"Phương Pháp Luận - René Descartes PDF EPUB
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NGUYEN - VAN - CHAU va L. M. CAO-VAN-LUAN d[ch
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cht quii iigheo nan; m6t si giAo sw vtfn &qt hoc Hn^ eta iArng ra ihanh lAp nhuitg tu sAch chnyen mon v^ nganh &qi-Hqc nhtr Triity V^n, Stf, Khoa-ltgCy Yhoc t'.v... va mit nha xu/it han lay ten la a&ALHOC» tin hauh nlueng sAich vd-l'ien soqn ra. I{leng vlS uganh /Itchy cltAug toi thi^t ttroftg giAo str hltong iii th) giir va sire lire /// lam viie t6 v) ^a mat nhiiSti gthr v/)o viic hien soqn hat vo" hjtoa hkng tiSng Viety nen tht^t fteomg pltai trong ehlrvao sir cSng tAc ciia sinh vien iang theo hoc iqi cAe nghfth ehuyen won ^6. Plttrcrng pluip lam vih, Ithili fhAre cing t/ic va nliS-ng kit Iqri rieng clto sinh vlen trong cong viic Jfch tlmqt /ly nhtr th^ nao, chiing toi eo Mp sAclt dieh /tan tien ctuinha xnat hAn cnift ^'
Cuin «Phtrffng phAp Inqns cSa Descartes va mit vai cttin th N^ny^"
"Jiclt trong nien k^tU i957^i958 va Unit tmic Cao-FOtt liiAn sihi t-hiru Iqi, viAt llrigi&i thieu tAc gia va tAc phan ChAng toi uiong rkng nhiritg cnin ,Dtra vao Tri^t
. K Jaspers va cnin uNlian vf va t)nh yeuy)-cua j an Laeroix se itrqc xtiAt tan li^n s/ut cnin Phrirng phApUJnnay
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T'INH cam VA BO^I SOI^G Bi^O BLTC cOa Jc.0n Lacroix
PHUOTNG PHAP LUAN
cua Rene Descartes
NHAN V| VA TiNH YEU
cua Jeijp Lacroix
BUA VAO TR8ET HQ€
cua Jaspers
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Nha xuat-baii Bni-hoc hdn^hnnh cho xu'at-bdn. quijen a Phirong-phap-luan » cua Descartes.
De ginp vdo vice hicii biel mat irict-gia da ma man cho lriel~hoc cAn-dai va da gaij ra mot h^-lhong tiV'liTong tiep tiic den ngay nay, cluing l6i xin irinh bay sau day mot vai n/iri/i xet ve «Phirong-phap~Ingny> va ngi-dung cua tAp sack ay.
Pene DESCARTES sink Igi LaHaye, tinh Touraine (Phap') ngay 31 thdng 3 nam .1596. Ong Ja con thir ba 6ng Joachim Descartes, co-vdn Nghi-vign Rennes, va bd Jeanne^Brochard. Ong mo cdi me tir luc mot tuoi, vd daac bd ngogi nuoi dirang. Ngirai (a khong hay biet gi bao nhieu vc khpAng dai nien-thiea cua Rene Descartes : sau nay, c6 khi ong nhac Igi mot vdi hodi niim tronq khoang dai do, nhivng chi de chi'eng to qud-lrinh tir-tieang cua Ong hone de giai-thich tu tnang do, cha khong phai de tim 'Igi it nhi'cu cuin xdc cua thicu thai.
Nam 1606, Inc 10 tuoi, DescarLes dm/c nhgn vdo hoc tgi Trirdng cac Cha Dong Ten de la Pl'cche (Col lege des Jesuitcs de la Fli'che), O" do, ong ditac ini-dai,
^mdt le vi tie-chdt Ihong-minh, mot le vi si'rc khoe kern. Descartes sc cho ta biet nhiPu han vc nh~rng nam hoc
tap cua Ong : suot cA phun I cua Phmyng-phiip-laAn se ddnh de kicm-diem thdnh-tich nhrnig niim hoc Idp ay.
Descartes rdi Trirdng la Fleche nam 161i, vd den liQC Lugl tgi Poitiers. Nam 1618, Ong di d'aii gudn a Hoa-Lan. Thdng 4 nain 1619, Descartes rdi IJda-Lan di Ban-Mgnh, roi den Bite qnoc vd gia-nhgp^ qadn-dgi
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Quart chua Maximilien de Buviere. 'Thdng llj ^ng
Ndm 16il- cuon tcSuy-luo ng ve nhiing vdnde siea hinby) (Mcditaliones de Priitta philosophia) dirge xudt
s
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ghn thanh C/Zm, vd ngdg tO thdng dg ben crnih Id &
6<5n bang lieng La-tinh. (Sdch dg dugc cong tti&c de
su&i, Ong da song cdi dein lich-sir, Idrn than pfian kh&i Ig thirdng, vi Ong ittang do. tint ra anhu-ng nhi
tang cua mgt khoa-hpc dang khdm-phijc». Vd iiJiir th^,
sau khi da nhgn ro chi-hir&ng cua mink, ndm 1620,
Descartes tir bo ddi song qadn-nhdn, rngt giai doqn
khong hiem chuygn phiea-lirii kg thu inhn chinjen md
moi ngircfi d'cii biet. Id Ong dd dung girom cua 6ng md
bat huge mot hgn thny-thu dinh giet Ong, pbdi dira
:
Ong gdn Idnh d^n next hdi-cdng") de Idm nj^t cugc da
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Uch tie mien Bdc nu&c -Birc qua lioa-Lan, voi tr&
Phdp ndm 1622.
Ndm 16^7, de c6 the yen tinh md suy nglii vd nghien
cuu nhung vdn~d'S tri^t-ly, Descartes Iqi trc; ve a H6 hay aThe-gic^^
I'dt^^h sdch bno gdm cd vgt-ly thuyel, sinh
Ono '^*^n-tdng sieu-hinh cho vu-tm quart cua dinh cho'^ah't <^"9 da boll
ban be c^n , j' J' -^rd khdc, Ong muon cho
nhir the nh^ ve phuc/ng-phdp cuy mmh, ug
"aZiitvn iro-i^h nhreny ciidc tbl
sny-ludn cua
lienq Phdn Descartes da cho xudt-bdn bang
^'bihode) cd'^oh" '"fbu-ang phdp luan,, (Dzscours de la
P'niqae) „d „er 1 !" ae eQuang.Jzooz, (Dio-
'■■•"'B bdn d iT n (Geometrie-) hai phc„ sau nig.
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Luynes dick ra ti^ng Phdp ndm ?6"47). D^n ndm 76^4 sdch «Ngiiycn~ly Triet-hgcy> (^Principia Philosophiae) ra dcri bang tieng La-linh (vd cung dircrc dich ra tieng Phdp urio ndm 7647). Sdch nag trinh bay Iqi iihrmg i) Zfien can-ban cua sdch tcThe-gidi ludti», nhirng dic&i mot hinh-thirc de gidng day. Caon khao-luan ve aXuc cam cna Unh-bon» Les passions de I'dme) Id tdc-phdm
cadi cung dmrc xudt-bdn Uic sink thai cua Descartes (7645).
Ndni 7645, Ntr-hodng Christine de Suede khan khodn mat Descartes den Stockhoem. Ong da do-d^ nhihi, vd miidn xin Nir-hodng mien cho Ong choc hdnh trlnh^ do; iihirng ciioi cung Ong qnyet-dinh di, vd thdng mir&i ndm 16i9 Ong den Stockhoem. Nhan mqt bnoi dq-yen c6 khieii-ou de mirng hoa ir&c West' phalie kdt-thuc cugc cbidn-tranh Ba muai niim, Des cartes the tlieo y mudn cua Nir-hodng da Idm nhung lai tho' cho budi khieu-vii, vd nhir the ()ny da phqnt
den mot dicu kieng cir cua Ong : biiih sinh ong van thich Idm Ihi, nhicng nha Iqi rang Socrate chi Idmthi luc sdp ch^t, ne-n Ung sp- Idm thi Id mM diem chdng Idnh cho Ong.
Vdo cu6i thdng gieng ndm 1G30, m6l bnoi sang serin Ong den dicn Nu-lwcuig vd bi cam'hdn. Vdf uyay sau dug bi clmmj sung pbdi. t.d Ong lit fSn Ihlui 2 uuni mo. m-hbi Ong da .Uroc cha ue Phup nnm 1667 va un-Umg Igi Thd,di-dad:ig SaiuL-Oermmzi des Pres.
Descartes Id m^t tarn hon c6 qaqnh.
saij-aam finm uong trong ibii sir tim biet. Liic dda Ong ..h? cbi nham s gm^t tim thd vhi ti-ong sir hiU bict, va ohi
i^uc-dich Id (lirffc suy-gam trong cdnh cd-tich, khong nghT den viic xudt ban mot Idc-plidm ndo^.
Sti that Id nhirng phdt-minh lodn-hpc, ciing nhit Id Phirang-phdp vd Siea-hinh ciia Ong, denkhdng dupe ai hag biel cho den J:hi cuon aPhirong-phdp ttjgn» ra dai. Nhung, lug khong Ihem nmon danh- ^d'lg, khong chu-tnrang cdi-to tir-lir&ng, chanh-tri,
ton-gido, Descartes da nhgii-dinh minh c6 nhiem Mm hi cho nhdn-logi. The nghla Id Ong cho rang ^hoa-hoc chdn-chinh phai bien-doi diea-kipn vgt-chdt cm dbi song, phdi dcm Iqi nhung phdt-minh ccr-khi di Idm cho cupc sinh-hogt con nguoi b&t cue nhpc, Hnh tat dupe chua Idnh, phong-tiic dupe cdi thigti. ^hu iht, Descartes da. hu&ng ve trao lua ccr-khi, ky
nghe vd g-dupc khoa-hpc.
Ngubi fa thubnq bdo rang tri dc cua Descartes Id /"I oc cfio the-ky XVll, vd ngubi ta cung de-cgp d^n
yan-Ado cda
Anh I ^^^9 Descartes da gag tn6t vn / y^gcl-dinh khong nhung vc mat khoa-hoc nua^ '' md cd v'i mat vdii-chuong
Z7u"'r,:'> ™ "o"" ™ Zo 'lian-ti-ong cho ties-
«-"cbranchcl,i 'T' t"'' "" Loibnu
■ ca theo ccr-cau do tu-taing Descartes.
'^IfcZscnrZ' <^bmig la that kho bii 7'' Mi 'rbn,.!Z" '•'•'-'''"get Desll7eZ7ZdLr'' caj tesianisme) "f" va ■ mot ph'^i^ So]
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khdc Id tri^t-ly cua Descartes. Hoc tbag^t Descartes bao gom nhung y-niem khdch-qaan, pho-qudt, trixu lupng, v6 ngd nhu nhung chdn-Uj khoa-hpc. Vd nhu the no CO mot so phdn rieng ; no khong phai Id mot tdm-hon, mot y-thuc, md no Id mot tham-vpng dgt d^ti
khoa-hpc thai. Vi vdy nghien cuu hpC'thuyel Descartes thagc phgm-vi lich-sir khoa-hpc, vdn-hpcod nghe-lhugl, triet-ly ciia Descartes ila philosophic de Descartc.s) bao gom tu-tu&ng locin-dien cua Descartes, /«( Ihnpc
phnm-vi lichsu Irict-hac. 0' day, chdn-ly Id. hdn, mot iihdn~ui, mot y-thuc . . . stnh hoqt vdi ngi-dang v6 ciing phong-phu vd tdn-ky.
Nhu the tu-luang cua Descartes vita Id mpt trgt tu ly-tri, vita Id mot ducrng loi dny-Unh.
Troiig Phuang-phdp ludn, Descartes chep thiin lich-su tdm-Unh cna Ong ; trong nSuy-t^^'^9'^ Meditations, Ong Iqi se cho ta biet chinh lich-su n linh cua Ong cting Id lich-su cua TAM-LJt^^'
Viel bang tieng Phnp, vd ngay tit can dau, tiigen IjS' tinh-cdch pho qudl cua ly-h'i, I'huong-phdp dd vita Id mdl ^di iira, vira la. mot cony cupc qnang ^ Descartes muon cho cong chung de I!
pfidp cua Ong, md Ong Ity-vpng biet bao phcU m ^ sail ndy cd the I/urc-/dd/i dupe nha phircrng-p "P Ta cung nen de y rang cho den ndm id'oO,
tes chl Idmpt nhd hdc-hpc. ^
ve the-gidi md Ong inndn tim hieti rd g!<^i
lod". Ong tin rang Khoa-hpc se yen "^'^thien abi sniig, yd ti i-lne con ngubi phai xoag nhien de chinh phuc no. SU- .,ao-lhac da Icun-hga, Ong cM
chdc thqt, thi hdnh-dong khong the tu-do : tritcrc khi triet-phd mot ngoi nhd de xdy-d(zng Iqi mot ngoi nhd khac, thi « can phai kiem m^l no'i ndo cie-tru tiin-
lai irong tl.M-gian ngiM l» 'i"" "'f
-Zai>.. Vi th'e Descartes lai dira ra a- day 3 qm.iuc hap . thanh mot ladn-Uj tam thai irong khi chir dai QiH ptidp d&t-khodt ue hdnh-6t CO „ ^Cogui ergo sam).
no hiin''h^a^lJ'f° '"f 'd lai hdo
cho SIT Vdf ' each ngogi tgi . «o dugc.m.J:^ A-/.oan^ cdc7, /^3an
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Chi CO nhzT-ngZ""..'"'' ^^r-nhan cua toi : « .tc J ^ 9'
khong bao nburng sur
cho riino di;V buu md toi xdc-nhd
r -1... fUA4 rr^^.' * khi tA.- cda; tKtoi ehung no cd Ihdt. Trdi ^
'^9^, thi tU'tiro-ng Id chinh q^^'i b'^hg
^ md TiA
a'dc nhgn o- giira ■
PHAt^ THT> NHJt
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phu'O'ng-phdp-Iu^n I < '^
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c6 the tien xa hern nhieu nhu-ng ngu-o-i chay ma tach xa ho-n diro-ng thang
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VAI NHAN-XET VE CAC KHOA-HOC
T'mh-eaeh quan trong cda phu-o ng-phap. Khong ph6i nha ^ do-i, lu-o-ng-tri la cai
Khong ph6i nha CO trHue hon ngu-ai ma Descartes cJqt den nhu-ng phat minh, nhu-ng la
phu-ong-phap
Phan toi, toi chu-a bao gid dam nghi rapg trf-tue cUa t6i hoan toan ho-n tri-tu$ ngu-d-i thu-d-ng mot cho n^o ca ;
nhieu khi toi lai u-o-c ao c6 tir ttrd-ng nhanh ch6ng, c6 tri tu-d-ng-tiro-ng ro r^ng minh-
'V.
lu-ong - tri, nhu-ng Phan chia dfeu nhat: bS-i chinh nha phu-ang- ai cung dSu ,in rang minh phap ma ngu-6i nay day di lu-o-ng-,ri d«n nSi ngay hon ngu-oi khdc. nhu-ng ^ke kho 1km cho vu-a
thu-6-ng g cuno cung kh- khong ao ircrc - c6 them. Ve "ong A '- mpi cai khac,
hhong 8 Phai ohai ^r,r^; moi ngu-o-i x • deu v. nhSm , ,* lln, nhu-na aiem d.ln ^
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no I RENlt DESCARTES
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ngo- vu-c mlnh ho-n Ik tu- man. mk mgc dSu Mc nhin hknh dgng va <:ac cong v.?c c5a tS, c5 moi ngu-o-i vo-i dSi mil tri?, n an, toi t ay au nhu- khong c6 mot cdi gllk thkng hao huyen vo-ich, t6i van thay hM Ibnc L- tT" t
lu-b-ng da thu-c hien du-o-. t
hoki bko nhmng hy yol |- ^ "V ™ trong cac cong y;^, '"--ng-lai, do'n nSi nfu cai gl tot dep vb on "g^o-i chi c6 mot
chmh lb cai toi da ch^ d^^c ' ""
do-i, chac la ho cho minh la tai ba ho-n nhfrng ke ho muon d^y va neu ho so-suat mot chut g\ thi ho thirc dang tract. Nhu-ng vi chl dira tieu-iuan nay ra nhu* mot chuyen hay lb •neu doc gia thich ho*n, nhir mot chuyen bien ngon trong d6 ^iira nhirng gu-cng mau ta c6 the noi theo, c6 le cung c6 nhu-ng
dieu ngtrb*! ta c6 ly de khong noi theo, toi hy vong rang nhu* the lieu-luan nay se hiru ich cho mot it ngu*6*i, ma khong c6 hai cho ai ca va vl the moi ngu-b-i se hieu sir thanh th|t cua
tot
Lich-tpinh giao-hu^n eua tae-gi^ va
Muc-tJfch cOa ti6u l"9n nay : pha-bien
Tuy nhiSn, CO thi la toi 15m, Vk cai mk ,e; ,^5,„g |k vkng
nhu-ng nhan-xet ve khoa-hoc.
phttong-phap vd ,hd thach gid.tri cOa no
kim cu-o-ng ^.^ng qua Ik mkt chm To?
Giao hudn dau lien cOa tdc-gia.
T\V buoi thieu thbi toi da
u:
b.St Chung ,1,5 13". v5
nhu- nhu-ug pH^„ ^ =htfng ta ^uc nko, cung ngo- nhu- the n^ m c},; I,' a ta nghi '*® tiao, kk; chung •- "ho ntoi :: Tki sung. la nhnng cott dttdug ,ei ds ,1" " '15" 1""" ; ".at bnc ttanh d " 'Hi -ac d"i -ai ta va "Ko- nghe bie't uuan ticn hoc fea khac 7^ 00^ nuen dkng. .Mtn vko nhmng \ r" Z
Wong..enHqeH,i;j~ ck mo. quen dung. '» tnem vbo nhu-ne ... .a:
_ mai mlet theo dot van-chu*crng, kaf, toi lb nhb- van-chu-o-ng ta c6 the c6 diro*c vb ngtrb"! - » f- .k.'fr ro rbng vb chac-.chan ve tat ca nhirng gi hiru- mbt kibti'tn , f ' l >* k a *»■• " • song' nen toi da het su*c ham muon tneo duoi ich vu-a khi toi hoc xong nhu-ng Ibp hoc ma van-ng ?• ^ diroc li$t vac hang hoc-gia, toi da hoan toan sau db ng J^hong biei bao nhieu thay doi y- n^i blnh nhu- toi chi rut diro-c mbt hobi nghi va
di^u Vi
- cai dot cua mnt"* ^ ... ^5 ligc cr mbt trong nhu-ng iru*b*ng danh
A . .. ® Nhu- th^, A
® C'hu'O'ng ti?n
i)
.
P^^-o-ng phap toi fchbng phbi ,
nliu-ng mb db ne thee d^ J T- ^ c«a t6i th^ tnc - ^tet t6i da da co " gan^ ^ , Kirb-ng , dan ,< ly-tn, iNhu-ng ke vS no,,. A Wcng dan ly tn.
ngu-c dem ^ . j,,,.
^uyen tac ra
^u^Chbu la no-i mb toi tirbng rang nhat thiet cb tieng nhat .hfing-thai, neu tren qua dat nay c6 mot cho dirg-c nhu-ng nha
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nio li c6 c4c nha thong thai. Toi da hoc d^-o-c tSt c'a nhu-ng
gl ma mo. ngu-6-; hhac hoc du-o-c 6r d6. v& ho-„ nS-a, hoc nhu-ng
^oa-hoc ngn-o-i ta day 6- d6 toi vin chu-a ctho li di, ,6i con
doc cua nhmng^aach v6- ndi vS nhu-ng fchoa hoc ngudi ,a cho
a ky d.cu va h.cm c6 nhat t6i c6 thS tin. dup-c. V5 chang,
khong^he Th-r^h^T^ r' \ toi thay hp cho toi thua kdm cac bat, dSng aong cda tm da-a la ttong ban hp dd c6 ngu-di d.p-, chon thay .h^
cac bac thay cua chune tAj \/i ,
cia chung ta c6 nhiSu thi" -'T
Nhu- the toi ddm tu- nhin gian n.y khSng c6 mS, hoc-thuTdt nJo
da tem cho toi mong tudng ttudc.
Vai nhan xet vg eao*^on hoe Icjiae nhau
Lai-ich cOo Chung. Tuy ,hs tei vln nhan ,hay
phu-(rng-phdp'lu|n I 23
tirang d?p de nhat cua ho. Toi cung blet khoa Hung-Bi^n c6 nhirng jnanh lu*c vl nhtrng ve dep v6 gla, va Thi Tho* c6 nhirng diem my-mieu v& nhirng net em dju quyen ru du-o'c long ngu"©"]; khoa Toan hoc c6 nhirng phat-minh rat te nhi, c6 the giup nhieu vko viec thoa-man nhu-ng ke hieu-ky va lam cho c5c cong nghe ihanh de dkng val giam bat sire lac dong cua con ngu-oi; nhirng sach vo* viet ve phong hoa chira dirng nhieu chi bac nhleu lo-i keu gol thurc-hanh nhSn-du-c rat la b^ ich; khoa Than-hoc d^y cho ta biet tlm du-o-c thien du-d-ng va khoa-hoc triet-ly cho phu-o-ng tien de noi tnot cich ho-p ly ve moi su- va lam cho nhirng ke kem hoc phai than-phuc
khoa Luat-hoc, Y-hoc v^ nhirng khoa hoc khac dem lai vinh quang phu quy cho nhirng ke theo dbi chung : va sau het, toi biet rang cung nen hoc qua tat ca nhu-ng m6n hoc d6 ngay ca nhu-ng mon hoc dj doan nhat la lam lac nhat, de biet chan gia tri cua chung vh de khoi lam l^ic theo.
Nhu-ng toi tin rang da ton
'li. PS' '.
cac tru-d-ng. Tci biSt ra ' r>,6n tJem d^y ^ rat can thiet cho si^ ^ ngiro-i hoc O" trird-ng cua cac chuy^n bi^n ngsj'!!
nhungh^nhddngddnggh: ^ie't 'han vk „e-u dpc mfi, f cua hch-au ndn^ ^cac ^upc ,inh l-V^n .c phan-doin vh ^o J' «'<5p cho sp huJn V- nhung ngu« hoc J'' cac sach 3y ; ■ *u-c cua nhu-ng ,hS Ij ,^a can nhlc d6 U top. ctf^c din. .hopi tac.g.a Chi cho ta ,hay nhung .u
i
Tgi saO tac gia tO' kha nhieu thi gid- ve cac co b6 cac khoa-hoc kia ngir, de doc cac sach co thu-, va cac truy^n thu-c cung
nhu* cac chuy$n bien ngon o- cac co-thu* ay. Dim thoai vo-i nhirng ngu-o-l thuoc cac the-ky khac, cung chang khdc gi di du-lich, Ta nen biet qua ve cac phong-tuc cua cac dan-tqc khac nhau, de c6 the phan-doan phong'luc chung ta dung ho-n, va de chung ta' khong con cho rang cai gi nghich vo-i Idi sinh-hoat cua chung ta la nirc ciro-i hay nghjch ly nhu* nhirng ke chu-a he thay gi thu-6-ng nghT. Nhu-ng khi ngu-o-i ta dung qua nhieu thi gid- de du-ljch ngu-o-i la thiro-ng xa 1? vo-i
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y;lh'24 RENE DESCARTES phu'O'ng-phdp-lu&n I 25
que-Kiro-ng) va kki ngirai ta qua to mb ve nhiriig each sinh hoat cua nhu-ng th€-k^ triro-c. ngu-6-i ta trb- thanh d^t n^t vS nhirng tuc le ug^y nay. Ho-n nira, uhirng chuyen co-truyen \hm cho ta tu-b-ng lu-o-ng nhl^u viec nhtr U c6 th^ xby ra, khong the ngay ca nhu-ng traag su- trung thanh
,v ^ '^hay doi hay ph6ng d^i gia-trjj cac su- viec m c o c ung dang doc ho-n, thi it ra cung luon luon bo qua nhtrng ho^an cbnh t^am thtr^ng vb it vb vang nh^t ; do d6
mubn nhu-ng ke vii nuoi nh^ng hJ^T b' t' ki^m-khach ti^u-thuy^t — , "hu-ng y-djnh vu-o-t qua sire minh.
nhirng t6i cho^^ng' Hung-bi^n va toi yeu Thi Tho*. han ia nhu-ng ket- nhirng thien tki iuan hung hon nh^"^ T"! ^^^"8 ngu-o-i c6 Ibi iy
rat Co the thuvift "ghlen-ngam tir tu-b-ng cua ho
ho chl n6t du- theo nhu-.'ng cai ho neu ra.
(
h"V= oc kho Knoa tu ,0- . -1"= Bretagne v| khong bao gio- nhSt, ,k big, ^ nhirng ke c« nhu-ng phat-minh hay d?p
nhung „h^ ,b„ ," "if h hoa-my vk 6n, diu nhgt, bin
hi^ chac chan va h'"' l^ioa Toan hoc vi ly-Iuan cua
''■f. thuc cul L r°: -^-8 "sK? miy V V tuong n6 ch5 gidp cho cac c6ng
=hun VI '«y 1. .ai aao n^en .Jngcua „6 chSc
"Hvr nhar' tJn "vS' ' t "f cung dl^n n Phong-K6a thirc il
hf
^ Vr' V
dtro-c xay tren cat bui bun lay ; ho tang boc cac nhan dire
len that cao vk cho cac nh^ln dire kia !a cao quy nhat b- db-i,
nhirng hp khong day cho ngu-b-i ta du hleu biet cac^nhan du-c
do, vb doi khi c5i ma ho goi bang mot danh tir hat sire dpp
de chi la "^9* cam, mot t?t kieu cang, hay la mot
tuypt vong, If v^s*0' mot — • toi • sat nhan.
Tbi tbn trong khoa Th^n hoc cba chbng ta vb cb gSng ho-n
h^t a moi ngirb-i d^ diro-c len Thien d^ng. Nhirng vi da bl^t chan rang dirb-ng Ibn Thibn &ang la dirb-ng mb- chung
krrne ke dot nat nh^t cung nhir cho nhirng ngirb-i thong
k'-"hat va cac chan-ly mac khbi dSn dat Ibn Thien Bang- TJhtn .am tr! tu? cia chdng ta. nan toi Uh6ng con dam V ii luSn thSp hen cua .6i ml cfru xet. Va to. ngh. rang
- khao sit cac chan-lii ly va thanh cong trong v.ec di
phai c6 mot su- gifip d5- phi-thu-6-ng cua Chfia va phat
vu-9-t hin con ngu-pi. ,
vg khoa Trift-hoc. toi chl muSn n«t mo. d.eu nay ; n6
-s
dmPC ttghVen ngSm bol nhirng bo 6c minh man da song tu i" nhiatt th^-ky txtroc, .h« ml hhSng c6 mot d.eu g ngmo-. V « ki^n v6-i nhau, vl boi d6 khong c6 d.eu g. II khong
ty{.
bi ng6-, vl thiy the nen toi kh6ng qua tu- man, vl by dang ngm , ^ khac b- trong mon n^y ;
e? th^nh cong ho-n cac ngu-o-i Knac e vong se ^ ^ , g- nha thong thai da
. ■ At rang ve chi mot van-de tnoi,
va lai , -v » L-^ i. r, nipm khac nhau, ma bao gib- khong"b^et bao nhieu qtlan-niem Kn<»^ , ,, du-a ra kn<^"8 , £„ -a: ai chi c6 ve dung ;
hi c6 mot la dung thyc, nen cai g« .
.ho hSu nhtr Ik sai lac thi , 11 L 1 u chinh vi chiSng rut ckc
, : dbi vb-i cac khoa hoc khac. chinn /
, , , V If u,^,.ra nen tbi cho rang ngiron
, *tf cua chung tir tnet hocra, ° v
nguyc"'* ^ j V. V -u^c chan tren nhu-ng nen
,. the xby du-ng mot cai gi chac ci jjhoDb ta
''I
\ C .■-••, '• \ ■; w-
***
I
26 1 RENE DESCARTES
tang kem virng vang nhtr the diro'C. Con danh vong hay tien iai cac khoa hoc ay hu-a hen, thyc khong du de l6i keo toi hoc hoi. Vl nho* en tren, toi khong g^p phai mot ho^n canh
bat buoc phai phai lay khoa hoc latn ke sinh nhai, dau toi
khong chuyen khinh-miet danh-vong nhu- m6t nh^ * khuyen
nho ^/toi vin khong coi lei gl cai thu* danh-vong toi chi c6
the c6 du-o-c nho* nhu*ng danh hi^ugia tra. sau h^t doi
vo-i nhu-ng ta-thuyei, toi tin'rang toi da biet kha nhieu ve ia
iTi cua chung de khoi phai lam lac, ho^c bai nhirng hu-afTn
r\
cua nhu-og nh& luy?n kirn, hoac bo-i nhu-ng lA-J • f
^ , . , . ® tien-tri cua tnot nha chiem tinh hoac b^i nhirng dieu eJa d"' ♦
jV
w:.
II'
^Chu-ang-tnnh mot loidao.iuy^n mai nha kinh-nghiem vd suy-ludn ca-nhan.
, , , - ^cn luoi cho Phep ,o. ,hoa ,ch c^e thSy hoc, ,o. hen bb hin khoa van
• lo-n nhat toi da rut ra du-pc 6- day la thay nhieu dieu, cai 1^' , ta thirc la ky cue vli nirc cu*6*i, ma van d^j do ^ j*n,tAc 16-n khac nhat tarn thira nhan va tan dt^p-c nhteu dan .
toi da tap dirpc cai tinh khong c^in tin mot each th^nh n nhirng gi toi da chi tin vi gu-cng ke khac, hoac
bk„_.ha„ ,6i „e„g quyt'siribTcit
:haC qua ct
4^ 'va
nhu- the, dan dan toi bo dirpc nhieu dieu nham-
dung nbnng „gSy vu.„„_
vi g^jjg ly. nhien cua chung ta va l&m §..• CO tnO _ , I -v.. , •j'. I- _T ♦: I MI LL!
I: ^'l
1| CO
-bung
kem s^c hieu biet le phai ho-n. Nhu-ng sau khi de hoc hoi nhu- the trong quyen sach vu-tru
« >.nK ,inb V. 'mty, vi-;
"king la'T-""/" "l"" 'Si Phai, ""-hVX: ho. b" nbyng t "■" yi,e „Sn h'' 3uy ^/J-h i'--ng nhyng trong
==-a-h6i kbfc
•lui den, |,i v4 jv 1'"^,"" "''''"g cube gg^ ''•^P
,1
f-uu thu ll " "2''' rfc sy cy cho hp.
ft nam
d^ dung nghiem mot ngly kia toi da quy^t gang
S ff chinh minh toi va diing tat ca nhirng nang Ipc » hoc o- cnio" *"*" . - - o o o . djnh 'j%. -Uon lay nhirng du-o-ng loi phai theo. Toi tuo-ng ■f tu? de cii. . . . _ . .. Ci\a »' dS dem Iai cho toi nhieu thinh-cong horn la ^ dieu do oa ^^ng Lo-D toi da khong xa lia que hu-cng va sach vo-. t^ong
V. •, 'iv
i'- "-f
T^r
■IM •
phiro'ng'phSp-luftn 29
PHJN TH& HAI
NHU-NG QUI LUAT GHINH CUA
PHirO'NG PHAP
Luc bSy gidr toi 5- Bu-c ; toi da dfn dSy vi chiSn tranh chu-a ch3m du-t ; v'a lie toi di du- II dang quang hoang-dl 1 tro- vl quSn ngu 14 lie mua dSng bit diu, ,61 phli dtbng lat tnqt feng nhi, 6, di khong ei ai dltn-dao, gili-trl, vl
dang khae cung ntay khfing c6 nSi lo ling hay eln. .inh nao lam ban ,ong aunt ngly tii ntll, .„p, ntlnh trong ntot phnng sum, O- dly tSi c6 du thl gio- nhan rSl dl nob suy tu-o-ng. ^ nghien ngam
Nhu-ng 1^ do khi^n tae gi& kifen, scat lai kifen thu-e cfia minh.
ngoi nh^ do mot kicn true sir xSy cat va ho^n thilnh thiro-ng d§p va cSn <5oi hen nhirng nha cira ngirei ta co va vm bang each dung nhirng vach tireng ngiy tru-ec dinh dung vao nhirng vice khac
Cung the, nhu-ng do-thi xira, ban dau chi U nhirng x6m nho, qua thei gian ke tiep da tro* thanh nhirng thanh phd len thueng thleu cSn dol biet may, khi dem so sanh vei cac do thi c6 lep lang ma mot nha ky sir da xSy theo sang kien cua inlnh tren mot canh dbng bang, dau rang, neu dem xem xet tu-iig ngoi nha mot cua do thi cu ay, ngirei ta van thay c6 my thuat bang hoac nhieu hen cac nha cea cua th^nh pho kh^c : tuy nhien khi thay chung deq-c xfp dat dSy mot cai len, d6 mot cai nho, lilm.cho deeng pho cong co va thieu deu dgn, ngu'ei ta phai n6i rang chinh cai ngau nhien chu khong phai y muon cua nhirng con ngeei c6 ly tri da xep d?t nhe the kla. Va n^u ngeei ta xet rangthei n^o, tuy th^, cung c6 cac cong chec ma nhi?m vu \h. xem chirng nha cira te nhan de chung c6 the giOp vSo ve d?p cSng cong, ngirei ta se nhan th^y r5 rimg la r^t kh6 mk thirc hien nhung c6ng
^h6ng nhat
klen thCrc
o) Nguyen Iv.^ iv/T-a. ,
1- . ^y'-— Mot trong nhirng y ^ . i» t ^ ^ "®n cua toi la nhan xet ranc nkr
cuqc hoan hao, neu ngeei ta chi su*a sang cong viec cua ngeei khac.
Bei d6 t5i nghT r^ng nheng dSn toe xea kla ban da man
A■ 'H:
do d6ng ntit ntlnh Ig Hao nhir i) Vi dy.— CKIng h,
"S"-"' ta thSy . .. "8 nhirng
-/ ^
r^l chi v3n minh h6a dSn din n£u ho chi lap luat 1? cheng nao se tai h?i cua tpi ac yk cua tranh chap bat ho phai lap, thi khong the n^o deec to chirc hoan hi nhe nhirng dSn toe ngay te bubi dSu khi m6'i hop lai. di luan theo nhirng phap cU cua mot nha l$p phdp. khon ngoan- Ciing nhe chilng ta
-vvr.-
30 j RENE DESCARTES phifo'ng-phdp'Iufin 3 I
1'^;:®/°" gSm nhu-„g |g lua. do mo, m.nh ThieT. Chua dat dinh, ,hl nhgt thi^, phSi c& mot tbh TIT ve nnu^ng sir vjer - loai - i .
dan Sparte'da rSt thinh^^^"''
tSt d?p cua tiog mSi mSt cr"®'i °
di^u luat that \h
chfnh b^i C.C d,o lulTtry^':
deu hiro-ng ve ni6t muc dfch ^ "en
c) Ap {^ung.—. y- ^ _ .
h9c trong sach v6-, U r 1:^ ^ ^^"8 nbfrng khoa
kha chSn v\ khong c6 '% ""
dtr^c cSu i^o v^ t6 bSi" d" ""d
nhieu ngird-i, thi kh&ng °^"-ng tir tiro-ng cua
g,a„ m,.
"l-^-.vSnhmog", vC T^-"' "-"h bay -otc^ch vi '^-•
con 1^^. rSng .g, j.
tir nhien vS <.& , ^ ^hanh v^ j- V - , ,
hu-on, g, due hu-^n, T
CO 15 khon , 8'®° '^"c ki^ ,. ' cic kbuynh-
"hfrng difeu tS.tC" " lusr?-^ .. . nbat. nhu- ,(,5 UI,. " '"°" dgy hio chung ta.
>-».- n " !V 'he kK6 ;r .
I"
'"™h ly ,r; hu.6n j' '°' mg u "h""®
® cung -"not
.:'> h^WuAu-p.n. j, ^
(^^ 1/-^, ,
ta phg jv , • CS .....^^
muon xSy d^ng , tthk cia cu, , , - --^
ihi^jj I «
:ira khong he thay
"-ch kh5c h,y 1-','^^"h Ph" ^h: vi
® t;ho cic dird-ng
pho dep de hen, nheng ta van ^hay nhieu ngu-ei pha nha cua ho de xSy lai va dot khi ho bi bat buoc phai lam the khi nha ho c6 ce nguy tu- nhien sfip xuong vli nen m6ng khong direc virng vang.
Tae-gia khong mu6n c^i-hoa Qu6c-gia, nhu-ng cai hoa tir-tiro-ng cua minh.
Theo gireng d6, toi tir nghT lang khong ly gl mot te nhan !ai muon du-ng len cai tao mot quoc gia bang each thay doi tat ca iir nhu-ng nen tang v^ bang each pha do de x^y dyng l^i, hogc cai t^o ca toan the khoa hoc, hay nhirng the ihec da thSnh lap a cic tru-eng d^ dgy cac khoa hoc Sy : nhu-ng t6i lir bSo r§ng, d^ii vo-i cac quan niem toi \in nhan tir tre6'c d^n nay, toi ngn c6 vu-t b5 h^t cung mot leet, d^ sau d6 c6 th'e chSp nhan lai nhirng quan-niem khac dung d^n hen, hoac chSp nh^n lai chmh gi&B quan-niem cu, sau khi da ray l^tri d^n do chung bi- V& t5i tin chSc rang, nhe pheeng th^ nay, t6i se th^nh c6ng trong su- Keeng dan dei toi mot c^ch ch^c ch^n hen la treeng hep tot chl xSy-deng trSn nhirng n^en tang cu ky va chi dea vko nhirng nguyen-ly . . • „k)c; Idc toi con tre ma chea bao toi da deec ngeei ta nhoi so luc
gio* xet xem chung c6 that dung khong*
Tuy ,61 „ha„ tha'y o dky uhihu khi khhn nhu-ng nhnng thi khan di khing phki Ik khong thS .hang Inot dn-oc, vt cung kh6ng thI dam so sinh vo-i nhirng khi khan ngn-6-. ,a
IT
■^.,. - ; ••- • ...
•>'».
32 RENE DESCARTES
sap phai trong.' vi$c cai t3o,nhu*ng gi nho mpn uhat liSn he
d^n dori sSng cong cong. Nhirng co--cau xa hoi 16-n ho kia kh6
ma dyng len du-o-c mot khi hi dap dS, vh. ngay ca 6in vi$c
Sitf cho khoi sup do khi hi lung lay, cung kh L ' T He chi giuP khong- phan-doan, ve thu3t cua^ L" ' bi^t nhu-ng diSu nhirng dieii ta xn e i l- l-v ,hirc ra diu ring luandy hoc bao ham nh.eu quy tac f ■ v' " hiru ich, no van c6 khong biel bao nhieu dieu rat dung V'^ muon phSn
tron Ian vao
bigt ra cung ^^i d5i v6-i khoa Minerve tir mo chuyen phan tich t o-i tr^-u urang vk hlnh nhu chung chi bao jbi khoa hqc dau luon luon giai • ■ , ft, rone-aung khong c6 m. kh6ng the luyfn han trong sir tirang-ttrq-ng, con 6- khoa tfip tri-tu? jma . ,, ^ II ft theo mot it aui-luat qui-luat hoc sau, thi ngu-ci ta pn
, i'i
• fiWy
vT •< •; ■'; ■•7: ••V
36 1 REN6 DESCARTES
m6t It con so, nen 'ngu-^i ta da l^m cho nd bien thinh "not ngbe-thu$t hon don mo- mil l^m roi lo^n tri 6c, kbong c^in mot kKoa-Koc mo- mang tri-tu$. Do d6 toi nghi rang pKai tlm ra mot pKirang-phap khac gom nhirng iru-diem cua '
a khoa-hoc kia khong c6 nhirng khuyet-diem cua chung* ^ cbmh su- nbieu luat-I? da thu-o-ng giup cho nKirng t|it lei ^^bu-a minh, bo-i the khi mot qudc-gia chi c6 ft du-o-c dleu-hba hen cac dieu Iu$t ay du-p-c tnan g,u- chat che hen; thay v! m6- khSng IS nhirng diSu
lusl LuSn-ly hoc, to! tin rang to! chi can bon dieu y *b6,, miln U t6i virng v^ng nhat quy^t bao gi^ cung tuin theo.
dieu oh L " Quy Iu§t dau lb khong nh^n mpt : nok- "tT" nhiSn bbSng ch^ tr^nh su- h^p-tbp vb thbnh-ki^n va
khong c6 lf_do dl hobi nghi nira.
*«ti-d^ khfi hhsr T- bai lb phbm nhirng "^^i^uphbn nhS h^T "f phbn chia ra t„ dl d.n, hen.
'"^8 «5i cC"T~ hu-&„g.ds„ ..r- ^""-gian vj dl nhan "b'-T nliirag doi-tiro-ng "say giiV, d^" pHfr^.^p „hS.,
1
t>hxr6'nfl-phfip-lu§n | 3^
Lugt kiem sS day du~ Quy-lupt cuSi cbng la Iu6n
Iu6n kiSm sS mSt c^ch dby db vb duy?t l^i m^t each tSng
quat the nao de cho toi c6 the tin chac ib khbng bo s6t mgt
cai gl ca.
Nhi>ng ap-dung va nhu-ng kgt-qu&
dau tiSn eua phu-o-ng phap.
NhirnK chuSi ly-lu9n ihu-I6p rbt do-n-gibn vb rSt de dbng
cac nha b^c hpc .h.^ng dung d= di de-n nbinug cWng-
^inh khd khSn nhSt. d5 cho toi co-ho. de ugh. "
. neird'i c6 thb nh^n thirc do-vc deu nm tiep pipi sy ma c
phad ™ns ^ .heo .hfr
" \ V y d.ln tc. c.i nay d^n c^. khac. .hi kh6ng
"" ' « xoi ml cuSi ckng ng.M .a khong d,. d«n_v, c6 g. ma q« « v- ,s,
\
kh-g CO g. qua b,ng
kh^g pha. va. ting nhpng d.e^u
•'
y
phung ci. gl: V ,tfrc nhl.. vl chang xl. .rong .a.
,du„g khac nhau nhu-ag Tu-" khong-khao IZ sat mot cat gi ngoai nhfi-nc i,^ "I"'" - L <^''5 Chang l-
»- ty 1^ l£, UU' khac nhau 1_ o* •» trong cac •• •'*
e to, khong thSy mot cdi gj do-n-g,J„ "'"'^"8 dad-ng. vl nh dung ,a ho„, hojc toi c6 th^ cac minh-bach ho-n; nhu-ng trdi lai
oao quat ^hung nhiSu cai n,St Iu-q., ° '=''""8 hay c ung bang nhu-ng ky-hiSu hat ,.'j-c n ' P''^' "^hla d'cyc tat ca o.-; .:_L t. _ ' , vii „l,;e .u» . = : nhu-ng khuy^t eiia Li
Qna th" i^hoa kia, <3"i luat V- f".'®' t,.5 d.'b-c ta, choc a"y ^5 ," '''''' each 7' Ph^n, ^
c dang den not chi tipng v^- ' "^y Del .1 '
'-irchl .5t ca nhung .ru-«,g h^p vS d.Su nguui ta um k^: nd chua d.ng ta. ca nhSng gl dem lai tlnh each chac ch^ cho cac pbip ^''7.^ t6i chSc ch^n xi-dung dirac Irtd trong n.oi ig phai Ih "'P' "i '°hn di, thi it ra cung h "" h d/ng dan nh^t vul sue ,6i. Ngoai ra- .6, con cam . U vr hInh phtro-ng-pKap nly i6i dan dan quen nhan ihly rang, ' • phin minh ho-n vl vi khSng ep ^ , ^ each bun tch trong c£c van de
thirc ddi t5i theo mot khu vyc clo rieng biet,
toi hy-vong se . hoc khac cung nhir toi dl xir-dung kh6 khan cua cac
■'■xW'%lm
40 RENE DESCARTES
«»'
'm
^ ' ■ .. .,
trong khoa d^i sS v§y. Khong phai li vj thS mh toi dam ra c6.^ l^hao a£t ngay tu- <3Su tSt ca nhu-ng kho khSn toi g5p phai vt ch.nh nh^ ihs U trai vo-i thu- tu- phu-o-rg phap Pay Ku,c pha, theo. Nhu-ng „h|n thSy ngng nguyen ]y ,ua cac khoa h.c khac deu „trp-n S- trigt hoc ca ma khoa nay toi kl,6ng htMTh--" .8h/rlng tttt.0 ch§n ds ■' "8uySn
pu- hSp tSp"vi°th^ h'k-"'"'lt,T" ^
ng nen co cong th^nh tyu tru-o-c khi t6i l- ho-ncai ,u5i hai ottncn ha ctka toi hSi do. vfl 'f" - , "t thi giS- d^ atVa so,n, K6a tSy kW - T' quan ni^m sai-lSm mh t6^ As .k I L
8om g6p th$t nhieu kinh k - ^''"•6'c ki^ cung nhir =Ko ,a,a f dem ta .m .ai pHap tQi (jg A " pHiro-ng
PhJn TH& BA
MOT IT QUI-TAC DAO-BCTC RUT TO" PHI/ONG PHAP NAY RA.
V^ sau h^t, ciing nhir triro'c khi bat dau xay dirng Ijii ai nhs TDinb fr, khong phSi dap dS nha cu va gom 86p v$t ||§a vk ttm ra kiSn true su-, hay tu- uiinh tap luy?n re khoa kien tnic, va ngoki ra hoa do uhh roo-i mot oar Miig p u ^ di. nhung con phai tin, ra mot ngSi nhk khac thukn ti?n trong Wc ,a .^y nhk mW, nhm vay do to, kho. 1 da trong hinh dong, Idc Iftri thi bS. th, p a, do d. trong iLn do^n vk dh ,thi vin c6 the .dng mo. each he. aae hanh phuc, toi da tu- tao lay mot iuhn ly l?m t a, c , bon qui tac, toi xin trinh biy vai doc-gia
Nhu*Kg qui-t^c d^o-dirc tarn tho'i
Qui-tlc thu- nbSt IS tuSn
toi, lu6n Iu6n gifr cSi ton-gi^c
Cho .6i, dtr,ye h,et ttr buo, ''«' = ■ ,j thon-ngoan ddng theo npmng qnan-n.em mi nhu g
„hat trong nhfrng ngu-o, to, ehung so thvc-hSnh. Vi da bat dau khinh bo cac q
1
iJ"'.
'"•v -'t..
42 RENE DESCARTES
<3e dem tat ca ra ma xet nen toi tin chic rang to! khong t6i t e han la the© quan-ni^m cua nKi^ng ngtro-j khon ngoan nhat. tuy rang gi&a dSn Ba-tir hay dSn Trung-hoa c6 the c6 nhirng ngtro-i khong ngoan khoag gi ngirm a.ung ,a. nh,rng ,6i thiSt-.o-ong b^. ch^&c ohung ngu-M
og Chung scng v6-. toi v5n hfru Ich ho-„ vk moon biet ::;Th:rmt'7''r '^-«^\'^^->^vdr:b.ng <--K o7ng .Krn:"-"'"\ ''' u' chinh ho khonu K ' 7" ' "1<1- "8-- trong vlec nhan hi"! " J7' '''"8 lu lu-ong
rhC::„"-"« "K qnan-niem ■'T 6n-hoa nkif. .. i. ^ nhi 1": nh^in <6. i t 14 vf .cons tru.fog.t"""
de thu*c-hank L t .t niot dang 1^ . ^ cKilt, k ^ o src hanh Ko-n va chac 1^ j- ' i ^*iUng thirang thu-6'nB li A- > dung ho*n ca . ^i[ v , 11, «
hua\7*Ch^ dtfng 14 ««« ohu-ng tSm LV ® ; ! ■ """Sn ngSn <>80., tial ^ , 7 V-dinh 7 L " "4n cho Pho^ '
dkm I, ^"'''''1< thong <°< let ''''' l<4o 77. ° o-o-ng-n,Si 7 .ha 7 ® "to- dt tt-y I '/:-. Ptai .nan .h7 m 8i- ,6i' 7-""' 7' *"'■ 'aSi - gifr <61 khcng «i cknVn - " 140, , ' de , >«' *'^ng .hiivk 8 «8ay ckng hoan-io^ti k 1 k A ' % ^o-n. chu- ^ua ® ^ c^ng ng&y
r »•* ■' r r * f
, -i" '
phircrng-ph6p>{u$n 43
vai cang sai Uc, toi se tu-cho II da ph^m rD9t loi lo-n doi
lircmg-tri neu mot luc nio d6 t6i da tan thinh dieu gi ml ve sau toi con bi bat buoc phai nhjin la dung, khi q6 le la mS da khong con dung nfra.
Qui tac thir hai ll phai het sire vG-ng vlng va cirang
quyet trong cGc hinh dong cGa toi vl mot khi da quyet nhjo ni9t tir-tiro-ng nao, dau la mqt tir-tiro-ng dang holi nghi nhat,
thl cGng phli b^n chi theo du5i nhir ih^ 11 cn9t y tiro-ng rSt
chac chan v^y. ff dly toi phai noi gu-o-ng nhirng ngiro-i di
diro-ng bi Ipc trong mot cinh ru-ng ; ho khong diro-c di^ loanh auanh luc phia nay l^c phia kla bay te ho-n, d6ng rr.a. m.^t
•r rhS nhirng phli di mai. nhim thing v^.mgt hir&ng ma 77 S:h;:t^H,.>H...>8n>orclcbngIonbi6n: f.hay doi vi nhung l^do nh6 u.,o dio ring vl,^ c6 16 lo= ho du ho kh6ng di ddng v6 no-, ho muon den, . I cms di d«n m9t nui nao ma ,6- d6 chac ban ho
7 du-^c y6n <4m bun giira mot cinh ru-ng. Va bo-, vay, .1 7 . kh6ng thS phin biet diu il qnan mem dung nhat, 7""h-ng 1""" "l^"" f"!' 7
7 li rit chlc-chin : cnoc sSng bat phai hanh dong.
ho Ph6p chin ohm do du, va ngay cS khi chung ta 7®"' thiy jan niem "ky c6 ve ding bun uuao-n.em khlc_, vL phli quy«< dinh theo mot ottan-nien, nlo do va «h""? og Phom vi thn-c hanh, pbli ven. no khdng pha. 7 holi nghi, nhung nbu il rat chin xac va rat
,,, lox"' v,s« '^1"!' tAi da c6 7 the ll tir ^do 77 vl chic chin. VI nhu vay t6i da c6 the ttr do
:hac '"7 'Vn"v! chan, » <1° ^ h4< ^ <» Ph4t
t afkhdi loi In nin hSi ban thtffrng lln. xac, xt,yen iuong .<-1' 1,.! ' '•. V " •' M '.V?
44 I RENE DESCARTES
- -''1^
phirvng-phfip-lD&n j 45
>rri • f'T.
nKfrng ySu duSi v| kHong vfi-ng vang. ,hu.6.„g ,hu-c
hinh mpt c£ch nh, df difeu no diSu kia nhu- Ik „hu-ng diSu
tot d^p ma.ve sau Ho l^i coi Ik xau.
Quy ba la lusn luBn cS ging thing ,6i hch i » ,dirffC
.tatu-nhien .. L'A chi L' ao ^6cnhu-ho8 SO % phan« 1/ VJ {> i. cua . chung
' nhu-lkc6th>d»,J,.... , .''"Sd.cumalytr.chu^^ . nh.lkcd.hkda.du.pc.boid/:""';^ ^ ^9i theo quan di^ nhJeU ^ vk toi tip
A \
;'
RENE DESCARTES
cKung ta mot {t anh sang de phSn bi^t cai th|t vo-i cai gia, nen
toi da kKongquyet dinh Ii3c den ih^-i phai diing tri doan
kKao xetlaicac quan niemcuake khac, tM toi khong tin diroc
i6i pbai dhnh theo cac quan niem ay m6t phut nSo:
i6i se khong vu-t hh dirq-c nhfrng ng^n ngai khi theo nhirng qua"
niem ^y. n^u tSl da khong hy vong rKng se khong bi qua dip
n^o t\m ra nhu-ng quan ni?m diing hen trong h^P
CO nha„g quan niem dUng ho-n. sau ,51 da kh6n„ ,hS h?n
che U-6-C vqng cua <51 vl cung khSng ,h^ ,u- ,h6a r^Sn da-?c
neu toi da khong theo mot con dird-ng nhd- d6 i6i W
chin se ,hu nhan du-q-c ,S, cj nhu-ng nh|n ,hfrc et c,hE hsc
n du-qe, va bol d6 ,51 cung b g, du-o-c, nha
nhi^ Cung mot
Phu-ong ,.§n d6 la cbic chan se ,hu nhan du-mq , . a.„g
d.eu ,h.5n cblnh ,huc mk ,51 c6 ,hS d?. du-qq . L A
ch. Chung ,a sSn skng ,heo hay .rilnh nhu-ng gi
ta quan QUni^me tStn hayw -w-a., xSu n$n _ a rh? .. .. S. k' _ A '^111 ^ chuo8
1 ft. 1 . , , " can phan doar. j - ..x the h^nh dgng dung, chi can nh' dn' »
can phan doan dung s• - * • • • *' . ♦
'> i: ■ V. . » ■• .••: - ••/• .7.:,
• "• ' ' ' . ' ' -Ir •"- . •' • '. .A'* ■■ • '
f y
^ I
.': >1;"' ^ : -• <•
- ;
PHJn THX!r TLT
. JVV ,fS ;m>-.i;!;- .■'11 1"-
:o >.
phircrngephSp-lu&n | 51
cbn s6t lai mot dieu g5 ]a ho^n to^n khong the nghi ng6'dtr^c.
BANG CHO-NG VE SIX CO THU-gNG-OE VA LINH HON CON NGUOI HAY lA NEN TANG CUA SIEU-HBNH HOC.
Toi khong biet c6 nen noi '■ Chang nna, .h, .6i cnng khong c6
hay p^ ,hn6c vio mp. cai gl ,5, 'J, ^ ^Thl cll bt J f hoSn toln
vh dl ,h| xac thSng c6 '"hi 'l" b I"
h- hhong te-m.
Vl .6iv6a f; .6i el;;:.'. t -- .hi ctS nhan .h"" =>' ^ diu. v?y toi c6. u- ■ .. , t6| ,
».» d j -"8 'a. c5 nhnng g ,h " "« 8\f V3t nao
mf rm
phu'0'ng>phfip-hifin 53
U nhfrng su- v$t cfaung ta quan niem dtro-c mot each minh b^ch.
Thwng-tjg • Nhxrng b^ng ehu*ng vS su* hien hu*u va ban tinh eua Ngai.
a) Chtrng^^^ JSu tien : Str io/ c6 y ni$m ue cdi hodn-^ hao.— Sati do, nghi ve viec toi ho^l nghi nhtr the ngbia 1^ ban tK^ cua toi khong hoan hao, vl cd nhien biet U mot sy ho^n hao ho-n hoai nghi nhieu, nen toi da "8 '
oan hao hen hoai nghi nhieu, nen toi "«
den viec tim x&tn bd-i dau toi da biet nghi tirdng den ^qt
xein bei dau toi da biet nghi tirdng den ^q gl ho^n hao htrn toi, tSi thay mot ckh hien n
lao ho-n toi, tSi thay mot ckh hien n i^n fang do phai ban the ho&n hao hen tSi. ^
" .. ... , s t _._ .a; Cbn ve
fang do phai ^Qt ban the ho&n hao hen tSi. "birag ^ niqtn tfii c6 ve nhtrng vat ngoai t6i n ^ ^
nhu-Qg 7* ''•L'
y ni^m do ca dirg*c d?t vko ncri toi do mot ban tinh nao kbac. that hoan hao hen toi va c6 tat ca nhirng thir hoan hao toi c6 y ni$in diro-c, nghia U n6i ro ra mot each van tat &6 III Thiro-ng-Bc
fe) CAu-ng ly thu hai: thieu hoan hao cua toi-— Xhem ma ■■ L'' "shT rang vl toi biet diro-c mgt it cai ho^n hao chinh to, khong h'e c6, nen toi khong phai Ik ban the doc
Pha. L.- "^hng or day nhirng danh tu- cika tnet hoc kinh vi^n) „hu-ng chkc chin cSn phai c6 mo, dang hhac hokn hao hon. mk thi ph„ thuoc vko, va nh^ ngki
kholg otl ' Vt toi la doc nhat vk minh wnc- CO dQiro-p -l*. » • . .
cnng tokn thien thi h" J
»" tat ca t nhirng , ^ el mk —vaM i -v lU ^ ty minh toi c6 them dyyc toi da la.vo cuna ^ thieu nhu* the chmh tol.n nang, o) va Va Sail cn ilCt k*- cA f** l^hong ** 1thay do!, bict moi sir va =■5 'hh nhan thky no-i Thu-ong
Phiern lu|n ; Bon fS L ■> *
lu^ncuatoi vd-a roi - " '^htto-ngSe- Theo cac ly ban tinh toi c6 the h" thu*c ban tinh Thiro*ng-&e nhu" irong tat ca nhu-ng " tltro-c, toi chi can xet xetn phai chung ^ ^ phai charg co vd tit c| \ I hodn hao ml diryc h- no^
t^han ring khong c6 cd' bhuygt di^m, toi chac ihay hrtai I • 8 gl ho|n har» r • ' >h/ R khong ,hh ™ 2- muon vk „hu-„g difeu nhu" '=''^"8 hi nhing cki ' I '""8 ="-"°8 ngoli ra, toi con c6 y ni$ni
Ve nhieu sir v$t ngo^i gioi vl hvu hinh, vi cho rang toi gia ihiet toi mo- ming vl tat ca nhirng dieu toi nhin thay hay tirong liro-ng, deu sai lam, toi van khong the phu nhan rang nhirng y niem kia khong c6 thirc trong tir duy toi, nhirng vi da nhan biet ro rang trong toi ban tinh tinh than khac bi^t han voi ban tinh the chat vl xet rang tat ca mpi ho*p thirc deu bi^u 16 sy phu thuoc. vl phu thuSc bin !l mot khuylt di^m
do d6 toi nghT ring n^u Thiro-ng ll hop thinh boi hai ban tinh nly thi Thirong Be khlng th^ U holn hao nfra. vl bl^i d6 Thu-yng Bl khong phli II nhir th^, nhirng ncu trong the gio-i nay c6 nhirng the xlc ho|c nhirng tinh than hay ®
bin tinh khac ml khong hoan hao, thi ban the
clian phai phu thupc vio quyen lu*c cua Thirq-ng ^ n^u khong c6 Ngli thi chung khSng the ton tai mp P c) Ch&ng ly ihtr ba :'f n/em cai bohn ^ h\^n ha-u-— Sau d6 toi l^i muon tim ra nhirng c n^ ^ Tsi nhan xet ve doi iirong cua cac nha Kmh hoc ma^ nhu- m§t v|t th^ li6n tuc, hay mot kh6ng gian vo bs dli, b^ rqng va be sSu hay iVthay ^1°' plian v6-i nhi^u hlnh dang, nhieu the hoc bi^n tr^ng dij kieu, d6 11 nhirng tinh cac
8i| thi^t no-i doi tiro-ng cua ho va i6i
cliirng minh do-n gian nhat cua ho. Sau ^ ^ ciiac that ml ngiro-i ta g^n cho chiing chi
t^ c6 the quan niero chung mot each mm Ithong c6 mpt ttia toi vu-a noi tren, toi cung nh|Q thay ra
C5i gJ trong c^c chirng minh hinh QC ^ tSi thay tin chac ]| ddi tirq-ng da chung c6 ihirc.
T.T'.'V
•'• .m'^vVm' •
I ■ 'nJ>^". •• .
' . ■ .4 ^ A-.%-
.V: - 'Uiri''
56 1 RENE DESCARTES
TO r^ng: gi|» th^ c6 mot tam gi^c^ thi t^t nhien c5c gAc cua n6 phai bang hai g6c vuong: tuy th^ toi khong thay c6 c^i gl ao dam cho tSi la trong thg gifri „^y c6 mot tam gidc ca. -rat at 1 tro- vS khao sat y ni$m t6l c6 vS mot dang hoSn ao. thl to. thay ring su- hlln hiVu cua ng^ du-o-c bao ham Jong y mem ay. cung nhu- y niSm mot tam giSc bao hhm su
bao hlr'=-°° ^ -St hlnh cSu cL n^nkrV" f trung tSm d6 su- c6 Th " nira vh boi that nhu- cac Chtrng tninh ch^ac thmc nhat cua hlnh
bmt d?rVu7n^lLrrga rV."""' la t,i ho khong bao gi6- dtra" ^ V T ^
blnh Vk ho J, 'Sn khbi nhu-ng su- vat ma do Ik'151 suyTtr'Lg rL^ h*'
8^ khong ih^ ^ str v|t hu-u chat nen
hoe vi ngay cac trl^t-gia trong ch"^^ c6 tr^r chan U ^ ^ Thu-o- quan. Tuy nhien,
7- ^-ng cuan! Terth': ' ? ^hang he 06 ^ --g ^^^"8 ..^ng^J^77-78^nh^ng tu-o-nc er.t. k_ nhirng ng.^1 ngiro-i n^uo^n muon I ^ sir nhu- ho muon duno nhu-ng y niem dd, "Bi-i ckc mil ® -at dh nghe c4c km thanh -a thi uuaumr' '^Hkc biet nkV
P chung ta biSt dirp-c sir
phu-o*ng-phfip-lu6n 57
th|i cua cac doi-tiro-ng khong kern gt thmh-quan hay khuu quan, trai lai tri tu-o-ng tu-o-ng va cam quan cua chung ta khong bao gld- c6 the l^m cho chung ta chac chan vS mot dieu gl neq 1^ tri chung ta khong can thiep vao.
Ngoai gi&i : su- hi§n hu-u eua no
Sau h«t, nSu Cbn c6 nguo-i chu-a chju tin tu-ung c6 Thu-o-ng-Bs vk CO linh hSn, nho-nhu-ng ly IS t6i da dua ra, t i tdi „o„g ho bISt ring tkt cl moi diSu khac mk c4 le h? tuo-ng Ih chTc chin hern, nhu su c6 thkn thh c6 cac tinh tu va n
4St va cic vat khac nhu thS, deu khong chic chan bang ^ cs' ^^u^ng-BS vk cd linh hhn. Vl dlt nguui ta ^ t^bSn chin tinh than vS cic su vat ^ ^ t^hln khd <1= khong the hok. ng
»tti. phi truung ho-p 'w „o5„ Ik btdt chic chin siSu hlnh 06
diSn dai. thi nguui ta Phat « J „ ^6 <34 1^ do d'S hoki ngh. ve vtec da^ nhan rang g
thi L dang ngu, tuung tuung nguu. ta c6 mo t ^ ^.n c thSy nhdng tinh tu khic vk mot <5 ' ^ A a\ Bo-i dSu nguoi ta biet nhu* g
mu Ik khang th.c nhu nh.ng tu tuung kh- ^en trong ^ ro raoS *Ku-6*ng thircrng nay ^ ak- bo thong nninh i"'di nfra, .61 cung khkng tin ring
^ dly du dl pha tan mo'i hok. ngh. d4. ne
«/
^^Sx'\-:r' w: : .:v:. • f»l • . ■
58 RENE DESCARTES
g.a th.=t .u- h.en hu-u ciia Thien-CMa .ru-6-c, vi tru-6-c he.
d.euxni .6. vu-a ahan nha mot cjuy |„s,, „ghla la nhirag d.eu Chung .a quan ni^m e5 rhng vi mi„h bjch deu U thu-c,
dieu <36 chac thu-e L' - tl . .
va .V chi VI ^ ngu-o-i • iv U mot k' ^^'I'O'ng i . c6 hay hi$n h&u
ta CO dSu bo-i ngu-fi-i ma"" 'n
tu-h-ng cua Chung ,a vi li ^
mi c6 trong 'h^ ."■? •>"' ^hnong
nen kkong the U kh^ j- ^hung ta
chung ta c6 nhirng ^ Bo-i vay» neu ihiro-ng
tu* ttro-ng c6 mot phan nhfrng
chung thong phan v6-i k^° » ^
chung ta nhu* the, ch* ^ chung mo' toi 6* no-i
Thu-o-ng Oe mi ra thi k ' .a khong hoan hao hoi
cung nhu- hao chin ly h '^kiien li aiot dieu nghjch iy
Nhu-ng hay hoin hj„ li (.J;
chic thu-c no-i chung , ""f. '®' " "hii-ng gl c6 th?. va
cung. thi dlu ting dang holn hao vl vo
mmh bach tnSy di ni,. CO, Chung .a el ro rang va hao dam ring nhOng ^hlng c6 Iy do gi de
Vayml,hhi au- ,lc ,h^c,
chinch''' ^c vl linh hon da <5-^c Urn chr!h° -;"ch/u; ".7. i-'' •'i- 'hue
- --g Chung 'r "^Hi ngd v',, j!" f T'
"hm mot „h| hinhT' r-', '''''
»>nh ml-i ,h, <}ang |de ngO. ' "hang han
' 'a dang ngo'fu. "•'^8 « «h khong cho chung
phu*0"ng-phfip-lu|n 59
minh ay thanh sai* V^ sir sai lam thong thtfo-ng nhat cua cac giac mo- Ih o- chS chung \^m cho ta cam thay sy no v^t kia giong nhir cac giac quan ben ngoM cho chung ta cam thay, nhirng khong phai vl sir sai lam ay chung ta c6 the g
Dgo- ve nhirng y tiring nhu- th^, vi rang nhirng y ttfffng do cung thiro-ng danh lird-ng ta lu6n, "hirng >uc ta kho g ngu : nhu- luc ngu-^i c6 benh hoang dan thay moi su- hay nhir c^c tinh td ho^c cac v^t khac mt xa. chung ta thu-o-ng thay nho lai, Sau hct ihirc j hay n^- ^ ®
chi nen tin theo sy hien nhien cua ly tri. a nen noi 1^ trf cda chdng ta, chu- .khong nAi tri^tircrng chung ta. Vi rang, dau chung ta thay mat
chung ta cung khong diryc vi d6 tna ng i
Chung ta th^y v& chdng ta c6 th^e tiring t.yngj^o^^ dau sir tu- cam tren minh mot con de "i
luan r^ng o- d6-i nSy thyc c6 J „5ng thay hay Iy tri kh6ng day chung ta rang dieu chung
tu-o-ng tiryng nhu- the Ih. c6 thyc. umg ta ta rUng t^t ca nhfrng y tirang Tho-yng; deu phai c6 mot nen tang chan ly, vi khong
Ta dang ho^n hao vk chSn thgt moi ang,
chung ta nhu-ng y tiro-og v^ nhirng quan dk ^ao t^ng sy thyc, va vi nhirng ly lu.n ^'b^ng luc - gio- minh b^ch vli dh du trong luc ta ng |j^b doog thu-c. mac doi khi nhirng qKo chung ta vl ro raug blng hay hun luc tmh, > .HS .5t ff bi^t ring uhO-ug ly tub-ng cua chuug
chan xac, vi chung tu thong phai la y tu chin xac trong cic nun c" cua chiing ta Wc tinh thu-c hon la trong
,v. M ' %'■ A" [# '
ti/.V f
TH& NAM
thCt-tu- CAC van be tt-HOC
The gio-i vat chat
Phu-o-ng phap cac Cong cuoc khao s^t dau ,ign cua Des cartes vS ly hoc : phvo-ng phip diln djch — "J-oi A sung Strtrug ,.Sp tuc vk triuh bky ra dSy ,S, ca mot ,pat chSn ly ae ma ,oi da tu- b5 nhirng cbSn ly dSu tien kia ^uy diln ra.
nhifeu'?srdrcTnbr,h-"''|!''®'" "" Pfrmndi dc'n thong muon g^y cbuy^n vlt /' "^7 !"/''' 1' It to, bo-n vi chi u6i 5. d' . .• - "r . . - . >, , ; ••,'■ •n tt .
•^-' ' '. • W • ; ^ 0 , • * t ■•' tft'M ^-, 7
:7:^ ■■s •' .
6^ 1 RENE DESCARTES
chung, Tnk khong phai theo hay bac nhirng quan nl^tn <3a diro-c;
cac nhk bSchoc chap nhan, toi quy^t vG tru n^y m?c cG<:
ngai uanh luan. mk cM „6i vfe nhirng gl c6 th% xSy ra trong
mo, vu,Tu mi., n£u ngay bSy gifi., 5. trong khoang
khong g.an tu-nn^g tu-o-ng. Thu-ong &S du-ng nSn du va, chS.
ckc 5 phan u!- khac ' nWau 1^'°^' cua va, Ithuay chS, ty. dong, 1km xao ,hanh trBn mo, moi khSi chien hSu
mang het su-c hon don nhu- c5r. »U- - - ♦ ♦ '
du-o-c vk >au d6 Ngki kha "
nhien ,hu-6-ng ,hi,6-ng, ."® sidP 'hiSh
cho thien nhien tac dong the<3
nhGng dinh luat ng^i da ° ^
ahGng dinh luat nj
as hSu. khong CO gi aVi br""
th
d-, ,.a .k :u. ® ISp- Nhm ,hg. triro-c het toi
t phvcng-ph^p-luAn j 63
mot each n&o d6 de giong nhir tang tio-i cua chung ta nhu- the nao va dong tho-i mot phan vat chat do se lam thanh qua dat, hanh tinh, sao choi, va mot phan vat chat khac lam thanh mat tr6i vik cac djnh hnh nhu* the n^o.
Va 6- day, ban rong ra ve van de anh sang, toi da Ian Ian c^t nghia th£ nko la ^nh s^ng no-i m^t tro-i noi cac dinh tinh, va lam sao tu- do, trong choc lat, n6 da xuyen qua nhGng khoang kh6ng bao la cua bau trm, n6 dS phan chicu tG c^c h^anh tinh d^n qua dSt lam sao. Toi cung danoi them
nhi^u di^u ve ban chSt, vj trl, chuyen dong tat ca cac tin each cua cac tang tro-i v^ cac tinh tu hia. Do dfi toi tin r
da mo ta vat chat
gang quan niem n6 nhu
vu-a n6i vfe Thiro-ng b/"'' nhirng gi rang rang vat chat ay kh"^ thiet r5 each nhu- ngu-o-i ta thu-^-^"^ i^u*ng hinh thGc, nhu-ng tin|i mot each tong cai trong cac hoc vi^n . va nc^i
ta c6 the nhan thu-c tn chung ngu-cd ta khong ,h% "9' each ,.r nhien nbu- ,hg, nen
da ndi dG d^ ngiro-i ta hi^u rang khong c6 cai gi ns^rm ta th^y du-o-c 6- th^ gi^i nky khSng nh^t thie^t. hay it a khong the xay ra giong due nhu* the, o- the gitri ma toi dien ta ra kia.
Sau d5 t6! da dac bi?t n6i ve qua dat - dau '''' ^ . thie^ r6 r.„, Thtr.ng De^ qua
toi da cho ngu-d-i
ta Ho-n' nu-.i.
v^t chattao th^mh qua dat. l^msao. cac P an
vk khong can en ^5^ 1^9' eua thien nhi^n Ik ,h^ nao ^Sc ngoainhu-ng ,;„(, "7" eua toi vko mo, ng„y.^ To, da CO gk„g e!, hokn hao v6 han ciia Thtno-ng B«, c6 the ngh, ngi """H tk, ck cdc dinh luS,_v ' '
van hu-G-ng ddng vS trung tSm cua n6 -
kh6ng khi tren mat dat ma vi tri cua ca
iinh tu, nhat Ik m^t trang, lat gSy ^a t jg. va
ngir^i l
giong thuy trieu chung ta thay Uuyen djch tG so-m ngoli ra tkm sao mot ntro'C va luong ^ vuoe nhiet do*!, a
■=« t9o du-ng n^rn^v'®"® '^"8 dh Thu-.yng o mk ^ di nfra, th\ - Lk
cai nk
tHeo. Sau oau d6, Aa ? d6 u t " L. t6i dinh mat ay khs,,^ . ^
lupt kia, tu" bien ^
**oa sap d$i
f tdi glSng nhtr ngtro-i ta thay the l^m sao nGi non. bi^n ck, mach sn®' ^ ^ cky du-o-c ttio thknh 6- d6 : \km sao cic kim >
cdi moc 6- dSng noi, va n6i chung. sao
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I'f.t.p
'-v>f
.l-k • f"
64 \ RENE DESCARTES
x\i% ngu-o'i ta goi U ho^p xkt hay ho-p vat d^u diro-c sinh ra o day-
... ,V'' thS gifri nay, ,6i ch! b.e, foa la C6 the phat s.nh ta aah sang, nen toi d5 Co gSng ant cho ngnot ,a hteu to c^i g, la thupc vfe ban tlnh cia 1-. hta bo, dau nta ta, Ita ehay nhu- th^ „an , ,a„ Jei khi Wa eh, CO nh.et la-c ; li^a Ian. cho c4c vSt tL- U- man sac khac nhau ,a nhlSn tinh each hh' L . " ®
chay cac v^t th^ n^y, tKlSu huy h^u
thanh than khoi nhu- the n^o • ^ bien chung chl boi su-c tdc dung cua Ifral nhu- the nlo ; vl str bign the ' thlnh thuy tmh V« ,6i cung la ling nhu- nhu-'nj'"^- nhten, nen toi da dac bl^t thich .r" j't'""® "•'a' """S hep tuc. Toy the', toi kh6ng t '»i Sir tao dtrng ket luan th? gio-i nky da du-o-c T" a <=®<= ?. ngu« ° 'hiSn nhida, g'"P aiaThu-o-ngB-™-''° tin'-"®" ^b®"® 'ba-i gla„ ... ■ thfe hoan J®"® Phi nho- sir gi"P
hhi Chung ta ^hsr- " "h>r chfln ^hSt kia c6 thS ®y cac
ay ihSy bay gi^-
d^n dSn nhtf
phiroTig-phfip-luin j 65
thi cKiJng ta de quan Bi$m ban tfnh cua chung ta cdi chung nhtr U da diro-c t^o dixng hoan hao tir dau.
Th^ - gi6*i dong vat
Tii- sir dliln ta nhung vat Nguyen tdc : Co thao moc. giai tfnh. 3^ di^n tJ dong
v^t vh nhat U loai ngiro-l. Nhirng vi 6- d^y toi chua dii de n6i den ro r^ng cung Vo-l mot lu^n dleu nh ^ tihu-ng cal khac. nghia bang each lay can nguyen ma ^ minh hi?u qua va to ro thien nhien sang tao ra ^ nhu-ng mam giong nho vh bang each nao, nen toi c i rang Thu-o-ng-Be da tao dtrng nen iHan xac
toln'nhu- chung ta bSy gio-. tu- hinh the ben ngo cho den bo d^ng ben trong cua cac co
vat chat nho khac v^t chat toi da m6 td hay d|t trong con ngu-d-i, a buoi dau. mot hnh on fnqt cai gi khac de dung nhir iinh hon thao mgc ^ v^t, nhu-ng ngai chi dot len trong ,tim cua co^ thu- lu-a khong anh sang, nhu* t6i da gim ngu-^i I6i cho kh6ng khac g\ thu* lu-n '^m n6ng ru-tfu ta un hi tru-o-c Idc n6 chira kho, hay thir u-a mo-l.s&i I^n, khi ngird-i u riro-u tren thSn Sat cac ca nang c6 the sau d<5 phat ^ j|^-,c6 nt" 9y, toi da tint thay day du tat ca ccr jjhong chilng ta ml chung ta kh6ng ngHT d^"
dy phan cua linh hon, nghia h cua c^' P ®
',/■
Si.''
66 RENE 0ESCARTES
-.
• / -.
'-S'f-
,,- '.■•I'tt.l'J s.
' ' ■' ■• ■■• ■ ^ '^'ywm,m■■ ■^ ' •' ■ .-j.-.tt'lfj ■ ■ ,■;.
6". ■''<- di'.7-:< *. . t
phirvng-phip-luftn j 67
I I't . If .
.te Hie va riah. nhu- da n6i, chi ]i .u-frng ; eli cac . ™ hnh ,.„h th5„, thac Chung ,a. n,|e dSu .6i khong .h^e r; - ta \k ngu-A-i': 17[ Z ITT "j
co- nSngSy vS aau khi giJ T ""
li"!' hSn VI cKo kSt hnau chay lu- phbi tSm nhT trai nhirng k ' 8 -hay ngtr^ ^ d6 mau chay 7 '™ »,h.nng kh6ng cho chay nguOc lai. Va khong can ph 'r nio khSc cia s5 van kla, ngoli, ly -J- d6ng tInh ntach vl c6 hlnh thuSn vl v. -ho na_^ -L"p:g'^" l^ f ^'"^''I^t^e'd6ngl. 14 , ' ^9ch. tinh mach khac deu tron» nen Un ho vii ba van'. Hun nua. tdi m-on ngU-- "
ihV 4, *' yji oa van. ncrn nu*a, lu. . . -ingZn ■''? 7''' 1Z ch'ta h!i'd"i m'dr ^9ng t7nh mpch vk dai tinh ra?ch. neir^' . -.--ft v.uii iuycii Vd uai tinn lu?^* ,. -gu-ai . ... .Ls«k hai cai tui ng
ta ° \l' yk Ihm thanh hai cai ^ trono ^ung . Uttrong
P
'■ d« .Stn nhl phfa
vk
cung c6 nhieu nKi$i hern cho n h^t. Ichic6 mOt glpt mau n^o Ipt -ng
■ •"*<:■ ^ •
68 I RENI-: DESCARTES
tKi sire nKl?t ay c6 the l^m ' ix . » "o pnong len nhanh ch6ng cang no- ra, cung nhir l-' . "^nn cnoi»
ngu-M ,a cho nhS , J, *'""""« " '''"v HB g.ot vao mot c^i thing rSt n6ng. tlau do, tol IrkA-, u
dong cua tr^i
khong day m4u thi b ' ''''' "'^"'ng tfini nh' cKJy vSo ,an, nhi phji^"" 8"^ cOng c6 mdu ti- „^ch nhS, 1^ v5 hai huySt mact "f. °"® t4m nh? ci-ami^ng dS vao ti„, .,1 8'^ cung d§y Uh. c6^hai gip, °°8 b.^dong Ipi .
-t loo ,i ^ yj^o ha. tam „hT. fcia ^ day „,o, crg ot'^'".-""^" viodc huye. vl nh.et do J. mau ay phS„o K«„ , . . . =l"an Quan ,r«n tr£rv . ..V yj ohu- . tL-^ "3nt "f"" - ISi vio - , tim nu-a, vk tigj- ^ "8®" khong cho m ' h » o ., tuc Txk'a . **iau oL ' I vk(> nho khac 6' 151 I^n dan cU' . «•. fti;: ± -ft. ^«ft"' xuong ■'■"" cu t "■' "'■« ..ft .:•..:' ■'*; 'j^
gan nhu- oT dong
ng tim . i;v^
nh. c.a d., Ch' t
nguoi dan; vk ® "^^^h kla, vl rv,' ,
• '"^'^ - xfp
'W'i
/
phu-cng-phfip'tu^n 69
^ dung khong the phu nhan nhfrng dieu nay ma khong quan 'at, tol mudn nhac cho ho biet rang cir dong ma tol vira mo kla \k ket qua tat nhien cua'sir xep dat cac co- quan ngiro*! Co the thay bang mat 6* trong timj cua sue nhi$t ngiro-i ta the nghe lhay tren dau ng6n tay, v^ cua ban linh mau m^ ^BUm ta c6 tbe biet diro'c nha kinh nghiem, cung nhu* ^huyen dqng cUa mot cai dong ho la ket qua t^o thanh boi sire
^9nh, vi tn v^ hinh dang cua nhirng trai cSn va cac banh xe n6.
liru thong cua rndii.— Nhirng neu nguo-i ta hoi t?i
tnau trong cac tTnh rneich khong can di vi cu chay mai tim va tal sao cac dong mach khong day len vi tat ca mau qua tim deu vao day ca, toi khong can tra lo-i bang mot di'eu gj khac 16*1 mot y-sT ngiro*! Anh da vict, ong dang duffc ^Su-o-i ta khen ngq-i vi da bat dau n6i den dieu nay la nguei tien da day rang c6 nhleu loi nho o" dau cac dong mach d6 mau cac dong mpcK nhpn tu* tim chay sang nhirrig nhb cua cac tTnh m^ch va sau do lai tro Ve tim . d
su- lu-y thong cua mau chi la mot vpn chuyen khong
ugu-ng^ Ong la da chu-ng niinh dieu nay nho- kinh
, ^^8 thtfo-ng cua cac nh& glai phau : cot canh tay vira P
vac , ,
nto cir^
cho hp mo tTnh m^ch. hp lara cho mau chay nhleu h
■V'
• »atn tim X ■ '■a ae haJ • ^3"" . vl m,„ V, o,^ mach khac cha^ "hT. nen ci qua hai c^i ^ ^hu- trU-^"*
c a tim y. .^o, .a™ oht o^t^o ^ "hu-ng ngird-ichu-^ khi tini n- , ci* laen phjo b;.'"' c£c chfrog"®. ®*>- Sau h^< ""t'-aB ly lulo man U,c
^ ».b&„g 1^
^ ^hong cot. VeI ngu-p-c Ipi, neu hp cot phia direi 8'^®^ Va no-j mb, hay la n^u hp cot rat cao ^ phm trenj ^ j tieu cot long, thi da ngan khong cho mau c6 san t mach ma Igi de mau c6 the x
tnai nho' cac dong mpch vi c^c dong mach f ^ ^ h6 ep m^ch vk vi do cac dpng m^ch cfrng hen nenk
.Cv-i'v •
■ . 1 ■ • ,
,70 I RENE UESCAKTES
Afi mau tiV tim chay xuong cac dgng
m^cK. VA ngiro-c ve tim qua cac tTnh the n^o cung ph^- nm$ng mo no-i mot tinh mach no-i cac dau canh ngay du*6-i cho cot, nghTa Ong ta cOn
su- lu-u thong zVjT^ ^ieu 6ng
nhi^eu noi trong e£c xin^ f dtro-c x^p dat ^ 'I;^ - c.. dClr\f' ■'■^" 1" 7 V. .hSo .HS dg c^c Jan j; " Aan "r- ''inh nghie:. cho .hay «^"-a qua tim ^ e6t U: ' T" ^
g'fra quJ »„ "o du.„, 1^. n=u dong m?ch wo-ng du-o-c man ^ao phoi ngay sau khi qua tim, nen tinh tuy ho-n vk tro pen l^,ang nhieu ho'n, vk de dang ho-n mau tir d?i tTnh mach ma ? Va cac bac-sT khi bat m?ch c6 thS dokn du-o-c di^u gi phat thlet ho khong biet rang theo sir thay dot ban tinh, n6 the vi nhiet 6- tim mk hAa lc5ng nhieu hay it. vk nhanh
jaw Xliw •* - - — — -».
hay ho-n tru-^c ? Vk n^u ngird-i la xet nhiSt do jhong vac ^ phan khac trong than the nhir the n^o, phai chang iS ngvr^ ta ph^ "h^n rSng chmh nh^ mau. di qua tun n6ng len d7,Si - chhy t-,d5y ra khtp , - .ban .hn ♦!,» ? Bo. tkt d6, nau-o-i „gu ta ng.o, CUnS
ta 'Zl mau *"v k 5. d6 ; vk hkn dau th\ rang thi tim ngu-b-i c4 n6ng ta cung nhtr lam ,uon ca nl^ ,,
1? mau v Ir O rnol . phSn K nao . trong . t isr ._i .:^ r.,. ' -k5in. Lai tiu-a- ^ .v. . . .__i.L' cr...k
d^^
dui^,ay CP"'." ■ 1^ dira vko phS! khong kbi trong s^ch
en
lu-
darr^n.tcn.^.
that cUa sif^ „hoi 'tu- tkm nhi bSn phki Ik no-i n6 da
m^ch ra. clii c6 th- [
'"Km
^ Vn-n "•• -••' tLJhhnh Di®- hoi node, _ . nay A <16 .he dac,_ va .ro- kKrtno .ha„h di « I
tU'-ClOD» hon. ndng ho-n ngay ,au kKi I n.n 7 'h„g ^cyn vh dS , " : ' khi Y- ho-n v^ da .rong ca
,. *« vi "
het sir khac
V ;
FiV / ' .'-t 1
u..clockh; nddfng;::^^^ — qua . "-nay
^ do jY
lirv, ler, ?•» ■'
n dong m,ch, h„n ^'a. dnh „,„h nghia Ik khi n6 chn i, c^c l ^ lu ^ ^ tL
lo^ ni vko thm nhl ben trai. nSu khOng ^V. '»■' '""".h6 nuOi du-8-nB nhiy. lo= d tin. dn-o-c. Bi^eu tbl „6 khsns 5.,j<;v|tva d trd con chu-a s.nh ra, vi '' ^Ac an?" .. . c _L*i: ,L5 rvkt *c^ dn-^^f^^nhdng lohi vat khOng c6 phSi .hi^ch! c6 .Sm . V. "■ ' con khrcon Km ' hr trong "long m?, ,,chira , »th^ • - dung I d^n1
1^7'
ng.« .a a. ,hSy a,
chir khongphki h- nhtrng chl ng^."/- ran cua cac da^ Urn thkni;.^-;^^;:!. khr^
or
ta de y.
nJxv7 va nipt iSnhS theo dA mku chay tir dai tinh m?ch pKVi ""ht ban trki va c6 mot 15 nhb iheo d6 mau chay tu ^ 'gang d?! dong m?ch mk khong di ngang qua phbi d^^ . jjgu h6a, lam sac do an tieu h6a trong da dky>
o ta thay rang mau va pk ^ tiTvL gan tim>
m^ch ch
, . , » « va cti^^
« i§i,Hrts*^9ch cirng
va Cham vko cac tinh mach V^ » •
■£' * t ■ • - . ■!■ I ' '
'-
d^i dpnff
'^Sn trai va
7'?«r •
•'•»'
Li'
-.1 . Il
+ - 70 j RENE DESCARTES
han, cung v\ rang mau tu- tim chay xuong cac dong m?
ich
do xuong tay m^nK ho-n chay ngu-o-^ ve tim qua c^c tinh
"A '!
m^j:h Va^vi mau chay do mot mi$ng mo no-i mot tinh mach
t e n o cung phai c6 mot Idi chay ngaj, diroi cho cot, ngh^
1. • , L '-"^y ngaj, diroi cho cot.
•■ . ' ■ ''*'^i-'" ' I*"'f. "W '
.K , / . ■ '•
phtroTifl-phAp-lu^n 1 71 ' *
M*}
d^i dong iDfich lai rong hon tSm nhi.ben phai vil tinh dong mach, neu khong phai la vi mau cua dong tinh m^ch vl chi m6'i v^o phoi ngay sau khi qua tim, nen tinh tuy hon va tro nen loang nhieu hon, v^ de dang hon mau to dpi tinh mpch
nen loang nhieu hon, v^ de dang hon mau to dpi tinh mpch ►,»i JV. •v\7v , 1 . -tl. li 1
la no-i cac dan j_d On d=n ti- cac ve s. l.n thir"' r"''
qag
ma den ? V^ cac bac-sT khi bat mpch c6 the doan diroc dieu 81 neu nhat thiet ho khong biet rang theo so thay doi ban atinlu» no c6 the vi nhiet 6* tim m^ h6a loang nhieu hay it, vS nhanh
ww$'-
nhiSu „.i -T u '■ " a ^ - «n h
•'«uia lakhi ^'•u-d-c 1,1 ^ < a s6 " ''dc tinh mach. x '".
noivA. . v.on Q. -4_ tT«L
cKi'v LL «, ®y SU* «ai kia, n^•,1 natfAl t® ' khong nk-^ rk' -nif 'an cua eg ^ nhirng chS xa »■ ' ^ '' a -c ° 'B .hav ""h ^ d,i <3^ • cyU
tTnh marh \/v chdng man^
"o Khong the nuoi dirong nht?i iLr«. v ^
^bl n6 khong the nuoi du-ong nhi?t lye o tim dtroc x^c nh|n o sue vat va o tre con choa s'"
doo-e vac. X. «£» T/a rf trc COB chlTS 5l ta thSy nhu-ng loM vat kh6ng c6 pbSi th. c
J ,.Q
wl V<' -a ire con khi con o trong ^ nipch
tre con khi con o trong i«j"b —r'
Ibng m?' mpch
t'boi n^n chl c6 mot IS nho theo d6 mau chay tir 9^ *^di nhi ben trai va c6 mot lo nbo theo
nhi ben trai va c6 mot lo nbo t eo ^dg mpch sang dpi dpng mpch khong '
dono I . ». 1 __i kkAno di tig® , t«.. kSn ngo^i j„ „5„ „hirng V ® 5;
"^^"8 nKu- ^ Zu'^^y
tuy vk j." finh vi j^ tinh v^t nay so lu-^^g cli^y IctiSng^jj ngon thit I. rSi t. to- tin, l^n d^n nao
1 nhi^, 1'' thl ]/'
'°ng Co tb*^ ' iro- ve nao
* '^^'nh 111 vi cic dong
8l ^ dem vao nao y tu-ang cua chi5ng " cac ^ ngir^-i ta goi (tgiac quan cbung • ^ ;- sin caC y
cac y n'^'"
U ! ^\a6 phSnpb^^ "^^"8 y nho- cac p^an tu"
CR. !; trong cac bap thit, va lam ^^60 ^ thSn tk«» » . 1. !"• IrhiSc nhau va Cac d- ^^^^^ngbang nhu-ng lot ^ cam be" thSn w ^^^"8 den vo-i ngu quan va nhfrng ^ kbong ^ Ul:^ 'tnien cho , tu- , cm , . cua » ta c6 co ui the cu d(?Pg
f :■ ,}!
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• •- i 1- V*'
74 1 RENE DESCARTES
can d^n ^-chi. Bifeu n^y khonc xa la ai ,
biet nKu-ng b?i nhln may, hay nhfrntt ' °^IT^ ^Ku-ng ngirffi cua con neir6-i c6 th^ ihm ra
sanh vo-: con so khSng IS nhu-ng vu-^ ' l-®
va iTnh m^ch v^ tat ca cac phan kli"^ " ■' "* T" "" j
1°^' cionhn-c nko di nira. ngay c4 nhtrng ngno. dtcn „p.,i .p J., „hiiiu lai noi lai vfri nhau v4 Um
vi cua chung ta diro*c, chung ta van c6 h ^ay poan chande thay rang dau vay chung van kh- 8 pinh
„a lai khong b.et P „,„h ;
ngiro't that- Bieu thu* nhat ia khSng b ngon ngu* hay nhirng ky hi$u khac ba
i^hAr>
8i^ rhac '.^Di
v4 trai la' ,1,5 14m dtro-c nhtr the. B.eu d6 iang tTcht tbia'a cac co-qnan, ,1 ng..i ta thay kbhng f;; loai vat vin c6 thb phat bieu ttr ngS nhtr
iai nhu* chung ta de phat bieu nhirng y ngh^^ tjitng ke khac biet ; vt ngu-o-i ta khdng the tu*o-n» ck 8 lifc_ Uit.
- •«■ -Mh may hoan hao den noi co the noi duo-c v^ ^ k ^t^,cho du-o-c mqt ft tieng luc cd nhfrng tac dong co- ik:> bo
nh&na ' nhung chung vSn khong thi n6i dtroc nhtr chung ta, 'chdirB ,4ch chCrng th rang ching suy nghT nhirng di?n • tr^i Ui» nhung ngiroi di^c va mil tir buoiso- sinh, _ '
•V
'• I *IM. ti
76 I RENE DESCARTES
■»
khong CO nhu-ng co- quan mii c^c ngu-6-; kh^c dOng d^n6J. vSn c6 the nhu- cac lo^. vat hay ho-n c^c lo^i vat, t?m ra nhfrag
dau.hteude lam cho nhu-ng ke thij-A.^ A. ^ l l- , , , ^ inu-o-ng o- gan ho, biet ngon ngu- cua ho, hieu ho dti-o-c VS rti^n l- L' • miim 1 & , . • va aieu ngu-o-i I91 chirng -n vl. .hlL'" "''-8 vo-i nhau con n^y dS^^ c6 sy sa£ I$ch nhir giu-a ngu-m - ring tuy „hien ta kh5ng chung loai ^ v^t holn toSn nhat trong , cua no, khong >»,& h bang ^u-a ngu ngoc ang CO m6t tinh khic
khong nen llm lln n.'" ta. V| ngtr^i
j ph^i ^ on n^u- v^j nhu-ng cu- dong W ] nW loai vat • h'^ may c6 the bat chu-o-c nJjT '^na chung. Vi neu tha t:ac hieu ngu-6-i du-o-c xu-a ngon ring "^btingcd^ nhu-ng
<^"ng bi^t l""" ^""8 nhy
ta trorff "bi^u \ y Jo^t cua chung. Ai khong b^tih dong, nh
chung trong nhj^ ta van ihay chung tri kh"^ ^^"tig ta T! khac/'v3 dp, viSc . ^^bung ta the, chuj^ minh rang chung nbu-ng thu, bo-a nhieu trj khoo bon^ chung hog^ chung khSng ^"8 ta tat ca mp; v;pc : ^tig theo each clj'"h thien nhien baf
P apt cc - » 1 , - „
t^U^t cua chung! cung
V' " ' .-.' .•y.t'
n».- rvr
•• •• . • >a\: •
I'
phiro-ng-phfip-lu&n j ^7■
\
nhu- chung ta ihay chicc dong ho chi lam thanh bang nhu-ng banh xe vil nhu-ng lo so* c6 the d^m gio- va do tho-i gian dung ho-n chung ta dau rang chung ta c6 trf khon.
Saud6 t6i damS ta linhhon
Linh hon hO'U tri. hu-u trh va chu-ng minh no khSng th^ bai vat ch^t nao ma
ra, nhu- nhirng vat khac toi da n6i, nhirng hnh ho " du-yc tao dyng mot each rleng biet, vl khong phai im chl 6- trong thin x^c ngu-6-i ta nhir mot hoa tieu o- trcn con tau, cfi IS ch! dS gidp tu- chi cfr dong, nhu-ng n c hSt h,p ma. ,hiS, v^i .he xdc hon dS ngoa. ra con
nhu-ng tinh ciw. nhu-ng nhu can g.ong nhu- c^ u^^ ^ thS lim thhnh mo. cou ngu-d-i .hat- L?. uu-e
hoi d.! gihng vS vSn dS huh hhu, H phu vSn dS quan trong nhat ; v. sau stria ^ j. JSy
nh$n Thlen Chda - su- 15m „huug .5m du 6- tren kia — tbi khong co mp hon loai hSn y^u ibng xa la du-^ng nhSn dtrc vpt cung dbng tinh vyl linh hon nay khong c6 gl dSng so- hoac dang hj ^ „g^>0 .6i ,i„ le ^' ogtty du ly '
^ydSogkhac, kh"^ ou-a. Vk nh"
'°^8 Tihii-i,„ ... ^ xot d&ng ooV
ndi ra day, c6 le doC
nhu-ng ynn de khi khan rieng bi$t. t ' • . 08"^". raf® dtra den dan. vh ching ^ da „,n8 ngu-6-i ta dung ttr tru-6-c dSn nay^t
khittg tbb giSu nhu-ng khii p^ii l^t" b«' ,b^y ^fri dtbu luat bit buoc cbo va - di d.n nhirng f J I ^c h9C-dtr^«■
ra Icri i^h chung cho mgi ng ^p- . ,hir tri^t ly thu^an
^BfiSifit *
: vi'-- , - ,.-v
'., '.",vf^r -f. . - ',
'• t
80 1 T^EN'6 DESCARTES
O the i5rn diro-c mot thu* trici ly tJujc tien> giup cKung ta biSt ^u-o*c ---'"^uu sii-c m^nh va vk nntrng nhu-ng c6ng confe ^Jung qung cua cua luc, lu*a, cua ^.ua nUffCi uuui-i :ia khsiig »ii. cua ,i„K cua cac b^u tro-i v2i cua tat c5 cac
cua
. r. r! ^ ""g nhtr chiing ta h\il cic tghe ngh.cp khac nhau cia tho- thuygn dl chling ta c6 the dung,
vat the
n
cac thu- dd vao tSt ra ,
the 1km cho Chung ta tra th ""h f "
phu-vofl-phfiP •luftn 81
, , I
' ■ .. - dl d^n khoa Hoc Sy. J
1 •
chan rang theo dung, nhat thiet se ^ haV
'•
nguo-i ta khbng bi can tr6- bai khSng c thieu nhu-ng cong cuoc thi nghiemy can
phuang sach n^o linh nghiem de iri dieu toi » ttung thkuh phh bidn cho mpi ^,, cd /ang <51 »
tim ra, vk keu m6*i nhu-ng jj^ng cua tn
nu-a. mhi ngu-6-1 thy theo sv i 'C cho q"
cac
tiu. BiSu do dang f
va ad nh.„g ^thTit t mot each khJe IthoSn
ti?n nghi c6 th^ t5m jv
nu-a. mhi ngu-6-1 thy theo so* vk pho ^1=" vi$c
ihir
phan v^o nhu-ng thi-nghiem phai c ' tuc^
phan v^o nhu-ng thi-nghiem phai c ' tuc^
vu
bi^t nhu-ng dieu ho hoc dvr?c. e va c
biet nhu-ng dieu ho hoc du-?c, h?
,h
ngirai dl trir^c, vh nhtr th^ no.^ nhau d
thu
cua nhieu ngu-o-i vfri nhau, chu
la tu-ng ngirh-i mot nhieu, _ . ve co
khbe, \h cia quy nhat'^1 h hko v$ SiJC khac ^ 3 VI n a ^ v
thay Va I9' ti^n thuc cang
• Va l9» .-iJnthhccang
• ») .
ban chat v^ tinh-tr n thuoc rat nhieu yao St>
tien
bo cOa
cu6c ihp<
.1^- •''^tr^dau.chWbng Sn Bo\ chling ta
thaah khon ngoan ^ban trong ngiro-'j deu tro'
kho
a-hpcnQC
b6t buoc
do chi tim ra trong y bo^ **"v6*c thl toi tin rang cach
noa
dot wwy a » >•
• 1_ .
... '^"8 y-hoc du-o-c th- t dteu TO rang Jcb Ip.;^ dung ngay nay c6 rat re y-hoc hien dav ,*■ * ^ toi khoifg c6 y dinh khi"^
' t Van tin -L^- •', ao, ngay ca nhu-nc nb^ l '■®°8 khong c6 mot ngf®"
t-at nhfrng f y-hoc. «n^ khong thd nhl" » hi. ndu '''»i diro-c 6- dia vyc nky
cho thh ac cunn V" "t"-?-": ^hShg bidt hao nhi^" nguyhn nhkn cia "gu-h-i ta dirhl-"' thig^ v"'' ^y vk bidt dtryc t5t ''
h mk 1""^'' " «1 dk r"
" 8?P dup-c 0,3, thu- khoa hoc cSn th!^' ^ on tu-ang
ph6i CO thi-nghiem
ih6i CO thi-nghi?'^
a do do phcii c6 cdc
Vd do do phcii CO cac tr khong tigucri cong-sy (,^„g ta, va ,3, hem » hh ^ Sog "bl^"8 tb'
th-d khhng hi^t. ncu chdng - ,3^ ,»< J ,hl chOcg tim tth&ng thi ttghi?-" biem chu"8 n •
nghiem hie'm. hoi -ky 'b- „^ap "bk" .hu^ llrtllia g,„
. 4^ kia
'61 khs„ L< - n- ® tP?' "J''" I.C cin ,hi.n nhlen ^
'^ ng„y8„ nguyJn 1^ 1. ii„. kia lal :r^, V, j;; ';"V" ''S ra. „^„h ■""" m6ng
«H5n .hSy hi7
""ch^ ' '' 'Hh auy j. " ° "'®8 biet mh '"' cho Hho khan nhat ch ".rL'^ " di; tkf •' •'■"'= "inibt' """
.1. ' khona biet rar-k «JiA II . . ^ nao, v5 nhfrng
■'" 'H'ch h^ng each nky hay j k ,, '^y ngtrbi " '' ''i'b thac. Vh , • bhy fiH
mgit Y^*^ tinh va tfii
mgit tinh va ^
r nbfrP8 tki tieP Nhong tik ng^y a6 d'a " ,5i cSn ,h,„ ly U? tatte a! ttti' A/ Aetn iti .bay dSi y ki« v-a p8H- „ .6;--;; nha-ng gl .61 tbSy 1-a q™" „h«- 'H' ^.^ lu-^ng b"",
nbu-ng gl toi tbby Pa qua» tu- j^S'ng . d6, vh cung v'let then "on ' aicu "8^°" that, truoc 1-a db c6 ui6. cho bj7 '®' '•I'S"? l>ay nhS-ugcuoc tranhT" ''"I
:dcn danh ti^nR ml h* T' I " tol phal mat thl rI^" I go'rn^ toi mu5n dung d| hoc hoU
Van ngn va qiA" ^uat ban thl c6 ich cho " vi i"
vh cic ng^i a- '"^''^"•"'>8 l6-„ d5„ , ' "'^^•"S VI tu-i'ng ^n pKai c6 nhi^y .v- ,, nhu-ng chien thang 8'cii A%^ cam cu- sau rngt cuoc
, •
• y t
,ho-o-"9-P"".iu|n 85
h' hay Wi ttlu hon Ih ch„ d% chi^nt vhem ,h,ngjhuu8 sau mot cuoc chien thang- tJo-i ^ cho ^
th6 khan vk nhu-ng nham la" ngao %a
■iSu shit chhn ly, th|t cung^"h,r ,ong
'not quan nigm sai lanti ve nt. m . d"*^ . ^ ^5^ se mot cai n^o t6i kh6n« tat „,6-c
vl chdng khong the th''^ kh®^' **
khac nhau cua c5c nS*^
66 I RENE DESGARtES
th»-ang bi ,ao nhang bii nhihig chSng being do chdng se gay ra. . o «=
phircrng-pb6p-l"4n |' 87
khong biet. Vl !uc raoi ngiro-i co gang cho l?p lu?" ® ngu-oi ta cot t|p luy$n dtra ranhfrngdiJu de tm ot a = nhac nhirng ly do cua doi ben : va nhu-ng
Xuat b6n la c6 kh
cho sy hoc h6i cCio tac-gi6 cDng nhu gia.
nhieu ngu-6-; c6 the - l
^gU'o-i ta the n6i rang nhu-ng sir chong bang ay se c6
d&ng U lam cho toibi^t nhi^ng loi (Jang khac neu toi c6 [jgy thi ke khac se
3. c6 tM Itu nam, cuug Uhong vi do nt. thanh nhtrng v, .ham phan gioi. • l k* Cbn Igi ich tn^ ttr j
khdc cA 16 cung hhong lAn lao lain, nha
ay cGng chu-a chic tign xa, cbn can p a. ^,. dieu nira trirac kia dem ra ap dung v kha nang
ho L'^ bat (iau lal dung ^ cai ha k' mot "' n&iv^ • *" phatminh cua ho. Nhit-n., se giup »6i v&i vahSu h^t nhu- fehong bao
dau nan toi tun diro-c, tuv nKfi-ng t"* tiro-ng r n^n ngu-a^i taVth^T
y v^ng se thu lu-o-in du-o-c lo-l ' h
vi toi da raU"* Is. ' • ich gl k;» . ^ V u L-- " " qua nhu-np h ■ '
^ » u-ng ngu-i-i' ,.j xem nb„ |. T pHao chang nhirng nnu-ng ngu-b-i .a- ■ , « ban k- . ij •
>""<36 bSu nhu- k ^""'"quax. .. , .. »^o pba bl„ri 'Si dV" ■"• cona cia '"«T "i^iing nnnb ^ '"■ ^a toi - '6^ " thI ,in, 7°-''"'""^ - c-"""' "
1 " chan 1^, 0^ hoc ^ir^-ng, ngirai ^6 * - . V •
^^U'O'c ki® ngwo-i ta
m-a khong khoe khoang rang ngoki toj ra^ ^ 1km du-o-c dmu dA. KhAug phk. J. „gnAi ta tri tu? nko loi l?c ho-n toi v6 cung, n ,(,6 ,uan niem hoc mpt dieu gi vAi kA khAc "®^7anh cua niinb hln nhu mot cAch rA rkug vk Iktn cho n t^ m.c khi chinh tninh phAt mmh ra n cho
tu-Ang Ay 11^ 'S' ""'^•
phi^iw lu4"
k^n uKi con cKAu cKAug »
r,„. - ■= .Ul. " "I""
» f
i
.; i
88 I RENE DESCARTES
phu-o-ng-phAp-iu4"B9
' >■ . iii '
tn«t g,a ngky au'a 1& nhu-ng ngu-M da khong dg lai sdch vo' gl • T'lf l-S do d6 mk nghl ring tu- tirang r * ; ■■."''"■7 nghT ring ngu-^i ta da truygn tung I91 aai di ; cung nhir ngu-S-i ta Irk-' l- r • j- d? ciia ho da vircn hn ■ x I
k- lT" ""8 ho Ik nhu-ng ngu-6-i khan ngoan nhat
hal nhSt ircng-ohu-nB n " ' •'"'l
^^mthaaman/nSd-hohrT-- r
da hleu blSi ng^ay xu
them mot dieu o) L ' khong biet ®' nOTi n5-a LJ - .
khong he tu- co g^^g ] c&y leo, n6 Co khi no i^j nhirng cay nang do- n6, kia. Toi thiet tu-^^g 1 ^ ngon cac c&y bieu bi^t nhu-ng g^ khong lay lam du su hoc, m^-'cbn rnugn tJm
tac gi^ c^ch gi^i de "B 1 den, nhu-ng ngu-^j c6 le cung khong he nghTa Ik c6 ,h| Ik „hit„g |ii,
hh, h, thkng h ' =ho mlnh ke,n hihu bi^.