiwi, lam sdo buy?i rtgny bi?n, day vprc th&m i thtrc h¢, v8 ctrl.g i.guy hifm, nha"g nhim bit:rig the, ud chi ddnh ri6ng cho nhfrog ck veri vfri anh than phi6u hau, mqo hi`em. Con aurtrng xa th&m nhat, vl ld con dtrlyng gan REe nhfi± (Heidegger). M©t con drb'ng chi c6 thB d¢¢ ch&n len khi kh&ch hdnh hao'ng had.ng d'en cdi v6 hiinh trong cdi hdru himh (Merleou Pority),c6 drgrc ni`em hoan hl cia hiwh hgc (Le Corbusier), di Who nhtrng kick thurdc hi?n siwh (MouTice N6doncelle). Sa.Igon, iig6y 5-4.1971 C;ib T8 Hbng Vucrng Tan Hqii T6c g1& https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org L'absolu philosophique ne s.Iege mulle p8rl, il n'est done lama.is ailleurs, .ilest a d6fendre en cheque 6venement . Merleou Porily https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org PHAN MOT fr nghla t6ng qudt P Cua trif t ly https://tieulun.hopto.org https://tieulun.hopto.org 1 Ki6n thtrc ti6n i,Fi6t,i) C;in phai nhac laicho m6i the h¢ iiing d6.i ngirdi la mat cuoc hgc tap kh6ng ngtrng: HQc an, hQc n6i, hQc g6i, hQc dtim. Bat trl di6n tu.dng. HQc d8 bi€t, da h€``nh v€i d§ lam ngirdi, c8 kim van cho ld can \'a ti.Qng. Nh6 thi hQc a nha, a tru.6.ng, lan len thi hQc 6. ngoai xa hoi. HQc taii g`6m quan sat, su}r tu' va tht.rc lidnh. hTliirng quan sat ti`en nht~rng si.I. kien, nhdr d6 mi:tr ra kinh nghi¢m vc4 ti6n bo. Trong kinh nghi¢m, tu. tu.6.ng ldn len theo met tie'n trinh hu.dng thu.Q.ng. Tu> tu.6.ng tri6t lj' kh6ng phai m¢t ngciy rna c6, nhirng la k€t qua ci'La nhi~rng n€Vim th.qng hQc Lap trong kinh nghi¢m va cfia nhrrng. c5 gang suy tir phi thtrdng+ Tim hi8u the nao la trie't 15' do d6 kh6ng phai la d6. C6ng trinh lighien ctru tri6t hoc va thaudatti.i6tl{T ddt nhi6u di8u ki¢n chti va khdch quan. Di6u kien chi®[ quan d&c biet c6 tinh than v6 tu. {hanh lQc nhur Plotin da n6i, va nhat ld ]dng hi8u chan yeu quy hian ng6n va hian ti`i8t. Khdch quan thi tri6t ly https://tieulun.hopto.org 4 can dii.Q'c tim thff}r [I.ong thi.i'c tl.ang nhan sinh va ttr lich sfr tri8t hQc. St.;ng la kinh nghi¢m. +tl(.`Jt gj€^ly p`hi'it m``o dt.t, .gifi'a long cut)c s€;ntt31hi'i vat, d6i 5n khf'i[ ut^jiig, ii]at ngu.d'i iiifr i`a, tat n8ir6.i \Tenh lcin, v{`` v6'i liai I){`ln ta}r, ngtrdi th{i5T x[l£{[ hit.`Hi tl`on{i d:ill (')C 1110[ tia hy \r(.)ng : £t,hi nh::Hi l{^(y kinh n{ghic.``m siiy tu. ti.enkinh nghi¢m v{`i xfr di.lug kinh iighi¢m thfi dac. Sau d6 lal sang ki6n. St.I. phi.in i'rng. qua lai gii~i.a n¢i vd ngoai g.idi la ngu:5n 96c phcit sinh I`a nht~rng c6ng trinh ki8n t£.`o. Ngircri ban ch:{t vC;n lij8ii Lii, L\i`isto[e da dinh nghla nhlr v{:1y. Nhtm:3 ngir6.i cfing 1±`1 m¢)t sinh vcit XCS h¢i, cdi g(.)i lci ki^jn thi'i.c l€`i cc4i di5ng (|uan di8m vdi k6 khiic. Kinh nghi¢m tri thi'rc cfing iihu. t€^im [inli Lliici `re'u (`6 tinh cc4ch xti h¢ii. Kinh ng.hi¢m cang ng€`iy c`;:ing phong I)hi'i, ki'6n thtrc cc+ng s{^iu I`¢ing lit nht`j` st.1. hi¢n dien hai nh€in t@' trong` nli€}n thi'i.c : kh€9t muing t|.i lht'rc va lien chfi t]'nh ci.ia kha muing £{y. Nhu c€`tu v{}t chat kh(A)ng I)hi.ii lz`i Lff I (.i.I tl:.ic`, lu~ru cf[a ngu.6'i. Ben canh con l€`i nli'ii c;ill li`i thi'i.c : t£^im h`6n c?Sn d[i.Q.c th6a m€in kh6ng k6m rna con qiian ti`Qng hall. Ton gicio, ngh¢ thiic$1 va khoa hQc vi th6 da sam xue(t hi¢n v6'i ngu.t`Ji nhir hinh vti I]6ng. Ton g.ic4o I)at dc*u vdi t€^im tinh v{`i 16 nghi thu.c lianh d€;i vdi th;tn iinh. Ngbe tliuctt `do [Lrfrng tu.Q.iig. kh9ng th(P)a man v6.i thi.i'c tc?i ti`an ti`u6ng. g:5 ghe, nliat nheo. Khoa bpc th£6ic mt:'ic vdj nhfi.ng hl.¢n tlrg`n8. https://tieulun.hopto.org 5 ti`oiig` ti`6i t-I€{t. Tt[J so. kli6'j, co. ca'u van h6cq nhan loaf d€`i li]anh nha tl`Cin nan tang nhi~rng {inh, }'T d6 (.,fia ngii.6.I.. Di nhjen tl`oiig nghi 16 t6}i giao, trong phtic ht.]a nghe thLi€:it `7€`i ti`ong tim kj6'm khoa lit.ic, c6 th6^ ct'i nhfi.ng tia sang. tiie't ]}'r lam iii3ii8 c€;t ha}r hli.6.ng` d€in. Nhii.ng- ta't c;i mdi I:`i h].€:in titan ua-t2 frrj# ci'ia tan ti.I, ng.u6'i chu.a nli€`{t Lhie'i thfi'y can ph£`in biet pham vi hoal dt}ng ci'ia ljiih [Ji?Sn. T.ii' tu.6'iig` trje'1 1y ch[i.a tlit>€'i[ kh(`'ji l`uy6Ii {ho;.ij \7d tin ngu6.ng. lio{:ic dal]g. di3iig nha'tvt']'j lighe tliuiit. D6 Ia thai kjr ci'ia Oi.phe'c li."r I-Iomei.a, ci'ia Ved{i hay I)jell kinli, ci'ia nhi`i.ng th:tn ltr(.]`iig vat 16. Quan sat cii nh€^in bi.3'n lhfilih kjnh iighiem xa hoi, va kiiih nglij¢m iiisy d;in da ke't i].Iih 6. iihfi.ng si.r ki¢n v€Viii h6a. Ne'u but |]hcip ]£i ng.uJ6.i, ne'u dien mao ]a tln]i ne't, thi phtrong. chi, j ,igfaia d6j \76.i ngu.di la )'r nghla vcin h6a v{:i}t. Kip de'n khi ngt€r6.i Jj2it dcau suy tu. v8 y i]ghla jdm rLgardrz., tlii ngli.t`]`j da tha'y mjnh d6i die n \'6i nhtigng thl.i'c tai \Tdn li6a, kh6n8. bi8t ti`r ddt ii!io dc` lai. S6ng chu'a phdi la ti`ie't 1)'r Tim hi6`u cut:jc sang m6.i b€`it dau ti`je't ]y. Di6u d6 c6 nghla la ti`je't I)'J d8n salt cuOc s6ng` va {lt.ia lj.i`ii cu(.`je s6ng. Si.I kjt``,Ii sO'ng dbng lh{`H. !£:]£:I;k[;:]];:]%}[]]:Jj.:I:r[c::t[]'g":]]t][;]e'[s]gv"dd]Z6:]%:;dn[ so'ng nhu minh va vdj hp, minh trao d8i ly, https://tieulun.hopto.org 6 [inh bang phu'cmg tien ng6tt, flgfr d`6ng nh€{L. Tri6t ly mang xa h¢i tinh va ng6n ngi~i' tinh la nhu va),. Di6u ki¢ndia lit anh liu6'ng d^6n lam [i`i. P\Tgu6.i I.trng ndi,ti`eo non lE:in su6i d6` ki6ni an, dem ngayvat lou vdi ac thti d6` sang, kh6ng d6 gi d6ng quan di6`m `'6 cu¢c s6ng vdi nhfi'ng b¢ lac d`6ng bting song nudc inenh in6ng. Dan du tnt.Ic nhin st.I. vcit kh6ng gi6ng dciii n6ng nglii¢|) hay ngu. nghi¢|). Xu'a kia sT.t' 8i{lo thong connhi6u han ch8 bdi bi6n rang, song dai. ntiicao, m¢ttutu&ng kh6ng hy vQng vurg.t bien gi6`ithien nhien. Si.rti-ang ay khi6n xu£{t hi¢n nhi6u \7fi trt.tquan kh6pkiii, inang nhiaii inau scpic dia iihuo.iig. chfiiig [¢c. Do d6, ngud.i ta c6 the n6i I.ang khuynh hu.dng tri6t I)'r Hy lap m¢„ plian nay sinhttr c6 gang khfic i]h^i,ic Diati:ung hai bao la. Trong khi d6 ti`i6t lit An d¢ bat ngii`6n 6' nhfi'ng cdi nhin phi^6m th:£n gifi'a i''{rng ntii I-I.y in{`i lap ban inha l]i^6n ao, va tri^6t 15T Trung boa xuat phat ttr nhfi.ng c6ng vi¢c tri thtiy l^£y Ha d`6 lam kh&i di8m. RTtttu+di quin dao Anh qu6c thi6ii va haiih d¢ing nen ti.i6t hoe nhu6m iiiau sac thi.re ngliiem. con tri6t hgc Di'ic inang in:mg than bi, vi la dfin t¢]c thich ll`}im ni¢in. Rtgay nay, cac kliu vt.rc van h6a kh6ng con tuyet d6i doc dao d6ng kin nhu Spengler https://tieulun.hopto.org 7 qiian ni¢m, m€`i d€i tht`inh cfia chung nhan lot.ii \'{`i h6 [i[.o.ng tdc d¢]Iig nl]u. Toynhee da hting h6n chi'i.ng mjnli. Tl`i6t 157 do d6 cfing kh6ng tho.+I kh6i anh hu.6'iig cfia k}r thu€:it tli6ng tin \'a giao thong. Mat vai nhan dinh [ren day c6 tlift tlu.a d8iik6tlu€:in nay : Tiie~tl}'r hi¢n than v{`]o dia gidi nhu ciiih tliai duong xuyen qua cf'i(` ttrng ldp kli6ng klii d!a phtro>ng, ti`i6t l}'T kh6ng. ci'ia in¢t ai, kh6ng tuyet d6i d6ng iihat vdi met xtr s6 nao ca, nhuiig tim hi8u the' nao ld []`i6t I}'r kh6ng [h6` kh611g cht'1 jr de'n nhl~l.ng d€`.`ic [jnh dial}'r, clii'ing tt:tc va iihdr]g giao thoa gii`i'a ci'ic kliu vi.I.c tri8t 1\''. hTg.ut`yi ta bcit d;£u trie't ly ti`ong tru'dri]g hQ`p m`io, du.di dp h.I.c nao, Ii'ic clang hdnh 16 te. lh!tn hay [i.ong iii¢t cii¢>t`, ti`anh cha'p dam iiidu tll}r¢`,I vgng` gifi'a ngu.6i di5ng loaf ? Trie't l}'r na}r rii Li`ong cuOc hanh lac c6ng c¢ng hay sau nhfrng dein sau gia laiih ? Tri6t ly xua't hien tl`ong ni6in vui `su.dug h€}i]h pht'ic liay tl`ollg n6i dau kh6 lain than ? \,Tan d6 nan giiii. Ijii`h sfr trie't l}'T ct.j th6` gjoi len mat vaitia sails. hThtrng cl;iu sao ta c6 th6` n6i I.fing t]`i€t ljr nhu. b()ng lioa n6' du.6i moi thd.i tie't, va la tinh hoa ci'ia nhan sinh. 86ng boa LI.it;I 1}'' bat ngui3n nhi.ra s6ng 6' long dat, Ions ngu't`t`i, iiay n6! theo nliip ti`i gidc.cam xtic. Ph€`in [€'ich co cau trje't ly, se thay d6 la thanh qua toan th8 kinh nghiem cu¢c s6ng. Tuy nhi€n https://tieulun.hopto.org 8 d8 ph`an nao he m& ban chat ti.ie't ly, ngiT6`i ta c6 th8 bat dau don ke va so sdnh cc4c loai ki6n thi.rc,, hoac di ttr ki6n thtrc ti6n-tri5t-ljr d8n kie'n thti'c dich thi.rc tri6t ljr. Spinoza c6 n6i den cac loai ki€n llu'i'c, nhu.ng d6 chi la ttnhfi'ng hinh thai kiern TILL.i'c>>. Ti.ong lchu6n kh6 xa-hoi-liQc, Max Scheler i]han bi¢t ki6n thL'i'c tri giac v6 ngoai gi6.i, kie'n tlii'i'c Lha hl~1'u, ki6n thti'c ks thucit, ki8n thi't.c khoa hQc ki^6n thi'i'c ti`i8t I)'7 va ki6n thu'c th;£n hQc. Theo 6ng d6 la in¢tthi tTr bat di tren 1]T.rc ill.qng ki6nthtrc. Ttiy theo quan di8m, cac tri^6t gia kiem xa h¢i hQc nhii' Com lc, Dui.kheim,Sorokin Granet, +\Iarx, Mannheim, Le`'y.Brulil, Bet.nal, m6i ngu6`i lai chu trQng den nhti.ng kie'n thir`c rna hQ xem la jr ngh[a ho'n ca cho vi¢c giai thich ccqcsi.I. ki¢n xa hoi. Rieng Georges Gui`- vitch d6 nghi mat sa|i hang nhu. sau : 1. Ki'6n thtrc 2. Ki6n thti'c Xa h¢i ; Lri gicic v6 ngo€+i gi6`i ; Tha nh€^in, Chung [a, Nh(F,11, 3. Ki8n thti.c ctla lu'ong tri vi ctia c6ng tri; 4. Ki€n thti'c k}~' thust ; 5. Kie'n thtic chinli ti`± ; 6. Ki6n thti.c khoa hQc ; 7. Ki€'n thi'i'c ti.i6t ly. Theo 6ng, vai tr6 xahoi ctla m6i loai ki6n https://tieulun.hopto.org thi'i.c thay d8i theo cot cau xa li¢i tuo.ng i'rng. Nhung ccin ci'r vao hai si.1. phan loai ciia Sche. |er va Gurvitc,h, ngudi ta th^dy I.&ng trie't hQc den sau hay gan sau h6t, di'ing vdi qiian di6^m thu.Cmg c6 ci'ia da s6 tri6t gia. T6i Lghl r:ing cac sacli gi€io khoa da c6 ly khi gian lu.ape t£{t ca mpi thi'r ki€n thti.c thanh ba hang: 1. Ki6n thi'rc thu.6.ng iighi¢m ; 2. Ki`6ii thi'i'c khoa hQc ; 3. Kie'n tht'rc ti`i6t I.}'r ; (Ki6n tliirc do tin ngirang la mt}t dac loai s6 c6 dip n6i tdi). Tru.dc h€t chilng la n6i dell ki§n thti.e tl"d'ng nghiem. Ttr ti.ong` long me con iigurdi da bcit dau tim hi6`ii. Fi`eud va tan ljr nhi d6ng da xfit> nh€:in di6u d6. Nhcih thh.c la mat d¢ng ti.L`, ct'ia tri tu¢ va lal met kien, toan ban nan8 thi'i veil. Thi.rc vciy, ban iiatng v6 thi'rc v6n ti6m tring hoat d¢ng ti`ong mQi iihi}n thtl.c ctia met ngud.i. Do dd ct'i m¢[ tliri. ki€n tlih'c gQi la ft!.aft ffarfuc din fd,#g ch5ng da Oho hoat doug cia lj7 {ri. Khi con ph6i thai non dqi, ly [ri chua den thdi ky phat tri6`n, thi ki8ii thti.c din tang k6` du.qcla duy nh£{t no.i ngu'di+ Ki8n thtrc din talng kli6ng phai la mat d¢]ng tac hay mo[ sT kien che gitiu, rna ld mat hien tugng tri thi'i'c do giac quan di6u khien how la do suy |}'T. N6i`ki8\i khac, giac quan ddng vai tr6 quye't https://tieulun.hopto.org tu dii]h a im'rc dt.`j kie'n thti.c n;£y. Kie-n thti.c din tang. dan dan ljie'n thanh cai gt.ji ld kie'n thi'['c thud.ng nghiem trong d6 }'r tht'i.c hu.dng v6` ngoai gi6.i va hanh d¢ng. Ngtr6'i ta e±Utii cii. vao nhfrng di6u tat nghe m€Ui[ th£{y I:im nliil. bai ligc cho lianh dong. C6ng vi¢c d6iig a|ig., s€Viii ban, di lai, thi'iy b¢, d6u ph6ng dinh theo ban intia inii.a nang. D6 1€\ [h€'ii d¢i ci'i{i ngc{.dr!. ffag. (homo faber). Kie'n thi'rc c,ting do kiiili nghieiT] ngu.6'i khdc. Ng6n ngrr la xe thuy§n du.a ch6. y tu.6.iig d6iig loaf. Troiig gia dinh, 6ng` ba k8 i-Iiu}r¢n c8 tich ciio con chti`i. r\Tgoi`ii x€`i |i(}i thi danlang la}r Lruy§n kliau va phong li.ic lain tr(.)ng. Kinh nghi¢in ngudi khdc c()n I.i nhfTng it`:ill:;1:bc?g[id[:e'.]ai`Trh:ru;aat]i[;1,C[:]LagL][.C:j::,]]]]T::i.:i€:t]:.::i c,uOc sang tinh th;in, kh6ng d€` gi thocit kli6i £'inh hu.6'ng sau r¢iig cfiti no'i, th6.i va gidi trong d6 ngu.dri s6ng. D6ng tli(`Ji vdi kinh nghi¢m ngoai gi6.i, ngu'6i quay nhin vao tarn tu. d6` hj6t lninli thlch gi, iighl gi, v:I mu6ngi. Trava minh la m¢]l tht.i'c ti`ang kh6ng kem hian nhien nhu. ph6ng minh ]`a ngoai gi6`j. I-)di ngu.6.I nhu.ch6 qua lai trao d6i git~i'a n¢ii iigoai' rna tr{.]ng tarn xe dich theo thai gian, khi thi mai miet vdi ngoai v.4t, khi thi thLi minli vao i,hdp n¢7i t{uan trrim tu.6.ng`. Bi'ert rigu.d'i, bi€t minh, bi8t sq' vctt la nhfrllg` nhien cau dt>i du.pc th6a mari, nhu cau barn https://tieulun.hopto.org 11 sinh, tt.I phut. Cho nell ngtr6.i tim phu.o.ng li¢iith6a mEin nhting nhu cau ay. Tiin hi8u ti`u.d`c h6t la d6` darg'c fh6jtg 8do, bie't d8 rna .bi6t, \7ci d6 la d¢ng co. dau [ien ctia ph6ng van, du Itch, ti.iiy¢n trd, d6i tlioai, doc sL4ch bdo liay b€it ei'T hiiih thtrc xfr di.ing ng6n ngi~i. nao khac. Nhii cau ay ve sau nh{i. tu.6'ng tu.gng tr6' thanh in¢t frz.G.tt frjJ, gay nen nhtiJiig s6. thich in6.i lc?. Con ngir6.i thicli b6. ng5,12{}' lam la tru.dc si.I. vat. Ngac nhie`n ld bu.6'c dau j' tht'rc. St.r ngac nhi¢n kh6ng [h6a man `Td.i si.r du.qc thong bc4o su6iig rna {`,On du.!t xa hon : ly [i.i d6i h6i, gi.d!. £fr{cfa nhfi.ng di6u dut}c thong bao. Bi6t e6 str vat chu.a dfi rna ct`m mu6n bi8t nguyen nh{in, co c:ill, ci:ia stt. \'d[. 6. Siai I?ing nay, t2{t ci nlia.ng gi i]h6 d6in ti`u.6.i` mat hay lt.it vao )'T thi'rc dell lalm thanh Lian dG d6i gidi quy6t. Day cfing I;1 bu.6`c daii ci'ia st.I khan iigt)an tri6t }ioc+ `Thu cau du.Q'c thong bao d`6ng nhat v6'i mG.A cfracsng cfe6n Zy : cli{^in ly la d6i tu.Q.ng cfia tii`h th`aii. Ngu.d`i bfin ch£{t I;im k}c FL:T];a':;,±hcu±]::n[;}T:nv::tL;urn6ejnd%#g;T¥±[:6oncgc,`]t£¥in5: Tim i-8 chan ly kh6Iig ph£.ii la viec d6, ngu.di ngoai c6ng lo \Tan ljigt tli6. clio iien h9 cfing th£:in trQ`ng, chng de diit. H(.) Ofing bi6t li€p don iihfmg bai hQc kinh iighiem, bai hQc lht`{t bai. Do d6tinh than phs plidn kh6ng vang bang trong dfu 6c clla iigLrdi xfr dung kinh nglii¢m thong th`u6ng. HQ `van c5 gang quay tat s¥ vat, https://tieulun.hopto.org 12 nhin ngam cac khia cc?nh si.1. v€:it, hQ st> stinh trudc sau, trong ng~oaj, d£S tim liat la'y m¢]t y niein. Them vao d6, cau cull den khan iig.oan ti`uy§n th6ng., nhan xirng triiy8n th6ng d£3 nhan dinh iihan siiih. Salt c{ing tfi't ca nhi:in dinli thi.['c ng.hjem du.9'c pha tt`>i vao y {fedrc d6;-29 6gn, hay t|u;£n cht'iiig v£`i uz.€^c Zdm €¢p cia?. Trong toan bo, c6 nhfi.ng. nhi.\n d±nh do st.[. ci'ing. j]c4i th6' ti.I. ci'ia t6`n giao. Kie.n thL'i'c thu't`I.n8. nghi¢m chua dat t6.i chill I}'r thu:in l}'T. Thu.b.ng n8T`ii¢m hLL.b`I]g \Ta` hanli d¢jng ^o'n Zd hu'6`ng v6 ch€^un |}'T. hTdj the.. kh6ng c6 nghla la ch.in I}'T try ii6 kh6iig dti Ioi k€,o y hu.dilg tl.ong llh€:in thl'rc thong thu.6.ng. Kh6ng c6 manli li.I.c ciin ban tlii'ic d2a)I thi khong` cd nhan tliii.c du.Q.c. Vi the' v+fincd the gap du'Q'e iibL`riig iihan lhi'rc Lhanh thi.rc vO ,tii., Nnii.iig si.r tiin kie'm 6. dciy cliuJa g9i dLt.Q.c 1{`` c6 t8 chi'rc va he th6iig. Gicii ihich su. vat va hi¢n ttrQ.ng. duJp'c lam theo [inh\ct`j., giai tliich cfingdu'p'ckh6ngcfingtlioi,hoti(.the(H|ii'y6iih.rc ct.iapliong [iic tap quan \'a tr-ii}T6n Lhdng. Qiian •sc4trdi rac, kh6ng li6n he ti`udc sau mt:>t i`,cich tjcli ci.i'c. Si.I. phs phdn nliu6m in€`iu s±tc t`hii {|tian kh6ng dt.I.a tren nhfi'Iig ly liian va thi nghiem x.4cdcqng. Dfinh raiig ra't ct'> the kinh nghic},`ili thting. I+iu'd.ng la nhi~i.iig kinh nghi¢m {Jting vdri thirc tai, va nhi8u khi con bao la iihong. phtl hCin https://tieulun.hopto.org 13 nhtin thti.c khoa hQc+ Si.I phong.phi'i va i]ghi¢in dt'ing` £i'.v l{`i k6t t|uci cfia ngan nciin lich si.I. Nhd dt'] m€`i nhan loaf tie'n. Nliu.ng. kh6ng. phal vi the mci tri tue kh6ng ddj du.Q.c th6a man bdi nhti.ng lihan tlii'[.c cho ho.n, kieli to:`in-hon : khoa h(.)c v{`i L]`ic't I}'r di~i dira nh.„ mt*]i ]]dn theo mtsi cc4ch, ti8n l¢ndfii \7jiih dt[' :{v. MO[li'ic na6 d6,kinh nghiem vun vat, tJiong thu.dng lam cho tli khan iighi ngd gia tii thuye't phuc ct.ra n6. M{Vtt khdc, nhan loaf cang ti€n, vcin h6a cting cao thi kiern thtrc c€\ng I.Ong va s€1u. Do d6 ina c6 cai lnenh danh la k}e'n thri.c khoa liQc hay trie't hgc. Vc{n d6` dil.Q'c d*t i`a la Ism th8 nao vach du.9'c mat diH`Tng bien c[ro.ng git~i.a thtr6.ng nghieni v{`i khoa ht.]c, lieu c6 m¢jt di I]iet +7G& €£re/z gifra cac kie'n thi't.c kh6i28.. Chu.a c6 gi{9i nh6.i di'i.I khocit v6 vff n d6. Thcio nhaii dinh c8 cTi8n, thi, m¢„ cdch CF?i Ctr.on.g, khoa hgc ld todn bi nh¢; th-;; t;{ii;c b,::ig :}dr,1? cdch thore c6 phu:gr.ni ph;p; ;;;;o-..;rf:;h fi€^ €^6.2g /i.e`.# ¢Gc. Nh{^in thi'rc la nlii~i.ng d¢]l]g tcic nhi^in loc?i hu.6.nr3. de'ii n¢jj dung d6i tu.gng 1]han [lii'i'c. Theo nghla £{y thi khoa hQc nh{d`m phdt tri8n p/2am cfeG€ ki6'ii tht'rc ho.n la tang.-gia s6 ILrp.n8. kl.e'ii thi'i.c. Ccii lam cho kie'n thtrc c6 tlnh c.4ch k}ioa liQc thie't ye'u I€`i phaim chrft tit.rtc bi¢L cfia ki.Oil tht'i.c. Vi ri`{ng c6 nhfi'ng ki8'n thi'i.c thu.dng nghfem phong ti'ic ho.n mci v€in https://tieulun.hopto.org 14 kh6ng gQi dtrgc la khoa ht.]c. Vay khoa hQc la t'ang pham chat nghTa lal tcing fag s5 cftdn Jy c.fia nhan thi'Tc. Vi d`6ng th6.i tang cfidc cfigrc cfia nhan thtrc. Chac thquc tang theo ham s6 o6 u!. Jgrz., m6tdac tinh klidc ci'ia khoa hQc. Thu.c \t&y nha bdc hoe di tim cdi chan, tru.dc khi thfiy dirou`, cfii {Iungcfia chi`in lj'. Ch£^in lal d6i tirt.mg ii.u .tien c,fia ct^ing tl`inh khoa hgc chinh danhva}T. Nghien ci'ni khoa hQc kh6ng bii,6ng theo tinh cd, gap ch€Viiig hay chtr. Nh^dt cfr nha't d¢ng du.qc di6uhanli theo k8 hot?ch vat chu.o.ng ti`inh da di.r tinh, n6i van lai, a day la mat c6ng trinh tim ki6in c6 pfear.rag pfidp. Phu.o.ng iihap theo nguyen tt.I. Hdn Vi¢t lal i]h?'p tcftc lam iihir cc+ch th8 thuc hien m¢)t dt.r dinh. N¢i dungphu.ong phdp phi.`i hi8u theo ngi.t}ren nghla ci'ia Hy ngfr Methodos die,'tg Gardrr.g (meta: vdi, odos : du.6.ng). Phuro'ng phdp la con diTdngphai theod8 tdi dich. Phirong ptidp ctinglad¢o phai gift. d8 viro.n len chan 1}'7. Phiro'ng pliap lei k6t quci ct9ia suy.tti. tinh to.4n, Cho ncin bao gid cfing hu.6.ng theo l}'r linh v.4 ph.ii hgrp Jj. P\T6i phil.o.ng ph5p I.i n6i |}'r tii]h `7a dinh hudng vay. V6n la dao phai theo, phu.o.ng phap di doi v6`i dc pftG pftdft. Oc,phs phan tham dinh Sid tri cfia phirong i]hap. Vi vay, cfr€ 77.gA!.€^m la m¢t di8u kien. Met giai doan kh6ng k6,in quy€t dinh. (')c phs binh kh6ng do st.I. sfra sai, di6u chinh nhfi'ng khuy6t di8in hay 16i lam cfia phucmg https://tieulun.hopto.org 15 3g}SPcE7£abk].%tt%:ah:i]aqLi;I;nnfttci,a:n.lip?]€vEE#trg lai, dt'ing ho.n, st.I. [u.o.ng i'rng `qit~i.;i trl tile {r€`i ngoai gidi, tat ca t|u}re`n blnh khc4c kh6ng. quan he d8 kh6i n6i la eh[i.d'ng` ng.?i. Tuy vay, nha khoa hp€ ftfa6ng c6 f/tap, chfi qutiii, mci lu6n ]u6n c6`i m6`, siln s£`ing d('m nhan }'r ki'ifn ngu.(`).i kh!i(., I)#t (`L'r I]gm`ri f{}r I::i ai. Kh()a hoe tao I`a in(:)1 in(`)i trlr(`rn8. tl`i [hl'['c, tl`on8 d(') (`tic nh{`1 kJloa h(.)c c€.im th(A)n8 v6`i nhau v€`i g{Ui|) dii.Q.c mat khjch le v6 ttr cho si.I. tie'n tri£Sn chan I\'r. Khoa I]Qc kh6ng hie'[ Itien gi6.i qu6c gia, clit'in8 toc, in;3u sc*c dia phiro'ng.+ Khoa hoc la ct'[a in(.)i ng`ii'6.i, t£(t c€i 1£`i nht~i.ng. ng[i.0.i 1)an till.t`J.n8 Ici c6n`g st.I. \7ien c;Sn thie't vt4 kh6ng bao git`j. la m¢t thti dich. Ch€``n l`+'r nhu. {inh mfrit gi6i dti.('J'i h`m nu 6`c i`ung dt:]ng., chap cht`j'n, khi I('> khi mt`i., khi g.an khi xa Nhci bt4c hQc, \rti.a tu.(P)'ng nhu. minh n€`lm du.Q`c I]i qiiycft ctDia {ao lit']a lai lia{t th2in thffv minh ro.i \'£\o tt^;i t€Uim. II!:ic dciH v{^13r, nh{\ I){'li h(.)c kh6ng ngti'n{g nil()i than vQng` [hfjng llht{t mQi cc4i lihin iitin{i I)h:1]i, c`c+ ]jie[, ]`(`)'i ]`c?f l{`mi thanh m¢[ quail niem diiy nh£{t, t`t'] fa?^ cfe67!g nghiem 'h'ic, ti`ong d6 mQj hi¢n tu.qng lien li¢ vdi nhau bang nhi`rng. dinh lua[ chac chfic, {h6 nao di'ic k8t dug'c hinh anh c£^m ]]£uing ct.ia st.r `7at, cfia n.a.oai gidl.. Ph{^in tach hi¢,n tu.p'ng kh6nrq nham gi khcic hcrn la tie'n tdi mat I?ing` hQ.P k]]€o` I+,r, cho ph6p VUQ,t khto,I. thay d8f , th3{t thu'6.ng. cfia c{°im quan. C6Iig viec {f}r, met https://tieulun.hopto.org 16 ngurdikh6ng lam n6i, mat c`an c6 st.r gop si'rc ctia nhi6u ngu6'i. Vi.1 khach tin, v6 ki6n va duo vQng 16i cttT6Er%n6gng?8thcdh±°v:Fast phs binh, can thi^in xfr dung phtTerng phap Lhich hqp v!` c(i giJm.g he th6ng li6a nhan lhtrc d6phail{i nhrrng d{V}c tinh thi8t y6u ct.ia khoa hoe. Den day, a t'j th6` thay duo.c khoa hQc la met c6 gang n6i ti8p, vi khoa hQc bat ngu`6n thudngnghiem.Nhu.nglaivu.qlthu.t`mgnghi¢m vi khoa hQc la 1)'r tu&ng h6a thudng nghiem ly tu.&ng h6a nhfi.ng dric tiiih kh6ng th2{y c6 hay chi c6 an tang no'i thLrchg nghiein. Khoa hoc lu6nlu6n b!mgvao kinh nghiem lu6nlu6n tr& ve vdi thi.i'c tai hfi.ii hinh, men khoa hQc chang nhtilig lal ph6ng {'inh thTrc tai, kli6ng phanthi.1.c tai, mat con c£.ii `thien val m& rang kinh nghi¢m. Khoa hQc thi.rc ra c6 phan anh trung tli{``nh ngoai gi6.i kh6ng, d6 I.4 in(:)t van d6 sieu hinh, a d€^iy toi chi m6'i dti'Iig 6' (|uan di8m khoa hQc thong thu't`>.ng., c:^] di8n... Chan ly khoahQc khc4m pha ra, chac thi.rc ho.n, chinh xac ho'n, phs bie'n hen va hcr|] ly ho.n. Do db khoa hgc -hi?u nghi?in vd phone ph¥ ho.n ch? £fiquc fedrefi. hJh6' tinh chfit phs bie'n cfia n6 rna mat dinh lucit khoa hQc mang nhieu khci ncing c4p dung va giai thich cho nhi6u trir6.ng hqp hcm. Ngay nay, do Husserl kh6i xu'dng, van https://tieulun.hopto.org 17 d6 cctn dat ra la giti-a thu.dng nghiem va khoa hpc ]]en nao gia lri ho'n, va gia tri nhur the nao, I]en nao sat vd`i thi.rc tat ho'n v.v... Nhurng ngu.di ta c6 }h8` ndi r€`ing cd£ Jdm c%o ftfioa ftgc c6 gid tri, chink ld'phao'in.g phdp den Ta xitr dung. Phii.o.ng ph{'ip, nhLr da n6i, c6 linh chat phi nga, iien nlit`>` d6, n6i len din \ti ti.u tien ci'ta tinh than nhan thi'i'c v6 tu', n6i len gia tri k9 thu€Lt va thTc ti6n cfia linh th;£n £{v. Tiiy r€®`ng khoa hQc tap `suy {rong thurd.ng nghiem, nhu'ng ve mo{ pliuo.ng df¢n, Sid ti`i ho.n thu.6.ng`` nghi¢,in. Gid tr} £{y tuy c6 sau nhung len ti.Li.dc, ti`iy do Lhir6.ng nghi¢m nhu.ng d8 ri5i dieu khi6`n thu.t`t.ng nghi¢m. Cfing theo }'r nghla #y, 1)'r tri khoa h(.)c lu}t dt.i'a v€``o thl.rc hi¢n va k}r thuat, nhu.ng tht.I.c hien \Ta k}i thu.it ding ffadr!. Jd d6,.1 cfi!' cfia ljr tri. Kh6ng c6 ly ti`i lam sao a 6 k}" thii€:`t, l£``m ;ao iii¢it }'T niem duqc dem ]`a thi nghi¢m... St.I nhan thi'i.c khoa hQc vi nlur ngu.t`j`i da tru.6'ng. th€``nh, dca s6ng nhi6u, d.i rL'it du.Q.c nhfrng bai hQc qua 13ht'r `T{`i \T6.i nht~rlig }`ii`ii hQc kinh ng.hiein lam chat lieu, x€^iy di.i.ng iihfi.iig ki6n tn'ic tan k}r hQ.p l}'r va huy hoang. Nhung tdr lric d±:it vien da dau tien, khoa. hQc bao gid. cting mu6n duy {ri thai d¢ sang su5t, ti.r chfi, d6\ nhd. nhfrng ttr cach ]anh ti.1 2{y, dia`u khi6^n va xl'r dung vfi tru hi~ru hinh. Trong khi dd }ihc?n thi'rc thong. thirdng kh6ng. kh.4c gi tr€, https://tieulun.hopto.org 18 cttn chap chfrng ttrnLS blrdc mat, n{:Ills n6 chap ch€.ii], n{L{[iy hi8m. Ti6n`S nbi llgQng nghiu,. mo. his... Ti.6 con c;1n ngLi.(`ti 16.n, dzit diu, nu6i du.6'ng. (`.fang v{:`y ki€±n thi'i.a, lhontg thll.dng czin till.(Tc khon h(.)c d£'Hn nhi(:ni iilii~rng vat Li.(`) tLt.o.n`g [i.I.. Tl`t` Con (.;1n n`8ti.o`j lan ctilig nhii. ngu.(`).i 16`n 1)h£\i b?lt di}u b€int8 tl`£` colt, d6 la h`inh anh mt^ji tu.o'ng tiii€in girl.a ki`6ii thi'rc du.6'ng ph6 va ki6n thL'rc` phong tlii nghi¢m. D6 cfing la iihfrng t.z^iu iit'ji d:1u tiiin ti`:'t lt`t'i i`]`o vein d6 m€`i Hussei`l di~i (1£:llra. Ttr dem t6i thdigian den lich sfrHy lc?p, nhan loai da cht'i.ng ki8n bao nhieu hu.ng vong cac nan van h6a : v,an hda Ba Tur, van h6a Ai Cap, van h6a 4{n DO, vcin h6a Ti.ung Hoa `'.v... M6i n6n van h(')a cl6u ct't nhl~l.n.q [h6Jj k5T vclng son `'6 phtro.ng di¢n m`iy h{1}r phu.o.ng die?n khc4c. Mtxji d€^in toc d6ii et^; gang plii thii.t`t.n'\g ti`ong vi¢c chinh phuc [hit`L`ii nhi(^in, ha}' I?`) c.hi'i.c d6.i s6ng x€~i h(:)i. Ti`i. `'{U`n chiro.ng, m}~. thuat den nhfrng ct^ing ti-inh dao song dfip ngt`ji liin Ill.Q.t tru.6'C sau, nhfrng n6n \T€Vui h6a fi}r dacht'rng t6 du'Q.c kha n€Ving c6 hri'u ci'ia gi6ng ngirdri v{`i dci d6 1ai t`,ho hau th^e' nhi3u thanh tich clang gid. Nhu.ng nhrrng c5 gang #y lii chi ph5i 1]6`i tinh thaii hanh dons va l}'r 16 cfia tinh cam. Kh6ng mat dan toc nao viro.n len binh di¢n lhui^tn ti'iy 1.* thu}'1+ Khf)ng ln¢it da n, https://tieulun.hopto.org 19 toc nao nhan dinh durgc ttit y8u`tinh cfia su.v t[r trtru tirQ.ng, kh6ng mat d{^tn t¢c nao thfty du.Q'c va xfr dting dia vi u.u tien cfia jj; £rf trong vi€c tim hiau `Tfi tru va nhan sinh. Trong khi d6 ngtr6.i Hy lap da sam iihan tlic\'y lufm lj' ci.ia 15' 1uan va nghi€`n ci'rm luc4n ly #y m¢t catch h¢ th6ng, da.xfr dting lu.4n 15r ffy nh`tr di8u ki¢n tat y8u d8 dat tdi chan ly tri thtrc, ¥£:mhfr8auarfndgufg,°:,ah:ECv[aay]t!'athpuhya8ntL]i;.td&tfof: khon hQc v`a ti.ngd`ing khoa hpc. HQ Ia dan toc dcau tien cam thay n6i ham hoan cfia tri tht'i.c vi ti.i thtrc, n6i h{^m hoan ci'ia quan sat, giai thlch va hi8u }jie't. D6 l€`i d€:ic difsin ci'ia co.1 rtgzrdr{. £fr6ttg 77.I.nft, khcic vdi con ngu.6'i hanh dong cfianlifi.ngno.ivilenay ha}r le khac chu.a phanbiet tarn vdi tri, l}'i [huye't va hanh dons. Con ngu'6.i thong m!nh fly lap da lam dtrQ.c c{'ii lich sfr gQi la pfre'p Jq Hy Jqp. Ph6p la Hy lap da chtrng minh si.r thu.Q'ng th€:`ng cfia tinh than, va do d6, Ia nguyen t'i}' cfia nen van minh Tay phLro'ng, (Tlit.rc ra v€-`n lninh Tay phu.ong con c6 mat nguyen tiy than bi, va ng.uyen thy nayda ngain ngam hoac cdng khai thi dua vdi I}'r ti.i qua git`>ng lich sfr Oho den tan ngay nay. Vi 1€ d6 rna c6 ngu.di da n6i den tinh cha'[ nbi i'rng ci'ia van minh Tay phuong. Mat khc4c khong phai rang, trudrc Hy lap, 6ac dantoc khac, kh6ng c6 nhfrng n8 h.I.c theo c!iieu hurdng suy luSr} trdru ttrQ.ng., nhuriig https://tieulun.hopto.org `21) ii}ll~riig ni> lu.c t}.y kh6ng 8a}r lh€`inh phong li`alo hi|-`r h6 th6ng,. Klioa hQc Fly lap dii.Q.(` I-\i`istote t|uan ni¢m, 1b sxp gi&i thich ;qn vat m©t cdch lfi lu©:i vd.bans nfadft qttd. `TLSu.t`}i thong minh Hy nh€:in th£{}T \rf| trti li\'mol to{`m [h(3 .cto Cr¢C Car, [i`.it tt.I. fly ct'..1.V tinh, iri iu¢ ngu.Cri c6 th6` hi6u du.Q.c `'a do dt'i giipii thich bang nh.4n quci. Du.gc quan niem nhu. the, vfi ti`i.1 kh6ng con la hiiy6n nhi¢m. Anh sang ljr ti.i c6 the chi8u rt~]i tail nhfriig gi tti. ti`u.dc, Oho la bi ran nh#t. I,ui^}t nh€^in qua d€i thtra nhan, lj' tri cht ct`>n l]±'`it lay \'cio vi¢c. Tuy nhien kh6ng phai nhat dan, ngir6'i ti`6ng [hay duo.c dudng di ciia nh{^in qua. Ij}'7 tri chi th2{y irin luqt, ttrng bu'6'c in¢t, ttrng nhan qua m{:|t va theo mat ti6n trinh [tr cam gidc \Jat ch£{t hfi.u hinh de'n phi cam gic4c `T6 hinh. Vayd6itu.gng nhan tht'Tc dau tien cfia nhan tri la vfi tri.I cam gi€'ic hfru hinh, rna haidac tinh chinh ye.u I:I chuy8n dons `T€\ [hdi gian. D6 la vfi tri.I t`fin frfroa V¢c !j. \Tt` t|`i.I €{y n6u kh6ng nhin du.di binll di¢n chu}r8n d¢ng vci lhdi gian rna ch`i thay bang s6 lireyng nghla la du.di d¢ s6 van dai,16.n be cao th€{p va lien he cfia nhfrng s6 1uqung ay, thi se la d6i tirQng cfia rodn ftgc. Sau h€`t n8u tl'i tu¢ kh6ng chi'i jT den cfim giac hay s€; lug.ng rna chi nhin de'n hrru th8 ct.ia ngoai vat nghia la nhin su. vc+`t x€t theo n6 c6 hay kh6ng https://tieulun.hopto.org 21 c6, si.r vat la thi.i'c tat, met kha th8 hay in¢t hu. vd, li'ic dd I€`i frfeoa Agc sz.e^" fez,iA. Sieu hinh kh6ng nhting nghlen ci't.u thi.I.c tai hi~ru hinh vat chart ii]a con v`i nhftit la nhdrng thquc tai v6 l]inh, phi vat chfit, vi I`c*ng d6i tu.gng cfia sieu hinh la fefrtt, la su. c6. rna cdi gi c6 kh6ng tat nhien |a chi c6 du.di hinh thti'c \'€:it cha't va ht~ru hinh. H[~i.u hinli hay v6 h`inh ff}r, vat ch3{t hay phi vcit eli€it a'}r, salt lie't, s6' dl la d6i tu.g.ng cfia ti`i tu¢ la I;i co' {fe6^ ft!.Gtt durgrc, lci vi dd la nhfrng si.I. hfru kha tri. Sieu liinh hQc con gQi ld cfra;2 /zgc fgr ft^£e^n vi d6i [irt.].ng cliinh va sau c`ang ci'ia khoa n€i}t l€i Thu.I.)'ng dt;, dirt.).c hifsu nhir I.i hTgu}Ten i]hc4n t`,hinh \';`i cao ca ci'ia mQi hi~i.u lh8, in(.)i lht.rc tai. Tlnh tt.r ccio cd kh6ng iigi.1 }'r till n3u.(~>'ng nao, m£`i chi c6 nghia la ti`Cm ta't i`a, t6i hau, nhu. j7 ngh?a cao ca trong nguyen l}r 1}'7 ct.ia Leibniz sau n:ay. Ta tli€{y rang Aristote t|uan ni¢m ta'1 ca mg£. 7zgdnft ftAoa! Agc deu c{ing nh&m in(:)I mi.ic dich : tim hi6u vti trii, va vi the', lam thanh mollodn bo tiu}r i3h#L ]a li.ie.t l}.r va}r. Ngay t[i. iilifi.ng ti.ang dan cu6ii Physis, Aristole' da la'}- fzfrtt €,ta ci'ia I-[i¢n ih6` lam d6i tirp'ng iighit"I ctt.u cho khoa hoc. I-Icidegger gQi chuo.ng diiLI cii6n Physis a'y la «hTh€:ip m6n cho tri6t hoc» de'n iiay chua ai vu.9.t du'Q.c. Quan diam cr.-.{i Thu'gng de. .Ia nguyen nhc4n 'sang .tao.-„ va.` gifij thich. klloa hg,c c±'}a` vfi. tl.+.I,^ ctin'g.I.durQ.c Des.caJ. rtes x&c nfaSn trong cu¢ii Ivftfrng Jvgnygn fry. j. https://tieulun.hopto.org 22 day chua cb si.r phan bi¢t giti.a cac «khoa lit.>ct> trong vi¢c nhan thtrc. a day tat ca ]a tr!.G'c Zj7 va sieu hinh durg`c g9i la cr!.Gc jj ddzz fz.Gn (Plii losophia priina). Todn hQc lay s6 lurgng lam d6i tu'p'ng v.i s6 ]urQ.ng s6 hQc lam can ccr. Nhur vay ct't the n6i rang ngay tti. dau, Loan hQc kh6iig chi.1 }'7 den b?{t ctr moL dac tiiih thuc su' htiu hiiili nao nGi st.i. vat, Ngay ttr dau, s5 lu.Q`ng, du.gc quan ni¢in cd tinh cha't trtru tuqng va lj' Lir6.ng. Diau nay rat he trgi'ig, vi i`&ng ne'u toan hoc la hQc v8 s6 luQ!ng va c6 tinh ch^d[ l}'r tur&iig, tlii nhfi.ng c6ng thdrc, nhiriig dinli luat Ilo Toan ht.jc too ]`a lie,u ta cb lh6` cd ti`ong tln.I.c tai khdng, cd phai la phan anh thi.rc tqi khoiig ? •* Theo Aristole, to{'in hQc kh6ng ph€.ii la in(:Jl khoa nhien hQc, nhfim gitij thick ngo€.ii gidi. Ong plit'i nhan tinh each sang tao ci'iii todn ht.]c, kh6ng cho toan hQc la can l]£in cfia `Ifi t]`u i]hu. Pythagoi`e chi'i tru'oiig. Vi rang iiiot khi da ch5i] nhs:in moL s6 nguyen ly hay dinh l}r iiao d6 lam ftfe6`i. dz.i;in suy luan, nha loan hgc bat clia}i ca thi.rc t6 ngoai gidi, mar chi c6nbi8t den va tuan theo dt.ii h6i nghiem xic cL.ia szzj; !zz¢7£ dz.G~,.2 d!.ch, la phu.tj`iig phap di8n hinh cha loan hQc. L}t luan toaii hQc c6 nhff,ng guy tic d*c biSt dtfa q`7ao lu`Sri ly dinA ffui.c. Todu bQ¢ tugpng trun8 cho'nhan thtrc kh6ng thu©c hay rat .it thu©c thin hang https://tieulun.hopto.org 23 I.h6iig thu.6`ng. Yi the todn hQc sam tach ri6ng kh(']i cdc nganh I|hien hpc, c6 met cu¢]c s6iig d6c i¢p va fgr Jdy klia t|uan. Va cfing vi ly do :{}T, rna totin ht.ic ch`I` diro.c danli met vai ti`6 kh6ng ct€ing k8 1l`ong hQc thuy8t Al.istote. Tlii.rc`, i`ii linh thiin toan ht.jc IIy liip da xii:tt liien \T6'i I>ythagorc va si.I phAn lo{ii cfia Al`istote ch`{ 1€`i d6` khcing dinll mat d€:1c di6m trong tinh tl]an trtru tirgng cfia dcin Fly lap da n?i\r n6J ttr trii.6'c \7a l£{y klia tri lam d5i tu.Q'ng this.I yell Oho dons tac tinh than. Kha ti`i theo 1'}-lhagore la toi\n s6, va vi th6, la met cfagrc f¢z. hiisn nhi6n nh£{1 d6` gjai lliich vri lri.I. Ho.n nrra to{'tn ht.jc, v6.i tinh ch£{l crgrc g!.dc va {faan €fr6in.g, Ia trie'L 1\'' cliinh danh nlifit. Ti.ai lai, nliir vti'a n6i ire,n, Aristole kh6ng nghi nhu. vay, `'i tinh chat suy di6n hiiih tlii'i.c ci'ia t,odn hQc. Khdc lii¢it t|uan djsm nay gift.a lrai tri€t gia Hy la d!^iu m6i clio nhfrng ciit)e [i.anh luan khong 16i tlioat va keo d€`ii incqi clio den ligay nay. Ta s6 c6 dip tr6.k.ii v2{n d6 nriy. ' Kliuyiih liu6.ng` chiiyen bi¢t cting da xufit hi¢n ti.u.6c Aristote, mac dau tat t`,a niQi c6 g:`ng tri thi'i.c d§Li qiiy v6 si.I tim hi6`u rna v6 sfiu Ai`istote gQi la tim hi6`u ti.ie't ly. Thien vcin ht.jc, co`hQc, va t`dc m6n nhien hgc S' thdi LIL-i[.9iigc8 da d4t tdj Lrinh d¢ n6i dugc la ch-u}'isn biet. Nhung do anh hir6n8 Aristote..rigi khu}riih hurb'ng ay bi lil md. va n3trng lei tl`c!.1g https://tieulun.hopto.org / 2-i su6t tlidi Ti-ung c8, d6^ r`6i lai tdi hi¢n met c€'icli manh liet dau th6 k}'r 17 va tren mat nhip cdng nga}' a,ang nhanli. Cfing nhu' d6'i thu.t.i'ng c6, ti.ir6'c he't la khoa Thien van, Co. hpi., Vcit ly r6i den I-Ida hgc, Siiili vat hQc, Xa ht:ii hoe, Tarn I)'7 thi.rc nghi¢m. Si.I tuan ti.r xua't hi¢n va khai tri{23n ci'ia cdc khoa tren dfty c6 lien li¢ mfit lhi.61 v6.i tiiau ki¢n nhan sinh rna chi'ing ta c6 th6` "{y du.Q'c ti`ong Itch sfr tir tu.6'ng nhcin loai va di:ic bi¢t {rong trinh sfr cfia m6i kho€i cliuyen hiSt. Si.r phan c6ng va phan hu`d.ng €iy d€:it ra vein da nify ld lieu tri8t hQc theo nghla Arjstote ct`jn c:an thie'L va c6 ly do 1`6n till rjdia kh6ng. N6i k[iac di, vi¢c giai thich va tim h!6`u n¢i ngoai gi6'i phai ch5ng da c6 m6i m6n hpc chuyen bi¢t dam nhcin va Chan ljr toan di¢n tu}r¢t d6i, l}'T tu.tot.ng, pl]ai chang s6 la k6t qu:i cila si.i' cong t€ic T{`i pht^ji hQ.p c6 gaiig cfia I:{t ca mgi klioa chu}r6n biet kh6ng, im:ic dau k`6t quatr6ng ch6' fi}r nfim 6' `'6 liaii th6`i giau ? Nhc{t la }'' ngh-i`a {odn li(.>c : v6.i si.I. lie'n tri6`n khoa hgc, cang n3aycang t6 ra hi¢u h.re va hqp lj. trong vi¢c giiii thich vfi tru, todn hoe li¢uc6 th6` liy\.Qng thay cllo Tl.i8l l19c du.9.C kh6ng. hThan tJii'rc ti`i8l hQc c6 ph€9`i chi la inot hinh tlitre stly tu. kt:in Sac tlit.rc, va .kem miiili liqcli ho.n ki6'n thri'c khoa hQc, va ki8n thu'c khoa hgc la ly turdng cao ca aria tu. tu6`ng nhan loaf, ngh¥a la tri€t hQc da lam xong lich •sfr cria minh ? https://tieulun.hopto.org 25 Trii'6.c khi lain s.4ng 16 v£{n d8, thie't tu&ng can n6i tliem v`3 }'' nghla rna ti.i8t gia hocic nha khoa liQi. da gain cho d&,ngfi {ir khoa hQc va sau d6 tim liifsii th`6' ncaio la d!.,iA Iar¢C khoa liQc. Danh ttr Khoa hoe, Platon da dting d8n va cd nhi6u nghla khdc nhau. Nhu'ng tren b¢c cAc{ng lihan thi'i.c, «khoa ht.>cj> du'Q'e PlatoTi c6 lan xem nhiLi.lal met nlicin thi't'c [iivet mi'i'ii. Khoa h(.)c theo nghla n;iy ch&ng lihl~rllg kh6ng trai v6`i ti`i6t hQc, md con chink la li`i`8t hQc. Ndi ki6^u khac, theo nghla lfi nhcin thirc tuyet mti.c, thit]`i'8l ht.tc t.I]ang nlirri]g k`i mt:jt khoa lit?e, rna con la in(:)i khoa ht.>e c6 Llnh chc{t 8z.6`tz ft/!6c /G7re, `i [o€'in ht.i(` vci cc4c man h(.)c khcic la {hallh phz'in ci'ia bach kho:i tri6t ht>c. C6 thcs th^d:\r dlt't?.c {|uaii di6m PlaLon i3httl la. +ii`ong cu6n C?ng H`oa. \Tdi ^|i.istoLc tlii danli Lti' klioa hoe du'o`c I h;`in [dcli va x[+ d[ing riit:ji c£.icli n6i du't.>.t`, la g;£n `'6`i qiian I`]iem ng:i}-na}r. Chang hc?n nhu. ta th8{}t {roiig st.r ph£^in lo=.ii klioa h(.)c thdnh cc+c nganh i-Gil I}'T, loan ht)i., v{`i si6u hinli. Tu~\r i:I:;¢a[]h[:)`gcv:I.:uc€+:`tt[:]8(A)nc]]]{:;:i8,i]:9,Lt[ifi:}T]hk|:i¢]L: hoan todn I{`i kl]oa h(.}c nhu' v£:it l}.T ji€i}r loan hQc chang hqn+ Aristote n6i r€ihg ch`i c6 khoa hQc khi cd t8ng quat. Sicu !iinli la klioa hQc thug'ng than83 `'i ddi tLrc?`ng Si€3u hinh ~hti.u th6` xet theo ha.u~cd tinh cdch t8ng quit b.on da. https://tieulun.hopto.org 26 Ngoai ra, n6i chung tlii khoa lit.]c xu£{t liien khi l}T t]`i th^ay duqc ta't ygu tiiih no.i si.r vat hay hi¢n tuo'ng. Tart ye'u tlnh c6 nghla la v?nh vi6n tinh. Ai.istote \'i8t ti`ong Ethitiuc gfi'i h'icomede VI,3, r:ing c6 khoa h(.)c klii t€i th£{y st.r `'at kh6ng \th8 khdc ho.n dii.t.t'c, v€i ft/zoo .4gc bd,1 dG'# £6c y8w u& ui7zfe I)I.er.1. Nhi6ii no`i khac. Aristote n6i den phs bi€n linh `-T€`i ph€tn hi¢t hal thtr ph°6 big.n : |]li6 bi'6n ngoai \'€i ph:`j bi6n ti`ong. P/z6 bz.a,n p.godr.ch&ng qua la d4'# cftz', If`i tli£3 hien ct'ia i]h8 bi6n ti`ong, va pfr6 6z.a,1 frong md`i tlit.Tc la dfcfe da7ife ph{'^] I]i8n. Tu.\r nhien Ai`istote van kh6ng ininh bach `'6 si.i' |]li€`in l]iet ff}T. Ngu.6'i ta kliong hi6^u iigu}ten nli€^iii tiiili tim th€iy ti`ong vti ti`l.1 llfru hinh, [1.ollLS (`cic ]iit;n tu.i?9ng vtit lj', c61inh cz'icli i]li8 bie'n ``nao ngocii hay lrong, Cfing vay, }'' ni¢m Ai`istote v6` jignyGf2 Jtfta^re data {{.Gft klii thi c6 nghla 11 ngti}ren nhi`in ci'ia thieii nhien, ngii}'6n iihi^ui I:`)ng t|u€il c`i'ia 6z.fro d!.cfe trong thien nhieii, d¢ng co' d;iu tien ci'ia vti lri.I hi~i.u hinh, i`£{1 xa vdi sii. kien v€i[ 1}', khilhi l{.ii c6 nghla rtit can {i6p ci'ia nhding.hi¢n tirgng phiii giai thieh iii¢L edcli khoahpc, phai dirQ'c giai thich khoa hQc tim t`,ho ra in¢>t cach trt.rc ti6p \`ti}.. Tom I.?I., ngiLy6n nhdn Ilo.i Aristote \'tra c(') tinli c,h2{[ tri^6t hgc. v[ra cd tiiih chat klioa hoe. Su. ki¢n dt'i, au 6fing 1€\ do quan di8m nhin xem s¥ A vat trolls toan the va ndin cac nganh hQc nhLr la https://tieulun.hopto.org 27 chng chung mat mtlc dich la tiin hi8u vfi tri.1 m¢£ cdcfi frz.g€ A.gc. Khoa hQc la mat phucrng ti¢n, mat giai tiing nhan tht'i'c trie'[ hQc vay. Platon thy tru.dug hQ.p. phan bit,t khoa hQc va tri6t hoe, ti.dilc?i Ai.isto[c Oho tri^6t hQc la bfit ci't. hhan thi'rc nao c6 I.V tinh. Nhung dtau sao, hal 6ng.t5trj6t hocnay cfing lchdng khac nhau !ua}' trong quan ul¢m tu.ong quan gii~i'a tii8t liQe, \'a khoa hQc, vi i.,€9i hai d§u mu6n thu gen mQi nhan thi'i'c nhanlo?i du'6`i mat c.ii nhin bi6`u nha't lam. Ij€:ip ti.ii'drng Ai.istoLe h6i am iio'i /St homas \.ci c.i(. iihfR tri6t hgc kinh vi¢n. Thdnh Thomas dinh ngh}`a t(khoa hQc la st.r d6ng h6a tiiih |h`an \'6`j \'€:`t dirt:j'c., hi8u bi^6b) (Scieiilia est €issmila[io mentis ad i`cm sci[am). Oi]g lcTi ph€`ln bi¢[ kiioa hgc thuan lj' nliu. Lo€in hoe va l]`i8t hQc \rd`i khoa hQc thl.I.C hc+nh nllu' Cllinll trj cll21ng lian, kho€i liQc [ri61 l}'r kliac \'6`i th;Sn lioc. N6i \'an lai. danh th. khoa liQc {`6 ngliTa la' in6n ligc dq.a vao I}'rlri, c6 l`.J tinh, vat cac khoa hQc khac nhau 6' £r2nA d¢ j); c£7tfa cao thap, nhieu it li`l`ru tu.Q'ng. D6 l`a danh ttr klioa lit,]c theo nghia rnqi.h. Bacon ha¥ Pescarles chiig cl,ting danh th the`o` ng-hTa tiianh nhur vay. Tfdng ch6n Novum Oi`ganum Bacon vi6t ; ttKho'a hgc lan https://tieulun.hopto.org 28 hinh anh ban th€Si> (Scientia quae estessenliae iniago).. DI nhien 6 dzi}r kh6iig phai la lric xc4c dinh ve y nghla ban th6` ci'ia Bacon, ta chi tarn thti.a nhan rang'scfentia, khoa hQi`, dting d`6` ap clt.ing Oho b£{t ci'iJ im:jt nganh hQc nao dan de'n ban th§ si.I vat, ball th6 hicsu tjieo nghla Bacoii. Tlii.I.c \Ta}. t{'ic 8i!i `TOviim oi`ganum nhfn iiianh dJjn khiti eanh lhi.i.c iiglii¢ in \.Jii quy nap cfia st.r hQc h6i v6 thi6n nhien, thi d6ng th6'i6ng cfing dtipg danh tri' khoa hQc d6` cht cdc man triert 1).7 |ia.v lu€:in I}'r. Vi Ong cho i`i`ing ti.i8t 1{' lch ki8n Llii'i'i., ]`.' Li'iih, li'rc la khoa h()c chi``ii lhu'c. Trill 1`'7 tlli€n nhi€n lz`i suv tor nghiem xcic, va thien njii6n. Ti`ong quan ni¢,in DcscarLes, cfing i`6 m¢jL cdi I]hin Lii'o.ng tl.i.. T€{t cci c.c4c khoa hoe tl€`ii ldm thaiih mdL tod.ng ffaG b€{t pllflll, Ltr vcit 1}'', y hQL` v.\r. d6n sieu hinh. T€{t cci c6 thft dp di.ing }ihii.t>.n`q phap lay minh `'€`i biel l€im lieu chTLi?in x{'ic [lii.rc. Ti.i€t h9c la klloa hQc [litr(.).ng Lh€:lug. I)csl.t`1`1es dfi nhi6ii lan lihac 1€.ij cc4e }' ni¢im tl.tin {1€\}-. 1101 vj di.I : ¢dl¢it ngii't!]'j v6 tliif n i`6 tht` i]han thi'rc i`6 rang I`:lng ba g6c ct'ia ]n¢t liiiili lam gidc I)fang hay 96c {hang., deiLi d6 t6i kh6ng ch6i cai : nhLrng t6i cht'i ti`Li.o.ng raiig nhan thi'i.c ct°ia iigu.d`i d6 kh6ng Phai la iii¢t khoa hpc eh€r`in thi.i'c+`i ta't ca nhan thifi.c c6 tha` hoai ngl}i trii kh6ng dug.c 99i ban.g danh hieu khba h¢c !» https://tieulun.hopto.org 29 Di:ii Kant thi daiih ti`I. khoa ]iQc dl.roe minh tiinh vfi h.?n gidri ho.n. Do hQc thiiy€t `'e kinh nghi¢m cl.la 6iig., Khoa hQc lti d6i tll.Q.ng cfia su. qu}r'eft t]oan, ci°ia x{'ic [inh phan minh (c.el`tihide €ipodii`,{jque). `Tdi ki{`3ii khac, xdc llnh ph!`in ininh lam ncii ki`Ci'n thi'i.i. khoa hoe Vd Vi .x±'ic [jnh £{y cli`i L`6 li.ong kinh iiglli¢ill nan khoa hQc ld k]n,oa hgc cia nhdrng Jchd nghi¢m. Do kinh nghi¢m, ngLr{`]'i ta c6 thf3 tim I.a mat feg^ {fe5,!g c{Viii ctr tren n!ii~riig nguyen tac dci tlii`t'a nh€:in, vi lhe' Kant phcin biet eac nganh klioa vdi ¢fto* frgc fto{!. cfatt,ig. Cdc iig{`inli klioa hoc di.ra v£`io kinh nghiem c`i'ia nLi}€inli minh, con khoa hoe n6ichungla b€{t cL'r met ht.>c thuye't nao too ra diTqc in(>t he thfjng kie'n tht'i.c dii.9.c x8p dat theo lihfi'ng ngnyen ly tang qudt. Theo nghla d6 thi m¢]t hoe thiiy8t c6 tz;!ft cdcfe A!.g# €rdec (architteehtonique) d6u gQi d[i.Q.c la khoa hoc`,. S.iu Kant vat do anh hu.t9>'ng qii}rc|'t diiih cfia Kant, Augiis[e Coii]te \'€1 nliL~rng iig`irdri theo chfi ngh?a thi.1.c ti6n` nhu' Taine, Mill, di'i't\khot+t danh danh ttr khoa hoe cho kie'n [hirc thtrc nghi¢m. Hi¢n tirQ.ng hay du. ki¢,n c6~ th6^ thl nghiein (hi6`u theo nghia r¢ng) la d5i til.Q.ng khoa hQc va tri€`'t ht.tc la c{4i nhin ,thii vao mat in6i diiv nhat tf{t tl{°t kie'n tht'|]c cAgrc {!.ez# jj; £i#^. https://tieulun.hopto.org 30 Ti.i€t hoe fr day d6ng vai tr6 {6fig Ag`p va {!.Gn frGc thi.i'c nghi¢m. Trong vi6n tu.Q.ng thuy6t thi.i'c ti€n, c6ng vi¢c tang hQ'P Con quan ti.Qng hogn ca nhfrngki€n thti'c khoa hQc lieng r6. Tuy nhien tri€t hoe a day kh6ng i`d tinh each sieu hinhtheo nghiacb dia`n,mar la nhfrng nguyem lj. ly linh n'it 6'1hi.i.c tai kiiili nghiem, ngoai kinh nghiem kh6ng c6 gi kh€ic. Ch{i nghia thi.I.c ti6n lc4 ngu`6u g6c chinh y6u cho phong trcio }'' thi'Tc he the k}?r 18 va dtriu the kj'' 19 : kh(`}ng ii`.t:>t y tlii'rc h¢ nc4o kh6ng tt.1. hao la k6t t|iici cfia nhti.ng suy tu. khoa liQc \'a dat tri`in ndfi.ng nan tang l}'r tinh c6 tinh ch?it khoa hoe tin.rc nghieni. Cht'ing {avtra n6i Kant cd mat anh hu.&ng qu}r8t dinh Oho ti€n 'trinh cfla khoa hQC. Thu.c va}', ngc4y nay }'' nghla khoa hgc phat tri8n theo nghla thi8t y6u tht.I.c nghi¢m cfia n6, nghla lal, n{'ji chung, can ci'r vao su' kien c6 tht.I.c, Iiay nhrrng dt.I. kienf vfi trti. Ti.u.arc li6t la /¢frocz fegc cfrprc c!.es#. Vi 1€\ th¥]c nghi¢m. nghl`a la theo nsuyen tac ct'i the thi nghi¢m du.Q.c, men khoa hQc iiay cfa!' a{.Gf fag.?rt cargr,ig u¢c !j} frfrtt ;,i;tfr. Tht.rc lai c6 the quan sat do lu'6.ng. tht.rc tc?i mang i]hting d_ac htiu I,ucmg d6ng va c{ing cb met nhjp do gzzj; £dc cfez£ €gr nao d6 da {z.a.,1 d{.ttA. Na'u ci`mg c6 nhtiil]S df§rLi ki€m fig.€,1 {argrj!g gi6'ng nhau, thi si.r `'al se ctinsr le, tliu¢tc nhi~rng nhan qua nhir nhau. Cc4i. di https://tieulun.hopto.org 31 tru6.i., tian kien, (ant6c€denl) gQi la ngeeyen nh€^in ((`€`'Lise) \7z`i cc4i (-Igii sail k`i h{:lil (|ut9i (e-ffel) Ti`a li`']i v€`i minli tTinh fr€ ffezi'c ;tfaa^;2 gzzd ct.ia sq vat hay hi¢n tu.qng val ch{^;i, cl6 ld in5i quan lam chjnh `'t{ii cfia khoa ht.>c thi.['t` nghi¢m. Ti[.o`ng qiLa:I nh:^iii qui°L \T(`) (itiLT* I)hi'i.i, tL?I), i,(`) cting phoiifi pliti, m¢t st^j (|uan si'it hav nh±:in dinh h.i' nt') kh6ng c6 nghla gi tl€;i v6.1. to€`in b(), men cac nh2i khoa hQc cau ctru den gi€°\ thuy€t. Gz.d cfetzj;G£ €fed;iti ft2,ih tin 77t¢c s6 quan sdt hay kirth nghi¢m ndo d6 do ,qiiy nqp Gun;g hi5n, d'8 di d`a,n, t6'i m©t nguy6n lfl, i;tr nguy6n lfi d6 suy di6,H. ra bang phiro'ng phdp di6n, dick. (`,{r nhu the s€ di den met Jj} €fiac}.Gc llfio d6 dirryc cho I.i bao tl.tim in(.)i hi¢n tuqng cd cfaG^ c6. \Ti di tt`r m¢jt s6 qui`n sat I.ieng ltiet va \T`i duo.c nghi¢m di'ing [I`en in¢t s6 1rur6`ng ht.yp h<#m }itiuLi, v:{]i d§ dab i`a la gia th``yet den bao git`>. mdi mat [inh catth ph6ng dinh cfifi u6? Chi'ilig t{i` se c6 thcim }r8u t6 t.i' nhi~rng ti`ang sau d{'3 phac bt?:I nit:it cau gi€i nht`ji. h'hnng, diiti sao c:tn n6i ngay r!iiig the h¢ chi'ilig ta calls ngay calls tin tu&n8 vao klia n5ng ci'ia khoa bQc, n6u klioa hQc I)ie't `4 ti`ong iihc?in vi d6i {iTQ.iig cf]a minh. Toan hQc kh6ng c!tn pbai clirii8 minh cac }76u t6 ci.ia ca'p v6 hc?n. Cfiiig v.4.\', vi~i trt.I m€Tie dau v6 ban trt>ug th6.i Lian, nhiT.ng khoa liQc p6 [h8 di6n ta cac dinh lii{it vi-i tri.I dir6.i iihung liinh thi'rc, https://tieulun.hopto.org 32 •trpn v€n. (1) Nnu.ng, mat khac, can d;iih i`&ng khoa hQc pliai ddrng tl`ong ]anh vquc ctia minh, ti'rc la cd y n6ircingnliftnqiif` tinh khoa boc tim ki6m khong ph€1i ]a nhan qua tinh [huoc thtr hc?ng ngu}'en nlii^in s{in* t£.io (caiisfili[Cl pi`odiictl`icc`) rna thu¢jc lht'r liang tu.ong t|iiftii chi'rc `'Li (rapports foiictiom,eTs). Nh.i khoa hQc kll6ng chl'l }'' d€n' ct'ii gi sinh th:1iih sdng 1`?o l`ti cdi gi khac, kh6ng i`LLn hi€>u b6.i dz\u mat t`di iiay c6 v{`i c'ai kia fr¢6.,g cd, ii6i ]`Ong ia, kh6ng da[ [lianh van d6 ,#gera7i g6csd,2g c¢o ra vri tru: di.iiig iihullume d€`i ii6i : van ,da ngu}7en i'iy bao g.i6. cfing v6 cting plit'i'c tap, kh6 khcin ngay ca nguyen i'iy met vat ti 1{.¢n, do.n gi{.in nh?it. '1`inh {h2in thq'c nghi¢m kl`[oa ht.>c cfez' 77!tt6,i lji€t c6 hi¢n tu.qiig, iighla lil hi¢n tu.Q.ng nay lien he vdi liien luQ.ng kia I]hu the' nao, tru6.c hien tu.9.ng bi¢n ,hfi.u cd nhfi'ng hi¢n [uQ'ng nao. Vi ly do f{yma 6' khoa l}pc thtrc nghi¢m, y nghTa cot gz.dz. \Ta {af d!.nfa v€r`n Fi nhri.ng nc':i n8i (I) t{Si la Science 6tait l`6num6ration d`une s6rie de faits, on pourrait sane doute penser que l`humanit6 ne pourrait', en droit, jamais etre enme3ure d`embrasser cette s6rie. Mais il ne 3`agit pas de cel`a. Pour connaitre les lois et 6tablir une science de i`inf;ni math6matique Point n`est n6ces3aire d`avoir d6montr6 lea 616ments de la s6rie infinie; de m€me [es lois du monde, m6me a supposer que celui-ci fut infini dan3 le tempi comme dan3 l`e§pace` pourrait certainement etre exprim6es sou,s https://tieulun.hopto.org 33 ho.n t`?I. Sau he't can plifi luu }'J rt}iiig lil]an qii£.` tinh khoa hQckhac vdi nhfi.ng su.`' di6n luan ly va suy di6n can ctr vao tjan da d8 suy ra b&ti d8 (consequent) the{i iihfi'ng diiih luat thuGan ttiy ly tiiih,` nhu dinlLi luat ham thii'c chang han (loi tl`implication). Thri' d6n la frftoa Ago Z!.cfe sdi, d5i tu.9'ng lil tilt ca cdc bi8n c6 xay ra ti-ong long nhan sinh qua c[ic th6'i dai da lui v6 qua khti.. Lich sfi. hQc ]ien,h¢ den cac m6n hQc khdc, cdc diau kien vat ly khac. Phti.o.ng phap ci~ing la su.u t;Sm, t]`a h6i, binh p'.lam, x€p loai, n6i van lai |a c6 g€6ing tai thi6t nhfrng gi kh6ng con nfra. hThu.ng muc dich tcji liaii van 1{\, nli6. nhf]'ng dinh lust khan phs. et'j mt:it }'r lii¢m \r6 nhan tinh, v6 gia tri ti.r do, \'{`i y chi ci°ia ngudi trong vfi trii va ctia ngu.t`rj li.ong x€~i h()i. N6i tom la]., Itch sfr gitip tim hiau ftflf nd,|g sdng c¢o ci®ia con ngudi vay. Sau het la cdc ftfaoa! ftgc "tia^" pav#, g6m cc4c nganh `T`e tarn lfi, xa h©i, chirLh tTi, ki.nh t€, ndan cfefng va nfad" Jo¢!. Agc. Cd ngudi phan biet khoa hgc nhan van la khoa hgc v6 ngurdi d6!. v6'!. cft!.Gn nA!.G#, va khoa hgc dqo di'rc la khoa hgc ¢de8 forme8 parfaites» ihttps://tieulun.hopto.org 34 v6 n8u.di Lrong t`,<4c f i!.o',ig q#4.'i xa fr¢£.. Si.r phi^in bi¢1 (.h{ I€`i lhu(:)c ti`r lisi~r h(.)(` \J!`t |liitJ| tit(°m8 kh611g (|uall [rQng I.fim. Mt:,I vc4t t[.I.gt Lht],r{{t nh,,. hoc [hu\r{;i TTe.qc], hoe lhuy6t Mac`xit mii6n gj:ii thfch lit.h si.I \ra nhan sinh theo dinh lilt:il I:`it``n , Iihii^`,n, va t ho ri`ing bi¢n cliti.ng dlly v£:I 11:`1 ii3lli3n g€jc ei'la bit:`n chiing lich sfr. Nhu.ng ngay nay trong lan:i trie't hQc S6 vie't va git~i.a nht~i.ng ngu't`t.i Macxit ngotli Lien x6> c6 iih'S.ng chfi trii.ong ligu.Q.c \1 al Daikhai y nghTa danh tti. khoa hQc tl{`\ di6n ra nhu vay. Ta c(t the lirQ.c tom thanh hai nhan dinh. nay : 1) D5i tuQ.ng ci®ia khoa hoc g6iii ca vfi tl`ii lari nhan sinh. #. 2) Qua tlld'i gian, khoa hQc da nhi6u I.r\n d`6ng nhat vdi trj8t, va hi¢n nay9 theo mat st^5 ngudi, c6 th6` thay th5 cho ti`ie't hQc. Di:it v2{n d§ thay the fly, 1i'rc lal lim hi8u dt^;i tu.gng dich tht.rc cfia khoti hQc vEi tria't 1}'7, hay cfing vay, tiic la dtit vffn d6 gz.d tri gz.a'i. cAfcA (valeur explicative) ci®]a khoa hQc, tru'dc khi nhundngldi cho trie't hQc. Bat v2{n d6 gid tl`} giai thich khoa hQc, tt'rc la tim hi8u hi°in ch#[ khoa hQc, nghia la tim hie`u .dinli lut4t khoa h9C Vay. https://tieulun.hopto.org 35 (]jd ti`i`thuifnljT khoa hQc`lid.nhe \7di }L ngh?a dinh lua[ khoa hQc. Nhan thi'I'c khoa hoc vu.Q't ki€n thtrc thu.dng nghi¢m, cam giac d8 vtrcrnlen nhrrngy ni¢m tang qtuidt va xac tinh hon v6 hientuo'ng nghit3n ct'ru Nhti'ng !'' ni¢In [hfitlac thu.dng dii.Q.c in6 ta b&iig djnh lil::`t, v€i djnh ]Li`fitc6 th6` i]iang hinh thi't'c Loan fip€, nghTa la bi8u di6n bang c6ng thi'rc. Ban den dinh luat ttrc la tim hi8u gi{4 Lri khoa hoc vay. Ngudi thurdng kh6ng can bi6t den d!nh luat. Dinh lust kh6ng d6 thffy ngay du`q.c, rna la ke't qua cfia c6ng trinh tiin kie'm cd khi hang chuc the k}°t. Dinh luat khdng hi8n hien b6 ngoa'i rna nan sau trong ccr c£{u squ vat. Tim d6n dinh luat, frfe6ng pfadz. chi \ti dinh lust cd g!.d fr!. c6ng cq cho phep ta hanh d¢ng, mci trurdc liet vfi nha't la vi dinh luatla y6u t6 m!.jt^ b¢cftu&J¢£infl d6i vdi nhan tht'I.c tinh thcan. 6` day chi ndi den dinh luat trong khoa hQc thien nhien nhir vat ly, hda h{.]c v.v.. hay trong toan hgc, chii. kh6ng ban den dinh luat hi8u theo nghia luat hQc hay ]a dao luat. Dinh luat kh6ng minh thi ghi len mat not nab trong vfi tru. Chtlng ta chi lh2{y, trong vti tng, nhi~rng st.T vc4t rieng r€. Vay tru.dc h€t hfty phan tach nhi~rng si,I. vat hay` hi¢n tirgng tl`6ng https://tieulun.hopto.org 36 ih?[}T. Vfi [i.u liay ra [hich hinh van li`ang, thien si `'£.\n I)it``[. I-)L'I in(.)i ]o€`ii, ]ii(.)i \'cit, c.io 1]if{i), ho.n kc`m, tlo.n t{ip kh6ng t?:ills da`ii; mtxii `iat, in(=ii sL.r mang nhL~]'ng tinli t'ha't di bi¢,i. Tiiir nhfeh, c6 th8quy v!`ioLha lodi : su. vat v6 il`i g.iac, sfnh vat v€`i' Ill.,irt`i.i. Ba loai kht4t` nhau \'e nhieii di6m call l]i.in, nhu.ng chi°ing t.;1n `suv nghT nhi6u, cfing c6 th8 nhan thay I`&ng tar cd d6u cling chung hhfrng d€:`c tjnh fang qutft sau d.Ay , D2iutien lci cfa!.Gin cfi6. M6i v€it c6 mat cht3 dt'I'ng ti`ong vfi ti.t.I, ch6 a'}r mt)t khi mat vat da chi6m thi d6ng thdi kh6ng con la ch6 cho vat khac ni~ra. Day, t6I ng6i d€`iy tren gh8 ii2i}r ti.Lrdc ban t6i, vd day la cc4i b!`in, d{^i.v la I]ang den v.\T. N6i de'n met vat tt'i'c fa ngi.I }'r rang vat a'y chi6m ch6, va inot ch6 khong th6`dang {fedrz. do hai vc4t chi6m dlrQ.c. Do sl.r chi6m cht5 2[T mt:>t vcit dirQ.c xac dinh va fr`q,1 g{.drl. trong. kh6ng gian va c6 the 6e'ft mang da dong t6.i, nghl`a la c6 the nhin thay, sd mt`] hay bat la'y ; n8u ]a ngu6'i, c6 th8 nghe t6i n{')i, hay t6i c6 this nt.]i chuy¢n vdi v.v. Thi'r den, m6i si.i' \Jcit d6u c6 6. m¢c cfrdrz. gi.6z,1. I.I`;en t6i clang ,ngi3i day, 10 gi6', ng{``y 1o than-g 01 nam 1971. Danh rang dd la nhti.ng qiiy irdc xa hoi, 'nhurng quy u.drc dd d].6n ta https://tieulun.hopto.org 37 m6t h'ic cfia iht`i'i gian, ,\Vay n6i sp vat la d6ng thbi ndi de'n khoanh khac thdi gian`.£{y cd. th6^ t[uan ni¢m di tinh hay d6iig tinh ttiy theo vat fiy c6 }'r thi'i.c thai gian ha}' kli6ng, nhung tat c!'l m6i v€:it d6u c6 trolls g!.d!. ftqn cfa cfr6'z. g!.a!n phi ,nga, loan hQc (tl.t2) ch&ng licqn. Thti' ba, m6i vat dell ffacz_}; d6z.. Ngur6'i xu.a n6i kh6ng the haf lan ngi'ri vao mat huro'ng thorn ci'la mat b6Iigh6ng, kh6ng the hai li3n ctlng tan ti.ongmot gi6ng nude du}r nh£{t ci'ia inot con song, la coy n6i rcing van vat lu6n lu6ii thay hinh bie'n dang`, kh6ng h6 ngh.ng. Nhfrng hinli anh «van caui>, «tang thuro.ng». «b6n`g bach cau» v.\T. dau di6^n ta si.r bxt` c6 d!nh ci9ia iigoai gidi va nhan si.I. Kh6ng mat vat nao tuve[ d6i i`h6ng l€.`i `76`i st.I. c£{u x6 gcim ll11€{In ci'ia mu.a m`iiig, ccit bi.ii tlid.i gian. Dac tiiih [hti. tu. la m6i cd \Jat, m6i oa nh€tn tt.r n6 va iio'j ii6, ]cim th:inh m¢t {od7t cfiG khdl`, \'6.i Loan th6` noli cd v{``t khc4c. Cai balm A la cc4i ban A, kh6ng phai la ban 8. Cfiy .duo.ng lieu nay kh6ng |]hai la cay thong kia. Su. ti.aiig d6 `lai caiig hi6`n nhieii no.i sinh vat va dac bi¢t iidi ngu.di. Con ch6 nlia Anii kh6ng phai lal con chd nlia ben canh. Va t6i khdng phai la Anh-v-a ngtrQ.c lai. M6i ngut`]'j la mat-vfi tru ban t} an i`ieng liiet. Kh6!`g iha`, t6,i, la.. a.nh, ,mac d.au L6i va anh chi'ing ta. chng`c.bung nhi§u di§ni. hoa` d6n8 *hac. -.I, https://tieulun.hopto.org 38 Thtrnam,motsTvat hay sinh vat c6 tfa8 ft&dc khong phai nhu. trong li`ang tlidi hien hti'u, hoac c,a th`6 kh6ng cd nhu' hie,n cd, c6 th6 da c6 hay s6' c6, hoac kh6ng hao git`]. cd. Tru'dc dfiy 20, hoac 30 nam, hay hall nrra t6i chu.a c6, vA I``6i day s8 kh6iig can thi6t i]hai cd. Tat ca mQi sq. vat ftfa67ig pAdz. Zd can ffaz.Gc, c6 cfing d[rQ`c, khdng cfiiig chang sao. Dac di6m thti. sau : m6i vat c6 tinh cha'L d¢c ddo. Nhu.ng tinh ch^dt nay duo'c phan riao xac dinh b&i Zz.Gn fie vdi hoan canh chung quanh va dohoan i`,aiih tao ra. Nhti'ng di d6Iig clii;uns loai cfing nhu. di d`6ng v6 phi.itinh phaii bi¢t ca vat n`ay vdri cc4 vat khdc. Do d6 bat cti. m¢t v€:it nao d6u c6 Crojig vfi tri.I v£` g!.fro nhfi'iig v€:i[ klicic, tat ca lain [hanli tti]h6ng canh ti`en d6 cd vat xLiiiL hien. D61a salii dac tinh cL'ia si.r v[il hay lii:¢n turQ.ng. `T6i ki6u khac, m6i vat c6, dau du.t.itc dinh nghla, n8u khdng phai chi bang ttrng ay thi it ra v6.i th'ng ay d*c tinh c.ill l]an. }I¢t Merleau Poniy, hay mat Whitehead da gitip lam sang t6 theap m5i lien li¢ ban th8 hot:ic lu€:iii thtrc.hQc (epst¢mologique`) gifra cat., si.r vat. Khbng c6 sau dac tinh fly, 8try vat kh6ngf hinh thanb durqc(1), Dinh luat rna ta mu5n ti!'Ti https://tieulun.hopto.org 39 ki6`iii lai i]hai tim ki6m trong vfi tru ctia st.r vat \r6.i nhting d€:ic linh cii th6` ay. Nhu.ng trong ba!o frdm dinh lual, lieu la c6 tha` gap lai dirg`c v6ii t6 can ban vdra th2{y trong si.r vat kh6ng ? rfaeo d!.nfe ngfaia!, dinli luat kh6ng han gi6'i 6 in¢t nori n!io, rna phai durgc ap di.ing hieu iighi¢m cho l]£{t ctr met no'i nao. Dinh luat I)ao qudt kh6I]g g].an. Vi kh6[ig gidi hqn, vi a mQi no'i, men dinli luat kh6ng cO hinh `lhai. khong cao lli2{p,16.n`b6, kh6ng s6 lirqng v.v. Ta kh6ng th6` hinh dung, bi63u tLrQ'iig du.qc •]inh lug:it, ta khong th6` c6 m¢tliinh anh v6 dinh luat. D6i khi ta dtingcon s6, d`6 `vcit ho ic tu. tao i`a h`inh anh, d`6 tlii dit bi6`ii hi¢n tli;ih luat, d6 chang qualci d&ac fe!.g^tt, la tirgiig ti`u.tig ci'ia dinh lust. Dinh luat vu.9't len ti.6ii thai gian, b:i[ ch:{p iigay dem nain Lhang, bfit ch2{,p hi¢n tai., qua khti' hay tu.cmg lai. Cai gi da dung, da gQi la dinh lua[, 1a dinh lust c{ia ingi t,h6'i gian. Dinh lucit kh6ng ctia m¢t lh^6 he, inot thdi dai hay inot the kS nao ca. N6i tom lai, dinh l\[i:`t k\`6.`g c6 th6.i gi€in in.ric d€`iii c6 £7.a.ig [h6`i gi€in va dii'gc di6n ti bang lhb.i gian. vi`7ay rna djnh ltiat ban chat 66!..bz.a,1 lch6ng la- rxpn nh-an cfial si.r gfam mcjn mri9a-gi6 `tli6i gian. Dirih luatT.-kh'6rig .inai,. nhur c>t (Ni Physique tout courl, ni }Iatl]6matique tout cou_ i`l, la Physit|ue +\Iatliematiquc avance inconfoi`L al)lement sui` une corde raide, en se gardant lie deux vertiges ; elle balaiice pei`i)¢tuellement entre la tentationdela theoric mode concret. oil [lieoi.ic du [}'pe «jouct d`ingeniciir>>, ct celle de la the'orie no`n figrii`a[ive a foi`malisme {`bstr. ail, ou theoriedii [}-I)c t(amuse'ineiit de liiathe, maticien, Ong nhaii dinli raiig\7€:iL |}'T ii|ifft |£` trong ly thu}r6t quan-ta, clang di \76 I)hia Tinh xac su£{L nhu.ng van chu4 iiiinh diiih du'`?'c tinh chat. chfi hav khdQh qu€in.-c-lola dinh lust I.,v,at .1y.-' B8 chti'ng "ii.ih c|io` rihan . d}nh fi5r,`.` Co5ta de Beauregai`d trieh I+I.i c{ia ,M.Fi:echet «OnJti https://tieulun.hopto.org 43 cs[ I)as,.. d`accoi.d (pai`mi !es auteurs affii`mant 'que l`6galit6 ent,re probabilite et fre'quence n'a lieu que p]`esque certainement) sur la nature e t ]a prohabilite ; en particulier est.elle object ive ou subjective ? Les uns considei`ent la pro babilit6 d`un ev6nement coinme exprimant l`intensite avec laquelle nous nous attendons a ]a realisation de cet 6venement. D`autres basent I.introduction de cette notion de cette notion sul` ]a lot du hasard d`apres laqucile les frequences d`unmeme 6\-encment l`oi.luit... se groupent, 96neraleme,nt pres d`une valeur centi`ale IIs s`apiiellent {iloi.s probahilited`un tel evene~ moot cette Va]eul`centrale qui peut donc et're consjderee coinme une constante pliysique dont les I.tr6quences deviennent dos ]nesures cxP£]riiiienlales.>> Mac khac, dau ch`i lal toanhQc cria xac .siicit t-li nfra, vein d6 c(]n phai x6t xemTodn hQc cd i]hai lal dicli thi.I.c c6 [inh chat [lii6t ye'u kh6ng, va ho.n nti.a c6 phai hoan toan do ly tii tao i`a kh6ng. V6 di6`m nay thi Husserl cho ]`ang Todn hoc la mat 1}'7 tut.;.ng h6a tt]. kihh lighiem nguy6n t.i}t ci'ia eu¢c s6ng ..`;im tii. Nhu vay,phai chang toc4n hQc lh vi¢c rieng ci°ia nhcin lot.ii va do dd ttiy thu¢c vao kinh nglii¢9ii chti quan pghTa la khong g6 q`Lryr8n ap #an8o::°htq°ca:it:L£-gv?u;I;:d`;a±:#Cffg9nu;n:;::: iit~ra chi c`dtri tu? mdi {fa`Gy stT-i .Can thi€t fy https://tieulun.hopto.org 44 cho nen dj6u tien qlLiye't, nhu. Kant da chi'mg minh, la i]hai tim hi6`u kha nang hi8u l]i^6t cfia nhan tri, nghl`a la phai dat van d6` nh€:un lhi'i.c ti`u6`c khi n6i de'n bi.in lh6^ sq' \'at rna dinh luat la met phu.ong di¢ii. Tru.6`c Kant, Hume cfing qua qu}t€'t rang ye'u tinli khoa hQc ch€'ing qt-ia 1€` do lien tu.6.ng va tap qudn. R6i cfing tu.o.ng tt.r nhu. `'c+y, th. nhi~i.ng 1}7 Iiian k|itic, mt:>L `Ts6` ngu6'icho rang diiih lut:i[, k`t vit3c ci'ia ngu.6'j, do ngudi tqo ra. Nhi~rng ngu.6.i chi'i tru.ong khach tinh tuy¢t d6i ct'ia dinh luat, nhii. ti`i€t gia cons salt chaiig liau, thi lai tin vao vTnh vi6n tinli cfia d`inh lu€`it va diiih iucit khoa lioi. I i in¢t liinh thti.c cfia lii€:it liien chh'ng. I)u'6`i nhfi.ng nh€in dinh klic4c, (`€ic nha khoa ligc nhu H.Poincar6, Heisenl)erg, I,otlis de Broglic, Einstein lhi lai tin r:ill.S kho:i hoe du'9.e x€`tv ti.6n gi:`'i dinli va \Ti Ills dinh lii€:`[ klioa hQc c-6 ilnh ch€[1 {zz'o.ng d6!., do d6 c€'ic he th6iig v¢`it I}'T, Galilee, Copt5rnic v.v, ctiiig nhu' 1()an ht.)e 1]a chi6u c[°m Euclide ha.`T 1]6n chi6u cfia nga}T iiay ttit cd @6u dting trori8 h? th6.zg guy chi~eu ctia irritnh. Nliu.iig caiig ci£\n th¢Fn I`:tiig, sau d6, Minkowski phti nhaii thu}J€t lil.on`q dt^;i vdi nliil'ng I}'t lug:`n i`at gia tri :danli lii¢u cfia tliii}T8[ Tu'o.ng d6i da tr& m``n bfit kh{: thi'i.t`, vi clu.a.i I.i|ia.rig ngoai turQ.ng c6 `inSt cai gi b£{t lii`6n tii)r¢t dt3i-. Thuylli ctla. Minkowski c6` 1i6` gQi la ((lliuy€t cfia tuy€,t,- d6i all-.nap ben du.6.i ,de` ch5ng t!6..,ca~c. hi¢n.. tu.pug pen n&Oai.7> https://tieulun.hopto.org 15. Li¢`ll et') ni¢Jt dinh lu€:i[ m`io kht.I dT di6n t€°i dil.Q'i` t..+i t`i\.et d6i lien dii.6.I. sii. i,T€:it, ]]¢i,ndu.di vt-I li`ii kht`mg `.' Qiia m¢>t v{`ii iih{'un x6t tren, ngti'dri Ln th:{v dinli hiat li¢n h¢ de'n vft'n de nhcin {ht'i.(., nt'ji chung. \'a (`,€'Ic vil'n d6 do nhc4n tl}t.r(`, ci'ia n`gLI.t`t.i t-tri[ rfi, \':.`in tla nh;^in tl.i, vf{n (16 [!^im 1}''. \r!.`'n t|is th(`)`i Sian. \'.fn (il3 tf[i \'e'u \'!\ J7£t I:{1, \':i'n {la tinh th;in v;`\ \T£|[ t.hf{t \t+v. \TghTa l{`i [h8 n€`io ? Chi'inq ta da n6i 1-:ing, n8€`]}' ]lay khoa hoe kh6ng llii bu.6.e ti`u`dc nhfrng kh6 khciii, nht~rng i].6J lquc gap thf{y trong viec giai thich vfi tt.i.I. Ti`ai 'ai khoa hQcc6 thi`m vQng [ic|'n de'n cht5 tc4un ctiiig ci9ia chan ly. hTgur6'i ta kh6ng ct`]n ,Li6i hall c6ng cuOc nghien cdrii tl`a h6i khoa h(.)c lrong phc?in vi ci.ia n6. `Thung clang khdc, nhi3ti kht>a hQc gia kh6n`q {h{')a man vdri ]t`ri Si:'ii thL`h khocri hot. rna cliinh Ilo 1€`] lz!c Lq].i'` \'{`i du.Q`e the' gidri t{in thu.t°jing chc{p thuaii. IIt.j im.lan khoa lip;`|, tr6! \'e` \Tt']`i }'' n3hi{t t]au tien ci.ia n6, .\'' n.{ihia ti`ill hQc nhii' [a th€[y no.i I'la[on. ^\i.is[ot(1 hay c`t'i Descai`[es. (`+hi'mg {6i nghT ]`i`{ng khoa hQc l€`i klioa hQc va ti.i8t hQc la trja't hQc. Klioa h(]c c6 lo:lil till)Ten chtrng. milih ccic dinh lii£:i[ sa khdm ph.i `'i\ cho lac6 gi€'i tli tti}'¢t (i6i trolig` \Ti6n [1rQ.ng cfla n'linh. Nllu'n.q dj§li (i() k]id[iL! c('] n`g]ilLI I.i`il`g. Chinh cf'„; iih£\ khoa b?c \Tj`t ti.i€St g].a kh6i]g du.Q'c qiLTa`ii su}' tu' m¢j[ f€t(`,h lri^e't 1}'' tren nlii~i'ng sti. l`i¢n https://tieulun.hopto.org 46 hay dinh lust khoa hQc, Lu.v¢[ d6i ha\y kh6ilg tuyet d6i, I,ap tlurdng nc*y chfi tru.o.ng khdng laii lan trigt hQc vdi khoa hgc, inac dau, Lhri`a nhan lien h¢ cfia hal l]ep. N8u- c6 mat nhcqn thtrc khoa hoc thi cting c6 mat nhan thL'].c lna b!?in chat thi8L iTe'u khdc vdi ]]i°tn cha't nhan Lhtl.c khoa li6c. M¢)t liin nfra, ki€n lhti.c khoa hQc theo dinh nghla chang nhi~rng kh,6ng ngan cam rna con khuye'n khich nhan loai ti`Cn du.d'ng nghien ctru \7ch Kay dti.ng Tri€t hQc. giv https://tieulun.hopto.org i niem ®v6 tri6t ly - D6n day cd 1€ C6 ngu.di cd. cc4in tur6'n8 ring ti`ie't I)'r la mom hQc tie'p tuc giai thich nhi~rng gi kh6ng thuoc tham t|uy6n` khoa hQc liay vu.qt khoa hQc. Ci'im tu&ng €{jt .IIi¢t pl]2in nao di'ing. 86i vi can ci'T vao lich sfr, nhi6ti kh.i khoa .hQc da mu6n ban den nhi~rng gi khSng thu6c .iham qu}t8n minh. P\Thirng` ca'in{. turd.ng £{}7 kh6ng dting v.i nhu da n6i, cht'ing 16i.-k.h-6.rig dat v£{h d6 ti`i€t ly ti8p ti.]c chQ khoa hQc : in6i khoa+c6 d6j tiirQ.ng. Fien8-bi¢.t ..-- The nao..lz`i tfi€.t ly dic'h. t-hi.rc ? Ciin. ph£9ii r.6ti ll.g;a}r I.i`ing`.{ron'§ m56n ngdi,. khong.-mly danh-t[r A#6 a.z.,i^ j2gfei¢ nhu. danh I.ti. ti`i8t l}'J,` vi rfft i[ danh ttr ga,y ra nhi6u y `kie'n `d6i -lap, mciu-thiian nhtr .danh t|r tri8t 1}'7,. D8 `df . dgn met }'r niem -dc*u 1{1 sCi lurqc.-v6 tl`i6E 1}. -IA .gi, [u.6.ng c6 th8 di`rng. Iai 6' met..,vai `}''`Lki6n Satl day .= Trii.6.c htf I - c6 du. lu,an cho tl`i6'i 1}'7 Ia qu<¢t }'T ni¢m go'p 7ift¢c tat c{'i nhfi.ng. 8j ;faara !¢d;!¢ https://tieulun.hopto.org 48 khoahQc, khoa hQc chua giai thich dupe. Ch&ng ham d6la j7 ki8n cda Ber`trand Russel hay ctia cdc nhs tri6t hpc thquc ti6n. HQ dua ra.ly chdrng rfing dau tien Ari.tote quan ni¢m tri€t hgc va khoa hoc la mat. nhurng r`6i khoa hoc tut tach kh6i tri€t hgc. Chinh Aristote da prian .bi¢t vat ly, toAn hQc, y hpc, tarn ly. Com te thi bao rang tu tur&ng nhan loaf bat dau ttr than hgc. r6i ti8n den sieu hinh d8 cu5i chng thanh khoa hgc thu.cti6n. C6 dun luan nbi tri8t liqc clang ti6`n ve todn hQc. Nhfrng gi trol!g tri6t hgc chua dugc khoa hQc hay todn hQc giai thick d§u 1& nhfing d6u mcr h6, huy6n ao, khong clang chd y tdi, Russel mu6n 6hting minh ngay nay tri6t hqu khong con ly dd tan tai va phai ltii budc trutrc su ti6n tri6n cia khoa hoe, vi theo Ong khdng con may ai thac mac den nhfrng van d6'tri€thgctheonghia'c8di8n.Nghequatur6ng chdrng nhu Russel c6 ly. Nhung nhin can than hen vao thpe tranglich sfr tu tudng. ngudi ta d8 thay rang y ki8n try khong dtrng vfrng, vu khoat. Thqu vay, khbng bao Sid Itch sd ghi nh&n durqic con .5 tri8t gia dong dao nhu ngay nay:ngutii ta trdc ltrqug tren 10.000 vi. Ve noi dung cting kh6ng boo gid nhan loaf dtrng lrtrdrc nhiau van de tri8t hgc nhu the he cfia chhng ta, th8 h¢ h¢u ban `th6 ky XX nay. Tri8t https://tieulun.hopto.org 4|J hQcchang nhirng kh6ng ltii, kh6ng tan, ina con trd ne.n phong phti va `cap thi6t hon bao <9id h8t, theo nh\i`p I)ht4t ti`i6`n khoa hQc.\ Cbn nbj I.aiig khoa hoe 1\. khai vdi tri `~/. €t hQc, d6u dd kh6ng cd nghla i`ang tl.i6t hgc ,in¢t ngay kia khongcon 1}' do tan tat. TIJi6t hQc kh6ng tan mat thanh kho& hQc i`i€`ng biet nhur m¢t gia tat bi phan chia ttrmg phan. Chtrng ch la ctr m6i klioa'hQc kufft hien, thi`ngay sau d6 I?i cd lnot tl`i8t hQc tu.cmg ting hem theo hay it ra c6 nhfrng suy tir tri8t hQc tren nhfrng d¥ ki¢II c`®ia khoa hQc i`ieng hi¢-I #}t. Ch&ng nhfrngb€n canh khoa liian 1}'', c6 met tri6t h'Qc luan 1}'7, hen canh y khoa cd i]i¢t tri8t hQc y khoa, vA ngayca toan liQc cang kh6ng ngan cam nhdrnfi suy tut tri€t hQc t]`dn chan ly loan hqc. Sau h€t, mat nhan dinh th`u.Cyng durqt nhac nh& tdi d8 kh6i phfi iihan )'J pghla Va vai trad tii6[ ly, dd la nhSn dinh cfia Aris|ote n6i rang ``dtiu mii6n dan kh6ng, hgurdri `ci-]ng phai tri€t I+, phd nh¢n tri6t lfi ttrc ld nh&n dank mire triitt lfr. Chirng cd. la nhdrng ngurdri khchg mu6n tpi-8.t'ky df c^¢£ squ xL®r dung nhfrng y€u 16 va ]y lu&n thuan tri}r llist hQii. FJgr]:tri }A m®r sifih- Vst iri8t ly vay. https://tieulun.hopto.org 50 Ta can minh bach hon. Tri.6t hpc kh6ng nhdrng bat dan a ch6 bat dau .ctia khoa hQc \ rna con bat dau x6td€n bat ctr thanh qua nao cfia khoa hQc, dT nhien dudi nhti.ng nhan hieu khac, theo nhfrng y hudng khac vdi y hurdng cfia khoa hgc. C6 ngurdi bao rang triet hgc da bi chi8m'ch6 trongnhfrng dia hat ]yi tihh men ngay nay da tr6. v6 vdi nhfrng gi phi .ly tinh (irrationel), nhfrng gi vu.art len tren hay nam dudi ly tinh. H9 vi¢n d6ri trudng harp thuy8t hi¢n sinh chang ham. HQ nhac d€.n giao a:cJ.vwaaE|£V`[;3:8knhaorncgh:i.:\:g'n.Vhea::nrE;n':I.tat den K.Jaspers, den M.Heideigger da tdrng ti'm tri8tly trong tdr tho. mo h6 ao anh, hoac dua ra trird.ng hQ.p Gabrje] Marcel da th`ng ca ngtyi tri6t I.V tinh trong ca nhac. Kh6hg ai phfi nhan rang hien da cd ca mat phong tr€\o dj tim ngu6n trie't ly trong tho. ca nhac kich, trong nhfrng gi rna Pascal da gQi la' ]}'r tinh cam, cfia tarn h6n.` Nhun`g thquc ra, ngurdi ta tim tri6t ly 6 nhfrng t khu vquc`«.khongkhoa hQc» vi ttphi ly» mhur vay{ la v} ngudi ta mu5n tri8t ly phan anh lnoi phuo'ng dien. sinh boat cL'ia ngudi , vi .ngudri ta tin rang tri€t ly la dong co., la nan tang cfia mpi hoot d¢ng nhan sinh, men nhi3u hay il, hi8ri hien hay tiam tang cd mat trong mpi lanh lirc van h6a. Ngudi kh6ng rfufrng la sinh vat lytri, ngurdi con la sinh vat hanh dong va I https://tieulun.hopto.org 51 tarn tinh nhur Hume da ttrng qua quy6t. Ngu.di cd tinh, c6 tinh, cd mong, Ii'ic thi.rc, ltic hut. Thi ca phai dhang n6i len nhfrng khia canh xa Iud, an n3{p cfia tinh ngurdri, va nell nhfmg lam tinh a.v cd thtrc,, nghTa la chan l}'r, thi tai sao/ tl`i8L l}'r lai kh6ng ban den ? Va lai nhi-mg vting su.o'ng- mti md ao, tham kin ay, Iy tri n6u kh6ng inong dat tdi day dti thi vi¢c g¢i len bang cach nay hay cafh kha\c nhfrng thu.c tai nhur vay dau phai la kh6ng «tri6t ly». Dd la y ki6n nhfrng tri6t gia durQ.c nai ra tren day dac. biet ]a Heideigger. Theo y tri6t gia nay thi Nguyen ljr I.V (le Pr].nci|)e de Raison) do Leibniz kham pha ra,` n6u hi8u la mat nguyen ly lfty Hiiu the lciin Lycan ban, s§ Ia inot nguyen lyL cao ca/ nhat cfia Tri6t hQc. Ngnyen ly a!. s€ chi ph6i va ph`ai chi ph6i mQi sinh hoat nhan \ ]oai va vi Dai hQc ]a noi thu thap va giang dav tinh hoacfia van h6a nan Tri8t hoe s8 la In6n hoccao ca nhat, can thi€t nhat va quit nhat Oho ki6n thtrc Dai hoc. Tri8t la `gach n6i gifi'q mQi khoa hQi`., la cinifa sau cting cfia lnpi m6n hQc. Nhurng chng c6 nhfrngtri6t gia, nh#t lanhfrng tri€t gia th].en v6 phan tack ngtr hgc, trongs6 dac biet I.udwig Wittgenstein, da kh6ng tl]i.ra nhan quan di8m vdra r6i. Ong vi6t : «Cai gi ngurcri khong the n6i tdi `dupc, thi rigud.i phaj im lang» (Wovon man nich`t sprechen kann, da- 1 /https://tieulun.hopto.org 52 ling:::Taufi;nnagn];,,Ci]uwa:i,g:[[,T}.t¥:`SE8nnt::i?£Tci6£ nhac la nhrrng dan khong suy luan phan ttich dureyc nghia la kh6ng ding ly tri rna dat tdi, thi kh6ng cdtinhchat khoa hqc, rna tri8t |}'T trurdc h8t la met khoa hgc. TIIque vay, theo ong, ngudi .ta chi cd- the bat daptc d5i tu'png nhan tlrfuc'bang hail each : trTc ti€p bfing trquc giac hay bang guy luan. Suy luan lal mat d©ng tac cfia ly tri. I.y tri khong t7do duqc nbfrng tarn tinh vdi, bu6n, surdng, kh6. thi thi ca khfing phai la c6 ly tinh, nghTa la lth6ng phai lal. d6i tureyng ctia trial. Chulig ta clang ddrng trzrdrc ngur5ng cfra tri8t ly, vi vay khon~g phai la ltic gop phan giai quy6tcuoc tranhchap tren day. Va chang tuong quan gifra tri6l hQc vA thi nhac la met van d6 rieng phan cfia van d6 rongldn v6 lien he gifra tri6t ly s5ng va tri8t ly c6 tinh cach khoa hQc, hoac lien h¢ gifra.y thtrc vAtri thtrc nhu Gusdol.f da mu6n 8O`i ra. Tuy nhien tu&ng cfing n6n c6 mat vai so ki€n. Can nh¢ lai •`sT phan bi¢t gifra « tri6t hQc » va « tri€t ly » hay dting ho.n gifra tri8t ly tT6'ng ininh va tri8t ly in tang. rr!.Gc !); an {d"g la mo[ tl`i8t ly so~ng do trTc giac, tinh cam hay kinh nghi¢m thong thurdng than nhan durQic, Theo ngh¥a dd, kh6ng ln®t ngtrdi ndo kh6ng-d6ng , th6.i s5ng tri€t 15J kh6ng mat xa hoi nao khsng c6 trifet ly, tri€t https://tieulun.hopto.org 53 ly ay c6 a troiig van chuong, m}~' thuat, thi ca nhac v6n ]a hi¢n than ctia tri€t ly. Cho men kh6ng men ra')' lim la khi mat thi sP hay nhac s}~7 cr6ng c^dy trj8t 1}''. 6' met no.i nao {rong vfi tru hay nhan sinh r6i dem phs vao tho, nhac, dting hcrn, khi thi nhac s5T' da di`ing lho nhqi. ghi lai motcam tur6'ng, mat an tu.Q'ng, mat tinh ttr hay met y nghl v8 trjet 1}. Thudng y nghlay mo h6 uy6n chuy3n, men ldi tho, dieu nhac cfing nhur chap chdn, lung linh md ao. Ta khong ppfi nhan cd cfe6c tri6t ly trong tho nhac cfing nhu trong van hda ndi chung cfia inot dan t¢c, chat tri8t ly ay, d6i khi la ngu6n mach vO cting quy bau cho c6ng trinh guy lua[i trj8t ,y. Nhurng chat tri6tly chua phai la tri8thpc (ttrd`ng minh). Tdr thuqung c8 cfia Thales den Merleau Ponty, tri8t hQc bao gicr cfing c6 than vpng tim kie'm va !dm sdng £6 nhrTng tJ6n &a triet ly. Lam sang t6 d6^ £fe6ng ado cho k6 khac, da c6 lieu chuan cfia met ldi giai ddp lam nhu. nguyen tac hudng. dan in tu¢ vat hanh d¢ng. Vi la, van d6, tri6t hQc nt;z. vdi ly tri ho.n la vdri tarn tinh, tri8t hQc nham fkyttgf pfr#c ly tri ho.n la mo.n trdn vu6t ve tinh cam. Thuye't phuc bang ly lhan ph.in minh, kh6ng mau thuan ngay ca ti`ong khi t6 cao-nhfi.ng gi la inau thuan. Dugc di6n ta l]fing pfadn cdcfe va €6ng ftgrp. trie't hpc cting la mat c6ng lrinh ki8n trtic, trong dd / https://tieulun.hopto.org m6i thanh phaii lien k€t va ch6ng d5 lan nhau lam thanh mat dcz}; 7.fiGf bat kha phan. Durap xay di.mg tren nhfrng ngu,yen I)'r ,ly tinh rna thTc chat gan vdri tdan hQc, tri6t hQc tao ra xtrong c6t, lam co cau cho mt.ji c6ng trinh vfin hda khdc. Batctr mat c6ngtrinh, mat cam gjac nao chng se chi lA phti phi€m, d6 clang tan bi€n, neu kh6ng durq.c ch5ng da ben dudi bdi nhti.ng y turdng, dac l]i¢t I€`i y tudng tri6t iy, dac biet hon ntia la y tudng tri€t ly da durgc guy I,u va chap nhan. Vi the, Huine da so sanh tri6t gia vdj nha giai phau. Tuy phai ban `tam va nhting lay vao nht~rng noi, nhi~rng bo phan kh6ng lay gi lam dep mat d6 chiu, nhungcong viec nghien ctru m8 x6 cfia nha giai phau rat hiru ich cho nhal dieu khac trong viec ki8n {qo durdng net than tu.eyng Venus hay Helen chfing hall. Vay tri6t gia thi6t y8h la met n8u6.i su6t ddi di tim minh bach. Iu6n lu6n hudng v6 anh thali du.ong Chan ly. Minh baph la cr¢£ £ir, lop lang, la ly tri. Mat tri8t gia hien dai da vi8t dai khdi ihtr, vay. Minh bach. trat tT, ly tri la l]a danh_ttr-d`6ng nghia, xac dinh dac hfru thi8t y6u cfia ti`i6t hQc vay. Nhur da.n6i, trong van chuong ti8u thuy6t, thi, ca, kich, chi cd th8 c6 chat lieu tri6t ly va chat lieu nay chua thanh frz.€t fy nApr !d m¢£ irAoa Agc. Mat khac, van nghe c6 th8 la ap di.lug cu the ctia nhfrng }'r niem, nhfrng hpc thuyet tri6t ly, chtr khong https://tieulun.hopto.org 55 phai la tri61 1}7 chanh danh. Vi vay rna Sartre hay Gabriel Marcel chang ham da mat mat c6 gang tri8t hoc h6a nhfrng kinh nghiem' s6ng ci.ia minh hay c`fia iigudi, m¢t mat den dp dung vao van churong, thahh qua guy ttr ' triet ly. Va khi ndi den {ri8t ]y cfla Sartre, Marcel hayJaspers, ngurdi ta tl.Ire ti8p am chi quan di©m suy luan tri8t hoc trinh bay trong chc tdc pham Jhuan ttiy tri8t hQc cipia hg, hon la thoaikich hay ti8u thuy6tmang mau sac tri8t ly tiem an. Cfing vay n6i den Rilke. E]iot ngucri ta nghl ngayd8n nhfrng nha tho 16i lac ho.n la nhfrng nha tri6t hQc. Sau nfi.a, ta dtrng voi cho rang nhur vay la tri8t ly durdj ham a sir sap dat lai. t8 chtrc lai, nhfrng chat lieu tri6t 1} ina ly tri kh6ng phaidau tien d§' khan pha ra. Hay n6i nhu Bergson ly tri chilam dueyc c6ng viec cat xen, phan tdch vi muc dich thquc hanh va truy6n tin. Kh6ng ham nhu vay. Ly tri con nham, rihdr kha nang c6 hfru va 'phuong phap thich hgp`. khan pha du¢c nhfi.ng di6u rna nghiem thtrc thurdng khong hy vong..dat tdi. Trong pham Thu.c ra Sartre dhng kich de ching mind tri6( ly ` iy thuy8t, can G.Marcel cho rang kich phin anh nhfrng kinh nghi€m §6ng (tri8t 1} an tang) c6 tru6c va la ngut}n 96c cho tri6t hgc tu6mg minh. , https://tieulun.hopto.org 56 \'i tl`i€t hQc, ly tri cfingpfadc m!.nft tuong t¥ nhu ti.ong loan h¢c hay vat ]}'', tri6t lj7, la lnot khoa hop vay. hThung khoa hpc ve gi ? Den day, doc gia lai c6 the C6 cam tu.frng dirdrng nhur cau tra ldi hi dinh boin. S¥ tri hoan ay phai chang ., ld do boat d¢ng chi6n thang cfia cdc khoa hQc. rieng biet cang ngay cang soi sang vao den t6i vfi tru ? Met lan nfra vfi lru hQc da c6 vat l}'r va thi€n car bQc, \rfi tru sinh vat da cb sinh vat hoc, ki€n thi'tc hay n¢i tan da c6 tarn ly, cong d6ng nhan loai da c6 xf` h¢i hay sfr hQc, nhan chfinghQc v.v. con dau la d6i tu.qng chinh danh Oho tri6t hoc,|na bao d61a met khoa hoe? Tri€t hgc la mat khoa hQc, dl nhien kh6ng lhs hi8u la mat khoa hQc th¥c nghiem trong the gidi vat ly hay tarn I)''. Tri6t hQc la khoa hoc vi phucrng phap va d5i tu.Q'ng cfia nd. V6 phuerng phap.chdng ta da ndi so qua tren day-, i:On v6 d6i tu'Qng hay 18nh vuc, thi cfin mat squ ki¢n rat phdrc tap, phtrc tap nhur tdr tri€t ly vay. Cd nhieu trudng phai trurerng khac nhau. Sau daytdi clang cfr chfi truong di§n hiuh ho.n ca. , https://tieulun.hopto.org 57 I. Tri6t hgc ldhgc ve nh¢n thfrc. Nhu da n6i, m6i khoa hoc chuyen bi?t dam nhan met khu vTc nghi6n c¢u. Kh6ng can khu vquc ndo ddnh cho Tri6t hpc. NghTa ]d,`n6u mu6n ld khoa hpc, thi tri6t hoc se thanh in?t khoa hoc kh6ng d6i tugng,Cho nan,Kant va nho'ngngu'6i theo 6ng qua quy6t rang tri6t hoc la chuy6n khdo v.a krfed ffe8 cfa 7z7!¢n fftfrc, va g!.6.i` ft¢n cdc[nfa¢n ffedrc,gi.a tr!. cfa nft4n tfafrc. Triet hoc la 7tA¢# £fadrc l#¢rz, the thai vd cong chi c6 the thai?. 2. Tri6t hpc ld hoc v6 gi6 tri. C6c khoa hgc kh6c nghi6n ctru sT vat nhu sT vat c6. ST vat c6 the ndo in m6 id hay n6i len the ay. M6 td met cdch c¥ the, thTc tien va trung thanh. Khoa hgc phdn dnh th¥c tqi ::agi:i:6:'icohc|hh:Cn:q:hTd:a,nagc#jco:6;af6c:a:.u;%. c6 cd!.gi.d fr!.. D6 Ia quan di6m coo cho`ng ngu6i theo hu6ng tri6t ly mien NamTay Dtrc va coo phan 16n tri6t hgc Ph6p qu6c hi€n dqi. Max Scheler hay R.Le Senne la\ nhc`ng dqi di?n. 3. Tri6t hoc la hoc v6 ngu6i. Ngur6.i la nan tang va la tac gis mQi khoa hoc. MQi ki6n thtrc ttr ngurdi di ra d6 r6i quay lai phuc vu cho ngudri. Ttr pgtrdi va do ngudi rna c6 mQi nhan dinh v6 thien nhien va nhan squ. Vdi ngurdi xuat hien van hda va khoa hQc. https://tieulun.hopto.org 58, HQc v6 ngurd.i tdrc la tim hi8u ngudri qua gibng Itch sfr, ttrc la tim sfr tinh cfia\ ngudi. vi ngu.di durap tqo ra trong va bfing Itch sir. Dd ]a lap trudng ctia d6ng dao tri€t gia hi¢n sinh, dac bjet nha't la Sartre va Heideigger. 4. Tri€t hgc la 'hoc ve ng6n ngo., Ng6n ngfr la xe thuyen, la nha chtra dq'ng y lu&ng cfia moi nganh khoa hQc, Tri8t hQc ...nham nghien cti.u t8 chtrc va cop c6tt cfia nhti.ng nhan thti'c khoa hoc an nffp dudj ng6n \ ngfr, Idi ndi, chfr vi8t. D6 `la y ki6n cfia cdc nha luan ly hgc thu.c ti6n dtrng dan la giao sur I.udwig Wjttgensteins, t{Kh6ng c6 menh de tri8t ly nao, 6ng vi8t, rna chi cd sxp lam sang t6 cac menh d§» (Es gibt keine philosophischen Satze, sondern nur Klar]egung von Satzen). 5. Tri6t hqc la hoc ve bien chtrng. Day la chfi ngh¥a cfia nhfrng ngudi Mac xi[. Toan the vfi tru di.6n ti6n theo met dinh lust duy nhat, can ban : dinh lust al.£^% crfeziing dr}j pgiv. Ngudri la mat thanh phan cfia vfi tru, tat nhien chiu squ chi ph6i cfia dinh lu4t fry. Nhung ngudi la mat sinh vat dac biet tao ra iich sfr, chonen bi¢n chtrng di6u khi8n xa hoi ngudi la bi¢n chtrng lich sir, g9i la day p4c ( ` ::,g::".[nT¢tT`:a,r]adyenk££::.bie`n:Chtrngdo dau rna https://tieulun.hopto.org 59 V6 phuo'ng di¢n dia ly, ngudli ta chia thAnh Tri8thQCTay phuong va Tri6t hQc D6ng phuro.ng ; tri8t hQc Tay phurerng do Van hba I:c¥¥adfnr:;,trTj`:::gch:a:nHgfe:nd:::gc6[dnht:i6: c6 gang phi thudng theo chi§u hurdng dung hoa rang hgp hai nan tri6t ly ay. Cfing cd mat phan chia khac, can ctr theo y hurdng nghien ctru nhurta thaytren : rr!.gc I); nfedn Od# lay ngudri va nhti'ng gi thuoc v6 ngurdri `lAm trong lam, cfing gQi la crz.Gf jj; J#c d!.a! cfla cac nurdc Phap, Dtrc, {', Tay ban.Nha, Gia na Dai va ctia nhfrng nurdc thuoc Nam my chiu anh hur6.ng van h6a La hy. Tri€£lfr Quan ado hay thquc ti6n, chiL nhfrng tur trio tri6t ly cfia chflng toe Anglo-Saxon, 96m Anh qu6c, Bac ms. Nan tri6t hgc nay lay tinh than ich di.ing hoac phan tach ng6n ngfr lam dong car nghien ctru ti`i6t lj7. Tri6t ly S6 vi6t, ld thafet Mac-xit d=aL dueyc clang Gong sam Lieu s6 khai thac va xti di.ilig nhu. mat khi cu tinh than trong viec Kay dT.mg xa h¢i Gong san. Ti`i€t thuye't n;iy la tri6t 15r ctia chinh quy6n ti`ong cdc xii. theo Gang sam chti nghEa. DInhien m6i trurdng phai d§u dua I`a nhfrng ly luan dac hfru bi¢n ho Oho quan di6m f ctiaminh.Ngoai trudng minhra, kh6ng c6 \ https://tieulun.hopto.org 60,. quan di©m nao khdc kha d'T ggi la hp.p ly, la tri8t hgc. Kant chflng ham Oho rang ngoaj vffn d6 nhan thtrc luan ]a Tri€t hpc duy nhat, kh©flg ':ap:±Ee€\ahana=°khk#ntigcL6V\?t=ofnggqiL:cbhs:£%ch:=Efrcnh: cdi nhin trong 't6i tarn v6 can ctr hay bat kha tri. Cfing vay, thuy8t thquc ti6n va thuy6t phan tach ngfr hoe. 85i vdi hai thuy8t nay. Sieu hinh chi la nhfrng bang rna, hay n6i theo ki8u Hume, mat ten dao tac da bi du8i ra kh6j d6ng bang }inoa hpc, thanh thien bach nhs-t, nhung van±Onlamle,chd' ccr hoi trd va gay r5i... C6 ngurdi chosieu hinh la nhur mat ga chiem bao, mat chang Robinson Grusoe,met hi¢p,sy gia, tao mtia gay vuch hoangr„ Trong khi d6 thi tri€t phal hi¢n sinh chi higt `c6 ngtrdi vdi tat ca phi ly, nhfrng vd nghla cfia ki8p ngmdi. Ngud.i mat khi da duos nhan dinh ban chat la phi ly, clang bu6n nan.. thi tat ca nhfrng gi do ngudi tao ra, k8 catri6t ly, cfing chl la v6 nghia. V6 nghia bdi viHur v6, mat Hurv6 tuyet d5i, rna vfi tru va nhan 18ai chi la nhfrng b6ng rna. Turo.ng tqu nhu quan ni¢m cfia mat trurdng phai trong Dai thtra .Phat hgc. Con Gong sam thichi thtra nhan vat chat : tfft i`,a la vat chat hoac bi¢n thai cfia v`at chat. Squ bi6n tliai #}r la mat hi¢n chiing rna khan hoc phai kham pha ra dinh ]ua,t vdi b#[ cdr gi& n&o: Trigt hpc`6binh ra khoa hQc vay. \ https://tieulun.hopto.org 61 Mffy git`]ing tren day c,¢]iig vdi nhfrng gi ta doc trong lich sfr tri€t liQc cd th6 lam nan long nhi~rng ngu-b'i {hi¢n chi nhfft d6i vdf Ti`j€L ly. Squ turong khac gf ira cac tri6t phai phai ch5ng la mat minh chtrng kh6ng ch5i cai rang tri€t ly chi la mat cai gi chfi quan, kh6ng c6 d6i tLreyng rieng biet, nghTa la kh6ng c6 tri8t |}r `.t Trurdrc tinh trang ay, phainghlth8nalo v6 Tri8t ly ? Thi.rc ra in6i tri€t tliuy6t tren day hoac chi dtrng v§ mat quan di8m hay mat khitl canh cfia loan bo van d6, hot:ic da mu5n go e|] tri6t hQc vao khu6n kh8 mat y thtrc he. Ti`i6t hQc kh6ng ph5i la y t.htrc h¢, bd.i vi }'t thtrc h¢ cd tin`h cdch doc doan, loaf bt9] I-iipi khuynh hudngd6i lap. Tri€t hQc khong c6 thc4i do do. Trigi gia chin chinh nhan dinh rang ngLTdi s6ng ti`ong vfi tri.1 d6i di¢n v6.i hao nhieu va'n de` ; cai gi cting t'6 th8 thfinh m¢>t d6u! fa6i. cho tri8t hQc, ngay ca den daii h6i c¥}' cfing la m¢l van d6, va 7igit.drz. d¢c dd# /zdz cfin# lai 1{i inot ` va'n d6 ndra. Cho men n€u can t6in lu.9.c nhfrng` y kie'n i`ieng r8tl`en day ta cd th6` nt'ji i`aiig : Trie't hqc phai dii.Q.c g¢p {#G}) trong nhan thdrc ]uan vi ngudi ]]an chat v6n hi6u tri _, trong gia tri vi ng.urd'i khans nhfrng dat van d€ lifru iria con tha thi6t vdri c{4j gi p^dz' c6-trong chinh ban than minh vi ngu.drj la, sinh `'at duy nhs.t bi6tdat \'an de va tru.a.c her la mat https://tieulun.hopto.org 62 van d6 -trong ng6n ngri vi tir tu'&ng cfia ngudi phanldn the hien trong cach th8 va hinh tu'Q.ng phcqt bi8u tu LUG.ng tri€t hQc. Tim tri8t ly trong mt.]i nganh ki€n [htrc, nori m6ikhoahQc, kh6ng c6 nghla la Tl`i€t lj' I)ao g6m va`giai quy6t mQi vtin d6 d±:`t ra Oho m6i khoa hQc, cfing kh6ng cd nghla la phurong phap trie't hQc d6iig thf`ri lc4 phuo.ng phap cfia m6i khoa hQc. Ch&ng hall [i`i6t hQc kh6ng lay quy nap thi.i'c nghi¢i'n ct'ia vat ly, h6a hQc hay' phuo'ng phap di6n dich ti`tru tueyng pci®ia loan hQc 1{un phuong phap cfia minh: a day cd the cd ng¢ nhan. Kh6ngl2{y cac phurcrng phap ctia m6i khoa hQc kh6ng c6 nghla lal tri8t hQc kh6ng theo sap doi h6i suy luan tqu nhien 1 cfla ly lri. Dodo nhfrng nguyen -l}'r dau tien nhur nguyen ly d6ng nhat, nguyen ]y kh6ng man thuan,A nguyen ly nhan qua v.v. d6u lal nhding khi cu luan ly can thi6t cfia tri€t hQc. Phuo.ng phdp trf 6t hpc cfing doi v6 tu., khach quan cfing nhur thien cam d6i vdi mQi lanh vTrc nghien ctru cfia minh. Tri€t hoc cting can d8n phan tach •1 tang hap, t]`i giacv.v. nhurng hi3u theo nghla lh nhting hinh thti.c hoal dons ctia tt`i tu¢. Phuro.ngphaptri8t hQc thien v§ ljr tilih hay bat dau bang thi.rc nghi¢m, dd la v.{n d? khae, va t.hy theo m6i trurdngt phaj. Nhung trong in(.)i tru.dng hgp phurong phap cfia tri8t hQc do mat `thai do thuanttiy tri thtrc dieu kh`i8n- I https://tieulun.hopto.org