🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Động Từ Tiếng Anh Ebooks Nhóm Zalo THANH HA (Bien soan) NHA XUAT BAN TU OIEN BACH KHOA DONG TUT TIENG ANH THANH HA (Bien soan) D O N G T IT TIENG ANH NHA XUAT BAN TIT DIEN BACH KHOA THANH HA Mot trong nhCifng kho khan cua ngUdi hoc tieng Anh la lam the nao de nam viing ngut phap, trong do hieu va van dung cac loai tijf trong cau. Xuat phat tii thuc te do chung toi bien soan bo sach “Dong tCf tieng Anh” nay. Cuon sach la nhCitng kien thtic cd ban ve dong tuf trong tieng Anh, cach sU dung, co kem theo cac vi du thUc te di kem. De dung cuon sach nay co hieu qua hOn, tot nhat ban nen do xem ky tting phan trU6c khi do sang phan sau. Trong qua trinh beienoan chac khong tranh khoi thieu sot, rat mong nhan dUOc y kien dong gop cua cac ban. 5 THANH HA CAC DANG THU’C CUA DONG TlT TIENG ANH Dong tti dUdc dinh nghia tren cd sd hinh thiic khi co the, va theo cach sU dung cua chung trong cau. Trong cac vi du dudi day, nhiing ti* dUdc gach chan la dong tti. - I go to school. Toi di den trit&ng. - She sings a song. Cd ay hat mot Bai hat. - He answered very well. Anh ay tra Idi rat tot. Dong tu! co nam hinh thiic nhu sau: 1 . Nguyen m iu (base form) - tti thUdng thay trong tu! dien. 2. Hinh thiic them “e/es” (-s form) ■ thUdng dung d ngoi thii ba so it. 3. Hinh thtic qua kh\i (past tense) - thUdng dung d qua khii ddn. 4. Hinh thuc hien tai phan tu! (-ing participle) - thUdng dung d thi tiep dien hay trong cac menh de phan tti hien tai. 5. Hinh thuc qua khr( phan tii (past participle) - thu'dng dung d thi hoan thanh hay trong the bi dong, co nhieu dong tijf hinh thuc qua khii va qua khii phan tii giong nhau. Cac dong tu' co hinh thiic qua khu va qua khii phan tvf tan cung bang "ed" rat pho bien trong tieng Anh, goi la dong tu' co quy tac (regular). Vi du: watch - watched, look - looked 7 DONG TU TIENG ANH Nhiing dong tut khac thuoc dang bat quy tac (irregular), co nghia la hinh thiic cua tiing dong tii khong theo mot nguyen tac nao. Tat ca dong tii deu co s-form va ing-form va nhulng hinh thiic nay luon luon co quy tac nen de biet hinh thiic cua moi dong tir tieng Anh, can biet ba hinh thiic cua moi dong tii bat quy tac: nguyen mau (base form) - qua khvf (past tense) • qua khti phan tif (past participle). * Chu y: cac dong tii khuyet thieu: “can, may, must, might, will, should, could...” khong co hinh thiic d ngoi thii ba so it (-s form), hien tai phan tii (-ing form) hoac cac thi qua khii (past tense). Quy tac sU dung cac dong tii khuyet thieu nay hoan toan khac vdi dong tii. CAC LOAI DONG TUT Trong tieng Anh co hai loai dong tii chinh la ngoai dong tii va noi dong tii. 1. Ngoai dong tif (transitive verb) Ngoai dong tii: co the theo sau la mot danh tu lam tan ngU - ten cua ngUdi, vat hay sU vat tiep nhan hanh dong. Vi du: - She is^leanmg the floor. Co ay dang lau nha. - We met him at the bank. Chung toi gap anh ay d ngan hang. - I helped that woman. Toi da giup ngi/di ph u nit ay. 2. Noi dong tif (intransitive verb) Noi dong tii': khong co danh tii theo sau no. Noi cach khac. sau noi dong tii khong cd tan ngii. 8 THANH HA Vi du: - He draws. Anh ay ve. - We work. Chung toi lam viec. - I felt tired. Toi cam thay met moi. Noi dong tii dUdc chia thanh hai nhom: dong tii noi (ilinking verb) va dong tit khong noi (not linking verb). Dong tii noi: theo sau la mot danh tit nen de nham vdi ngoai dong tii, nhUng danh tu! theo sau dong tit noi luon noi ve ngUdi hay vat co vai tro la chu ngut cua dong tii. Dong tii noi thUdng dimg la “be”, “become, turn, get”. Vi du: - This wallet is Lan’s mother. Cai vi nay la cua me Lan. - She has become a singer. Co ay da trd thanh ca si. - He turned out to be my mother’s doctor. Hod ra ong ay la bac si cua me toi. Theo sau dong tii noi co the la tinh tu: hay trang tii mo ta hoac dinh vi cho chu ngi3. Vi du: - She is very big. Co ay rat beo. - The building looks solid, Tod nha trong rat vihig chac. - The table is over here. Cai ban d day. Nhieu dong tit co the la ngoai dong tif hoac noi dong tii tuy theo sU xuat hien cua tan ngfl hay khong. Vi du: - He draws. 9 DONG TUT TIENG ANH Anh ay ve. (Noi dong tii) - He draws a picture. Anh ay ve mot biic tranh. (Ngoai dong tit) Cac tii dien deu phan biet “vt” (verb transitive) hoac “vi” (verb intransitive). THI CUA DONG TLT Thi la thdi gian ma dong tii do de cap tdi: thi hien tai (present), thi qua khii (past), thi tUdng lai (future),... Trong tieng Anh thi cua dong tii dUdc dien ta bang nhieu loai cum dong tii, qua do cac trd dong tii se dUdc ket hdp vdi mot trong nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Do do, van de chu yeu cua ngUdi hoc dong tii tieng Anh khong phai chi la hoc thuoc long nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Quan trong la phai nam dUOc sii phiic tap cua cum dong tii tieng Anh, vdi rat nhieu loai khac nhau. 10 THANH HA THI HIEN TAI THi HIEN TAI THtf&NG 1. Hinh thtfc Trong cau khang dinh, thi hien tai co hai hinh thiic: nguyen mau (base form) va ngoi thijt ba so it them “s/es” (S-form). Hinh thiic nguyen mau diidc sU dung v6i nhQng chu ngO “I I we I you / they'. Hinh thiic “S form” diidc dung v6i cac chu tii “he / she / it” hoac bat cif cau true danh tii nao ma nhiing tii tren co the thav the. I I we I you / they + V (nguyen mau) he / she / it + V- s /es * Quy tac them “s/es” vao sau dong tii nguyen mau, neu dong tii d ngoi thii ba so it: - Neu V tan cung bang “o”, them “es” Vi du: to go: He goes (Anh ay di) to do: He does (Anh ay lam) - V tan cung bang “x, ss, sh, ch” thi them “es” Vi du: to fix: He fixes (Anh ay siia) to cross: She crosses (Co ay di qua) to brush: She brushes (Co ay chai) to teach: She teaches (Co ay day h oc) to watch: My little baby watches TV (difa be cua toi xem TV) - V tan cung bang “v” (difng sau mot phu am) triio'c khi them “s” phai doi “y ” thanh “ie”. Vi du: to marry: He marries (Anh ta ci/di) to study: He studies (Anh ta hoc) 11 DONG TUT TIENG ANH nhUng trUdc y 1 a nguyen am thi giii nguyen y, roi them s to play: He plays (Anh ta chcfi) * Cac cach phat am khi them “s/es” vao dong tii nguyen mau: /iz/, Isl, hoac Izl - Am cuoi phat am la Isl khi dong tii nguyen mau ket thuc bang: I pi, Itl, Ikl, Ifl, / 6/. Vi du: stop stops hit hits cook cooks - Am cuoi phat am la lizl khi dong tii nguyen mau ket thuc bang: si, Izl, Ifl, /3/, /d3/, /tJ7. Vi du: miss misses rise rises wash washes watch watches judge judges - Am cuoi phat am la Izl neu am cuoi cua dong tii nguyen mau khong n&m trong hai nguyen tic tren. Vi du: lay lays ride rides ring rings smell smells 2 . Cach su1 dung a. D ien ta m ot sti viec, m ot hanh d on g th eo thoi quen h oac lap di lap lai Cac d on g tii ch i tan suat di kem : always, often, usually, sometimes, every, regularly, rarely, ... Vi du: 12 THANH HA - I usually get up early. Toi thiibng thtic day sdm. - He goes out with his friend almost every Saturday afternoon. Anh ta di chcti vdi ban hau het cac chieu this bay. - Tom always works hard. Tom luon luon lam viec cham chi. b. Dien ta mot stf that, mot chan ly, khong thay doi VI du: - The sun rises in the East. Mat trcti moc d dang Dong. - The earth revolves around the sun. Trai dat quay quanh mat trdi. - Water boils at 100°C. Niidc soi d 100°C. c. Dien ta mot nhan dinh, tieu de, Idi hiidng dan. Vi du: - I bet you don’t know her. Toi citcfc la ban khong biet cd ay. - First you turn right. Triidc tien ban phai re phai. d. Dien ta lich lam viec, gid tau xe Vi du: - My school open at 7 o’clock everyday. Triicfng toi md ciia luc 7 gid hang ngay. - The bus goes every 10 minu es. Cii 10 phut lai co 1 chuyen xe buyt. e. Dien ta mot svC viec se dien ra trong ttfctng lai - Cac pho tif thdi gian chi ttfdng lai di kem: “tomorrow”, “next week”,... hoac trong menh de trang nguf chi thdi gian: “when”, “as soon as”, “after”, 13 DONG TU TIENG ANH “before”, “till”, “until”,... Vi du: - My new cataloge appears two week from today. Ca-ta-lo cua toi se ra mat 2 tuan nila ke tii horn nay. - The film begins at 8:00. Bo phim se bat dau luc 8:00 - My boy friend comes back from Ho Chi Minh City tomorrow. Ngay mai ban trai cua toi se trd ve tii thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. - I’ll come and see him before I leave for Ha Noi. Toi se tdi va gap anh ay triidc khi toi rdi di Ha Noi. THI HIEN TAI TIEP DliN 1. Hinh thvfc Quy tac chia cho tat ca cac ngoi cua chu ngii la S + be + V-ing I + am we I you / they + are he I she I it + is Dong tu’ nguyen mltu dUOc them “m g” theo ouv the. sau: - Dong tii tan cung b^ng “e” (cam), bo “e” tru6c khi them "ing". Vi du: to come coming to save saving 14 THANH HA to take taking to have having to change changing nhUng: to be being to see seeing - Dong tu: tan cung bang tie’/ trufdc khi them “mg” phai doi “ie” thanh “3/” VI du: to lie lying to die dying to tie tying - Dong tii tan cung bang mot mot nguyeruam va mot phoaJim, trU6c khi them “m g” phai gap doi phu am cuoi. Vi du: to cut cutting to stop stopping to put putting nhUng: to book booking to watch watching 2. Cach suf dung a. D ien ta m ot h a n h d on g d a n g dien ra tai thdi diem noi. Vi du: - We are doing an English test. Chung toi dang lam Bai kiem tra tieng Anh. - I am learning French. Toi dang hoc tieng Phap. - The boy is playing football. Cau he dang chcti da bong. 15 po n g t it h e n b a n h __■------------------------ -------- - It is heavily raining now. Luc nay trdi dang miia rat to. - My mother is cooking. Me toi dang nau an. b. Diin ta nhiing hanh dong ditc/c lap lai hoac co tinh chat tam thdi. Vi du: - Are you playing tennis? Ban van chcti quan v&t chit. - My bike has broken down, so I am walking to school these days. Xe dap cua toi bi hong, vi vay nhitng ngay nay toi phai di bo di hoc. c. Dien ta mot thdi quen xau (bad habits), thitbng di vdi cac trang tit “constantly”, “continually”, “forever”. Vi du: - My friend is continually saying that he is tired and bored. Ban toi lien tuc noi rang anh ay met moi va chan chitting. - My mother is always complaining about my cooking. Me toi luon phan nan ve chuyen nau nit&ng cua toi. d. Dien ta mot sit thay doi va phat trien. Vi du: - It’s getting dark. Trdi toi dan. - Mrs Brown is getting thinner and thinner. Ba Brown cang ngay cang gay. e. Dien ta mot si/ viec chac chan xay ra trong titong lai. 16 THANH HA Vi du: - I am graduating next week. Tdi se tot nghiep vdo tuan tdi. - We are going to Ho Chi Minh city tomorrow. Chung toi se den thanh pho Ho Chi Minh vdo ngay mai. - She is opening her fashion shop next Monday. Co ay se khai tritcfng ciCa hang thdi trang vdo thU hai tuan tdi. C hu y: Mot so dong tii khong sU dung dUOc 0 dang tiep dien. - Dong tii chi tinh cam, cam xuc\ want, need, desire, refuse, forgive, wish, love, hate, adore, like, dislike. - Dong til chi cac hoat dong cua cac giac quan, suy nghi, y niem: see, hear, smell, notice, recognize, remember, forget, know, understand, recall, recollect, believe, feel, think. - Dong tit chi quyen sd hiCu: own, possess, belong, owe. - Dong tijf “to be” (thi, la); to have (co). Ngoai le: * “to see” dung dang -ing v6i nghia: “hen gap, tham”... Vi du: - I am seeing the sights of London. Tdi dang di thdm nhiCng cdnh dep cua Ludn don. - He is seeing me tonight. Anh ay se gap toi vdo tdi nay. * “to feel” dung dang -ing v6i nghia: “cam thay” (khoe, met,...) - I’m feeling tired today,_____________ ____ [ DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN ] DONG TUT TIENG ANH Horn nay toi cam thay rat met. * “to have” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: "dang lam viec gi”. VI du: - She is having breakfast. Co ay dang an sang. - I am having a bath. Toi dang tarn. * “to think” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: “suy nghl, ngam nghl” . VI du: - What are you thinking about? Ban dang nghl gi vay? - I don’t know what are you thinking. Tdi khong biet ban dang nghl gi. THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH 1. Hinh thtic. I I we I you / have + Pu CVpast they participle) he / she / it_______ has + P „ (Vpast participle) Vi du: - You have seen that movie many times. Ban do. xem bo phim nay mot nhieu Ian. - I think I have met him once before. Toi nghl la. toi da gap anh ay mot Ian triidc do. - There have been many earthquakes in California. Da nhieu Ian dong dat a Calfornia. - People have traveled to the Moon. 18 THANH HA Moi ngittii da du lich ten mat trang. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot suC viec xay ra d mot thdi diem khong xac dinh 6 qua khil. Vi du: - The army has attacked that city five times. Quan doi da tan cong vdo thanh pho do 5 Ian. - The rain hasn't stopped. Miia da tanh. - Tom has gone to London. Tom da di London. - I have bought a new skirt. Toi da mua mot chiec vay mdi. - He has missed two exams. Anh ay da thi tri/cft hai Ian. b. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot si/ viec bat dau tit qua khu con tiep dien den hien tai va co the keo dai den tan titdng lai. Vi du: - I have studied in this school for many years. Tdi da hoc d tri/dng nay nhieu nam qua. - You have grown since the last time I saw you. Ban da triidng thanh hcfn ke tii Ian triidc tdi gap ban. - My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. Tieng Anh cua tdi diidc nang cao ke tii khi tdi chuyen den Australia. - The government has become more interested in arts education.. Chinh phii trd nen quan tam hdn den nghe thuat giao due. 19 DONG TUT TIENG ANH - She has listened radio for two hours. Cd ay da nghe dai suot hai tieng qua. c. Dien ta mot hanh dong vUa mdi xay ra. VI du: - I’ve just had dinner. Toi vita dung bita toi. - They have gone to Ho Chi Minh City. Ho vita den thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. - I’ve just met Peter at the bank. Toi vita gap Peter d nha bang. * Chu y: - Nhieu ngUdi de nham cach sU dung cua thi hien tai hoan thanh vdi thi qua khii thUdng. Qua khit thitcfng di kem vdi cac trang t\i chi thdi gian xac dinh d qua khii.' Thdi gian do co the xuat hien trUc tiep trong cai> hoac co the dUdc hieu ngam. Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng khong co tii chi thdi gian xac dinh di kem. - I have bought a new skirt. Toi da mua chiec vay mdi. - I bought a new skirt yesterday. Horn qua toi da mua chiec vay mdi. - I bought the skirt after all. Sau cung tdi da mua chiec vay do. - We haven’t seen that film. Chung tdi chita titng xem bo phim do. - We didn’t see that film yesterday. Horn qua chung tdi khong xem bo phim do. - Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng hay dUdc dung vdi cac trang t\i: since, for, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever never, nearly, hardly,... 20 THANH HA THi HIEN TAI HOAN THANH TIEP DliN 1. Hinh thttc. I I we I you / they have / been +V-ing he /she /it___________has been +V-ing Vi du: - You have been waiting here for two hours. Ban da dai cj day 2 tieng roi. - Recently, I have been feeling really tired. Gan day, toi hay cam thay met moi. - She has been working at that company for three years. Co ay da lam viec d cong ty do ditdc 3 nam roi. - What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? Ban da lam gi trong 30 phut trtfdc. - James has been teaching at the university since June. James dang day d triidng dai hoc tii thang sau. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien ta mot hanh dong bat dau tai mot thdi diem trong qua khii, keo dai den hien tai va van tiep dien. Vi du: - Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? Tai sao Nancy khong noi chuyen vdi bac si cua co ay trong ba ngay qua? - She has been performing for two hours. Co ay bieu dien da hai tieng dong ho. 21 DONG TUT TIENG ANH - I’ve been reading for an hour. Toi da doc diidc mot tieng dong ho. b. Diin ta mot hanh dong bat dau tu qua khu, tiep dien den hien tai, da ket thuc tai thdi diem noi. Vi du: - He has been playing football all afternoon. Anh ay da chdi bong da cd chieu nay. - We have been going out all day. Chung toi di chcti cd ngay. - I’ve been writing all morning. Toi da viet cd buoi sang nay. - Lisa has not been practicing her English. Lisa khong con thiic hanh tieng Anh nda. * Chu y: Nhieu tinh huong co the dUdc dien ta dong thdi bang thi hien tai hoan thanh va thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien. Su khac biet la thi hien tai hoan thanh nhan manh vao stf viec, con thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien nhan manh vao hanh dong tiep dien. - How long have you studied French? Ban da hoc tieng Phap bao lau roi? - How long have you been studying French? Ban da hoc tieng Phdp diidc bao lau roi? - I’ve washed four white shirts this morning. Sang nay toi da giat bon chiec do sc/ mi trdng. - I've been washing four white shirts this morning. Sang nay toi da giat diidc bon chiec do sd mi trdng. - We have lived here for five months. Chung toi da song d day ndm thang. - We have been living here for five months. Chung toi da song d day diidc ndm thang. 22 THANH HA TH I TlfCfNG LAI THI TLTCTNG LAI THlflJNG . Hinh thvfc. I / we + shall + V (nguyen mau) he / she / it /you / they + will + V (nguyen mau) Vi du: - I shall go to school late. Toi se den triidng muon. - Shall we go to the cinema this evening? Chung ta se di xem phim toi nay chu!? - My family will leave Ha Noi next month. Gia dinh tdi se rtii Ha Noi vdo thang sau. - He will come back soon. Anh ay se quay lai s&m thdi. - It will be right. Moi chuyen se on thdi. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien ta mot viec lam, mot hanh dong, mot stf viec se xay ra trong tiidng lai. Vi' du: - Linda will marry next month. Linda se ket hdn vdo thang tdi. - I think he will do well. Tdi nghi anh ay se lam tot. - He will finish new cataloge next week. Anh ay se hoan thanh ca-ta-lo mdi vdo tuan tdi. - They will never come here again. Ho se khong bao gid den day niia. 23 DONG TU TIENG ANH b. D ien ta m ot qu yet dinh titc thi (im m ediately action ) Vi du: - I’ve forgotten phoning him. I’ll do it immediately. Toi quen goi dien cho anh ay. Toi se goi ngay lap tiCc. - I’ll have 2 $ now. Toi se co 2 do-la bay gid. - I think I’ll get a taxi because I am too tired to walk now. Toi nghl toi se goi tac xi vi toi qua met de di bo I uc nay. - Boths shirts are beautiful but I’ll take this one. Cd hai chiec do deu dep nhitng toi se lay chiec nay. - My mother is calling me and I’ll come back now. Me toi dang goi toi va tdi se ve ngay bay gid. THI TUTTNG LAI VOI GOING TO 1. H inh thtfc. I am he / she/ it is + going to + V You/ w e/they are Vi du: - He can't see her tomorrow because his friends are coming to see him. Anh ay khong the gap co ay vdo ngay mai vi ban cua anh ay se den thdm anh ay. - I am going to buy a new motorbike. Tdi se mua mot chiec xe may mdi. - I feel tired. I'm going to be ill. Tdi cam thay met. Tdi sap om roi. 24 THANH HA - She is going to go to school. Co ay se di tdi triidng. - He is going to be late. Anh ay se bi muon mat. 2. Cach dung thi ttfOng lai vdi “going to”. a. Dien td mot stf viec hay hanh dong chdc chan se xay ra trong tiidng lai gan. Vi du: - I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow. Toi se den thdm ong ba vdo ngay mai. - She is going to have a baby. Co ay sap sinh con. - It’s going to rain. Trtii sap mita. - He is going to do this exercise this evening. Toi nay anh ay se lam Bai tap nay. b. Dien td mot y dinh hay ke hoqch chdc chan se lam. Vi du: - I am going to marry next week. Toi se ket hon vdo tuan tdi. - We are going to make a big cake. Chung ta se lam mot chiec bank Idn. - She knows what I am going to do. Co ay biet tdi dinh lam gi. * Chu y: Phan biet cach dung thi tUOng lai thUdng va thi tu'dng lai vdi dang “going to”. - He is going to be - He’ll sick if he goes to the rain, sick Anh ay se om neu anh ay di miCa Anh ay sap om - It is going to rain - It will rain 25 DONG TUTTIENG ANH Trdi sap mi/a Trdi se mi/a - I am going to marry - I’ll marry Tdi sdp ket hon Tdi se ket hon. THI TlflJNG LAI TIEP DllN 1. Hinh thtic. I / we shall be +V-ing you I he / she / they will be +V-ing / it Vi du: - We shall be staying at home at 6 o’clock this evening. Chung toi se dang d nha vdo luc 6 gid tdi nay. - She'll be teaching at this time next week. Gid nay tuan sau cd ay se dang day hoc. - At 8 o’clock tomorrow he will be working. Vdo luc 8 gid ngay mai anh ay se dang lam viec. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang xdy ra tai mot thdi diem trong ti/dng lai. Vi du: - I'll be doing my exercise in the evening. Tdi se dang lam Bai tap vdo buoi toi. - What will you be doing at this time tomorrow0 Vdo gid nay ngay mai ban se dang lam gi? - 1 11 probably be lying on a beautiful beach at this time next week. Cd the tdi se dang ndm tren mot bai bien dep vdo gid nay tuan sau. - At that time tomorrow we shall be working . Vdo gid do ngay mai tdi se dang lam viec. THANH HA - When he comes back from work, his family will be having dinner. Khi anh ay di lam ve, gia dinh anh ay se dang an toi. b. Dien td mot viec da ditdc dii dinh se lam trong tUdng lai khong xa. Vi du: - My family will leave Ha Noi in a few days. Gia dinh toi se rdi Ha Noi trong mot vdi ngay niCa. - Will you be going to Ho Chi Minh City next week? Ban se di thanh pho Ho Chi Minh tuan tdi chit? - I’ll be doing my exercises in an hour. Toi se lam Bai tap trong mot gid niia. - She’ll be going to the supper market later. Co ay dinh mot lat niia se di sieu thi. - Michael will be performing in London next month. Michael se bieu dien d Ludn don thang tdi. THI TITOTNG LAI HOAN THANH 1. Hinh thtfc: I / we shall have + Pn (past participle) he t she / it / you / will have + P u (past they participle) Vi du: - When you arrive. I'll have gone to bed. Khi ban den, toi se da di ngu roi. - I'll have finished this course next month. 27 DONG TiTTltNG ANH Tdi se hoan thanh khoa hoc vdo tuan tdi. - He’ll have played football to 8 o’clock. Anh ay se chcti bong da den 8 gid. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien td mot viec bat dau tii triidc va se hoan thanh tai mot thdi diem d titctng lai. Vi du: - I’ll have finished the essay in two months. Toi se hoan thanh Bai tieu luan trong hai thang. - Next week is Tom and Mary’s 24th wedding anniversary. They will have been maried for 24th years. Tuan tdi se la ki niem ngay ciidi Ian thu: 24 cua Tom va Mary. Luc do ho da lay nhau diidc 24 ndm roi. - I shall have spent all my money before the end of my holiday. Toi se tieu het so tien cua minh triidc khi ki nghi ket thuc. - She will have written three songs by the end of this year. Cd ay se viet xong ba Bai hat vdo cuoi ndm nay. - By the end of the month, I’ll have been here for two years. Vao cuoi thang nay, toi se d day diidc hai ndm. b. Dien td mot viec se hoan thanh va co lien quan tdi mot viec khac d tiictng lai. Vi du: - We shall have arrived by the time you finish dressing. Chung toi se den vdo luc ma ban mac xong quan do. 28 THANH HA - When you arrive, we’ll have had lunch. Khi ban den, chung toi se dung xong biia toi. - I’ll have met him before he leaves. Tdi se gap anh ay triidc khi anh ay di. DONG TUT TIENG ANH THI OLA KHLT THI QUA KHI/THU0NG 1. Hinh thtfc thi qua khvf thUOng. S + V-ed Quy tac them “erf” vao dong tit nguyen mau: - Dong tii tan cung bang “e” cam, chi can them “rf”. Vi du: to live lived to love loved to change changed to advise advised - Dong tii tan cung bang mot nguyen am va mot phu am. trudc khi them “ed” phai gap doi phu am cuoi. Vi du: to rub rubbed to stop stopped to hug hugged NhUng: to book looked to brush brushed - Dong tii tan cung bang phu am va "y”, trudc khi them “ed” thi doi “y” thanh “i Vi du: to cry cried to fry fried NhUng: to play played Cac cach phat am duoi “erf” “Ed" du'Oc phat am theo ba: Itl, Idl, I id! 30 THANH HA - Sau Itl, Idl am cuoi “e” dUdc phat am la lidl. Vi du: to divide divided to heat heated to add added to seat seated to wait waited - Sau “p, k, f, x, ss, ch, sh, ce”, tiic la sau cac am Ikl, Ipl, Ifl, If I, Itjl am cuoi “ed” dtfdc phat am la Itl. Vi du: ^ to finish to hope to laugh to miss to talk to watch to wish to walk finished hoped laughed missed talked watched wished walked - Cac trvfdng hop con lai am cuoi “ed" dUOc phat am la Idl Vi du: to answer answered to blaze blazed to breathe breathed to travel traveled to live lived to open opened to tie tied to try tried * Chu y: Vdi dong tu: bat qui tac, hinh thiic qua khuf thUOng hoan toan khac vdi dong tif nguyen mau. Do do, phai hoc thuoc long cac dong tu: bat qui tac . (Xem phan phu luc). 31 DONG TIT TIENG ANH __■--------------------------------- 2. Cach dung a. Dien td mot hdnh dong hay mot tinh huong da xdy ra trong qua khii. - Pho tu: chi thdi gian qua khii di kem: yesterday, last week, a month ago,... (Nhieu triidng hdp khong co pho tu: ma hieu qua van canh). Vi du: - Did you call Debbie? Ban da goi cho Debbie chiia? - I met her in the supermarket yesterday. Tdi da gap co ay d sieu thi ngay hdm qua. - We were sorry to hear about the accident. Chung toi rat buon khi nghe ve vu tai nan. - He made me do it all again. Anh ay da khien toi phai lam lai no. ■ She washed her car. Cd ay da riia o to. b. Dien td mot hdnh dong theo thdi quen hoac lap di lap lai trong qua khit. - Cac pho tit chi tan suat di kem (often, usually, sometime, rarely, when I was a child, when I was younger, ...) Vi du: - I often stayed up late. Tdi thi/cfng thiic khuya. ■ We always went to school on time. Chung tdi luon den triidng dung gia. ■ He usually came to work by car. Anh ay thu’dng xuyen di lam bang o to. - Sometimes I woke up early. Thinh thoang toi thiic day s&m. - She studied French when she was a child. Cd ay hoc tieng Phap khi con nho. 32 THANH HA c. Dien td nhiing viec lam ke tiep nhau trong qua khit. Vi du: - I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. Tdi ket thuc cong viec, di ra bien, va tim mot ncti dep de tam. - He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Anh ay rtii san bay luc 8 gid, lam thu tuc khach san luc 9 gid, va gap gd moi ngittii luc 10 gid. - Mrs Young came home, take off her coat and cooked. Ba Young ve nha, thay do va nau an. QUA KHUTTIEP DIEN 1. Hinh thufc. we / you/ they were + V-ing I / he / she / it_____ was + V-ing Vi du: - She was cooking in the kitchen. Co ay dang nau an trong bep. - We were watching the film. Chung tdi dang xem phim. - He was going to work. Anh ay dang lam viec. - They were meeting in the room. Ho dang hop d trong phong. - I was playing tennis. Tdi dang chcti quan vdt. 33 DONG TUT TIENG ANH 2. Cach dung. a. Dien td mot sU viec, hdnh dong dang dien ro vdo thdi diem nhat dinh trong qua khil. Vi du: - Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. Toi dang an toi luc 6 gid hom qua. - My family was living in Ho Chi Minh City last year. Gia dinh toi da song d thanh pho Ho Chi Minh ndm ngoai. - My sister was writing the letter in her room. Chi gai tdi dang viet thii d trong phong - I was cutting the grass in the garden. Toi dang cat co trong vitdn. - They were working in the field at that time. Luc do, ho dang lam viec d ngoai dong. b. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang dien ra trong qua khil thi cd mot hdnh dong khac cat ngang (hanh dong dang dien ra dung qua khu tiep dien. hanh dong kia dung qua khu thUdng). Vi du: - I was watching TV when she called. Khi co ay goi, toi dang xem TV. - I came back from school, my mother was cooking. Toi di hoc ve khi me toi dang nau an. - What were you doing when the earthquake started? Ban dang lam gi khi dong dat xdy ra? c. Dien td nhiing hdnh dong dong thdi xdy ra trong qua khi/. VI du: - I was studying while he was making dinner. Tdi dang hoc trong khi anh ay lam cdm toi. 34 THANH HA - While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Khi Ellen doc, Tim xem ti-ui. - They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. Ho viia an toi, vita ban ve ke hoqch, va co mot thdi gian rat vui ve. THI QUA KHUTHOAN THANH 1. Hinh thufc. S + had + P u (V p a s t p a rticip le) VI du: - Had you studied English before you moved to New York? Ban da hoc tieng Anh triidc khi den New York chiia? - We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. Chung tdi da khong tim diidc phong nao trong khdch san vi chung toi khong dat triidc. - When I came, he had gone home. Khi toi den, anh ay da ve nha roi. - The man was a stranger to me. I had never seen him before. Ngildi dan ong do la mot ngiidi xa la vdi toi. Toi chiia bao gid gap ong ay triidc kia. 2. Cach dung. Thi qua kh ii hoan thanh diicfc d u ng de dien td 35 DONG TU TIENG ANH m ot sii viec xdy ra triidc m ot sU viec khac tron g qua khii. Vi du: - I no longer had my car. He had sold it. Toi khong con xe niia. Toi da ban no roi. ■ I had never seen such a beautiful beach before 1 went to Kauai. Tdi chiia bao gib nhin thay bai bien dep nhii vay triidc khi tdi den Kauai. - I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tdi khong cd tien vi tdi da bi mat vi. - Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Tony biet rat nhieu ve Istanbul vi anh ay da den thdm thanh pho nay nhieu Ian. - She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Cd ay hieu ro bo phim vi cd ay da doc sach roi. THi QUA KHI/HOAN THANH TIEP MEN 1. Hinh thtfc. S + had been + V- ________ing Vi du: - You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she arrived. Ban da chd d do hem hai gid khi cd ay den. - They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. Ho da. noi chuyen hefn mot gid triidc khi Tony den. 36 THANH HA - She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. Co ay da lam viec d cong ty khoang 3 ndm khi no bi pha san. - How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? Ban da chd xe buyt bao lau? 2. Cach dung. Thi qua khil hoan thanh tiep dien thildng ditctc dung de dien td mot sU viec da va dang dien ra triidc mot hdnh dong khac trong qua khil. Vi du: - Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. Mike muon ngoi xuong vi anh ay da phai ditng lam viec cd ngay. - James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. James dang day d tritdng dai hoc hon mot ndm triidc khi anh ay chuyen tdi Asia. - How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? Ban da hoc d Tho Nhi Ky bao lau triidc khi ban chuyen den Ankara ? - I had not been studying Turkish very long. Tdi da hoc d Tho Nhi Ky rat lau. - Jack was tired because he had been jogging. Jack da qua met vi anh ay da chay bo nhieu. 3 / DONG TUT TIENG ANH CACH DUNG DONG Tl/BE, DO VA HAVE Cac dong tii “be”, “do” va “have” v£ia la nhiing dong tii thUdng, viia co the la trd dong tii. HiNH THUC CUA DONG T I/' BE" 1. Hinh thufc cua dong tii “be”, a. “Be” la dong tii duy nhat trong tieng Anh co tarn hinh thufc. - Nguyen mau: be - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat so* it “I”: am - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii ba so it “he / she / it”: is - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thu hai, thii ba so nhieu “you / we / they”: are - Qua khii dung vdi ngoi thii nhat va ngoi thii ba so it “I / he /she /it”: was - Qua khxi dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thii hai va thif ba so nhieu “you / we / they”: were - Hien tai phan tifing-form ”: being - Qua khii phan tii “past participle”: been 38 THANH HA b. Cach chia cua dong tfr “be”; \ T h i D a n g ^ \ Hien tai Qua khur Tirong lai shall be He am He We She She was s You Thuong It t He We will be You They are We You They were She It He am being 1 He was being Tiep di§n She It is being She It We You They were being Khong dung Hoan thanh We You They have been It We You They He had been 1 We You He shall have been will have He been She has been Hoan thanh She It She It It tiep di§n Khong dung c. Ket hop nhufng hinh thufc cua “be” vdi “n’t”. Trong tieng Anh noi, nhiing dong tu1 hoac cum dong tijf d dang phu dinh thu'dng difdc stf dung tieu tu! hay cach rut gon “n’t" (hinh thvfc viet day du la “not”). Trong nhieu cau true cau ngudi ta co the sti dung “n't" hoac “not" ma khong can thay doi trat tii tii trong cau: trong mot so cau co sU khac biet ve vi tri tu:. Dung “n't" trong 39 DONG TU TIENG ANH van noi hoac than mat (iinformal); Dung “not” trong v&n viet hoac trang trong (formal). Is”, “are”, “was” va “were” ket hdp vdi “n't” de hinh thanh thiic rut gon la “isn't”, “aren't”, “wasn't” va “weren't”. Khi phat am doc la: / izntl, la:ntl, r w ............ Hinh thiic “am” khong di vdi “n't” trong tieng Anh chuan. Vi no gay nen kho khan khi sii dung cau hoi phu dinh vdi dong tit “be" va chu tu: “7” . Mot so' ngUdi dung Aren't IT' nhung cau true nay khong phai d dau cung chap nhan la tieu chuan, nen da so dung “Am I notT hoac khong thi tranh cach dung nay. Hinh thiic day du “he is not" co the dUdc noi theo hai cach “he's not” hoac “he isn’t”. Tudng tu, ta co “you're not” hoac “you aren’t “we’re not” hoac “we aren’t “they're not” hoac “they aren’t”. Hinh thiic “I am not” chi co mot dang rut gon la ‘Tm not”. 2. “ Be” la dong tii thUdng (ordinary verb). Khi “be” la dong tu: trong cau, no gan nhu luon co chiic nang la mot tii noi (linking verb) va dUdc theo sau bdi: (1) danh tii, (2) tinh tii, (3) trang tii. Difdi day la cach sii dung “be” trong bon: cau khang dinh, cau phu dinh, cau hoi kh^ng dinh va cau hoi phu dinh. 9 a. Cau khang dinh (Affirmative statement). 1 S +be -fcomplement______ Vi du: - My brother is so tall. Anh cua toi rat cao. - My father is a worker. Bo cua toi la cong nhan. - My daughter will be a teacher in some years. 40 THANH HA Con gai toi se la giao vien trong may ndm tdi. - Robert Frost was America's favorite poet. Robert Frost la nha van My diicfc yeu thick. - They were never on time. Ho khong bao gid dung gid. b. Cau phu dinh (Negative statement). S + be + not + complement_________ Vi du: - He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first. Luc dau no khong diidc chap nhan rong rai d dat nitdc nay. - I am not a very good reader. Tdi khong phai la mot doc gid gioi. - We are not English. Chung tdi khong phai la ngittii Anh - She is not at home. Co ay khong d nha. - Mary is not very big. Mary khong beo lam. c. Cau hoi khang dinh (Positive Question). Be + S + complement?________ Vi du: - Is your brother taller than you? Anh trai ban cao hcfn ban a? - Is Heitor in class this morning? Sang nay Heitor co d Idp khong? - Are you happy now? Hien gid anh co hanh phuc khong? - Are they tired? Ho co met khong? - Is she Mary? Co ay cd phai la Mary khong? 41 DONG TUT TIENG ANH d. Cau hoi phu dinh (Negative Question). Be + S + not + complement? hoac Be + n’t + S + complement? Vi du: - Is the boy not handsome? Anh ay khong dep trai sao? - Aren't they happy? Ho khong hanh phiic a? - Isn’t she beautiful? Co ay khong dep sao? - Are you not a pupil? Ban khong phai la hoc sinh a? 3. “ B e” la trd dong tvf (auxiliary verb) a. “Be” ket hop vdi hien tai phan tit cua dong til “-ing form ” de tao thanh cau tiep dien. Trat tu cau giong nhu khi “6e” la dong tii thiidng, hinh thiic “V-ing1’ diicJc thay the cho bo ngii {complement). Vi du: - I’m working now. Tdi dang lam viec. - The children were playing fooball. Bon tre dang chcti bong da - My sister is working in the garden. Chi gai tdi dang lam vitdn - I wasn t having dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday. Luc 6 gid toi qua tdi khong dang an ccftn. - Isn't Tom writing now0 Hien gib Tom khong dang viet sao? 42 THANH HA - They will be leaving for London by this time tomorrow. Ho se tdi London vao gid nay ngay mai. b. Be” trong cau true bi dong. Cau true cau bi dong cung tUdng tu nhu cau true “be + complement". d day, qua khii phan tti Pn (past participle) cua ngoai dong tut (transitive verbs) ket hdp vdi “6e” se thanh lap cau true bi dong (the passive). S + be + P „ = pasive voice VI du: - Women were not treated as equals. Phu nit da khong diiOc doi xii binh dang. - He likes to be called “sir”. Ong ay thich diidc goi la ngai. - Grass was being eaten by cows on the meadow. Cd da bi an bdi nhiing con bo d ngoai dong. - Their homework has been finished by Jack. Bdi tap cua ho da diidc hoan thanh bdi Jack. - Cakes were being made by Mr Smith. Nhiing chiec banh da diidc lam ra bdi ong Smith. c. Be + to verb. Cau true “be + to verb” dUdc dung de dien ta: - Mot du dinh trong tUdng lai, mot su sap xep, bo tri trUdc Vi du: - We are to be marry next month. Chung toi se ket hon vdo thang tdi. - I am to finish my work this week Toi se hoan thanh cong viec cua toi tuan nay. - She is to see Peter tomorrow. Co ay se gap Peter vdo ngay mai. - My family is to travel round European countries. Gia dinh tdi se di quanh cac mtdc Chau Au. 43 DONG TU TIENG ANH - Mot y tildng 6 ti/ctng lai xa xoi, mot khd nang co the xdy ra (thilbng hay dung d trong qua kbit). Vi du: - Tom received a blow on the head. It didn t worry him at that time but it was to be very troublesome later. Tom bi mot don vdo dau. Luc ay anh ta khong lo lang gi nhiing ve sau no gay ra lam chuyen phien phiic. - Mot menh lenh, mot nhiem vu, mot sU bat buoc. Vi du: - No one is to stand up without the permission of the teacher. Khong ai diidc phep ditng day neu giao vien khong cho phep. - She is to finish her work before we arrive. Co ay phai hoan thanh cong viec triidc khi chung toi den. - They are to look after their children. Ho phai cham soc lu tre cua ho. * Chu y: “Be + to verb” vdi cac nghia tren chi duoc dung 0 hai thi: - Hien tai thudng (am to, is to, are to) - Qua khu thUdng (was to, were to) HINH THI/D VA CACH DUNG DONG TU "DO" 1. Hinh thvfe d on g tit “ d o ” - Dang nguyen m^u: do - Dang “s_form”: does - Dang “mg_form": doing - Dang qua khu (past tense): did 44 THANH HA - Dang qua khii phan tti (past participle): done 2. “Do” dung nhif dong tir thtfdng (ordinary verb) Khi “do” la dong tvf thtfdng, no co nghia la “lam, thuc hien”. “do” dUOc chia 6 tat ca cac thi theo quy tac cua dong tCf thiidng. Vi du: - I am doing some work. Toi dang lam mot so viec. - What are we going to do? Chung ta se lam gi? - We did that. Chung toi da lam chuyen do. - What does he do for a living? Anh ta lam gi de kiem song? - What did you do yesterday? Ban da lam gi ngay hom qua? 3. “Do” dung nhvf trd dong tti (auxiliary verb) a. “Do” chia vdi cac dong tie thilbng d cac thi hien tai thiidng va qua khu trong the phu dinh va nghi van. 9 - Cau khang dinh (affirmative statement), dung de nhan manh___________________________ S + do/ did + V + complement________ Vi du: - We did play well. Chung toi da chcti rat hay. - They do write beautifully. Ho viet rat dep. - I do like this beer. Toi thich loai hia nay. 45 DONG TIT TIENG ANH - Do give me, please! The nao anh cung diia toi nhe! - Do have dinner with us. The nao cung an toi vdi chung minh nhe. - May I come in?- Do please! Toi vdo diidc chit? Vang mdi anh! - Cau phu dinh (Negative statement) S + do + n’t (not) + V + (complement) Vi du: - I don’t love him. Toi khong yeu anh ay - He didn’t work. Anh ay da khong lam viec - She doesn’t study in this university. Cd ay khong hoc d triidng nay. - We didn’t go to the cinema. Chung toi da khong di xem phim. - I don’t study French Tdi khong hoc tieng Phap. - Cau hoi khang dinh (positive question) Do + S + V + (complement)?________ Vi du: - Do you learn English? Ban hoc tieng Anh a? - Does she cook well? Cd ay nau an ngon phai khong? - Do you always take the bus to work? Ban ludn di xe buyt di lam a? - Did she know the way? Co ay co biet diidng khong? - Did they come? Ho dd tdi roi a ? 46 THANH HA - Cau hoi phu dinh (negative question) Don’t + S + V + (complement)?______ hoac;_____________________________________________ Do + S + not + V + (complement)? Vi du: - Didn’t you get bad mark? Ban khong bi diem kem phai khong? - Doesn’t he do exercises? Cau ay khong lam Bai tap phai khong? - Did she not call me? Co ay khong goi cho toi phai khong? - Do they no get up late? Ho khong day muon phai khong? - Didn’t they sing French songs? Ho da khong hat tieng Phap phai khong? b. “Do” trong cau true lap. - Trong cau hoi duoi (tag question) Cau hoi duoi la cau hoi ngan dat 0 cuoi cau tUdng thuat de hoi ve sU dong y hay khong dong y vdi nhung gi da noi d trUdc. Nguyen tac thanh lap cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh: + Chu ngijf la cac dai tCf: I, you, we, they, he, she, it va chu ngif gia (dummy subject): there hoac one. + Cau hoi lap theo ba cach sau: 1: Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap phu dinh. 2 : Cau phu dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh. 3: Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh. Vi du: - Nobody saw him, did they? Khong ai thay anh ta phai khong? - She hardly ever work well, does she? Co dy chang bao gid lam viec tot, phai khong? - You don't like me, do you? 47 DONG TU TIENG ANH __________________________■__________________________________________ Ban khong thich toi phai khong? - We have to go, don’t we? Chung ta phai di phai khong? - But you don't really love her, do you? Nhitng ban khong thtfc stf thich co ay phai khong? - The student speak English, don’t they? Nhitng sinh vien noi tieng Anh day chti? - They never go there, do they? Ho khong bao gib den do phai khong? - Your brother didn’t come here by taxi, did he? Anh trai ban khong den day bang ta-xi phai khong? * Chu y: Nhiing tii nhU: Nobody, noone, never, seldom, hardly ever,... luon luon dUOc coi la phu dinh. - Trong cau nhan dinh: dong y hay khong Vi du: - “She danced beautifully”- ‘Yes, she did” Co ay nhay dep - Vang, co ay nhay dep ■ “The baby didn’t cry” - “No, he didn’t” Dita tre khong khoc - Dung la no khong khoc - “She talks a lot” - “Yes, she does” Co ay noi nhieu ■ Vang dung vay - ‘You drink too much” - “No, I don’t” Ban uong qua nhieu ■ Khong, toi khong uong nhieu - ‘You don't know where my wallet is” - "No. I don't Ban khong biet cai vi cua toi d dau. - Khong, toi khong biet. - Trong cau tra ldi ngan. Vi du: - "Do you teach English”? -"Yes, I do” . Ban day tieng Anh a? - Vang. 48 THANH HA - “Did you read that book?” - “Yes, I did”. Anh dd doc quyen sach day chiia? - Vang toi co doc roi. - “Did he borrow her some money?” - “No, he didn’t” . Anh ta vay co ay it tien phai khong? - Khong, anh ay khong vay. - “Do you like cheese” - ‘Yes, I do”. Anh co thich pho-mat khong? Cd, toi thich. - “Does she have a baby?” - “No, she doesn’t’. Co ay co con ch iia?. - Chiia. - y phu hoa. Vi du: ' - He likes football and so do we. Anh ay thich bong dd va chung toi cung vay. - Mr Brown plays chess. His son does, too. Ong Brown chcti cd. Con trai ong ay cung the. - She washed the dishes. They did, too. Co ay dd riia bat dia. Ho cung vay. - He doesn’t go to this club and neither do I. Anh ay khong den cau lac bo nay va toi cung vay. - No one understood just what Linda say and niether did he. Khong ai hieu Susan noi gi va anh ta cung vay. - Thay cho mot dong tif thifcfng de tranh sit lap lai. Vi du: - You must do well as you did last week. Anh phai lam viec tot nhiianh dd lam tuan triidc. - “Who told her that we were reading that story?” - “Nam did”. Ai noi vdi co ay rang chung toi da doc chuyen do? - Nam noi vdi tdi 49 DONG TU TIENG ANH - “Who ate the fish?” - “The cat did”. Ai dd an mon cd? Con meo day. HINH THITC VA CACH DUNG DONG TtJT "HAVE" 1. Hinh thufc dong “have”. a. Dong tif “have” co bon hinh thufc. - Nguyen mau: have - Ngoi th\i ba so it (s-form): has - Hinh thiic V-mg: having - Qua khii va qua khii phan tii: had b. Cach chia dong tu* “have”. ______ \ ^ T h i D a n q \ . Hien tai Qua khir Tuong lai shall We You They He have We You They He had We You He She have Thifdng She It has She It «Theywill have L am having 1 1 He shall be He having She She was having We s having You t It He will be Tiep d iin We having You They 1 We You are having have had We You They 1 We You were having She It They 1 We You shall have had They 50 They had had He i loan thanh He THANH HA have been He She will have She It 1 We having She It P We It They 1 We had shall have been having You have been You had been You They Hoan thanh having They He having He will have been having He She iep di§n She She It It has been having It They 2. “Have” dung nhuf dong tvf thifdng (ordinary verb). a. “have” co nghia la “co, sd hufu” (possess) hoac “diidi quyen kiem soat” (to hold under one’s -control). Vi du: - I have two intelligent children. Tdi cd hai diia con thong minh. - My father has an expensive shirt. Bo toi co chiec do sd-mi dat tien. - They have a new car. Ho cd chiec o td mdi. - She has an umbrella now, but it’s her sister’s. Cd ay cd mot cai o, nhiing dd la o cua em gai cd ay. “have ’ con dtfOc dung nhu; dong tvf thu'dng trong cau phu dinh va nghi van. Vi du: - How many brothers do you have? Ban cd bao nhieu anh trai? - Does she have a car? Cd ay cd o td khong? 51 DONG Tlf TIENG ANH ■________________ - They don’t have any milk. Ho khong co chut su'd nao. - We did’t have any information about that. Chung toi khong co thong tin nao ve viec do. Tuy nhien, trong tieng Anh cua ngUdi Anh, “have co the khong sn dung nhu dong tu1 thUdng trong cau hoi va phu dinh. Vi du: - How many children have you (got)? Anh co may chau roi? - Has she (got) any brother and sister? Co ay co anh chi em khong? - Has he (got) a big dog? Anh ay con cho to khong? - They haven’t (got) any pens. Ho khong co chiec but nao. - Mary hasn’t any sugar. Mary khong co chut dieting nao. * Chu y: Ca hai hinh thiic deu dung. Vi du: - Do you have an eraser? - Yes I do / Yes, I have. Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co. - Have you an eraser? - Yes, I have / Yes, I do. Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co. b. “Have’’ dung trong mot so thanh nguf vdi nghia la “trai qua, dvfOc, htfcfng, bi, gap phai, sinh, de...” Vi du: - Did you have any news from home this morning0 Anh co nhan dieoc tin t tic nha sang nay khong? - I don't have much difficulty with maths. Toi khong gap kho khan gi lam vdi mon toan. - \\ hat do you have for breakfast? 52 THANH HA Anh dung gi vdo biia diem tam? - We had an interesting trip last month. Chung toi co chuyen di thu vi vdo thang triidc. - Mr Bill is having an operation next week. Ong Bill se co mot cuoc phau thuat vdo tuan tdi. - My sister will have a baby next month. Chi. gai cua toi s e sinh con vdo thang sau. Cac thanh ngfl di vdi “have - have a headache, toothache, a pain (nhiic dau, 3au rang, bi dau). - have smallpox (bi benh dau mua). - have a party, a reception, a dance (or other social affair) (to chiic tiec, tiep tan, khieu vu (hoac hoat dong xa hoi khac). - have a meeting, a conference, a course (or other official funtion) (to chiic cuoc hop, hoi nghi, khoa hoc (hoac hoat dong cong tac khac). - have fun, a good time (vui choi thoa thich). - have good luck, misfortune, an accident (dtfdc may man, gap svf bat hanh, bi tai nan). - have success (thanh cong). - have no idea (khong biet) - have a finger in the pie (quan tam den) 3. “Have” dung nhtf trd dong tif (Auxiliary verb). a. of cac thi hoan thanh (Perfect tense). Vi du: - I have seen three movies this week. Tdi xem 3 bo phim trong tuan nay. - She has worked at the University since 1994. Co ay lam viec d trtfdng dai hoc tii ndm 1994. 53 DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Have you ever been to Germany? Ban dd titng tdi Dtic chiia? - I had had some unhappy times, and then I roe: your mother. Toi dd co khoang thcfi gian khong vui ve, sau do toi gap me ban. - I will not have read the book before the test. Toi se khong doc sach triidc khi thi. b. Have to = m ust Vi du: - I have to go = I must go. Tdi phai di. - I'll have to meet Mr Right tomorrow. Tdi phai gap ong Right vdo ngay mai. - I had to buy a new bike last week. Tuan triidc tdi phai mua chiec xe dap mdi. * Chu y: - d qua khii thUdng va tUdng lai thUdng, thUcJng dung “have to” thay “must”. - “Have to” d phu dinh va nghi van co the dung theo hai cach: + Dung trd dong tti “do”. Vi du: - Does she have to go to school? Co ay cd phai den triidng khong? - Do you have to stay up late? Ban cd phai thiic khuya khong? - I didn t have to go there on Sunday. Tdi khong phai den dd vdo chu nhat. - Did he have to cut the grass? Anh ta cd phai cat co khong? + Khong dung trd dong tu: “do” Vi du: 54 THANH HA - I have not to go to see her. Tdi khong phai den gap co ta. - Have you to make a cake? Ban co phai lam banh khong? - Has he to obey these rules? Anh ay co phai tuan thu nhiing quy tac nay khong? c. Have + O (tan ngu*) + Pn (qua khvf phan tif). Vi du: - I had my hair cut. Tdi dd cat toe. - Do you have your house cleaned everyday? Ban co bao ai lau nha hang ng ay khong? - We had our clothes washed. Quan do cua chung toi dd co ngiidi khac giat. * Chu y: - Vdi trUdng hop nay, khi d dang phu dinh va nghi van phai dung vdi trd dong tit “do”. Vi du: - Do you have the car repaired? Anh dd mang oto di sita chiia ? - I don’t have my house painted. I painted it myself. Tdi khong nhd ai scfn nha cd. Tdi tii sctn. - Cung mot dang tren, “have” co nghia la “bi” Vi du: - He had two his teeth knocked out. Han bi danh gay mat hai cai rang. - The house had the roof ripped off by the storm. Can nhd bi bao lam toe mdi. d. “Have” trong cau hoi duoi. Vi du: 55 DONG TU TIENG ANH - Their boys had gone home, hadn’t they? - No, they hadn’t. Nhiing cau be dd ve roi phai khong?- Khong, chung chiia ve. - You have been to England, haven’t you? - Yes, I have. Ban dd tdi Anh roi phai khong? - Vang, toi dd tdi Anh. - They had visited Tom, and so had we. Ho dd tdi thdm Tom, va chung tdi cung vay. - We hadn't seen that movie, and they hadn’t either. Chung tdi chiia xem phim dd, va ho cung chita xem. 56 THANH HA DONG Tl/KHUYET THIEU/ TINH THAI DAC DIEM CHUNG 1. Dinh nghia ve dong tif khuyet thieu. Dong tu; khuyet thieu la trd dong tCf (axiliary verb) phoi hdp vdi dong tti nguyen mau (base-form) de tao thanh cum dong tii. 2. Dac diem chung cua dong tvf khuyet thieu a. Dong tCf khuyet thieu co mot hinh thiic nguyen mau, ngoi thii ba so it khong them “s / es” va khong co dang “V-ing” . d dang qua khii, “can” —> “could”; “will” —* “would”, “shall” —* “should”, “may” —> “might” b. Cau phu dinh: S + dong tii khuyet thieu + not (n’t) + V Cau hoi: dong tii khuyet thieu + S + V? c. Ve nguf nghia, dong tii tinh thai dien ta tinh huong lien quan den nhiing gi trai vdi thiic chat. Dieu do co nghia la khong thuat lai nhiing sii kien khach quan; thay vao do, chung dUa ra nhiing y kien, nhan dinh, ldi chuc, y dinh, kha nang co the, bon phan va nhiing nghia tUdng tii nhu vay. CACH SUTDUNG DONG TUf KHUYET THIEU 1. CAN a. Dien td khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than d hien tai hoac titctng lai. Vi'du: ' - Can you tell me the way to the post office, please? 57 DONG TUT TIENG ANH Ban co the chi cho toi duting tdi bitu dien ditto khong? - I can cook delicious fish and chicken. Toi co the nau mon cd va mon ga rat ngon. - He can play chess and he can write computer programs. Anh ay co the chcti cd va co the viet chitctng trinh may tinh. - I can’t play the guitar. Tdi khong the chcti guitar. b. Su co the hay khd ndng co the xdy ra. Vi du: - You can meet her tommorrow. Ban cd the gap cd ay vdo ngay mai. - It's too noisy. We can’t study well. on do qua. Chung tdi khong the hoc aiCcjc. - I don't know the answer. Can you tell me? Tdi khong biet cau trd Idi. Ban cd the noi cho toi biet diicjc khong? - I can show you where the bank is. Tdi cd the chi cho ban ngan hang d dau. c. Su cho phep Vi du: - Can I open the window? It’s stuffy here. Tdi cd the md ciia so diicic khong? d day ngot ngat qua. - You can use my phone. Ban cd the dung dien thoai cua tdi. - \ou can leave now if you wish. Ban cd the di neu ban muon. - Can we email this list? Chung tdi cd the gid mail danh sach nay khong? - You can’t smoke on the bus. 58 THANH HA Ban khong the hut thuoc tren xe buyt. 2. COULD a. Khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than trong qua khu VI du: - I could run ten miles in my twenties. Toi cd the chay 10 dam khi toi khoang 20 tuoi. - We could see it clearly. Chung toi co the trdng thay no ro rang. - They could play the piano when they was five. Ho co the chcti piano khi ho 5 tuoi. - She read the message but she couldn’t understand it. Cd ay doc tin nhan nhiing khong the hieu diidc. - Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War. Phu nii khong the bau cii cho den tan sau chien tranh the gi&i thii nhat. b. Khd ndng vdi y dieu kien Vi du: - John could be the one who stole the money. John co the la ngiidi dd lay trom tien. - You could spend your vacation in Hawaii. Ban co the di nghi d Hawaii. - If I had a car, I couldn’t go to work late. Neu toi co o to, tdi se khong di lam muon. - If we had more time, we could travel around the world. Neu chung tdi cd nhieu thdi gian hdn, chung tdi dd cd the di du lich vong quanh the gi&i. c. Ldi yeu cau, de nghi lich sU. Vi du: 59 DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Could you show me the way to the nearest post office, please? Ban co the chi cho toi diidng den biiu dien gan nhat diidc khong a? - Could you pick me up when I've finished? Ban co the don toi khi toi xong viec khong? - Could I speak to the manager, please? Tdi co the noi chuyen vdi giam doc diidc khong? - Could I borrow your pen? Toi co the miidn but cua ban diidc khong? - Could you lend me 40 Euros til Monday? Ban co the cho toi vay 40 euro den thii hai diidc khong? * Chu y: j? T - Co the dung “be able to” thay cho “can”. Vi du: - She is able to speak five languages.. Cd ay co the noi 5 thii tieng. - I have been able to do that test. Toi co the lam diidc Bai kiem tra do. - They were able to get tickets for the concert. Ho dd co the mua ve xem hod nhac. - Cd “can” va “could’ deu co the duac dung trong cau hoi hoac cau cam than Vi du: - Could anyone be such a fool as to believe that' Cd the nao co ai ngoc nghech ma lai tin d dieu dd! - Can it be true? Dieu do co the la dung it? - How he can argue? Anh ta co the cai nhii the sao? - Could + have + PIt: 60 THANH HA + Mot viec dang ra co the lam dUOc nhung khong lam (trong qua khii). VI du: - She could have met him. Le ra co ay co the gap anh ay. - I could have lent you the money, why didn’t you ask me? Toi co the cho anh vay tien diidc, tai sao anh khong hoi toi ? + Mot viec ma ta khong biet chac la co difOc hay khong trong qua khii: Vi du: - She cried a lot. She could have argued with someone. Co ay dd khoc rat nhieu. Co le cd ta dd cai nhau vdi ai do. - The shirt has disappeared! Who could take it? Mary could have taken it, she was here alone at that time. Chiec do dd bien mat! Ai la ngiidi dd lay no di? Co le la Mary day, vi luc do chi co cd ay d day. - “Can’t” + have + Pl!: chac chan da khong lam viec gi do trong qua khii. Vi du: - I can’t have understood he question perfectly. Chdc chan la tdi dd khong hieu cau hoi mot cach tiidng tan. - I’m sory. I can’t have done it on purpose. Tdi xin loi. Tdi khong chu y lam dieu dd. 3. WILL a. y dinh tron g tiicfng lai Vi du: 61 DONG TIT TitNG ANH - I’m very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight. Tdi rat met. Toi nghl toi se d nhd toi nay. - They will visit friends when they arive in the city. Ho se den thdm ban be cua ho khi ho den thanh pho. - I won't be in the office until 11; I’ve got a meeting. Toi se khong d van phong cho den luc 11 gid; toi dang co cuoc hop. b. Su sdn long a hien tai hoac tUOng lai Hinh thiic nghi van cua “will” vdi nghia nay thUdng diidc dung de dien ta nhiing ldi yeu cau. Hinh thiic phu dinh dien ta sii tif choi. Vi du: - Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here. Hay md ciia so. d day ndng qua. - Don’t talk to me. I won’t listen to you. Ditng noi chuyen vdi tdi. Tdi se khong nghe anh dau. - Sign this, will you? Anh se ky vdo cai nay chti? - You stay there! I'll fetch the drinks. Anh d day nhe! Tdi chay di lay dd uong. c. Dien td y khang khang nhat dinh hay mot viec nhat dinh xdy ra. VI du: - Damn! My car won't start. I'll have to call the garage. O td cua tdi khong khdi dong roi. Toi phai tim cai ga-ra thoi. - You can count on me! I’ll be there at 8 o’clock 62 THANH HA sharp. Ban phai tin toi. Toi nhat dinh d do vdo dung 8 gia. - Don't worry! You'll settle down quickly, I'm sure. Ditng lo! Ban se binh tinh nhanh thdi, tdi chdc chan day. - Don't bother ringing: they'll have left for their 10 o'clock lecture. Ditng ngai goi dien: ho se d en giang diidng luc 10 gid. d. Dien td mot thdi quen hay viec thitdng xdy ra 6 hien tai. Vi du: - She will sing songs after songs. Cd ay cii hat het Bdi no den Bdi kia. - For the main course, I'll have grilled tuna. Tdi thitdng an cha cd ngii cho bita an chinh. - I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You will keep talking in class. Tdi khong ngac nhien khi anh khong biet lam gi cd. Anh ludn noi chuyen trong Idp. - He will bite his nails, whatever I say. Tdi noi gi anh ta cung can mong tay. e. Menh lenh chinh thiic Vi du: - You will do your homework. Con phai lam Bdi tap ve nhd. - All peoples will return to their quarterrs before 9 o'clock. Tat cd moi ngitdi phai trd ve khu viic cua minh triidc 9 gid. 63 DONG TUTlfeNG ANH 4. WOULD a. Titdng lai trong hinh thiic tubng thuqt Vi du: - He said the next meeting would be in a month's time. Anh ay noi rang cuoc hop sap tdi se dien ra trong 1 thang niia. - She told me that she would visit us some day. Co ay noi vdi toi rang co ay se den thdm chung toi mot ngay nao do. - I knew that they would be very successful in their career. Tdi biet rang ho se rat thanh cong trong nghe nghiep. b. Thdi quen trong qua khit Vi du: - When I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day. Khi tdi con nho, chung tdi thitdng di thdm ho hang vdo dip le Giang Sinh. ■ I would phone him when I felt bored. Tdi thitdng goi dien cho anh ay khi tdi cam thay buon. - They would go to school by bus. Ho thitdng tdi tritdng bang xe buyt. - When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. Khi ho mdi gap nhau, ho thitdng di picnic ra bien. c. Trong cau dieu kien khong cd that d hien tai Vi du: - If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of Spring. 64 THANH HA Neu tdi thong tri the gidi, moi ngay se la ngay dau tien cua mua xuan. - It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment. Se tot hcfn neu ban danh may Bdi tap cua minh. - If I were president, I would cut the cost of education. Neu tdi la tong thong, toi se giam chi phi giao due. d. Dung de nhan manh “Would” thufdng di sau cac tinh tii “doubtful'’, “unlikely" de nhan manh mot hanh dong khong diit khoat (tentative action). Vi du: - It’s unlikely that Jack would do something like that. Khong chdc Jack lam dieu gi do titdng tit nhit vay. - It’s doubtful whether Tom would know the answer. Khong biet la Tom co biet cau trd Idi khong. e. “W ould' dung sau “wish”, “if only1' de dien td y cau mong. Vi du: - I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me. Tdi mong ban ditng ngat Idi tdi. - If only I would live in large, modern house. Gid ma tdi song trong mot can nhd rong rai, hien dai. - She wishes it would snow. Cd ay itdc la tuyet se rcfi. - If only it would stop raining. Gid ma trdi tanh mita. 65 BONG TUT TIENG ANH f. “Would’ + have + PII * Dien ta su viec trong qua khii nhiing khong that sii xay ra. Vi du: - She would have burnt herself. Co ay suyt lam bong minh. - They would have come early. Ho dd co the den sdm. - I would have agreed with you. Tdi dd cd the dong y vdi anh. * Gia dinh d qua khii. Vi du: - I put an umbrella on the chair, but someone would have taken it away. Tdi dat cai o d tren ghe nhitng ai dd da cam no di. I came and saw Tom but he didn’t stay at home. Maybe he would have worked. Tdi den gap Tom nhitng anh ay khong cd nhd. Co le anh ay di lam. g. “Would like” + to + V: dien td mong muon, xin phep diidc lam gi (le phep, lich stf). Vi du: - I would like the menu please. Lam cm cho tdi mitdn thiic dcfn. - Would you like to drink? Ban cd muon uong gi khong? - Would you give me a ring after lunch? Sau bita trita anh goi dien cho tdi nhe. 5. SHALL a. Gcfi y hay de nghi (suggestion). Vi du: 66 THANH HA - Shall we go to the cinema? Chung ta di xem phim nhe? - Shall we move into the living room? Chung ta vdo phong khach nhe. - Shall I wait for you? Toi se dai anh nhe? ■ Shall I open the door? Toi md ciia nhe? b. Menh lenh hay cam doan, nhat la trong nhiing van ban phap luat. VI du: - No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player. Khong cau thu nao diidc phep tranh bong \ay di chuyen bong cua cau thu khac. - All legislative powers granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. (Form the United States Constitution). Tat cd quyen lap phap ditdc cong nhan se diidc trao cho Quo'c Hoi nitdc Ml, gom co Thitdng vien va Ha Nghi vien. (Theo Hien Phap Hoa Ky). c. “ShaW co the diidc sit dung vdi tat cd cac ngoi so de nhan manh dieu md ngitdi noi cam thay chdc chan se xdy ra hoac mong muon xdy ra. Vi du: - We shall come. Nhat dinh chung toi se den. - He shall become our next king. Ong ay chac chan se trd thanh vi vua mdi cua chung ta. 67 DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe. Chdc chan con ngitcfi se kham pha ra nhiing viing ddt xa xoi trong vu tru. 6. SHOULD a. Bon phan, nghia vu bat buoc d hien tai hoac tUOng lai Vi du: - The university should provide more sports facilities. Trii'dng dai hoc phai cung cap them cac phitdng tien the thao. - The equipment should be inspected regularly. Trang thiet bi nen diidc kiem tra thii'dng xuyen. - You should work hard. Ban nen lam viec cham chi hdn. b. D ieu m ong m uon Vi du: - The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted it first class. Thu se tdi tay ban vdo ngay mai. Toi dd giiti chuyen phat nhanh. - This play should be really good. Vd kich nay chdc la rat hay. - By now, they should already be in Dubai. Den bay gid, chdc ho se d Dubai. c. Ldi khuyen, gcfi y: Vi du: - People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. Nhiing ngiidi co cholesterol cao nen an thiic an it beo. 68 THANH HA - Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems. Sarah khong nen hut thuoc qua nhieu. Diiu do gay en c ac van de ve site khoe cua co ay. d. “That...should' dung trong cau true vdi mot so dong tie: - Suggest, propose, insist. Vi du: - They proposed that the trip should be postponed. Ho de nghi nen hoan chuyen di lai. - My father suggested that I should go in for sports. Bo toi gcti y rang toi nen tham gia cac mon the thao. - She insited that nothing should start till he arrived. Co ay khang khang rang khong ditOc khtii sit gi tritdc khi anh ta tdi. - Order, command Vi du: - The manage commanded that all the gates should be shut. Giam doc ra lenh phai dong tat cd cac cong lai. - He ordered that everybody should be arrive at 8:00 a.m Ong ay ra lenh tat cd moi ngitdi phai den luc 8 gid. - She ordered that all of should be present at the meeting. Co ay ra lenh la tat cd moi ngitdi co mat tai buoi hop. - R ecom m n ed , advise Vi du: 69 dong TurnlNG a n h - She recommended that I should watch this film. Co ay khuyen toi nen xem bo phim nay. - The doctor advised that You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics. Bac si khuyen Ban khong nen uong riicJu neu ban dang dung khang sinh. - I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi. Toi nghl ban nen di vi Alfa hem vi Audi. e. “should’ dung sau “be” va cac tinh til saw - Old, strange, funny: dien ta stf trung hefp. - It’s funny that we should be studying at the same class. That la la chung ta se hoc cung mot Idp. - It’s strange that you should be staying in the same hotel. That la la cac ban d cung mot khach san. - It’s odd that they should meet Mr Right. That la la ho cung gap ong Right. Necessary, advisable, essential, vital, important, ... : dien ta y ai do nen hoac phai lam gi Vi du: - It is necessary that we should learn foreign languages. Viec chung ta hoc ngoai ngii la dieu rat can thiet. • It is advisable that everyone should have a map. NgiCdi ta khuyen rang moi ngitdi nen co mot cai ban do. f. “Should’ dung sau “in case” (phdng khi, trong trubng hop). Vi du: 70 THANH HA - I’ll leave a message in case he should arrive. Toi se de lai Icfi nhan phbng khi anh ta den. - I’m talking an umbrella in case it should rain. Toi se mang theo o phbng khi trdi mita. g. “Should' dung sau “lest?’ (e rang, keo). Vi du: - We must be hurry lest we should be late. Chung ta phai nhanh len keo muon mat. - I shall add your phone number lest I should forget it. Toi se ghi lai so dien thoai cua ban keo lai quen mat. - I shall meet him lest he sad. Toi se gap anh ay keo anh ay lai buon. h. “Should’ + have + PII: dien td mot viec dang le nen lam nhitng khong thiic hien ditcfc. Vi du: - The flight should have arrived by now. Chuyen bay le ra bay gid phai den roi. - I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot. Le ra toi phai dang ky lai kenh TV thang tritdc, nhitng toi quen mat. - You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question. Le ra anh khong nen danh qua nhieu thcfi gian cho cau hoi dau tien. 7. MAY a. SvC ditcfc phep co the lam viec gi. Vi du: ’ - Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. 71 DONG TIT TIENG ANH Johnny, con co the rdi ban neu con an toi xong. - He may stay here for a while. Anh ta co the d day mot luc. - We may use the book for reference. Chung ta co the sit dung quyen sach nay de tham khao. - Students may not borrow equipment without written permission. Sinh vien khong ditOc sit dung trang thiet bi neu khong co giay phep. - Su xin phep d hinh thiic trang trong (formal style). Vi du: - May I help you? Toi co the giiip anh dittic khong? - May I borrow your pen, please? Toi co the miidn ban cai but diCtfc khong? - May I sit here? Toi co the ngoi day ditcfc khong a ? - May I smoke? Toi co the hut thuo'c chu!? b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra 6 hien tai hoac tUOng lai. Vi du: - Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients. Moi y td co the phai chiu trach nhiem vdi 20 benh nhan. - If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may experience headaches. Neu chiec may diidc su! dung d nhitng ncfi anh sang yeu, mot so ngitdi dung co the bi dau dau. - I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet. 72 THANH HA Toi co the di mua sam toi nay, nhiing toi van chiia quyet dinh. - He may be at school. Anh ta co the dang d triicfng. * Chu y: Trong cach noi than mat cua ngUdi My (informal American English), “may” thufdng diidc thay the bang “can” khi dien ta sU xin phep, va bang “might” khi dien ta kha nang co the xay ra. - Khi muon dien ta y phu dinh de chi kha nang co the xay ra, ngUdi ta hay dung “can not” chii khong dung “may not” . Vi du: - She may be at school. Cd the cd ta d triicfng. - The news can’t be true. Tin do khong the dung diidc. - “May not” dien ta sU cam doan. Vi du: - The student may not talk in class. Hoc sinh khong diidc noi chuyen trong Idp. - You may not smoke here. Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day. - You may not break the rules. Ban khong diidc pha luat. c. “May” + have + PII : dien td sU hoai nghi, khong chdc chan d hien tai ve stf viec co the xdy ra d qua khi/. Vi du: - She is late, she may have stucked. Co ay den muon, co the cd ay bi tac diicfng. - Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired. 73 DONG Tlj TIENG ANH Cd le Jack dd rat buon. Toi khong the thitc si1 noi neu anh ta khd chiu hay met moi. - The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done. Thi nghiem co the thanh cong, nhitng van con nhieu viec phai lam. 8. MIGHT a. Stf xin phep hoac khd ndng co the xay ra trong qua khit. Vi du: - Might I turn the TV on? Toi co the bat ti vi ditcjc khong? - Might you turn back? Anh co the quay lai ditdc khong? - My mother agreed that I might go out. Me tdi dong y rang toi co the di chcti. b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra d hien tai hoac ti/ctng lai. Vi du: - I am studying late tonight so that I might go out tomorrow. Toi hoc Bdi muon dem nay la de ngay mai toi di chcti. - England might win the World Cup, you never know. Ban khong bao gid biet rang, England cd the doat World Cup. - Don’t climb on that tree; you might fall. Ditng treo len cai cay dd, ban cd the bi nga day. - She might come this evening Cd ay cd the den vdo toi nay. 74 THANH HA * Chu y: Trong cach svf dung nay, “might” diin ta ha nang co the xay ra hdi xa hdn la “may”, nhung rong nhieu trUdng hdp hai dong tii nay co the thay the ho nhau. “M ight' + have + PII dien td mot viec dang le dd xdy ra nhitng thiic te khong xdy ra. Vi du: - I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the exam. Tdi ngac nhien khi anh ay tritdt. Toi cho rang, vdo ngay thi co the anh ay dd bi om. - You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given me a lift! Ban dd thay toi ditng d ben xe buyt, le ra ban dd co the ditng lai va cho toi di nhd. - Jack might have gone to France. Cd le, Jack dd den Phap. ). MUST i. Sii bat buoc, menh lenh, can thiet Vi du: - I really must get some exercise. Tdi that s it phai lam mot vdi Bdi the due. - People must try to be more tolerant of each :other. Moi ngitdi phai khoan dung hdn vdi ngitdi khac. - We must keep silent in class. Chung tdi phai giit trat tit trong Idp. * Chu y: Phu dinh “must not” hoac “mustn't”: cam doan, bat buoc khong dUdc lam viec gi, khong dUdc phep (prohibition). Vi du: - You musn’t smoke here. 75 DONG TUTTllNG ANH Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day. - Everybody mustn’t walk on the grass. Moi ngiidi khong diidc giam len bdi cd. - Cars mustn’t be parked in this street. Khong diidc dd o td d pho nay. b. Gid sU diia tren chi/ng cvt x a c d a n g S + must + V: dieu gia suf d hien tai S + must + have + P„: dieu gia suf d qua khvT Vi du: - She has worked hard. She must have done well on the test. Cd ay dd lam viec cham chi. Chdc la cd ay dd lam Bdi thi tot. - Where is David? He must be at school. Classes begin at 8. David dau roi? Chdc la no d triicfng. Gid hoc bat dau luc 8 gid. - I'm absolutley sure! They must have arrived yesterday, I saw their ticket. Tdi hoan toan chdc chan. Ho chdc hdn dd den day, horn qua. Tdi dd nhin thay ve cua ho. - The concert must have been wonderful last night. Fiore is a great conductor. Buoi hod nhac tdi qua chdc hdn rat tuyet vdi. Fiore la ngitdi dieu khien gioi. * Chu y: - Ngudi ta thUdng dung “have to” thay cho “must” d cac thi tUdng lai va qua khii thUdng. Vi du: - I shall have to earn money for help my family. Tdi se phai kiem tien de giup gia dinh tdi. - We have to do the test tomorrow. Chung tdi phai lam Bdi kiem tra vdo ngay mai. 76 THANH HA - They have to come here on time. Ho phai den day dung gid. - “Must” dien ta y bat buoc, menh lenh cau ngUdi noi; “have to” thUdng dien ta y bat buoc do ngoai canh. Vi du: - I have to go to school on time. Tdi phai den tritting dung gid. - She has to clean the room. Cd ay phai lau can phbng. - You must come and see me next time you're in town. Anh phai den gap toi Ian sau khi anh v i thanh pho. - He must work harder. Anh ay phai lam viec cham chi hctn. 10. DARE Nguf phap cua “dare” khong nhat quan - La dong tit khuyet thieu, tUdng tu nhu “can”. “Dare” co hai dang chinh la: hien tai “dare” va qua khii “dared”. Vi du: - He dared not lie you. Anh ay khong dam noi doi anh dau. - They daren’t criticize him. Ho khong dam phe binh ong ta. - How dare you speak to me like that? Sao anh dam noi vdi toi nhit the? - I daren't tell her. Toi khong dam ke vdi co ay. * Chu y: - NgUdi ta co the sU dung “dare” nhu mot dong tu: thUdng. Vi du: 77 DONG Tir TIENG ANH - He doesn’t dare to answer my call. Anh ay khong dam trd Icfi dien thoai cua toi. - Did you dare to go out at night? Cau cd dam ra ngoai vdo ban dem khong? - We dared to climb on that mountain. Chung toi dam treo len ngon nui do. - He didn't dare complain about the quality of the food. Anh ta khong dam phan nan ve chat liicJng thitc an. - He never dares to criticise her for wasting money and she doesn't dare to interrupt him when he's working. Anh ay khong bao gid dam phe binh co ta vi viec lang phi tien va co ta khong bao gid dam xen vdo khi anh ay dang lam viec. - “7 dare say” la thanh ngut chi sU dung vdi “7” vdi nghia “7 suppose” (toi cho r&ng) hoac “It is my opinion that” (theo y toi). Neu no theo sau bdi mot menh de danh tii, “that” dUdc bo di. Vi du: - I dare say you're pretty hungry after all that cycling. Toi chdc rang anh rat doi sau chuyen dap xe do. - Bob looks very strong, I dare say he’s an excellent athlete. Bob trong rat khoe, toi nghl rang anh ay la van dong vien xuat sac. 11. NEED a. “Need” cung giong “dare” la nguf phap khong nhat quan, tuy nhien difofc dung pho bien hdn nhat la trong cau phu dinh va cau nghi van. 78 THANH HA Vi du: - Need they really do it? Ho co thiic sit can lam dieu do khong? - She needn't come tomorrow - it isn't necessary. Co ay khong can den vdo ngay mai. Dieu do khong can thiet. - This is the only thing we need do. Day la dieu duy nhat chung ta can lam. - Need I lock the door when I leave? ~ No, you needn't. Sarah will be home soon. Tdi cd can khoa cita khi di khong? ~ Khong, khong can. Sarah se trd ve nhd ngay. b. “need” b cau khang dinh vdi nhufng tvf ngu y nghi ngd hoac sau mot dong tvf d dang phu dinh. Vi du: - I don’t think I need meet him. Tdi khong nghl la tdi can gap anh ay. - I doubt that she needn't visit my aunt and uncle. Tdi nghi ngd la cd ay khong can den thdm cd chu cua tdi. c. Needn’t + have + Pn: dien ta hanh dong dang le khong can lam Vi du: - You needn’t have gone to the supermarket. There’s plenty of food in the fridge. Dang le chi khong phai di sieu thi. Con rat nhieu thiic an trong tu lanh. - We needn’t have looked for that book. He had taken it. Chung ta khong can phai tim kiem cuon sach do. Anh ta dd cam di roi 79 __DONG TjjfTIENSANH ■_________________ - He needn't have gone in to work today, as the boss decided to close the office. Anh ta khong can di lam ngay horn nay, bdi ong chu dd quyet dinh dong cita van phbng. * Chu y: - “N eed’ co the dtfOc dung nhii dong tti thiidng, dtfpc chia theo ngoi so hay cac thi nhil nhOng dong til thtfdng khac. d the nghi van va phu dinh di vdi trd dong tii “do”. Dong tii sau “need’ la dong tii nguyen the co "to" (infinitive verb with “to”). Vi du: - I need some new winter shoes. Toi can vdi doi giay mua dong. - Children need a good balanced diet. Lu tre can mot che do an can bang. - Do we need anything from the shops? Chung ta co can cai gi d cita hang khong? - I didn’t need to meet him. Tdi khong can gap anh ay. - Will I be needed in the office tomorrow? Tdi cd can cd mat d van phbng vdo ngay mai khong? - You don't need to work on weekends. Ban khong can phai lam viec vdo ngay nghi. - “Need” + V-ing dien ta viec gi do can diidc thiic hien. Vi du: - Your clothes needs washing. Quan do cua ban can ditdc giat. - This bike needs repairing. Chiec xe dap nay can ditdc sita. - The house need cleaning. Can nhd can ditdc lau chiii. 80 THANH HA 12. OUGHT TO •a. Dien ta mot bon phan, mot trach nhiem, mot viec nen lam. Vi du: - You ought to wear a raincoat. Ban nen mac do miia. - She ought to finish by next week. Co ay nen ket thuc vdo tuan tdi. - We ought to respect our parents Chung ta nen ton trong cha m e. - You ought to love your country, ought ngt you? Ban nen yeu dat niidc, phai khong1? b. Stf suy doan dtfa tren cd scf thtfc te. Vi du: - If he started an hour ago, he ought to be here soon. Neu anh ay khdi hdnh triidc day 1 gid thi hdn la bay gid anh ay se den day bay gid. - They oughn’t to leave their parents alone. Ho khong nen de bo me ho song mot minh diicfc. c. Ought to + have + Pn dien ta viec dang ra nen difcfc lam trong qua khuf nhifng lai khong lam. Vi du: - You ought to have been more careful while driving car. Ban nen can than hem khi dieu khien o to. - You ought to have invited her to your party. Le ra ban nen mdi co ay den dii tiec. - I ought to have written to my parents, but I forgot. Le ra tdi phai viet thii cho bo me, nhiing toi lai quen. DONG TUT TIENG ANH d. Ought not to + have + Pn: dien ta mot viec le ra khong nen lam nhiing da dtfcfc thtfc hien trong qua khuf. VI du: - You oughtn’t to have thrown away yesterday's newspaper. Le ra ban khong nen vitt td bao ngay hom qua di. - We ought not to have wasted so much time over it. Le ra chung ta khong nen lang phi thdi gian vdo viec do. - You oughtn’t to have met him yesterday. Le ra hom qua ban khong nen gap anh ay. - She has done things that she ought not to have done. Co ta dd lam nhitng viec md le ra khong nen lam. * Chu y: - Co the thay “ought to” bang “should’. Vi du: - You ought to do this work. Ban phai lam viec nay. - You should do this work. Ban phai lam viec nay. - You oughtn’t to believe him. Ban khong nen tin anh ta. - You shouldn’t believe him. Ban khong nen tin anh ta. - d dang nghi van, dat “ought “ d dau cau. Vi du: - Ought you to do this work tomorrow? Ban phai lam viec nay vdo ngay mai chit? - Ought you to wash your clothes? ^2