🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ Ebooks Nhóm Zalo (Chu bien) - T R A N THj TlflJ “ • -a ■ DANH PHAP\h m - r n m N H A X U A T BAN G IA O D U C V IE T N AM TRAN QUOC SON (Chu bien) - TRAN THj TlfU DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HQU CO (Tai ban Ian thu mu&i co sua chua) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM Tran Quoc San, G S trirang D H SP Ha Noi Tran Thi Tiiru, PC S truong D H SP TP. Ho Chi M inh LOI NOI DAU CHO LAN XUAT BAN THU" BA Van de thudt ngi't vd danh phap hod hoc a ni(dc ta dang duac rat nhieu ngitai ddc biet quan tarn. Dieu nay khong nlu'tng vi tam quan trong cua no trong day vd hoc hod hoc cCing nhit trong sdn xuat va nghien cihi hod hoc, md cdn vi chi fa cd sit tliong nhd't ve cdc nguyen tdc xay difng thuat ngit hod hoc bang tieng Viet vd ve cdch phien chuyen tit tieng nude ngoai (chit yeu 1a tieng Anh) sang tieng Viet. Cuon such nay gidi thieu nhifng nguyen tdc c o ban ve danh phap IUPAC cua cdc loqi hcrp clid't hifn c o thitting gap. Sach ditac xuat ban Ian dau tien vao ndm 2000 da ditoc doc gid don nhan rat nliiet tinh. Ba nam sail, sach ditc/c xud't ban kin tint liai, co bo sung chitong V, tit bay den nay sach duac in lai lidng ndm d ed d p ifng nhu cau cua doc gid. Ldn xuat ban tlu't ba nay do chit bien phu trach, tuy van gift nguyen ndm clutcmg, song moi clutong deu ditac chinh li vd bo sung nhieu nham cap nhat vd md rong pliqm vi sit dung cho ngitai doc, trong tam Id may van de sau : Mot Id, bo sung cdc c/uy tdc chon lita hidrua nen, quy tdc goi ten hop chat tap chitc, danh phap phan, danh phap dung hop cua hap chat di vdng... Hai Id, dita them danh phap cdc he polixiclo, danh phap mot so hop chat chita niter nhit imit, hidrazit, cdc axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroxamic, danh phap !u/p chat cdkim vd hap chat hidroxi cacbonyl,... Ba la. phdt trien danh phap cua nhieu loqi chat, trong so do co a-am ino axit, cacbohidrat, glixerit, steroit... Bon Id, dita vao cuoi moi clutang mot so bdi tap, lidu het ditac trd lai a cuoi sach. Cuon sach nay vita Id tai lieu bdi ditang gido vien hod hoc vita la giao trinh cho sinli vien dqi hoc, cao dang, hoc vien cao hoc vd nghien ci'tu sinh, dong thai cung Id tai lieu tham khao cho cdn bo giang day vd nghien cihi hod hoc hCtu co... ciing tat cd nhifng ai quan tam den danh phap hod hoc. Cdc tdc gid rat mong nhan ditac nhieu y kien phe binh xay dung. Hd Noi, thang 6 ndm 20JO C ac tac gia MUC LUC Chuangl DAI CUONG V£ DANH PHAP HIJU CO 1-1 MO DAU 1-1-1 So luoc ve qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien danh phap hop chat huru c o .............................................................................................................................. 13 1-1-2 Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien curu sur dung thuat ngur va danh phap hoa hoc o nude ta ......................................................................................................... 13 1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HLTU CO. DANH PHAP IUPAC 1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co............................................... 15 Danh phap he thong (15). Danh phap thong thucmg (16). Danh phap nua he thong hay nira thong thuong (16). 1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC ................................................................................ 16 Ten thay the (16). Ten trao ddi (17). Ten loai chuc (18). Ten dung hop (18). Ten ket hop (19). Ten cong (19). Ten trir (20). Ten nhan (21). Ten cua di vong theo Hantzsch va Widman (21). Cac xiclophan (22). Ten thong thuong va nua he thong duoc IUPAC luu dung (23). 1-3 QUY D|NH VE SIJ DUNG CAC CHi S6 V! TRI VA CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC 1-3-1 Cac chi so ve vj tr i...................................................................................................... 23 1-3-2 Dau phay va cac daiu chaim......................................................................................24 Dau phay (24). Dau mot cham (24). Dau hai cham (25). 1-3-3 Gach noi va dau cach................................................................................................ 25 Gach noi (25). Dau cach (26). 1-3-4 Cac dau moc dong...................................................................................................... 26 Dau moc cong (26). Dau moc vuong (27). Dau moc xoan (28). 1-4 TIEN T6, HIDRUA NEN VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 1-4-1 Tien t o ........................................................................................................... 28 Tifin to vi do boi (28). Tien to've cS'u tao (31). MUC LUC 1-4-2 Ilidrua nen...................................................................................................................... 33 Hidrua nen don nhan (33). Hidrua nen axiclic da nhan (34). Hidrua nen don vong (34). Hidrua nfin da vong (35). 1-4-3 Nhom dike trurng............................................................................................................ 36 Phan loai nhom dac trung theo he tit;n to/hau t6' trong danh phap thay the (36). Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung (37). 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl£C GOI TEN THEO DANH PHAP THAY THf: IUPAC 1-5-1 Hidrocacbon................................................................................................................... 38 Xac dinh hidrua nen (38). Danh so cac nguyen tir cacbon tren mach chlnh (39). Goi ten day du (39). 1-5-2 Dan xuait cua hidrocacbon......................................................................................... 39 Xac dinh nhom dac trung (39). Xac dinh hidrua ndn (39). Danh so mach chrnh (39). Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai A (40). Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai B (40). Cac hop chat tap chuc (40). Tom tat trinh tu goi ten dan xuat cua hidrocacbon (40). 1-5-3 Cac quy tac xac dinh hidrua nen axiclic.............................................................. 41 1-5-4 Mot so quy tac chon lira hidrua nen doi voi cac hop chat chua ca mach ho Ian mach vong................................................................................................................. 43 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HINH 1-6-1 Dong phan hinh hoc..................................................................................................... 45 1 Ic danh phap as/trims (45). He danh phap syn/anti (46). He danh phap Z/E (46). 1-6-2 Dong phan quang hoc..................................................................................................48 Danh phap D/L (49). Danh phap R/S (49). Danh phap erythro/threo (51). Bai tap chuang I .......................................................................................................................... 52 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO 7 ChirongII DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, CAC ION VA GbC TU DO, CAC D| VONG 11-1 HIDROCACBON NO MACH HO 11-1-1 Hidrocacbon no mach ho khong nhanh.............................................................. 53 II-1-2 Hidrocacbon no mach nhanh................................................................. ................ 54 Xac dinh hidrua ndn (54). Danh so (56). Xac djnh ten cua cac nhanh (57). Thiet lap ten day du (57). II-1-3 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon n o............................................................................58 Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri mot (58). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri hai (59). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon hoa tri ba va cao hon (60). 11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH HO II-2-1 Hidrocacbon khong no..............................................................................................61 Hidrocacbon khong no co mot hay nhieu lien ket doi (61). Hidrocacbon co mot hay nhiSu lien ket ba (62). Hidrocacbon chiia ddng thoi lien ket doi va lien ket ba (62). II-2-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon khong n o .............................................................. 63 Nhom (goc) hoa tri mot (63). Nhom (goc) da hoa tri (64). 11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO II-3-1 Hidrocacbon don vong n o ....................................................................................... 65 Hidrocacbon don vong no khong nhanh va co nhanh (65). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon don vong no (65). II-3-2 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no.......................................................................... 66 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no (66). Cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon don vong khong no (66). 11-3-3 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung mot nguyen tu mat vong : Hidrocacbon kieu sp iro.......................................................................................................................67 Hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67). II-3-4 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung cau noi : Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo.......68 Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo (68). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo (68). II-3-5 He nhieu vong (da vong) co chung cau noi. Hidrocacbon kieu polixiclo.....69 11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM 11-4-1 Hidrocacbon thorn don vong va da vong.............................................................69 Ten thong thudng cua aren duoc IUPAC luu dung (69). Ten cua cac aren co nhom the' (71). Ten cua cac hidrocacbon thorn da vong dung hop (72). II-4-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon thorn........................................................................74 Cac nhom (goc) co ten thong thuong hoac ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (74). Cac nhom (goc) thorn khac (75). 11-5 Gdc CACBO TU DO, ION VA ION-GdC 11-5-1 Goc tu do.......................................................................................................................... 76 Cac gdc tu do R va R (76). Cac goc tu do co nhom the (76). 11-5-2 Cation va cation-goc....................................................................................................77 Cation duoc hinh thanh bang cach them H(+> vao hidrua nen (77). Cation duoc hinh thanh bang cach bdt di H( * tu hidrua n6n (77). Cation-goc (78). II-5-3 Anion va anion-goc...................................................................................................... 78 Cacbanion (78). Anion-goc (79). 11-6 DANH PHAP DI VONG II-6-1 Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong..................................................................80 Di vong don va di vong da dung hop (80). Nhom (goc) di vong (80). II-6-2 Ten he thong theo Hantzsch - Widman .............................................................. 81 II-6-3 Ten trao d oi.................................................................................................................... 83 II-6-4 Ten dung hop.................................................................................................................. 84 Bai tap chuong II............................................................................................................................. 86 C hirongIII DANH PH A P H OP CHAT HUU CO DON CHITC VA DA CHIFC D 6N G NHAT 111-1 DAN x u At h a l o g e n VA HOP c h At NITRO III-1.-1 Dan xuat halogen......................................................................................................... 89 Danh phap thay the (89). Danh phap loai chuc (91). Danh phap cong (9j ) Ten thong thuong (91). III-1 -1 Hop chat n itro .............................................................................................................. 92 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HCTU CO 9 111-2 ANCOL VA PHENOL III-2-1 A ncol........ ....................................................................................................................... 92 Danh phap thay the (92). Danh phap loai chuc (92). Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (93). I1I-2-2 Phenol.............................................................................................................................. 93 Danh phap thay the (93). Ten thong thuong (93). Cac dan xuat hidroxi cua he tap hop vong thorn (94). III-2-3 Cac hop chat tuong dong chalcogen cua ancol va phenol............................ 94 III-2-4 Cac nhom (goc) sinh ra bang cach tach H d O H ..............................................95 Cac nhom gdc R O - va ArO- (95). Cac nhom hoa tri hai d dang -O -X -O - (95). Cac nhom chua S va Se tuong dong vdi RO- va ArO- (96). 111-3 ETE VA PEROXIT ni-3-1 Ete..................................................................................................................................... 96 Danh phap thay the (96). Danh phap loai chuc (96). Danh phap trao doi (96). Ten thong thuong (97). Cac chat tuong dong chua S va Se cua ete (97). I1I-3-2 Ete vong......................................................................................................................... 97 m -3-3 Hidroperoxit va peroxit............................................................................................ 98 Hidroperoxit ROOH (98). Peroxit ROOR’ (99). Hidro disunfua RSSH va disunfua RSSR’ (99). 111-4 ANDEHIT VA XETON LO-4-1 Andehit............................................................................................................................99 Monoandehit va diandehit mach hd (99). Poliandehit mach ho chua >3 nhom CHO va andehit cd >1 nhom CHO noi true tiep vdi mach vong (100). Andehit cd nhom CHO d cach mach vong bang mot doan mach cacbon (100). Andehit va axit tuong ung cd ten thong thudng (101). Chat tuong dong chalcogen cua andehit ( 102). III-4-2 X eton............................................................................................................................... 102 Danh phap thay the (102). Danh phap loai chuc (103). Ten thong thudng duoc IUPAC luu dung (103). Cha't tuong dong chalcogen cua xeton (103). III-4-3 X eten ................................................................................................................................104 III-4-4 D^n xuat d nhom chuc cua andehit va xeton.....................................................105 Axetal (105). Hemiaxetal (106). Axylal (106). Oxim (107). Hidrazon (107). 111-5 AXIT CACBOXYLIC VA CAC DAN XUAT III-5-1 Axit cacboxylic...............................................................................................................108 Axit monocacboxylic va dicacboxylic mach ho (108). Axit chtia >3 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach hd va axit chua >1 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach vong (108). Axit cd nhom COOH d cach xa vong mot doan mach cacbon (108). Ten thong thudng (109). Cac nhom axyl (109). Chat tuong ddng chalcogen cua axit cacboxylic ( 111). III-5-2 Diin xuat d nhom chuc cua axit cacboxylic......................................................... 112 Muoi (112). Este (112). Halogenua axit (113). Anhidrit (113). Amit va imit (114). Hidrazit (115). Lacton va lactam (116). Nitrin (117). Cac axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroximic va hidroxamic (118). 111-6 AMIN, IMIN VA MOT S6 CHUC CHUA HAI NGUYEN TU NITO III-6-1 Amin bac m ot.................................................................................................................118 Monoamin bac mot (118). Diamin bac mot (119). III-6-2 Amin bac hai va amin bac ba................................................................................... 120 Amin bac hai va amin bac ba doi xung (120). Amin bac hai va amin bac ba khong doi xung ( 120). III-6-3 Cac hop chat azo va diazo......................................................................................... 121 Hop chat azo (121). Hop chat diazoni (122). Hop chat diazo (122). 111-7 HOP CHAT CO KIM III-7-1 Truong hop kim loai khong noi vdi phoi tu anion............................................ 122 III-7-2 Hop chat co kim co phoi tu anion........................................................................... 123 Bai tap chuung I I I.......................................................................................................................... 123 ChirongIV DANH PHAP HOP CHATTAP CHIFC VA HOP CHAT THl£N NHl£N IV-1 QUY TAC GQI TEN CAC HQP CHAT TAP CHUC IV-1-1 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap churc chi chua cac nhom loai \ .....j 27 IV-1-2 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap chuc chua nhom loai B ............... IV-1 -3 Danh phap trao doi cua cac hop chat tap churc................................................ . DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO ____________ 11 IV-2 HQP CHAT HIDROXICACBONYL, HIDROXI AXIT VA OXO AXIT IV-2-1 Hop chat hidroxicacbonyl........................................................................................132 IV-2-2 Hidroxi axit....................................................................................................................133 IV-2-3 Oxo axit...........................................................................................................................136 IV-3 AMINO AXIT VA PEPTIT IV-3-1 Amino a x it.....................................................................................................................138 Ten thay the (138). Ten nua he thong (138). Tdn thong thudng (138). IV-3-2 Peptit............................................................................................................................... 142 IV-4 CACBOHIORAT IV-4-1 M onosaccarit................................................................................................................ 143 Ten cua monosaccarit d dang mach ho (144). Ten cua monosaccarit d dang mach vong (147). Ten cac din chat cua monosaccarit (148). IV-4-2 Oligosaccarit................................................................................................................. 151 Oligosaccarit chua nhom hemiaxetal tu do (151). Oligosaccarit khong chua nhom hemiaxetal tu do (152). IV-5 GLIXERIT, TECPEN VA STEROIT IV-5-1 G lixerit............................................................................................................................153 Glixerit trung tfnh (154). Phosphoglixerit (156). IV-5-2 Tecpen.............................................................................................................................157 Tecpen mach ho (158). Tecpen mach vong (159). IV-5-3 Steroit.............................................................................................................................. 162 Cach danh so va bieu thi ca'u hinh (162). Cac hidrua nen quan trong (163). Ten thong thudng va ten he thong cua mot so steroit (164). Ten cua steroit cd vong bi bi£n cai (164). Bai tap chucmg I V ........................................................................................................................ 168 12 MUC LUC Chuung V CAC T£N GOI DUOC LUU DUNG VA TRINH TU UU Tl£N CUA CAC NHOM V -l TEN THONG THUONG VA NUA H£ THONG DUOC LUU DUNG V -l-1 Hidrocacbon va nhom (goc) hidrocacbon............................................................173 Hidrocacbon mach ho va hidrocacbon don vong (173). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon mach ho va don vong (174). Hidrocacbon da vong khong no va thorn (175). Hidrocacbon da vong no (177). Nhom (gdc) hidrocacbon da vong (177). V -l-2 Di vong va nhom (gdc) di vong................................................................................. 177 Di vong nen (177). Nhom (gdc) di vong (181). Y -l-3 Hop chat mang nhom dac trirng chura oxi va luu huynh...............................182 Hop chat hidroxi, ete va nhom (gdc) tuong ung (182). Hop chat cacbonyl va nhom (gdc) lien quan (183). Axit cacboxylic va cac hop chat lien quan (184). Mot so hop chat va nhom (gdc) chua luu huynh (187). V -l-4 Hop chat mang nhom dac trung chura nito va halogen...................................187 Amin va nhom the dan xuat (187). Cau true nen mach ho chua nhi6u nito va cac nhom the dan xuat (188). Hop chat chua halogen (189). V-2 t£n goi cac nhom th uo ng dung va d o uu t i£n CUA CAC NHOM HAY GAP KHI XAC DjNH CAU HINH V-2-1 Ten goi cac nhom (gdc) thudng dung...................................................................190 V-2-2 Ten goi va do uu tien cua cac nhom (gdc) dung trong cac he danh phap E/Z va R/S.......................................................................................................................207 Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu do uu tien (207). Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu bang chu cai (210). Bai tap bd sung...........................................................................................................................214 TAI LIE1' DOC T H EM .............................................................................................................217 TRA LOI MOT SO BAI T A P .................................................................................................. 218 PHI LU C .......................................................................................................................................229 Phu luc 1. Ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc huu c o ..................................................... 229 Phu luc 2. Danh muc ten goi cac nguydn to hoa h o c....................................................... 243 C h u c m g I DAI CUONG VE DANH PHAP HUU CO 1-1 MO DAU 1-1 -1 So lupc ve qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien danh phap hop chat huii co Truac kia, ten cua cac hop chat huu ca deu la nhung ten thong thudng hoac nhung ten co tfnh he thong rat thap. Nhung de xuat dau tien ve mot he thong danh phap co tfnh quoc te duac neu ra vao nam 1892 tai G ianeva (Geneva, Thuy SI), tir do xuat hien danh phap Gianeva. Nhung quy tdc cua danh phap G ianeva duac Hiep hoi hoa hoc quoc te (viet tat la IUC, xuat phat tu International Union o f Chemistry) hop tai L ieg ia (Liege, Bi) nam 1932 xem xet, chinh If va bo sung thanh quy tdc Liegia. Cac quy tac nay duac hoan thien them vao nhung nam 1936 (tai Lucerne) va 1938 (tai Roma). Nam 1947, Hiep hoi quoc te hoa hoc ca ban va ting dung (viet tat la IUPAC, xuat phat tu International Union o f Pure and Applied Chemistry duac thanh lap trudc do thay cho IU C), hop tai Luan Don (London, Anh) de! ra soat va bo sung cac quy tac cua danh phap duang thai da dat van de xay dung nen danh phap IUPAC ma cac phan quan trong duac thong qua tai ki hop cua IUPAC a Pari (Paris, Phap) nam 1957. Tir do den nay IUPAC thudng xuyen bo sung va hoan chinh cac quy tac cua danh phap, khong xem danh phap do la tlnh tai, trai lai can duac phat trien lien tuc. Trong so cac van kien quan trong ve danh phap hoa hoc hiiu ca, phai ke den cac tai lieu xuat ban nhung nam nhu 1979, 1993, 1998, 2004,... Cung nhu cac nude khac tren the giai, nuac ta da tirng ap dung danh phap G ianeva cung m ot so loai danh phap nua he thong va khong he thong. Trong vong bon - nam thap ki gdn day da chuyen sang dung danh phap IU PA C thay cho danh phap G ianeva. 1-1 -2 Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien cuu, sir dung thuat ngCr va danh phap hoa hoc huu co 6 nude ta Truac Cach mang thang Tam , trong tieng V iet hau nhu chua co nhieu tir hoa hoc chinh xac. Mai tori nam 1942 mdri co cong trinh "Danh tCr khoa hoc" (trong 14 CHLfONG I - DAI ClfCJNG VE DANH PHAP HCfU CO do co hoa hoc) cua GS Hoang XuSn Han, tuy la mot dong gop ra't ldn song bay gior chua duoc sir dung rOng rai. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, tieng Viet diroe dung trong giang day va cac cong tac khoa hoc, nen cac tir hoa hoc duoc chmh thurc dua vao tieng Viet. 6 mien Bdc, nam 1960, Uy ban Khoa Hoc nha nude da de ra quy dinh tam thdi ve cac nguyen tdc bien soan danh tir khoa hoc tu nhien. Nam 1963, mdt nhom cac nha hoa hoc chii chot tai Ha Noi bien soan cuon "Tir dien hoa hoc Nga - Anh - Viet". Mot nam sau, GS Nguyin Thac Cat cong bo mot ban du thao ve thuat ngu va danh phap hoa hoc. 6 mien Nam, nam 1962 GS Le Van Thdi da chu tri bien soan cuon "Danh tir khoa hoc" ; nam 1967 thanh lap "Uy ban quoc gia soan thao danh tir chuyen mon" (trong do co danh tir hoa hoc) do GS Le Van Thdi lam Chu tich ; Uy ban nay da de ra cac nguyen tdc phien chuyen va cac phuong sach xay dung thuat ngu hoa hoc. Tir nam 1975 den nay, dat nude da thong nhat song cdn chua cd su thong nhat ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc (khong thong nhat giua cac trudng dai hoc, cac vien nghien cuu; giua khoi giao due va khoi y te; giua nhung ngudi sir dung tai lieu in d mien Nam trudc day va nhung ngudi sir dung sach in d mien Bdc,...). Xu hudng co nguon gdc tir sach in d mien Bdc cd dac diem chung la Viet hoa nhieu hon; trong khi do, xu hudng co nguon gdc tir tai lieu d mien Nam trudc day lai thien ve sir dung tieng Phap va tieng Han nhieu hon. Nam 1982, Bo Giao due da thanh lap Hoi dong chuan hoa tieng Viet, xay dung nen nhung quy dinh ve chmh ta trong sach giao khoa cai cach giao due, song it duoc ap dung trong thirc te. Hoi dong quoc gia chi dao bien soan Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam, tren co sd ap dung cac quy tac do GS Nguyen Thac Cat de xuat, cung dat cac quy dinh ve thuat ngu hoa hoc. Trong khi do, nganh Duoc tir lau van cd cac quy dinh mang tfnh quoc te - hoi nhap cao, le duong nhien muc do Viet hoa khong cao. Trong tinh hinh nhu vay, tir ddu thap ki 90 cua the ki trudc, cac sach ve hoa hoc (pho thong, cao dang va dai hoc) do Nha xuat ban Giao due an hanh deu tuan theo mot sd quy djnh tam thdi, chu yeu dua tren cac de xuat cua GS Nguyin Thac Cat, cu the nhu sau : - Viet lien cac am tiet, bo cac ddu thanh va ddu mu. - Cd gdng giu gdn sat dang thuat ngu gdc, nhung doc theo tid'ng Viet. - Them mot sd phu am va phu am kep von khong cd trong tieng Viet nhu : cl, cr, hr, v.v... 1-2 PHAN loai danh phAp 15 - Thay y bang / trong moi trudng hop, trir trong hau to yl cua ten goc huu co. - Them mot so van nguoc nhu al, ol, yl... de chi mot so chtic huu co va cac goc. - Bo bdt r trong cac vSn nhu ar (tr£r cacbon va cacbonat... vi da qua quen dung), or, er,... va dung ic thay ich. - Giu nguyen khong phien chuyen cac tien to nhu cis-, trans-, ortho-, meta-, v.v... Tai Hoi nghi khoa hoc va cong nghe hoa hoc huu co toan quoc lan thuf nhat (1999) va cac lan tiep theo cung nhu tai Hoi thao quoc gia ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc huu co (2000) da co nhung bao cao trong do neu len cac nguyen tac chung va cac quy tac cu the vi phien chuyen. Tuy vay, nhung bat dong y kien ve danh phap va thuat ngu van chua duoc khac phuc. Trudc tlnh hinh do, tu nam 2005 Hoi Hoa hoc Viet Nam, duoc sir ung ho cua Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe va Lien hiep cac Hoi khoa hoc va ki thuat Viet Nam, da thuc hien de tai "Xay dung he thong thuat ngu va danh phap hoa hoc Viet Nam". D i tai nay1*’ da hoan thanh viec xay dung cac nguyen tac chung, cac quy tac phien chuyen di goi ten cac nguyen to hoa hoc, cac hop chat vo co va huu co, cac tieu chi dat thuat ngu hoa hoc cung cac phuong thuc xav dung thuat ngu, v.v... Trong khi cho doi Nha nude ban hanh nhung quy dinh mdi vi danh phap va thuat ngu dua tren cac ket qua nghien cuu cua D i tai, sach nay van tam thdi ap dung cac quy dinh cua Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam nhu cac lan xuat ban trudc. 1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HftU CO DANH PHAP IUPAC 1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co Co the quy cac ten cua hop chat huu co vi hai loai chinh va mot loai trung gian. 1-2- 7-7 Danh phap he thong Do la loai danh phap trong do moi bo phan cau thanh diu co y nghla he thong. Thi du ten goi hexan ( C6H14 ) gom hai bo phan la hexa- (tiin to xuat phat tir tieng Hi Lap co nghla la sau) va -an (hau to noi len mot hidrocacbon no), do do ta cd hex(a) + an —» hexan (bo bdt mot trong hai chu a liin nhau). (*) Trong thoi gian thuc hien cac thu tuc in tap sach nay, H6i Hoa hoc Viet Nam da cho ra mdt d6c gia mdt c6ng trinh tap the diroc hoan thanh trong khuon khd cua de tai neu tren. Do la cuon "Danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc Viet Nam”, Nha xua't ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha N6i, 2010. 16 CHUONG I - DAI CUCJNG VE DANH PHAPHgU^O 1-2-1-2 Danh phap thdng thuong Danli phap thong thudng hay danh phap thudng la loai danh phap duoc hinh thanh dua theo ngu6n gdc tim ra hoac theo tfnh chat be ngoai (mau sac, mui vi...) hoac mot you to khac kh6ng co tfnh he thong. Thi du : ure (tieng Phap la uree) co ngudn goc tir urine (tieng Phap co nghla la nude ti6u) vi ure lan dSu tien duoc tach ra tu nude tieu (1778). 1-2-1-3 Danh phap nua he thdng hay nua thong thudng Loai danh phap nay cd tfnh cach trung gian giua hai loai tren, vi no chi co mot \ai yeu to he thdng. Thi du : stiren (C6H5CH = CH2 )co nguon gdc la stirax (ten loai nhua cay cho ta stiren) va chi co hau to -en (noi len su cd mat cua noi doi C=C) la yeu to he thdng. 1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC l en cua cac hop chat huu co theo IUPAC (danh phap IUPAC) gom nhi6u loai, ma da sd la ten he thdng, chi cd mot sd tuong doi it la ten nira he thdng va ten thong thudng. 1-2-2-1 Ten thay the (Substitutive name) Ten tliuy the hay la ten the duac tao nen nhd thao tdc thay the, turc la thay mot hay nhi£u nguyen tu H d bo phan chinh goi la hidrua nen (mach chinh, vong chmh, v.v...) bang mot hay nhieu nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu khac roi lay ten cua hidrua nen ghep vdi ten cua nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu mdi the vao (duoc neu ten dudi dang tien to hoac hau to tuy trudng hop, theo nhung quy tac nhat dinh). Thi du : c h 3 - c h 2 - o h Hidrua n£n : etan Nhom the : -O H cd ten d dang hau to -ol Ten thay the : Etanol c i - c h 2 - c h c i - c h 3 Hidrua n£n : propan Nhom the : -C l co ten d dang tien to cloro- (hoac clo-) Ten thay the : 1,2-Dicloropropan C6H , - N H - C H 3 17 Hidrua n6n hay chuc nen (co vong va nhom churc): anilin Nhom the : -C H 3 co ten metyl Ten thay the : jV-Metylanilin I-2 -2 -2 Tin trao doi (Replacement name) Ten trao doi duoc hinh thanh khong phai bang thao tac thay the nguyen tu hidro ma bang thao tdc trao doi nguyen tu (hay nhom nguyen tir) khac hidro cua hidrua nen bang nguyen tu (hoac nhom nguyen tu) khac. Nhung nguyen tir'moi duoc thay vao con duoc goi la di nguyen tu hay di tu. Co hai loai : a) Ten trao doi d bo khung Ta goi ten hop chat nhu khi chua co sir trao doi, nhung can them tien to noi len nguyen tir duoc dua vao ; cac ti<5n to' nay deu tan cung bang chu "a" : chang han o.xa- (nguyen tir oxi), thia- (luu huynh), aza- (nito hay azot), sila- (silic), v.v... (xem Bang II.2). Thi du : ^ trao d6i C bang Si Xiclohexan Silaxiclohexan c h 3[ c h 2}7c h 3 - -tTl l dn°£- > c h 36 c h 2c h 26 c h 2c h 2o c h 3 Nonan 2,5,8-Trioxanonan Khi co mat > 2 di tir khac nhau can neu tien to a cho di tir co do uu tien cao hon trudc (muc do uu tien giam theo trinh tu 0 > S > N > Si..., xem bang II.2). Thi du : / \ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 __ UJH CH3- 0 - C H 2-C H 2-N H -C H 2- S - C H 3 4-O xa- 1-azaxiclohexan 7-Oxa-2-thia-4-azaoctan b) Ten trao doi d nhom chCfc Su trao d6i nguyen tir oxi d nhom chuc bang nguyen tir khac duoc the hien bang ti6n to noi len nguyen tir moi duoc dua vao. Thi du : c h 3c h 2- c o o h c h 3c h 2 - CSSH Axit propanoic Axit propan(dithioic) 2-OPHC HUU CO 18 CHlfONG I - DAI CUONG V§ DANH PHAPHCrUCO CH3[CH2]4C H = 0 Hexanal 1-2-2-3 Ten loai chuc hay la ten goc - chuc C H 3[C H 2 ]4C H = Se H exanselenal (Functional class name, Radicofunctional name) Ten loqi chuc hay con goi la ten goc-chuc duoc tao nen bang thao tdc cong ten cua goc (hay la nhom) vdi ten cua chiic huu CO. Thi du : CH3 - CH2 - Br CH3- 0 - C H 3 Etyl bromua Dimetyl ete CH3- C - C 1 CH3 - CH2 - O - C - CH3 O o Axetyl clorua Etyl axetat Neu cd mat hai hay nhieu nhom (gdc) khac nhau thi neu ten chung theo trinh tu bang chu cai. Thi du : CH3CH2 - O - CH3 CH3CH2 - CO - C6H5 Etyl metyl ete Etyl phenyl xeton Q Hs - s o 2 - CH3 CH3CH2CH2 - OOCCH2CH2COOCH3 Metyl phenyl sunfon Metyl propyl sucxinat Chii y rang n£u phan gdc d dang ti'nh tir thi phdn nay duoc dat sau phan chirc cho phu hop vdi ngu phap ti£ng Viet. Thi du : ancol etylic (tir etyl ancol). 1-2-2-A Tin dung hop (Fusion name) Day la len ciia cac hop chat da vong ngung tu (hay dung hop). Trong he da \ong do cd mot bo phan duoc coi la chinh hay co sd (duoc xac djnh theo nhung qu> tac clj the) va 11161 bO phan ghep ndi (bang cach ngung tu hay la dung hop). Bo phan ghcp noi nay duoc goi ten dudi dang tien to, thudng thudng duoc tan cung hani: chur "o". Hii du : Phan ca s6 : antraxen Phan ca sd : furan Ten : Benzofajantraxen Ten : Benzo[£]furan Cac chu cai nhu a , h, r,„. dung dd’,chi thu tu cua cac lien ket trong vong 1-2 PHAN loai danh phAp 19 I-2 -2 -5 Ten ket hop (Conjunctive name) Doi vdi cac hop chat huu co chua dong thdi mot bo phan mach ho cd nhom chuc chinh va m6t bo phan mach vong, ngudi ta cd the dung thao tdc ket hap ten cua bo phan mach ho (duoc coi la hidrua nen) va ten cua he vong, mac du de tao nen hop chat cdn goi ten ta phai bdt di mot sd nguyen tu H d ch6 noi. Thi du : ^ + CH3CH2OH - - i T O CH2CH2OH Xiclohexan Etanol Ten ket hop : Xiclohexanetanol Ten thay the : 2-Xiclohexyletanol CH,—COOH CH3COOH N aphtalen A xit axetic -2H Ten ket hap : Axit nap htalen -l-axetic Ten thay the : Axit (l-n ap htyl)axetic Khi co hai hay nhieu nhanh giong nhau, ta dung them tien to co ban di-, tri-,... (CH2COOH CH2CH2OH CH2CH2OHHOOCCH, CH2COOH Xiclopentan-l,l-dietanol Axit benzen-l,3,5-triaxetic Neu cac nhanh khong giong nhau, chi co nhanh chinh duoc coi la bo phan ket hop. con cac nhanh khac duoc neu ten 0 dang tien to. Thi du : HOOCCH, HOOCCH, ±// V c h 2c h 2c o o h h o o c c h 2 CH2CH2COOH Axit 4-(cacboximetyl)benzenpropanoic Axit 4-(2-cacboxietyl)benzen-l,2-diaxetic I-2 -2 -6 Ten cong (Additive name) Ten cong duoc hinh thanh bang thao tdc cong cac hop phan ma khong bdt di nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu nao tu m6i hop phan do. Thi du : 20 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/ONG VfE DANH PHAP HLfU CO c h 2 = c h 2 + Etilen Q h 5 - Phenyl - O - Oxi c 6h 5 - Phenyl CH2 -C H 2 Etilen oxit Q H 5 - C 6H5 Biphenyl C H jtC H jljC H j Hexyl + - O - Oxi 4H CH3[CH2 c h 2o H exyloxi N a p h ta len H idro 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 -T e tra h id ro n a p h ta le n I-2 -2 -7 Ten trir(Subtractive name) Ten tru dirge hinh thanh tir ten cua mot chat tuong tir da quen biet bang cach dung mot tien to hoac mot hau to de noi len su loai bdt mot so nguyen tir hay nhom nguyen tu. Do la thao tdc trif. Co hai loai : a) Ten trie duoc hinh thanh bang cach dung tien to trif nhu de-, anhidro-... Anhidro- la tien to noi len sir tach bort HOH, de- la phan dau cua mot tien to phan anh sir bdt di mot nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu nao do, chang han demetyl fbdt di mot nhom metyl va thay bang H), deoxi- (bdt di mot nguyen tu O nhd thay the OH bang H). Thi du : CH=01CH=0 H OH H OH H OH-o H 2 H H 3 OH H4 OH c h 2o h c h 2o h D-RibozO 2-Deoxi-D-ribozo 1-2 phAn loai danh phAp 21 b) Ten trie duoc hinh thanh bang cach dung hau totrit nhu -en, -in, -yl,... Thi du : — — > - 2H v C H ,C Ii,C H , X» Propen CH3CH = CH2 7 Propyl CH3CH2CH2- I-2 -2 -8 Ten nhSn (Multiplicative name) Ten nhan bie’u thj su rich tu cac ca'u true nen tuong tir nhau, ndi vdi nhau bang mot nhom da hoa tri ddi xung. Trinh tu cac b6 phan cua ten nhan nhu sau : ten nhom doi xung + tien td chi d6 b6i (di-, tri-,...) + ten cua ca'u true nen (van giu nguyen cach danh sd song dung cac da'u phet cho cac ca'u true nen thu hai, thuf ba,...). Thi du : 2 2 ' h o c h 2c h 2 - o - c h 2c h 2o h 2^2'-Oxidietanol HOOC n)-C H 2 - - COOH Axit 4 ,4 ’-metylendibenzoic /CI-^COOH N— CH2COOH c h 2c o o h 2,4 ’ - O xidibenzandehit Axit nitrilotriaxetic Dudi day la ten cua m6t s6 nhom doi ximg da hoa tri thudng gap - O - Oxi- -C H 2- Metylen- - S - Sunfan- - c h 2c h 2- Etylen- -N H - Imino- - c h 2o c h 2- Oxidimetylen- - N < Nitrilo - - o c h 2o - Metylendioxi- -N = N - Diazenyl- - o c h 2c h 2o - Etylendioxi 1-2-2-9 Tin cua dj vdng theo Hantzsch va Widman Ddi vdri cac di vong don vong co m6t hay nhi£u dj tir vdi s6 canh tir 3 den 10, IUPAC ap dung he th6'ng ten theo de xu£t cua Hantzsch va Widman. Theo cach goi ten nay, ten cua mdt di vong duoc c£u thanh tir hai ph£n chinh : - Ti6n td "a" dung de’ chi ra loai dj nguyen tir trong vong. Thi du : oxa-, thia-, aza-,... 22 CHLTONG I - DAI CLTONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO - Phan ca sa 16 hap vdi hau to dung de ndi len ki'ch thudc cua di vong, do chua bao hoa, di vong cd chua nito hay khong. Thi du : -iridin, -iran, -ole. Cu the’ va chi tiet hon ve loai danh phap nay duoc trinh bay d muc II.6. 1-2-2-10 Cac xidophan Cac he da vong phurc tap trong do cac bo phan thur ca'p mach vong va mach hd ndi vdi nhau tao nen vong ldn duoc goi la cac xiclophan, cdn cach goi ten duoc goi la danh phap phan. Theo danh phap nay, b6 phan thur cap mach vong duoc coi la sieu nguyen tuvz bieu di^n bang dau cham dan cung vdi chu so to va dam, cdn he vong ldn ndi tren (chua cac sieu nguyen tu va cac be phan thu cap mach hd) duoc goi la sieu vdng hay xiclophan. Thi du : Si£u nguyfin tir 13 14 tuc b<> phan ----- thir c3p mach v6ng 12 Vi£t gon theo danh phap phan 9 * \ BO phan M cSpm jchM Xiclophan Theo sd nguydn tir (sieu nguyen tir va nguyen tir ciia b6 phan thu ca'p mach hd) tao nen sieu vdng, ta cd xiclotetraphan, xiclohexaphan, xiclooctaphan, v.v... Trong thi du tren. sieu vdng chura 10 nguyen tir, nen duoc coi la xiclodecaphan. Ten ciia sieu nguyen tir trong xiclophan duoc la'y ten cua vdng blnh thudng co them h.Ui 10 but-2-en, D-glucozo, (/?)-glixerandehit. e) Phan cach cac tien t6'v e cau tao va cdu hinh (nhu sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-,...) va cac tien td vi tri (nhu ortho-, meta-, para-, peri-, amphi-,...) vdi phdn co ban cua 26 CHlfONG I - DA! ClfCJNG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO tSn goi. Cac tien to nay duac in nghieng va khong nen viet hoa, du a ddu cau. Thi du : sfc-butyl clorua, ancol rm -butylic ; orr/zo-nitrophenol. 1 -3 -3 -2 Dau cach Da'u cach hay khoang trong duoc dung trong cac trucmg hap : a) Phdn cdch cac tu trong danh phap go'c-churc. Do la ten cua axit va cac din xuat a nhom chuc (thi du : axit axetic, etyl axetat, anhidrit a x e tic ,...); cac hap chit cacbonyl va dan xuat d nhom chuc (thi du : etyl metyl xeton ; benzandehit oxim,...) ; cac dan xuat halogen va cac hap chat tuong tu (thf du etyl bromua ; axetyl clorua ; metyl xianua,...) cac ancol, ete va cha't tucmg dong (thi du : ancol etylic ; etyl vinyl ete ; metyl propyl sunfua,...), v.v... b) Phdn cach cac tir trong mot sd danh phap cong. Thi du : stiren o x it; piridin A'-oxit, etilen dibromua. 1-3-4 Cac dci'ii moc dong Co ba loai da'u moc dong duoc dung trong he danh phap IUPAC ; do la dau moc cong hay la da'u moc dan ( ) ; da'u moc vu6ng [ ] va da'u moc xoan { }. 1-3-4-1 DHu moc cong Ddu moc cong dupe quy dinh dung vao cac muc dich sau : a) Tdch rieng cho ro m6t nhom (gdc) phurc tap ma co danh sd ri£ng va thuong duoc dat ngay sau cac tidn td v£ d6 b6i “bis”, “tris”,... ndu co mat nhi£u nhom ziOng nhau Thi du : CH ,[CH , |sCH[CHt I^CHi " \ ( h , - c h - c h 2c h 2c h 37-( 1 -Metylbutyl)tridecan (H 0C H ,C H 20 )2 C H C 0 0 H Axit bis(2-hidroxietoxi)axetic b) Trdnh sit nhdm ldn vi ca'u tao. Thi du : C I-C H 2 - S iH, (Clorometyl)silan C H ,-S iH2 -C I Cloro(metyI)silan cH3_ l “ O “ g _ 0 H Axit 4-(thioaxetyI)benzoic 1-3 SCf DUNG CAC CHI S6 Vj TRI VA CAC LOAI DAU 27 c) Nhan ro “nguyen tir hidro duac cdng vao” cung vdri “locant” ciia no. Thi du : Piridin Priridin-2(l//)-on 0 d) Bao boc cac kf hieu lap the’ nhu E, Z, R, S va kf hieu nguyen tir dong vi trong phan tir hop chat huu ca. Thf du : CH = 0 h3c , H':c = c:c h 3 HH- OH 13,CH, CH2OH (Z)-But-2-en (/?)-Glixerandehit ( l3C )M etan e) Bao boc ten ciia monome co nhanh cung vdi “locant” cua no va ten ciia monome gom hai thanh phan trong ten ciia polime. Thf du : CH-, - C H : " I Cl -fC H , - CH /n Poli(vinyl clorua) Poli(vinyl axetat) OCOCH3/n 4 c h 2 - c h ^ - C6H5yn Poli(l-phenyletilen) hay Polistiren -(NHCO[CH2 ]4CONH[CH2 ]6^ Poli(hexametylen adipamit) I-3-4 -2 Dau moc vuong D3u moc vuong duoc dung vao cac muc dfch sau : a) Chi ro su lap lai nhieu lan cac nhom lam keo dai mach. Thf du : CH3-[C H 2]10-C H 3 dodecan. b) Bao quanh tap hop cac kf hieu (s6' va chu cai) ve vi tri dung hgfp (hay ngung tu). Thf du : dibenzo[a,y]antraxen va thieno[3,2-^]furan. c) Bao quanh tap hap cac so so luofng nguyen tir rieng re o m6i vong hoac m6i cdu ndi trong he da vdng thuoc cac loai spiro, bixiclo, trixiclo, v.v... Thf du : spiro[3.4]octan ; bixiclo[3.2.1]octan. 28 CHUCJNG I - DAI CUONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO d) Bao boc cac “locant” mdt khfa canh ca'u true nao do cua m6t hop phSn trong ten cua hop chat huu co. Thi du : 7 8 9 „ 1 5 10 4 4a,9a-But[2]enoantraxen e) Dung trong trudng hop da su dung da'u moc cong r6i. Thi du : CH3CH2 - O - CO - CH2 - CH2 - N(CH3), ](+) Cl(_) [2-(Etoxicacbonyl)etyl]trimetylamoni clorua 1-3-4-3 Dau moc xoan Da'u moc xodn dung de’ bao boc cac tien td nhom the ma da dung d£u moc vuong. Thf du : 2CH3 3c h 3 NH2 - C H 2C H 2 . - 0 - C H - 0 - C H 2CH2 - 0 - C H - C H = 0 2- { 2-[l-(2-Aminoetoxi)etoxi]etoxi}propanal Khi phai lap lai nhieu Mn cac da'u moc khac nhau thi trinh tu viet cac da'u do la : dau moc cong, da'u moc vuong, da'u moc xodn, va lai dau moc cong, da'u moc vuong, dau moc xoan,..; cu the la { [ ({ [ () ] })] }. Thi du : Axit 4,4’-{ l-[({ 5- [(4’-xianobiphenyl-4-yl)oxi]pentyl }oxi)cacbonyl]etylen Jdibenzoic 1-4 ti£n t6, h id r u a n £n v a n h o m d Ac tru n g 1-4-1 Tien to Tien to hay la tie'p dau ngu (prefix) cd the duoc quy ve hai loai ldn la tien tove do boi (noi len so luong cac nhom cau tao giong nhau hoac tuong tu nhau) va tien tove cau tao (phan anh dac diem ca'u tao). 1-4-1-1 Tien to ve do boi a) Cac tien to co ban di-, tri-, tetra-,... Tru nona- va undeca- xuat phat tu tidng LaTin, cac tien to cdn lai deu xudt phat tu tieng Hi Lap (xem bang 1-1). 1-4 T|£n t6, HIORUA N^N VA NH6M OAC TRUNG 29 Bang 1-1 TIEN TO CO BAN VE DO BOI So Tien to So Tien to S o Tien to 1 Mono- 11 Undeca- 21 Henicosa 2 Di- 12 Dodeca- 30 Triaconta 3 Tri- 13 Trideca- 40 Tetraconta 4 Tetra- 14 Tetradeca- 60 Hexaconta 5 Penta- 15 Pentadeca- 100 Hecta 6 Hexa- 16 Hexadeca- 200 Dicta 7 Hepta- 17 Heptadeca- 300 Tricta 8 Octa- 18 Octadeca- 400 Tetracta 9 Nona- 19 Nonadeca- 500 Pentacta 10 Deca- 20 Icosa- 1000 Kilia Chit y rang, bat dau tir dodeca- hau het cac tien to duoc hinh thanh bang cach to hop cac tien to hop phan theo trinh tu ngugc vdi trong sd A Rap. Thi du : 13 : trideca- ; 24 : tetracosa- ; 35 : pentatriaconta- ; 48 : octatetraconta- ; 52 : dopentaconta-; 132 : dotriacontahecta-. Cac tien td co ban dung de chi do boi ciia cac tidn td ca'u tao thuoc loai don gian (khong co nhom the trong ten cua nhom the do), cac hau td, cac tien td “a”, v.v... Thi' du : 2,3,3,5-tetrametylheptan ; 1,1-dicloropropan ; 2,8-diazaphenantren ; etan-1.2-d io l: axit benzen-1,3,5-triaxetic. Ti£n td mono- thudng dugc bo bdt trong nhieu ten hoa hoc, tru nhung trudng hgp cdn phai nhdn manh hoac cdn lam ro cau tao. Thf du : H9NR(COOH)2 Axit monoaminodicacboxylic HOOC C 0 0 2H Axit monoperoxiterephtalic b) Cac tien to bis, tris, tetrakis,... Tru bis (hai lan, tuong duong vdi di-) va tris (ba ldn, tuong duong vdi tri-), cac tien td khac thuoc loai nay deu dugc cau thanh tu tien td co ban da neu d tren bdng cach them "kis” vao cuoi. Thf du : 30 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/ONG Vg DANH PHAP HOfU CG 4 lan : tetra + kis = tetrakis 5 lan : penta + kis = pentakis 10 ldn : deca + kis = decakis Cac tien td bis, tris, tetrakis,... dung de chi do boi cua cac ti£n td cau tao co chua nhdm the phu (goi la nhom the phurc tap) va cac hau td cung cd chua nhom the. Thi du : bis(2-aminoetyl)- (khong dugc viet di-2-aminoetyl) ; terephtalandehit bis (phenylhidrazon) (khong viet terephtalandehit diphenylhidrazon). Ngoai ra, cdn dung cac tien td nay trong trudng hgp ma cac tien td ca ban co the gay nhdm ldn. Thf du : Khi co 3 nhdm -C H 2- phai viet la tris(metylen), khong viet trimetylen vi se hieu la -C H 2CH2CH2- ; ddi vdi 3 nhdm dexyl CH3[CH2]j phai viet la tris(dexyl) ma khong viet tridexyl vi se hieu la CH3[CH2]12- . Chu y rdng khong cd monokis. c) Cac tien to bi-, ter-, quater-,... Cac tien td loai nay deu xudt phat tir sd La Tin, chung dugc dung chu yeu trong ten cua cac td hgp vong de ndi len so lugng vdng ndi vdi nhau. bi- ter 3 Thf du : quater- quinque- sexi- octi- novi- dexi 4 5 6 8 9 10 3“ 2" 3' 2' 2 3 3 2 'N 'r Biphenyl 2,3'-Bipiridyl hoSc 2,3'-Bipiridin 1“ N 1,1' : 4 1 "-Terphenyl ho^c p-terphenyl 1 6>A 2 " e > ^ 2" 6' J ^ 2' 2 N , 2' 2 -N 6 I , Q X 3 ~ O r t ) . n 4"' 4" 4' 4 2,2':6',2':6',2"'-Q uaterpiridin 1-4 T|£n T6, HIDRUA NI=N VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 31 1-4-1-2 Tien to v i cau tao Nhin chung, cac tien to ve ca'u tao dugc chia thanh hai loai : tien td tach ra dugc (detachable prefixes) va tien td khong tach ra dugc (nondetachable prefixes), m6i loai do lai dugc chia thanh cac loai nho hon. a) Tien to tach ra duoc Loai tien to nay gdm cac nhom chu yeu sau : • Cac ti£n to nhdm the don gian (trong ten nhdm the khong co nhdm the phu), Thi du : metyl-, etyl-, phenyl-, cloro-. hidroxi-, m etoxi-, v.v...Trong ten goi mot hgp chat huu co, cac tien td nay dugc viet theo trinh tu cac chu cai dau, chang han : am ino- > bromo- > butyl- > etyl- > hidroxi- > m etyl- > propyl-. Thi du : 1 -Etvl-3-m etylxiclohexan 2.5.8-Tricloro-1,4-dimetylnaphtalen Chu y rang nhung chu cai dau cua cac tien td vg do boi khong dugc tfnh vao trinh tir cac tidn td. • Cac tien td nhom the phurc tap (trong ten cua nhom the co ten nhom the phu) ; thi du clorom etyl-, 2-hidroxietvl-. 4-nitrophenyl-... Trong ten goi cua mot hgp chat huru ca. cac ti6n td nay dugc viet theo trinh tu cac chu cai dau cua ten goi hoan chinh cua nhom the do bao gom ca tien td ca ban ve do boi. Chang han : difluorobutyl- > etyl- > triclorometyl Thf du : CH, - CH2 - CHF - CHF CH, - CH, i i CH3 - [CH2]5 - c h - c h 2 - C H - [CH, ]3 - c h 3 7-( 1,2-Difluorobutyl)-5-etyltridecan b) Tien to khong tach ra duoc. Cac ti£n td nay luon luon gan lien vdi phan nen cua ten goi, chung gom may nhom chu yeu sau day : • Cac ti6n to xiclo-, bixiclo-, spiro-, v.v... Thf du : c h 3 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 -------- Pentan A'/c/opentan 32 CHl/ONG I - DAI CITONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO • Cac tien t o “a”, nhus/'/a-, oxa-, aza-,... Thf du : o -^ S i H 2 Xiclohexan SV/axiclohexan CH3 - [CH2]6 - c h 3 — > c h 3 - o - c h 2c h 2 - o - c h 2c h 2c h 3 Octan 2,5-£)/araoctan • Cac tien to trif, nhu dehidro- (tach bdt hidro), demetyl- (tach bat metyl), nor- (loai bo het metyl hoac thu hep vong), anhidro- (tach nude)... Thf du : Benzen 1,2-Didehidrobenzen (ten cu : Benzyn) H u Born an c : o o h u n n u u n Norbornan H H COOH ■OH L-l nw u n H c rf Un : h 2o h HO H ■H O - CH2OH Axit gulonic Axit 2,5-<3A?///(//-ogulonic • Cac tien to cong nhu dihidro- tetrahidro-, homo- (them nhom -C H ,-), v.v... TTif du : N aphtalen 1,2,3,4-T etrahidronaphtalen 1-4 TI§N T6, HIDRUA N^N VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 33 Khi trong phan tu co dong thdi ca ti£n td tach ra dugc va tien td khong tach ra dugc, le duong nhien phai dat tien td tach ra dugc d trudc. Thf du : COOH .SiH 2\ - c h 2c h 3 3-Etylsilaxiclohexan H ■ H CH3CH20 - H ■ -OH -H O - CH,OH Axit 4-0-etyl-2,5-anhidrogulonic 1-4-2 Hidrua nen Hidrua nen (parent hydrides) la nhung cau true khong cd nhanh, co the la mach hd hay mach vong va chi co hidro ndi \ di m6i cau true do. Thi du : metan, xiclohexan. stiren. furan, piridin. Cach goi ten cac loai hidrua nen nhu sau : 1-4-2-1 Hidrua nen don nhan (Mononuclear hydrides) Hidrua don nhan chi chua mot nguyen tu cua nguyen td dugc khao sat con lai la cac nguyen tu hidro. Da sd ten cua hidrua den nhan dugc hinh thanh tir ten ciia nguyen td tucmg ung va hau td -an. Thi du : BH; Boran TeH: Telan CH. Metan (Cacban) n h 3 Azan (Amoniac) SiH, Silan ph3 Phosphan GeH. German p h5 X5 -Phosphan (Phosphoran) PbH. Plumban BiH3 Bismutan o h 2 Oxidan (Nude) IH Iodan s h 2 Sunfan ih 3 >.3 -Iodan SeH, Selan ih 5 X5 -Iodan Chu y rang khong dung cac dang ten nhu oxan (OH2), germanan (GeH4), selenan fSeH: ), teluran (TeH2) va bisman (BiH3) de tranh nham lSn vdi ten ciia cac di vong no sau canh. VCP'-'C hOj CO 34 CHl/ONG I - DAI CL/ONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO I-4-2-2 Hidrua nen axiclic da nhan (Acyclic polynuclear hydrides) a) Hidrocacbon no Ngoai trir bon hidrocacbon dau day dong ding, cac hidrocacbon con lai d6u co ten dirge hinh thanh tir tien to chi so lirgng nguyen tir cacbon va duoi - an. Chung deu la nhung hidrua nen. b) Hidrua khac hidrocacbon Ten cua cac hidrua nay la : tien to co ban ve do boi + ten hidrua don nhan. Thi du : NH2-N H , SiH3-S iH 2-S iH 3 Diazan (hay Hidrazin) Trisilan PH2-[P H ]3-P H 2 Nonaazan Pentaphosphan c) Hidrua dj to Do la nhung mach co chua cacbon va dj nguyen tir va cung co the’ khong chua cacbon. Thi du : c h 3- o - c h 2 - o - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - o - c h 2 - o - c h 3 2 ,4 ,8 ,10-Tetraoxaundecan I-4-2-3 Hidrua nen don vdng a) Hidrocacbon don vdng Da so hidrocacbon don vong co ten tir hidrocacbon mach ho tuong ung co them tien to xiclo. Thi du : Xiclohexan X icloocta-1,3-dien-5-in Cac ndi doi trong vong co the la lien nhau (thf du C=C=C) hoac khong lidn nhau (thf du -C = C -C = C -). Cac polien don vong chua so toi da cac noi doi khong lien nhau dugc goi la cac MANCUD (tir tieng Anh MAximum Number of non-CUmulative Double bonds). MANCUD co the la cacboxiclic hoac di vong (heterocyclic). MANCUD cacboxiclic sau canh la benzen. MANCUD Ion hen co cong thuc chung C„ll2n vai n > 6 dugc goi la cac [/;]annulen. Thi du : 1-4 t i£ n t 6, h id r u a n £ n v A n h Om d Ac t r u n g 35 V HHV L ^ h h H. [10]Annulen [14]Annulen [18]Annulen b) Hidrua dong vdng khong chifa cacbon Cach goi ten nhu hidrua mach ho' khong chua cacbon chi cdn them tien to xiclo-. Thi du : NH / \ HN NH \ / HN--------NH GeH H2Ge H2Gev GeHc GeHc GeH . X iclop entaazan c) Hidrua dj vdng X iclohexagerm an Ngoai nhung ten thong thuong duoc luu dung ; cac hidrua di vong voi so canh khong qua 10 dupe goi ten theo Hantzsch va Widman (xem II-6). I-4 -2 -4 Hidrua nen da vdng Loai nay rat da dang ; co nhieu ten thong thudng duoc IUPAC luu dung (xem chuong II va chucng V). Ngoai khai niem hidrua nen (parent hydride) noi d tren, IUPAC con dung khai niem chuc nen (functional parent) va hidrua nen mang nhom chuc ffunctionalized parent hydride). Chuc nen la cdu true co mot hay nhieu nhom dac trung (nhom chuc) va co mot hay nhi£u nguyen tu hidro noi vdi ft nhat mot nguyen tu cua bo khung hoac voi m6t nhom chuc. Thi du : anilin, axit axetic. Neu hidrua n£n mang nhom chuc ducrc goi ten dudi dang hau to, thi khong coi do la chuc n6n ma la hidrua nen mang nhom chuc. Thi du : xiclohexanol. 36 CHlfONG I - DAI CLfONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO 1-4-3 Nhom dac trung Nhom dac trung (characteristic-groups)'hay nhom chuc (functional groups) la nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu quyet dinh tfnh chat hoa hoc dac trung cua mot loai hop chat him ca. Do la nhung nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu lien ket voi hidrua nen co the bang lien ket cacbon-cacbon (thf du —COOH ; —CN ; —COQ,...) hoac khong bang lien ket cacbon-cacbon (thf du -O H ,-N H 2, -C l, -B r, ...). Cac lien ket kep cacbon-cacbon (C=C, O C ) noi len do chua bao hoa (do khong no) cung co the’ dupe coi la nhom chuc, song mat khac chung lai la mot bo phan cua cau true ndn. Cac lien ket do co ten a dang hau to : So lupng Mot Hai Ba Lien ket C=C -en -adien -atrien Lien ket C=C -in -adiin -atriin 1-4-3- 7 Phan loai nhdm dac trung theo he tien to/hau to trong danh phap thay the cua IUPAC a) Cac nhdm dac trung chi cd ten d dang tien to (nhdm loai A) Bang 1-2 NHOM DAC TRUNG LOAI A Nhom dac tri/ng Tien to Nhom dac tri/ng Tien to -B r Bromo- - n h n h 2 Hidrazino- -C l Cloro- = n 2 Diazo- - F Fluoro- -N , Azido- - I Iodo- -N O Nitroso- -CIO Clorosyl- - n o 2 Nitro- - c i o 2 Cloryl- -O R (R )oxi- - l o Iodosyl- -S R (R)sunfanyl L : 10^ _lodyl- -S e R (R)selanyl- 1-4 t i£ n t o , h id r u a n £ n v A n h o m d a c t r u n g 37 b) Cac nhom dac trung co the cd ten d dang tien to hoac hau to (nhdm loai B) Bang 1-3 NHOM DAC TRlfNG LOAI B Loai hop chat Nhom Tien to Hau to Axit -(C )O O I I - Axit ■■■• -o ic cacboxylic -CO O H Cacboxi A x it------cacboxylic Este -(C )O O R - R .------oat -C O O R (R)oxicacbonyl R .------cacboxylat Axyl -(C )O H al - _oyl halogenua halogenua -CO H al Halogenocacbonyl _cacbonyl halogenua Am it -(C )O N H 2 - — -am it -C O N H , Aminocacbonyl- _cacboxamit Nitrin -(C )=N - -nitrin - O N Xiano- ••• _cacbonitrin Andehit -(C )H = 0 Oxo- -----al -C H = 0 Formyl- _cacbandehit Xeton - ( C ) = 0 IOxo- _on .Ancol. phenol -O H Hidroxi- ••• _ol Thiol -S H Sunfanyl- (Mecapto-) _thiol Amin -N H 2 Amino- _amin Cac chu (C) chi ra rdng nguyen tu cacbon nay duoc ti'nh trong ten cua hidrua nen. 1-4-3-2 Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung Khi trong phan tir co mat hai hoac hon hai nhom loai B, can xac dinh nhom chinh de; goi ten dircri dang hau to, con cac nhom khac dugc goi ten duoi dang ti6n to. Nhom chinh la nhom co do iru tien cao hon trong day sau (do IUPAC quy d in h): 38 CHL/ONG I - DAI CLfONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO 1. Goc tu do 8. Amit 2. Anion 9. Nitrin 3. Cation 4. Axit cacboxylic 5. Anhidrit axit 6. Este 7. Halogenua axit Thf du doi voi hop chat : H2N 10. Andehit 11. Xeton 12. Ancol, phenol 13. Amin 14. Ete o 2n CH-CH-CH,-CH-C-CH I I I II CH, CH,OH Cl O Cac nhom loai B dugc xep theo trinh tu giam dan do uu tien la : - COOH > > C = 0 > -OH > -NH2. Nhom chfnh (dugc goi ten 6 dang hau to) la -COOH. Nhom chfnh + hidrua nen la axit xiclohexancacboxylic. Cac nhom con lai, du thuoc loai A hay loai B, deu phai neu ten d dang tien to. 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl|C GQI T£N THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH^ cClA IUPAC 1-5-1 Hidrocacbon Cach goi ten hidrocacbon dugc de cap cu the trong chuong sau. Nhin chung co 3 budc chfnh : 1-5- 7- 7 Xac dinh hidrua nen (mgch chinh, vdng chinh) Viec xac dinh hidrua nen dua theo nhung quy tdc cu the. Chdng han doi vdi hidrocacbon no mach hd, do la mach dai nhat ma chua nhieu nhanh nhat ; doi vdi hidrocacbon khong no mach hd, do la mach chua lien ket kep vdi sd lugng toi da va khi cdn thi uu tien cho noi ddi hon la noi ba, v.v... 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG COA DANH PHAP THAY TH£' 39 1-5-1-2 Danh so cac nguyen tu cacbon tren mach chinh Cach danh so cung phai tu&n theo nhiing quy tdc cu the’. Chdng han, doi voi hidrocacbon no cdn danh s6' tu1 ddu nao gdn nhanh de’ cho “locant” nho nhat, ddi vdi hidrocacbon khong no cdn danh sd tu ddu nao gdn lien ket kep hon, va khi cdn thiet thi uu tien cho ndi ddi C = C. 1-5-1-3 Coi ten day du “Locant” cua cac nhanh + Ten cua cac nhanh (theo trinh tu chu cai) + Hidrua nen + “Locant” cua lien ket kep (ne'u cd) + HSu td ciia lien ket kep (trinh tir -en trudc -in). T hi'du : C H ,-C H , I - j CH3-C H 2 -C H 2 - C H , c h , c h 3 9 8 ' 7 ^ 6 ~ 5 * 3 1 2 1 c h , - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2- c h - c h - c h - c h 2 - c h 3 5-Butyl-3-metyl-4-propylnonan CH2 - CH2 - CH, - CH2 - CH3 I 2 I 3 4 5 6 7 CH2= C - C H ,- C = C - C H - C H 3 2 I c h 3 6-M etyl-2-pentylhept- 1 -en-4-in 1-5-2 Din xuat cua hidrocacbon Cach goi ten cac loai ddn xuat ciia hidrocacbon duoc trinh bay trong cac chucmg III va IV. Sau day la mot sd quy tdc chung nhat. I-5 -2 -1 Xac djnh nhom dac trung Trudc het, cdn xac dinh ro nhdm dac trung trong phan tir thuoc ve loai A hay loai B ; neu cd nhieu nhdm loai B cdn xac dinh nhdm chinh. I-5 -2 -2 Xac djnh hidrua nen Do la mach chura nhdm chuc chinh vdi sd lucmg toj da, sau do den cac nhdm churc va nhdm the khac vdi sd lucmg cang nhieu cang tot. I-5 -2 -3 Danh so mach chinh Can danh sd tir ddu nao gdn nhdm chinh va cho “locant” nho nhdt. Cac hau td chi do chua bao hoa (-en, -in...) duoc dat ngay trudc ten ciia nhdm chmh. 40 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/CING v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO I-5-2-4 Trudng hgp chUa nhdm dac trung loai A Ddi vdi cdc hap chat dan chuc va da chuc dong nhat chi chua nhom dac trung loai A thi goi ten cac nhdm dac trimg d dang tien to cung vdi “locant” (dat truac tien td) roi den ten hidrua nen (mach chinh, vdng chinh). I-5-2-5 Trudng hop chUa nhdm dac trung loai B Ddi vdi cac hap chat dan chuc vd da chuc dong nhat chua nhom dac trung loai B thi nhdm dac trung duoc the hien d dang hau ro cung vdi “locant” (dugc dat ngay trudc hau td). I-5-2-6 Cac hop chat tap chUc Ddi vdi cac hap chat tap chuc chura nhieu nhdm dac trung khac nhau, trong sd do cd nhdm loai B, thi goi ten tat ca cac nhdm khong phai la nhdm chinh d dang tien td cung vdi “locant” (dat ngay trudc mdi tien td) roi den ten hidrua nen (mach chinh) cung vdi do chua bao hoa (neu cd) va sau cung la ten nhdm chinh a dang hau ro cung vdi “locant” (dat ngay trudc hau td). /-5-2-7Tom tit trinh tugoi ten din xuat cua hidrocacbon Locant + Nhdm the va nhom chuc khong chinh (d dang tien td, trinh tu chir cai) + Hidrua nen + Locant + Do chua bao hoa (d dang hau to -en, -in...) + Locant + Nhdm chuc chinh (d dang hau td). Thi du 1 : CH3 - CH2 - OH va HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH Nhdm chuc chinh : -O H (thuoc loai B) cd hau td -ol Hidua nen : CH3 -C H 3 cd ten etan Ten hgp chat : Etanol va E tan -1,2-diol Thi du 2 : C H7 - C H - CH = C - C - CH, I I I II OH CH3 Cl O Nhdm chinh : > C = 0 hau td -on Hidrua nen: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexan Hidrua nen + nhdm chinh + do chua bao hoa : CH3- C H 2 - C H = C H - C - C H 3 hex-3-en-2-on O 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA DANH PHAP THAY TH£ 41 Car tiln to : - C l ; - OH ; - CH, : c lo ro -; hidroxi ; metyl Ten hop c h i t : 3-Cloro-6-hidroxi-5-metylhex-3-en-2-on 1-5-3 Cac quy tac xac dinh hidrua nen axiclic Doi voi cac hop chat axiclic (hgp chat kh6ng vong), hidrua nen chmh la mach chmh dugc chon lua dua theo cac tieu chi theo thu tu lan lugt sau day cho tdi khi dat dugc yeu cau. Tieu chi neu truac dugc uu tien han tieu chi neu sau. 1-5-3-1 Mach chua nhdm chinh vdisoiuong toi da. Thi du : OH 21OH 2 /COOH H O - [ C H 2]4 - C H . n3c o o h I 4 HO - CH2 - CH - CH - CH - CH2- OH [CH2]3 - OH Axit 2-(4-hidroxibutyl)propandioic 3-(3-Hidroxipropyl)pentan-1,2,4,5-tetraol I- 5 -3 -2 Mach chua so luong toi da iien ket boi (C=C va C=C). Thf du : 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 7 / CH = CHCH2CH3 CH2 =CHCH = CH[CH2]2C H ^ 8 9 10 n CH = C H C ^ C H 7-( But-1 -enyl)undeca-1,3,8-trien-10-in I-5 -3 -3 Mach dai nhat. Thf du : CH3[CH2]2 ^ 4 CH = CHCOOH HOOC-[CH2]3-CH v c h 2c = c c o o h 5 6 7 8 Axit 4-(3-cacboxipropyl)oct-2-en 6-in -l,8-dioic CH3CH3 / CH_CH [CH2]2CH3 8 4,5-Dietyloctan c h 2 = c h ^ c h6 7 8 / CH = CH-CH3 3 c h 2- c h 2o h c h 2 = CH /CH 'h o - c h 2- c h . c h 2- c = CH c h 2- c h 2o h 4,5-D ietenyloct-6-en-1 -in 3-(Hidroximetyl)pentan-1,5-diol 42 CHITONG I - DAI CUONG Vg DANH PHAP HtfU C( I-5-3-4 Mach chua nhieu lien ket doi nhat. Thf du : 4 5 3 2 1 1 2 3 /CH=CH, 5 / CH2-CH = CH-COOH CH,= CH-CH ^ =CH HOOC-CH2C=C-CH = 7 8 9 3-Etinylpenta-l,4-dien Axit 5-(3-cacboxiprop-l-in-l-yl)nona-2,7-dien-l,9-dioic 1-5-3-5 Mach co locant thap nhat cho nhdm chinh. Thf du : nh2 OH 5 4l 3 XHo-CH,-OH 1 2 5 / CH = CH-CH-CH, ch 3-c h - c h ^ 2 2 h2n-ch 2-c h = c h -c h 2- c h ^ 6 9 3 x ch 2-c h 2-o h c h -c h 2-ch=ch 2 Inh2 3-(2-Hidroxietyl)pentan-l,4-diol 5-(3-Aminobut-l-en-l-yl)nona-2,8-dien-l,6-diamin I-5-3-6 Mach cd locant nho nhat cho cac lien ket kep. Thf du : 2 1 7 5 4 .CH2-CH = CH, ch 3-c h = c h -c h ^ 2 X CH = CH-CH3 4-(Prop-1 -enyl)hepta-1,5-dien 4 3 2 1 9 7 6 5 /C H 2-CH = CH-CH,- HO-CH2-CH2-CH = CH-CH ^ 2 X CH2-CH = CH-CH2- 5-(4-Hidroxibut-2-enyl)nona-2,6-dien-1,9-diol I-5-3-7 Mach cd locant nho nhat cho cac lien ket ddi. Thf du : 11 9 7-\ ^ ch 3- c = c - c h = c h x 6 4 2 1 CH3-CH = CH-C = C CH-CH = CH-CH = CH-CH, 6-(Pent-3-en-1 -inyl)undeca-2,4,7-trien-9-in CH2 = C H -C = C 3 2^h 1 HC=C-CH=CH ^ CH- CH- CH20H 3-(But-3-en-l -inyl)hept-4-en-6-in-l,2-diol 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA DANH PHAP THAY TH£ 43 I-5 -3 -8 Mach chua sd toi da nhdm th i 6 dang tien td. Thf du : 4 55 4 3 . CH2-CO O H / c h = c h 2 ^ CH =CH, HOOC-CH2-C H 2 1 ^ c h 2- c o o h OH 3-Etenyl-2-m etylpenta-1,4-dien Axit 2-hidroxi-3-(cacboximetyl)pentandioic I-5 -3 -9 Mach cd locant nho nhdt cho nhdm the o dang tien td. Thf du : c h 2- c h 2 - c h 2 - ci l,5-Dicloro-4-(2-cloropropyl)heptan CH, CH, I 3 1 7 I 4 C H j-C H -C H 2-O H H O -C H 2-C H 2- C H - C H ^CH,-CH-CH, 2 , 3 OH 4-(2-Hidroxipropyl)-2.5-dimetylheptan-l,7-diol 1-5-3-10 Mach cd locant nho nhat cho nhdm the d dang tien td dupe neu ten dau tien. Thf du : 4 3 2 CH7-C I 2 4 6 c h 3- c h 2 - c h ^ 1 CH3-C H 2-C H -C H 2-C H -C H 2-C H -C H 2-C H 3 pi_| _ Dr 2 CH3 tC^OH c h 2- c h 3 l-Brom o-2-(clorom etyl)butan 4-Etyl-2-(2-m etylbutyl)hexan-l-ol 1-5-4 Mot so quy tac chon lira hidrua nen doi vdi cac hop chat chua ca mach ho lin mach vong 1-5-4-1 Khi hop chat chua ca mach vdng va mach hd thi hidrua nen la bo phan chua nhdm chinh. Thi du : r \ 3 1 r Y V c h 2- c h 2 - c h = 0 ^ - " '2 c h 2- c h 2- c h 2- c h 2- c h 2- c h 3 3-Xiclopentylpropanal 2-Hexylxiclohexan-1 -ol 44 CHL/ONG I - DAI CLfONG Vg DANH PHAP HOU C( 1-5-4-2 Khi bo phan mach vdng noi vdi hai hoac hon hai bo phan mach hd deu chua nhdm chinh thi hidrua nen la bo phan mach hd chua nhieu nhdm chinh hon. Thi du : H O -C H ,-C H ,-C H , c h - c h 2 V__ / I I OH OH 1 - [p-(3-Hidroxipropyl)phenyl]etan-1,2-diol I-5 -4 -3 Khi nhdm chinh cd mat d ca mach vdng va mach hd thi hidrua nen la bo phan nao chua nhieu nhdm chinh hon. Thi du : HO — / V- CH - OH CH2-C H 2-C H 2- C H 2 OH 1 -(4-Hidroxixiclohexyl)pentan-1,5-diol I-5-4-4 Khi bo phan mach vdng ndi true tiep vdi bo phan mach hdma so tuong nhdm the bang nhau, sd cacbon trong mdi mach cung bang nhau thi hidrua nen la mach vdng. Thi du : Pentylxiclopentan Hexylbenzen I-5-4-5 Sd tuong nhdm the nhieu hon cd the quyet djnh suuu tien chon tua hidrua nen. Thi du : 1 2 CH2- c h 2 CH I ‘ 4CH, 1,2-Diphenylbutan 1,2-Dixiclopentyletan CH2- c h 2- CH2- Cl 1 -Cloro-3-xiclopropylpropan 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HiNH 45 1-6 DANH PHAP DbNG PHAN CAU HlNH 1-6-1 Dong phan hinh hoc Muon co dong phan hinh hoc cac hop chat huu co' phai co hai dieu kien sau day : - Phan tir phai co lien ket doi (mot lien ket doi O C , O N , N=N... hoac he thong mot so lien ket doi C=C), hoac vong no (thuong la vong nho, khong ldn)... coi do la bo phan “cung nhiic” can trd su quay tu do ciia hai nguyen tir d bo phan do. - 0 mdi nguyen tir cacbon ciia lien ket doi va it nhat a hai nguyen tir cacbon ciia vong no phai co hai nguyen tir hoac nhom nguyen tir khac nhau. 1-6-1-1 He danh phap ds/trans Theo he danh phap nay, nhung dang cd hai nhom the duoc phan bo d ciing mot phia ddi vdi mat phang ciia ndi ddi hay vdng no thi dugc goi la cis, trai lai neu d khac phia thi dugc goi la trans. Thi du : H H \ / / \c=c=c=c c 6h4n o 2 C = C dang cis C h 3 H C = C H / \ H COOH / \ n o 2c 5h4 c 6h5 dang trans CH3 H \ / C =C COOH u 7 X / H C=C / \ H H dang trans,trans dang cis,trans H CH, H > H H > CH, H >'CH H H H < CH3 CH, CH, H CH CH, 3 V-M '3 CH CH, 3 '3 dans cis dang trans dang cis dang trans Ddi vdi cac din xua't 1,2- va 1,4- hai lan the ciia xiclohexan, cac ddng phan a. a va e,e la trans, cdn cac ddng phan a.e va e,a la cis. 46 CHlfONG I - DAI Cl/ONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO Viec ap dung he danh phap cist trans se gap kho Thi du : Cl Br F / C H 2CH3 > = < > = < Br I Cl CH2OH 1-6-1-2 He danh phap syn/anti khan trong nhieu trudng hop. He danh phap nay thudng dung cho cac hop chdt co lien ket doi C=N hoac N=N. Thi du : / 6 5 3 \ / CfiHc H,C OH N=N N=N C=N / \ / / ^5^6 ^6^5 ^5 6 ^ dang syn dang anti dang anti Thuong thi dang syn la dang ma hai nhom the d cung phia (tuong tu cis), ngiroc lai la anti (tuong tu trans) ; nhung trong trudng hop cac andoxim RCH=NOH ngudi ta lai can cu vao vi tri khong gian cua H (khong phai R) va OH de goi cau hinh la syn hay anti. Ngay nay, ngudi ta rat it dung he danh phap nay. 1-6-1-3 He danh phap Z/E He danh phap Z!E bao triim duoc ca hai he danh phap. tren va co the ap dung duoc vao nhung trudng hep ma hai he tren gap kho khan. Theo he danh phap nay, muon goi ten cau hinh cua hop chat co ndi doi chlng han, can thuc hien hai budc sau : a) So sank do hon cap cua cac nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu d noi doi ahC-Ccd hoac ahC-N c. Co sd de xac dinh do hon cap la sd thu tu Z cua nguyen tu true tiep gdn vao cacbon mang ndi doi : Z cang ldn do hon cap cang cao. Thf du : -H < -CH3 < -NH2 < -OH < -F < -Cl < -Br (Z) : 0 ) (6) (7) (8) (9) (17) (35) Neu hai nguyen tu true tiep gan vao cacbon mang ndi doi la dong nhat, thf du cung la cacbon, thi can xet den nguyen tir tiep theo. Thf du : 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HiNH 47 -C H 2-H < -C H ,-C H , < -C H 2-O H < -C H 2-C I - c h 2- c h 2- h < - c h 2- c h 2- c h , < - c h 2- c h 2- o h < - c h 2- c h 2- c i Nhung nguyen tir (d nhom the") mang noi doi hoac ndi ba dirge coi nhu tirong duong hai hoac ba ndi don voi cac nguyen tir gia dinh duoc ghi trong dau moc cong. Thi du : s x / H P ) ^C=0 tucmg ducmg (O) / > / 0 -(C) -C tuong duong -C -{0 ) OH X OH /(C) / N x (C) -C s N tuong duong -C-(N ) X (N) c h ( (C) / X (C) -C^CH tuong duong -C -(C ) X (C) Theo cach do ta co trinh tu tang do hon cap nhu sau : //° -C = CH < -C = N < - C < - C X R X OH b) Xac dinh ten can hinh ZIE Gia su sau khi xac dinh do hon cap tuong ddi thay a > b va c > d, ta xet vi tri khons gian cua a va c neu thay chung d cung mot phi'a ddi vdi bo phan cung nhac ta co dang Z (tir tieng Dire Zusammen cd nghla la "cung”) ; trai lai neu chung d khac phi'a ta co dang E (chu cai dau ciia EiUgegen cd nghla la "doi"). Thi du : a c a d a c a \ / \ / \ / \ C = C C = C C = N C = N / \ / \ / / \ b d b e b b e dang Z dang E dang Z d^ng E 48 CHL/ONG I - DAI ClTONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO H3C H \ / c=c Cl Br H3C \ / \ n o oC / \ H CH3 / \ / Br I H \OH (£)-But-2-en H (Z)-l,2-D ibrom o 1 -cloro-2-iodoeten (£)-Axetandoxim CH> = c ;H',HC = CHCOOH CHg CH2CH3 Axit (2£',4Z)-hexa-2,4-dienoic 1-6-2 Dong phan quang hoc (£)-1 -sec-Butylideninden De’ xuat hien dong phan quang hoc, phan tir hop chat huu co phai co yeu to khong trung vat - anh (chirality), ma pho bien va quan trong hon ca la trudng hop phan tu co chua nguyen tu cacbon hat doi, kf hieu C*. Do la nguyen tu cacbon noi voi bon nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tir khac nhau C*abcd, vdi a * b * c * d. Thf du : H BrI*C IClHCH., UC -D C2H5 COOH U H-C-OH ICH, CHO I* HO-C-H CH2OH Khi trong phan tir co mot nguyen tir C *, phan tir co the ton tai 6 hai dang doi xung nhau nhu vat va anh qua guong cua no va do do khong the long chap vao nhau duoc (vi nhu hai ban tay ciia mot ngudi b'rnh thudng). Thf du glixerandehit H 0CH2C H (0H )C H = 0 co hai dang : CHO HO- ■H = CHpOH CHO I c h 2o h CHO I h o ^ ' - h c h 2o h = H CHO -OH CH2OH (-)-Glixerandehit (-f)-Glixerandehit [a ]” = -8 ,7 ° [ a ]20 = +8,7° Co hai cach ki hieu cau hinh ciia dong phan quang hoc, do la danh phap D/L va danh phap R/S. Ngoai ra, con danh phap erythro/threo rifing cho cac hop chat chua hai C* lien k£ nhau. 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAll HiNH 49 1-6-2-1 Danh phap D/L (+)-Glixerandehit co kha nang lam quay mat phing anh sang phan cuc sang ben phai nen truac day ngudi ta goi la d-glixerandehit (tir La Tin dexter la “phai”), con (-)-glixerandehit duoc goi la /-glixerandehit (tir La Tin laevus la “trai”). Sau nay, tat ca nhung chat co cau hinh tuong tu d- va /-glixerandehit deu duoc ki hieu bang cac chu D- va L-, bat kd dau ciia [a]. Muon chi ro dau ciia [a] can ghi them dau do trong daiu moc don dat nsav sau chu D hoac L. Thi du : CHO H- -OH CH2OH H COOH OH H CH2OH COOH -NH, c h 3 D-(+)-Gli.\erandehit CHO Axit D -(-)-lactic COOH D -(-)-Alanin COOH HO- -H HO CH2OH -H NH, CH, H CH, L-(-)-Gli.\erandehit L-(+)-AlaninAxit L-(+)Tactic He thong danh phap D/L noi len cau hinh tuong doi, chi co y nghla so sanh va chi tien loi doi voi cac hcrp chat kieu RCHYR'vdi Y la di to. Viec ung dung he thong nay vao cac hop chat co nhieu C gap kho khan. NTiam khac phuc, trong day monosaccarit chang han ngudi ta can cur vao vj tri khong gian tren cong thuc Fisa ciia nhom OH a C duac danh so lan nhat de xep hop chat vao day D hay day L : CH=0 [CHOH]n CH=0 I[CHOH]n OH HO -H H CH2OH CH2OH Day D Day L 1-6-2-2 Danh phap R/S •* t ^ ^ TTieo he thong danh phap nay, bon nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tir d C duoc sap xep theo trinh tu do hon ca'p a > b > c > d nhu da neu d he thong danh phap Z/E. Thi du : CH2OH -C H (O H )-C H = O C TL -C H (N H 2)-C O O H CHjlJCO - OH > - CHO > -C H 2OH > -H -N H 2> - COOH > -C H , > -H 50 CHL/ONG I - DAI CLfONG Vg DANH PHAP HOD CO Bay gid, nhin phan tur theo hudng C* -d , neu tha'y thu- tu a > b > c di theo chieu kim dong ho ta noi rang phan tu co ca'u hinh R (tur tieng La Tin rectus co nghla la “phai”), trai lai neu trinh tu do ngugc vdi chieu kim ddng ho, phan tu co ca'u hinh S (tir tieng La Tin sinister la “trai”) : ■H •H Cau hinh 5 (S)-Glixerandehit Chu y rang neu nhin vao cong thuc Fiso ma d d canh nam ngang thi tai dong phan R trinh tu a > b > c lai ngugc vdi chieu kim dong ho, cdn tai ddng phan S thi theo chieu kim. Thf du : CHO, (b) CHO( (b) (d) H-£^-OH (R) (a) HO-^-^-H (a) (S) (d) c h 2o h (c> (7?J-Glixerandehit CH2OH (c) ('/?/)-Glixerandehit He thdng R/S co the ap dung thuan tien cho nhung hgp chat cd nhieu C , khi ay ngudi ta ghi them “locant” cho R va S. Thi du 2,3,4-trihidroxibutanal co 4 dong phan quang hoc : CH=0 C ( ^ O H HO—^ (S) c h 2o h Cl (2S.3R)- CH=0 (R) H -£^-O H H — OH (R) CH2OH (2R.3R)- CH=0 H O -^B-H HO— H "s) c h 2o h (2S.3S)- 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HiNH 51 Nhu vay D-glucoza CH20 H - C H 0 H - C H 0 H - C H 0 H - C H 0 H - C H = 0 co tdn ddy du la (2/?.3S.4/?,5/?)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahidroxihexanal. t-6 -2 -3 Danh phap erythro/threo Doi voi cac hop chat chua hai nguyen tir C ma n6'i true tie'p voi nhau ngucri ta chon cac d6ng phan lap the’ ciia 2.3,4-trihidroxibutanal (xem c6ng thuc 6 tren) lam co so. B6n d6ng phan co ten ldn lupt la : D-threozo hay (2SJ/?,)-2,3,4-trihidroxibutanal, L-threozo hay (2/?JS)-2,3,4-trihidroxibutanal, D-erythrozo hay (2/?J/?)-2,3,4-trihidroxibutanal va L-erythrozo hay (2S,3S)- 2,3,4-trihidroxibutanal. Trong tnrcmg hop chung, doi voi phan tu R-CH X-CH Y-R’, doi doi quang nao ma cac nguyen tir C* co the duoc dua ve vi tri che khuat hoan toan (theo tung cap R -R ’, X -Y . H-H) thi dupe goi la d6i d6i quang erythro, doi d6i quang con lai la threo : R R H H X Y R ’ X •H Y Y R ’ -H X -H H H Y X ■H R ’ Doi doi quang erythro Doi doi quang threo Neu R = R’ va X = Y , ta chi co mot dang erythro cung voi doi doi quang threo. Dang erythro khong co trnh quang hoat vi phan tir co mat phdng doi xung, dang nay dupe goi la meso. Thf du axit tactric HOOC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COOH : COOH u (fR) n N OH * n. . /t. u n OH metyl) hoac co nhom the ft phan nhanh hon (chang han, /2-propyl > isopropyl). Thf du : 56 CHl/aNG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GfolUDO CH3-[CH2]3 -C H CH, ICH-CH2-C H 3 3 1 CH-CH2-CH 3 c h 2- c h 3 CH2-C H 2-C H , 2 3 1 5 4CH-CH2-C H 2-CH3 10CH3-[CH2]4 -C H CH-CH2-C H 2-CH3 CH(CH3)2 3-Etyl-4- (1 -metylpropyl) octan kh6ng : 4-(l-Etylpropyl)-3-metyloctan U-1-2-2 Danh so 5-( 1 -Isopropylbutyl) -4-propyldecan khQng : 4-Isopropyl)-5-(l-propylbutyl)decan Cac nguyen tu cacbon tren mach chmh duoc danh so (bang chu sd A Rip) xuat phat tir ddu nao gdn mach nhanh d£ cho “locant” nho nhat duoc quyet dinh boi diem khac nhau ddu tien, nhu se neu dudi day. Neu co nhiiu nhanh ma cach danh sd khac nhau din fdi hai bo “locant” khac nhau, thi so sanh hai bo do theo timg cap “locant”, chon bo nao co locant nho hon trong ldn gap ddu tien. Thi du : 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH , - C H - C H , - C H - C H - C H , I c h 3 Dung : 2, 3, 5-Trimetylhexan. Khong dung : 2, 4, 5-Trimetylhexan. Li do : 3 < 4. CH, CH, CH, 51 c h 3- c h - c h , - c h 9- c - c h , - c h , c h 3 Dung : 2, 5, 5-Trimetylheptan. Khong dung : 3, 3, 6-Trimetylheptan. Li do : 2 < 3. 10 8 CH, CH3- C H 2 - C H - C H - C H , - C H , - C H , - C H , - C H - C H , I I c h 3 c h , Dung : 2, 7, 8-Trimetyldecan. Khong dung : 3, 4, 9-Trimetyldecan. Ly do : 2 < 3 ICH, 11-1 HIDROCACBON NO MACH Hd 57 // - 1-2-3 Xac djnh tin cua cac nhanh Cac nhom dugc goi ten, sap xip theo trinh tir chu cai va chgn tiin t6' v i d6 b6i thfch hgp ne'u co > 2 nhanh gid'ng nhau. Cac nhanh dcm gian (kh6ng co nhom the' trong nhanh) dugc xe'p theo trinh tu chu cai ddu cua ten nhanh, kh6ng can cu vao chu cai ddu cua tiin t6' vi d6 b6i ma d day cac tien to co ban nhu di-, tri-, v.v... Thf du : Butyl —> Etyl —> Dimetyl —> Propyl Cac nhanh phifc rap (co nhom the' trong nhanh) cung dugc xep theo trinh tu chut cai ddu, nhung la ciia ten hoan chinh cho du do la chu cai ddu ciia nhom the trong nhanh hay ciia tien t6' co ban v i d6 b6i. Thi du : (1,2-Oimetylpentyl) —» Etyl —> Metyl —> ( 1-Metylbutyl) -> (2-Metylbutyl) Khi co mat > 2 nhanh phirc tap gi6ng nhau cdn dung cac tiin td' nhu bis, tris, v.v... va ghi ten cua nhanh phuc tap do trong ddu moc cong. Thi du : bis(l-m etyletyl) hoac la diisopropyl bis(2,2-dimetylpropyl) hoac la dineopentyl //- 1-2-4 Thiet lap ten day du Ten day du gom cac thanh phdn va tuin theo trinh tu sau Locant cho + jjg n tQ' boi + Ten cua nhanh nhanh ■ • viet ngay truoc\ / chi khi co > 2 \ / dang tiin to, \ ten cua nhanh / \nhanh dong nhat) \trinh tu chu cai/ Thi du : 6 5 4 3 2 1 c h , - c h 2 - c h - c h - c h 2 - c h , 3 2 I I 2 3 c h 3 c h 2 - c h 3 3-Etyl-4-metylhexan c h 3 + Ten hidrua nen /tiin t6' co ban\ \+ hau t6' -an ) 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 c h 3- c h 2 - c - c h 2 - c h - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 c h 3 c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 5-Butyl-3,3-dimetylnonan 58 CHl/gNG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC Tt/D( CH(CH3)2 1 2 3 4l 5 6 7 c h 3 - c h 2 - c h - c - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 CH3-C H 2 CH(CH3)2 3-Etyl-4,4-bis( 1 -metyletyl)heptan hoac 3-Etyl-4,4-diisopropylheptan IUPAC luu dung ten nita he thdng cua mot s6' ankan sau day (xem them V -l-1) : (CH3\ CH - CH3 (CH3\ CH - CH2 - CH3 (CH3)4 C Isobutan Isopentan Neopentan va bon chat ddu day dong dang (metan, etan, propan, butan). 11-1-3 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon no //- 7-3-1 Nhdm (hay goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri mot Cac nhom hoa tri mot duoc hinh thanh bang cach loai bdt mot nguyen tu H ra khoi phan tu ankan va duoc goi chung la ankyl. Co hai cach goi ten : a) Doi hau to -an cua ankan thanh -yl. Khi trong nhom co mach nhanh thi chon mach dai nhat ke tir nguyen tir cacbon mang hoa tri tu do (duoc danh so 1) lam mach chinh r6i goi ten nhom theo danh phap thay the. b) Them hau to-yl vao ten cua ankan kem theo “locant” cho hoa tri tudo. Danh so toan mach cacbon sao cho “locant” do co gia tri toi thieu. Thf du : CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 (pentan) c h 3 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - a) Pentyl b) Pentan-1-yl c h 3 - c h 2 - c h 2 - CH - c h 3 a) 1-Metylbutyl b) Pentan-2-yl c h 3- c h 2 - c h - c h 2 - c h , I a) 1-Etylpropyl b) Pentan-3-yl 11-1 HIDROCACBON NO MACH Hd 59 Cach goi ten thu hai (kiiu b) thuong dugc dung cho cac nhom co cdu tao phurc tap (chua nhieu H6n k it kep, nhiiu vong, ...) va cac nhom da hoa tri. IUPAC luu dung ten nua he thdng cua cac nhom hoa tri mdt sau day : (CH3>2 C H - Isopropyl (CH3),CHCH2CH2- Isopentyl (CH3>,CHCH: - Isobutyl C H .C H X C C H ^ - re/7-Pentyl CH3CH2CH(CH3) - sec-Butyl (CH3>,CCH2- Neopentyl (C H jj^ C - tert- Butyl Cac tien to sec- va tert- viit thu ggn ldn lugt tu .secondary (bac hai) va tertiary (bac ba) noi len rang nhom (gdc) sinh ra khi ngat bdt nguyen tu hidro bac hai hay bac ba. Nhung nguyen tu hidro nay lien kit voi nguyen tir cacbon bac hai hay bac ba tuong umg trong phan tir. Cac tien to iso va neo ap dung ldn lugt cho cac nhom (C H ^ C H tC H ^ voi n = 0, l. 2 va (C H ,)3C[CH2}^ voi n = l. 2. Ca bon tiin to tren diu thuoc loai tiin to khong tach roi dugc, song khi viet sec- va tert- thi cdn co gach noi, con iso va neo thi viet liin. Dudi day la mot thi du minh hoa bac cua cacbon cung hidro va ten nua he thong ciia mot so nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no : Isobutyl s---------------- 1 --------------------------- cacbon bac ba (III) Isopropyl— ............................... cacbon bac hai (II) CH3/ H > ' CH3 | | ' j _ , -----------cacbon bac bd'n (IV) hidro bac m 6t ( I ) ---------- >- H 3C ------- C --------C --------C --------C H 3 , ----------------- cacbon b^c mQt (I) hidro bac ba m i ) ................... ............... ► H H C H 3 / \______ _______ / hidro bac hai fll) ------------------------------------ ferr-Butyl v__________________ x Neopentyl / - 1-3-2 Nhom (hay gdc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri hai Ten cua cac nhom (gdc) hoa tri hai dugc hinh thanh vi co ban theo hai cach tuong tu nhu d cac nhdm (gdc) hoa tri mot da neu d tren. Cdn phan biet hai trudng hgp : hai hoa tri tu do dugc dung de tao mot lien ket ddi hay de tao hai lien ket don, tren co sd dd chgn hau td thich hgp cho nhdm. 60 CHLfONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GfoWDQ • Neu hai hoa tri tu do dugc dung de tao lien ket d6i thi thudng ap dung phuong phap a tut la ddi hau to -an cua hidrua nen thanh -yliden (hay la them -iden vao ten nhom hoa tri m6t tuong ung) hoac phuong phap b la them -yliden vao ten hidrua nen. • Neu hai hoa tri tu do dugc dung de tao hai lien ket don thi ap dung phirong phap b, turc la them hau t6' -diyl (kern theo “locant”) vao ten cua hidrua n£n. Thi du : CH3 - CH = a) Etyliden b) Etanyliden CH3- C - C H 3 a) 1-Metyletyliden hoac isopropyliden b) Propan-2-yliden CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH a) Butyliden b) Butan-1-yliden CH3- C - C H 3 -C H , -C H , -C H , - CH, - C H -C H , -C H , - b) Propan-2,2-diyl b) Propan-1,3-diyl b) Butan-1,3-diyl • Doi voi cac nhom (goc) hoa tri hai co c6ng thuc chung -[C H 2]n- , ten con dugc hinh thanh bang cach them ti£n to co ban ve d6 b6i vao “metylen”, trur trucmg hgp n = 1 va 2. Thf du : -C H 2 - - C H 2- C H 2 - -[C H 2]3- -[C H 2]4 - -[CH2]6- Metylen Etylen Trimetylen Tetrametylen Hexametylen II-1-3-3 Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon hoa tri ba va cao hon Cac hau to cua nhom (goc) hoa tri ba co the la : -triyl (ba hoa tri tu do rieng re), -ylidin (ba hoa tri tu do dung de tao lien ket ba) va -ylyliden (ba hoa tri tu do dung de tao mot lien ket don va m6t lien ket d6i), v.v... Thf du : I CH3 -C H 2 C - I -C H 2 - C H - C H , - I CH3-C H 2 - C = Propan-1,1,1 -triyl I CH, - CH, - C = Propan-1,2,3-triyl CH, - C H -C H = Propylidin Propanylidin -C H , - CH, - CH = Propan-1 -yl-1 -yliden Propan-2-yl-l -yliden Propan- l-y l-3-yliden 11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH Hd 61 Cac h$u t6' cua nhom (g6c) hoa tri b6n bao g6m : -tetrayl (4 hoa tri tu do rieng re), -ylylidin (4 hoa tri tu do dung de tao 1 lien ke't don va 1 lien ket ba), -diyliden (tao hai lien ket doi) va -diylyliden (tao hai lien ket don va m6t lien ket d6i). Thf du : -CH-, - C - C H , - = C H - C H ,- C H 2 -C H = ' II Propan-1,3-diyl-2-yliden Butan-1,4-diyliden Cac nhom (g6c) co hoa tri cao hon cung duoc goi ten theo cach tuong tu. Thi du : = C -C H : -C H : -C H = Butan-1 -yliden-4-ylidin 11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH HO 11-2-1 Hidrocacbon khong no I 1-2-1-1 Hidrocacbon cd mot hay nhieu lien ket doi Ten cua hidrocacbon chura m6t, hai, ba. ... lien ket doi xudt phat tir ten ciia ankan tuong trng chi thay d6i hau to -an bang -en (mot noi doi), -adien (hai noi doi), -atrien (ba noi doi), ... kern theo "locant" chi vi tri ciia timg lien ket doi do. Mach chinh ciia hidrocacbon la mach chua nhieu noi doi nhat, duoc danh so xuat phat tir dau nao co the cho "locant" nho nhat. trudc het la cho noi doi. Thf du : CH, 5 - 1 3 2 1 c h 3 - c h : - c h 2 - c = c h 2 c h 2 - c h 3 2-Etylpent-l-en 5 4 3 CH , = C H - C - C H = CH2 2I CH, - C =C H 2 3-Etenyl-2-m etylpenta-l ,4-dien c h 3- c - c h 2 - c h 2 - c h = c h 2 CH, 5,5-D im etylhex-l-en 7 6 5 4 3 2 I C H, - C H = C - C H - C - C H = CH , CH3-C H 2 CH, 5-Etyl-3-m etylhepta-1,3,5-trien IUPAC luu dung ten ciia cac hidrocacbon sau day : CH2 = C = CH2 CH2 =C (C H 3)-CH=CH 2 Anlen Isopren fkhong han che' nhom the) (chi dung khdng nhom the) 62 CHUONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOCTl/DQ H -2-1-2 Hidrocacbon cd mdt hay nhieu lien ket ba Ten cua hidrocacbon chua mot, hai, b a ,... lien ket ba cung xudt phat tir ten cua hidrocacbon no tuong ung chi doi hau to -an thanh -in (m6t ndi ba), -adiin (hai noi ba), -atriin (ba noi b a ),... Cach chon mach chinh, cach danh so mach cacbon va cach goi ten noi chung cung tuong tu nhu trudng hop cac hop chat chura noi doi. Thf du : 6 5 4 3 2 1 l 2 3 4 5 6 c h 3- c h - c h 2 - c h - c = c h c h = c - c h - c = c - c h 3 c h 3 c h 2 - c h 3 c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 2 - CH3 3-Etyl-5-m etylhex-l-in 3-Butylhexa-1,4-diin Axetilen CH=CH la ten thdng thtf&ng song duoc IUPAC luu dung, ke ca khi co nhom the. 11-2-1-3 Hidrocacbon chua ddng thdi lien ket ddi va Hen ket ba Ten ciia cac hidrocacbon thuoc loai nay duoc hinh thanh bang cach doi hau to -an ciia ankan tuong ung thanh -enin (mot noi doi va mot ndi ba), -adienin (hai noi doi va mot ndi ba), -endiin {mot noi doi, hai ndi ba), v.v... Mach cacbon duoc danh sd sao cho cac "locant" cho cac lien ket kep la tha'p nhat, ke ca khi "locant" cho ndi ba thap hon "locant" cho ndi doi. Khi can lua chon thi uu tien de cho lien ket doi co "locant" nho hon. Thf du : 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 CH = C - C H 2 - C H = CH2 CH = C - C H = CH -CH 3 Pent-l-en-4-in P ent-3-en-l-in 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH = C-CH -C H -C H =CH 2 H exa-l,3-dien-5-in Khi trong phan tir co nhung mach nhanh, mach chfnh la mach chura sd toi da cac lien ket kep ; khi sd lien ket kep bang nhau thi uu tien trudc het cho mach dai hon va roi cho mach co sd ndi doi nhieu hon (xem them 1-5). Thf du : CH3 - c h 2 - c h 2- c h 2 - c h 2 - C = c h 2 3c = 4c h 2-Pentylbut- 1 -en-3-in 11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH H6 63 c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 6 5 4 1 3 2 I CH s C - C = C -C H = C H , l 2 c h 2 - c h 2 - c h 3 3.4-Dipropy lh exa-1,3-dien-5-in 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 c h 3 - c = c - c h - c h 2 - c h = c h 2 c h = c h 2 4-V in ylhep t-l-en-5-in CH = C - C H - C H = C H - C H = C H 2 6 I 7 c h = c h 2 5-Etinylhepta-1,3,6-trien 5 6 7 8 CH-, = c h - c h - c h = c h - c h 3 4| 3 2 1 c h 2 = c h - c h - c h 2 - c = c h 4,5-D ivinyloct-6-en-1 -in 11-2-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon khong no U -2-2-1 Nhom (goc) hoa tri mot Ten cua cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon khong no hoa tri mot co hau to nhu -enyl, -inyl. -dienyl. v.v... kem theo "locant" cho lien ket kep va cho vj tri cua hoa trj tu do. Thi du : CH2 = CH2- C H h C - CH = C -C H 2- C H --C H = C H - CH; =C H -C H 2- c h 2 = c h - c h 2 - c h 2- CH2 = CH - CH = C H - CH = C - C H = C H - C H 2- Etenyl Etinyl Prop-2-in-l-yl FYop-l-en-l-yl Prop-2-en-l-yl But-3-en-l-yl B u ta-l,3-d ien -l-y l Pent-2-en-4-in-l-yl Khi can lira chon mach chmh cho nhom (goc) khong no, ta van dung cac tieu chuam sau day theo thu tu giam dan uu tien : a) So lien ket kep la toi da. b) So nguyen tu cacbon la nhieu nhat. c ) So noi doi la nhidu nhat. 64 CHl/ONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA G6c TtfDQ Thi du : 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 321 CH3 - C H = C H -C H = C H - C H - C H = C H - C = C - c h 2 - c h 2 - CH = c h - c h 3 5-(Pent-3-en-1 -yl)deca-3,6,8-trien-1 -in -1 -yl 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3- C H 2 - C = C -C H = C H - C H - C H = C H - C H = C H -C H 2- c h = c h - c h = c h - c h 3 6-(Penta-1,3-dien-1 -yl)dodeca-2,4,7-trien-9-in-1 -yl II 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 -C H = C H -C H = C H - C H - C H = C H - C H = C H -C H 2- CH = C H -C = C -C H 3 6-(P ent-l-en-3-in-l-yl)u ndeca-2,4,7,9-tetraen-l-yl Ten cac nhom (goc) khong no hoa tri mot duoc luu dung : - Khong han che nhom the : vinyl CH2 = C H - va anlyl CH2 =CHCH2- - Khong nhom the : isopropenyl CH2 =C(CH 3) - U-2-2-2 Nhom (goc) da hoa tri Cach goi ten cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon khong no da hoa tri cung tuong tu cach goi ten cac nhom (gdc) no. a) Dung cac hau to to hop nhu -enylen, -dienylen, -inylen, v.v.. Thf du: -C H 2 - C H = C H - -C H 2 - C H - C H = C H -C H 2- CH2CH2CH3 Propenylen 4-Propylpent-2-enylen b) Dung cac hau to to hap nhu -endiyl, -entriyl, -indiyl, -enyliden, v.v... Thf d u : I I CH2 = C H -C H -C H 2 - C H - C H = CH2 = C -C H 2-C H = C H -C = Hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-diyl Pent-2-endiylidin 11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO 65 11-3 HIDROCACBON VdNG NO VA KHONG NO 11-3-1 Hidrocacbon don vong no H -3-1-1 Hidrocacbon don vdng no khdng nhanh co ten duoc hinh thanh bang cach them ti<§n \6.xiclo- vao ten cua ankan khong nhanh tuong ung. Thi du : Xiclopropan Xiclohexan Xiclotetradecan Ten chung cua cac hidrocacbon don vong no khong nhanh hoac co nhanh la xicloanknn. Cac xicloankan co nhanh duoc goi ten theo danh phap thay the, vdi cach danh so sao cho duoc "locant" nho nhat. Thi du : CH2CH3 CH, CH, CH2CH3 CH, Etylxiclopentan 1,4-Dimetylxiclohexan l-Etyl-3-metylxiclohexan CH, CH, CH2CH3 CH, CH, CH, 2-Etyl-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan 1,2,3-Tris(2-metylbutyl)xiclopropan //-_?-1-2 Nhdm (goc) hidrocacbon don vdng no co ten duoc hinh thanh theo cac cach tirong tu nhom (goc) hidrocacbon mach her. Nguyen tu mang hoa tri tu do duoc danh so 1. De’ tranh sir nhdm lSn hoa tri tu do vai nhom - C H 3 viet d dang net gach, ta dung them hinh -w w ve thang goc voi net sach hoa tri tu do. 66 CHl/ONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC TIT DO Cac nhom hoa trj mot co ten dirge hinh thanh bang cach doi hau to -an cua xicloankan thanh hau to -yl hoac them hau to -yl vao ten cua xicloankan. Thf du : c h 3 Xiclopropyl hoSc Xiclopropanyl CH Xiclohexyl hoSc Xiclohexanyl CH 2.4-Dimetybriclohexyl hoSc 2.4-Dimetybriclohexan-l-yl Cac nhom hoa tri hai ma hai hoa tri tu do tap trung 6 cung mot nguyen tir cacbon de co the tao noi doi vdi nguyen tir khac co ten mang hau to -yliden. Trong trudng hgp hai hoa trj do co mat d hai nguyen tir khac nhau thi ten cua nhom dugc tan cung bang -ylen hoac -diyl (cung vdi "locant"). Thf du : Xiclopentyliden Xiclopent-l,3-ylen Xiclohex-l,2-ylen hoac Xiclopentan-1,3-diyl hoac Xiclohexan-l,2-diyl 11-3-2 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no H-3-2- 7 Hidrocacbon don vdng khong no dugc goi ten tuong tu hidrocacbon khong no mach hd : ngoai tien td xiclo-, can dung cac hau td -en, -adien, -atrien, -in, adiin, v.v... thay cho -an. Khi trong phan tir co nhieu lien ket kep hoac cd mach nhanh, can danh sd cac nguyen tir trong vdng, bat dau tir mot nguyen tir khong no roi den nguyen tir khong no thur hai ciia chfnh lien ket kep dd sao cho dugc "locant" nho. Thf du : Xiclohexen 3-Metylxiclohex-l-en Xiclohexa-1,3-dien Xiclooctin Xicloocta-1,3,5-trien Xiclohexadeca-1,3,9,11 -tetrain 11-3 HIDROCACBON V6NG NO VA KHONG NO 67 H -3-2-2 Ten cua cac nhdm (gdc) hidrocacbon don vdng khong no cung dugc hinh thanh theo cach tuong tu cac nhom khong no mach ho, tire la cung co cac hau to nhu -enxl, -enxlen, -xliden, v.v... Thi du : 'WW /w w 'WW Xiclopent-2-en-l-yl X icloh ex-3-en -l ,2-diyl Xiclohexa-2,4-dien-l-yliden X icloh ex-3-en -1.2-ylen 11-3-3 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung mot nguyen tu mat vong: Hidrocacbon kieu spiro ii-3 -3 - 7 Ten cua hidrocacbon kieu spiro gom cac bo phan hgp thanh theo trinh tu sau day : spiro + [cac chi so nguyen tCrC rieng] + ten hidrocacbon mach he) tuong irng (ghi tu so nho den sd ldn) Mach cacbon dugc danh sd het vong nho den vdng ldn, bat ddu tu- mot nguyen tir d ke nguyen tir chung. Thi du : 6 1 1 8 7 9 10 1 2 4 2 3 5 6 7 6 4 Spiro[2.3]hexan Spiro [3.4] oc tan Spiro[4.5]decan Khi trong vong co lien ket kep, cach danh sd vin giu nhu tren, song cdn di theo hudng sao cho "locant" ciia lien ket kep la tha'p nhat. Thi du : 7 6 1 2 H -3-3-2 Ten ciia nhom (gdc) hidrocacbon cd hoa tri mot hoac hoa tri h aid u oc hinh thanh bang cach them cac hau td nhu -yl, -yliden, v.v... (kern theo "locant") vao ten ciia hidrocacbon tuong ung. Khi dy van giu nguyen cach danh sd d hidrocacbon. Thi du : 68 CHL/ONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC TlfDQ 10 8 < 2X 3 8 Spiro[3.4]octan-5 -y 1 7 6 4 3 Spiro [4.5 ] deca-1,6-dien-2-yl 11-3-4 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung cau noi: Hidrocacbon kieu bbtido H-3-4-1 Ten cua hidrocacbon kieu bixido gom cac bo phan hop thanh theo trinh tu sau day : bixiclo + [so C cj cac cau noi] + ten hidrocacbon mach hd ti/Ong ifng (ghi tuf so ldn den sd nho) Mach cacbon duoc danh sd bat dau tu mot nguyen tir chung (d mot dinh), den cac nguyen tir ciia cau ndi dai nhat, tiep theo den cac cau ndi ngan hon. Thi du : 8r10f “ : 7 6 5 Bixiclo[1.1.0]butan hoac Bixiclobutan Bixiclo[4.3.2]undecan Khi trong vong co lien ket kep, cach danh sd van giu nhu tren, song can theo hudng sao cho "locant" ciia lien ket kep la nho nhat. Thf du : 1 1 16 15 [CH2]r 7 4 14 [C H 2]5 8 Bixiclo[2.2.2] oct-2-en B ixiclo [12.2.2]o ctad eca-14,16(l),17-trien H -3 -4 -2 Ten ciia nhdm (gdc) hidrocacbon kieu bixido duoc hinh thanh theo cac quy tac tuong tu d hidrocacbon mach hd, song van giu nguyen cach danh sd vira neu d tren. Thi du : 1 ^ 7 — Bixiclo[3.2.1 ]oct-2-yl B ixiclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en -2-yl 11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO 69 11-3-5 He nhieu vong (da vong) co chung cau noi: Hidrocacbon kieu polixido Cac he nhieu vong co cau noi o nhumg vi tri khac nhau, co ten bdt dau bang cac tien to nhu trixiclo-, tetraxiclo-, pentaxiclo, ... Hidrua n£n vdn la ankan gom tat ca cac nguyen tir mat vong. Cac cau noi chinh (duoc danh so 1 6 mot dau) van duoc neu len nhu 6 hop chat bixiclo. Cac cau ndi thu cap (ndi hai nguyen tir ciia cau chinh) van duoc neu sd nguyen tir cacbon ciia cau bang sd A Rap binh thudng, cd ghi them 6 gdc tren ben phai hai sd nho (ngan cach nhau bang dau phay) chi ro vi tri ciia cau thu cap tren cau chinh. Thi du : 11 r r r > . Trixiclo [7.4.1.03-7] tetradecan Trixiclo [1.1.0.02-4] butan (Tetrahedran) Tetraxiclo .QP'5~\ hexan (Prisman) Pentaxiclo [4 .2 .0 .02'5.03 K.04,7] octan (Cuban) 11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM 11-4-1 Hidrocacbon thorn don vong va da vong Ten chung ciia cac hidrocacbon thorn don vong (monoxiclic) va da vdng (polixiclic) chua nhan benzen la aren. I 1-4-7- 7 Ten thdng thudng cua aren dupe IUPAC luu dung Ta co the phan chia cac ten do thanh 3 nhom : a) Cac ten duoc dung khi khong co hoac cd nhdm the d bat ki vi tri nao. Dd la benzen va hon 20 aren da vong ngung tu (xem day du hon d V -l). Thi du : 70 CHUONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC TL/DQ 3 Benzen 5 4 Naphtalen 1 0 5 10 4 Antraxen Phenantren fS 3 9[ ^ N 6 5 7 6 5 Axenaphtylen Axeantrylen 12 1 10 1 1 l Y 4 7 6 Crisen 7 6 5 Axephenantrylen 12 1 Coronen b) Cac ten dugc dung khi khong co nhom the va chi khi co nhom the d dang tien to va trong vong : c 6h 5- c h 3 C6H5-CH=CHo C H e-C H = C H -C H , -6 “ 5 v-'6“ 5 Toluen Stiren Stinben c) Cac ten chi dugc dung khi khong co nhom the : C6H4(CH3)2 Xilen (3 dong phan o-, m-, p -) C6H5-C H (C H 3)2 Cumen CHq CH3- C 6H4-CH (C H 3)2 Ximen (Cymene) (3 dong phan o-, m-, va p-) CH 3 CH3 Mesitylen 11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM 71 I 1-4 - j-2 Ten cua cac aren mang nhom th i Aren mang nhom the co ten dirge hinh thanh bang thao tac thay the, khi ay vi tri cua nhom the dirge chi ra theo cach danh s<5 se neu duoi day va o cac c6ng thurc da neu a tren (chii y trufrng hgp dac biet cua antraxen va phenantren). Thi du : CH, ^ j p C ( C H 3)3 rm -Butvlbenzen 2-Metylnaphtalen 9-M etylantraxen Khi nhom the cung la mdt vong. co hai quy tac dang luu y. Do la : muc do hidro hoa cang thap thi do uu tien cang cao (benzen > xiclohexen > xiclohexan). va muc do ngung tu (hay dung hgp) cua vong cang cao thi do iru tien cung cang cao (antraxen > naphtalen > benzen). Thi du : Xiclohexylbenzen (khong : Phenylxiclohexan) 2-Phenylnaphtalen (khong : 2-Naphtylbenzen) Doi voi cac din xuat hai lan the cua benzen co the dung cac ki hieu o- (ortho-), m- Imeta-) va p- (para-) lan lugt thay cho 1,2-, 1,3- va 1,4-. Thi du : c h 2c h 3 h 2c h 2c h 3 Ch 2c h 3 c h 2c h 3 CH=CH, h 2c h 3 CH=CH, CH=CH, l-Etyl-4-propylbenzen 1,3-Dietylbenzen 4-Etylstiren 1,4-Divinylbenzen hoac p-Etylpropylbenzen w-Dietylbenzen p- Etylstiren /?-Divinylbenzen Cac din xua't tu ba ldn the tro len dugc goi ten voi cac "locant" thich hgp, khong dung cac ki hieu o-, m- va p-. Thi du : 1,2,3-Trimetylbenzen CH2CH2CH2CH3 c h 2c h 2c h 3 ^ ^ ' C H 2CH3 l-Butyl-3-etyl- -2-propylbenzen CH, CH, CH CH, 1,2,4,5-Tetrametyl- -benzen 72 CHUONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC TL/DQ H -4-1-3 Ten cua cac hidrocacbon thorn da vdng dung hop (hay ngung tu) Ngudi ta phan biet hai kieu dung hap : Dung hop ortho la kieu dung hop co n mat chung va 2n nguyen tu chung. Dung hop peri la kieu dung hop co n mat chung, nhung chi co ft hon 2n nguyen tu chung. Thi du : He dung hop ortho (3 mat chung, 6 nguyen tu chung) He dung hop ortho va peri (5 mat chung, 6 nguyen tir chung) Khi danh so cac nguyen tir cacbon trong phan tir, can viet cong thuc theo quy dinh nhu sau : a) Co sd vdng toi da nam tren true ngang. Thf du : Hudng dung Hudng khong dung Hudng khong dung Hudng dung Hudng khong dung Hudng khong dung Viec danh so duoc bat dau tir nguyen tir cacbon khong tham gia dung hop d phia tren va ben phai ciia he, bo qua cac nguyen tir chung. Thi du : 10 1 6 5 Danh sd dung Danh sd khong dung 11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM 73 Cac nguyen tu chung cho hai hay ba vong duoc danh so bang so cua nguyen tu ngay trudc no nhung co them chur "a" (va "b". "c" khi cdn thiet). Thf du : Danh so dung Danh so khong dung Ddi vdi cac hidrocacbon thorn da vdng dung hop kieu ortho hoac kieu ortho va peri ma khong cd ten thong thudng duoc luu dung (nhu kieu antraxen, phenantren. crisen. ...) ngudi ta goi ten dung hop bdng cach td hop ten ciia phdn ghep noi (d dang tien td) vdi ten ciia phdn nen (giu nguyen ten thdng thudng ciia hidrocacbon). Phdn ghep ndi cang don gian cang tot, trai lai phdn nen chura cang nhieu vdng cang hay (ma vdn cd ten thdng thudng). Thi du : Ten dung : Dibenzo[c\g]phenantren Ten khong dung : Naphto[2,/-c]phenantren Tien td chi phdn ghep ndi dugc hinh thanh tir ten ciia hidrocacbon tuong ung, thudng thudng bdng cach thay duoi -en bdng -o. Thi du : Benzo- tir benzen Phenantro- tir phenantren Naphto- tir naphtalen Antra- tir antraxen Neu phdn ghep ndi la nhung cau ndi no hoac khong no, ten ciia cau ndi dugc hinh thanh tir ten ciia hidrocacbon tuong ung. Thi du : -C H -,- metano -CH-, - CH2- etano -C H = C H -e te n o -C H : C H ,C H t- propano -C H 2CH2CH-,CH2- butano -C H ,C H = CHCH2- but[2]eno - C 6H4- benzeno (o-, m-,p-), v.v... De’ phan biet cac ddng phan khac nhau ve vi tri dung hgp ngudi ta ki hieu cdc lien ket ngoai vi ciia phdn nen bang cac chu cai a , h, c, d, ... bdt dau tir lien ket 1.2 (ki hieu a) ... va ghi cac kf hieu do trong ddu moc vuong dat giua phan ghep noi va phdn nen. Thf du : 74 CHUONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC Tl/DQ Benzo[tf]antraxen Dibenzo[ vao hidrua nen Ten cua cac cation loai nay duoc hinh thanh bdng cach them hau to -ium (viet gon -/). -diium (viet gon -dii), v.v... vao ten cua hidrua nen. Thi du : C H 5(+) [ C ; H 7 ] _) Metani (metanium) Etani (etanium) - H(+) h o a c [ C ^ Benzeni (benzenium) I I-5 -2 -2 Cation duoc hinh thanh bdng cach bdt di Hh tir hidrua nen Cac cation loai nay duoc goi ten theo hai cach : a) Them tir "cation" h oac " d i c a t i o n " , ... vao ten ciia n h o m (gdc) tuong ung. b) Thay hau td -yl hoac -diyl... ciia ten nhom tuong ung bdng -ylium viet gon la -yli : -bistylium) viet gon -bis(yli), ... Thf du : C H / * ’ C H 7- C H 2(+J C H 2- C H 2 a > Cation metyl aj Cation etyl a) Dication etylen b) Metyli (m ety liu m ) b) Etyli (etylium ) b) E t a n - 1,2-bis(yli) 78 CHUONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC Tlf DO r2+ c h 3- c h z (+) CH, (+) (+) c h - c h 2 a) Dication etyliden b) E ta n -l,l-b is(y li) <+) : 2'(♦): a) Trication propan-1,2,3-triyI b) Propan-1,2,3-tris(yli) a) Dication xiclobut-3-en-l,2-diyl b) X iclobut-3-en-l,2-bis(yli) H-5-2-3 Cation-goc a) Dication xiclohexyliden b) X iclo h ex a n -l,l-b is(y li) Do la nhung tieu phan chura dong thdi dien tfch duong va electron tu do. Ten cua cation-goc duoc hinh thanh bdng cach them -yl vao hau to -ium (khong nen nit gon bdng cach bdt -um) cua ten cation tuong ung. Thf du : H2C’+ Metyliumyl (viet gon : Metyliyl) 11-5-3 Anion va anion-goc (+) c h 4 - c h 2 Etan-2-ium -l-yl (Etan-2-i-l-yl) c 6h ;+ Benzeniumyl (Benzeniyl) Anion co the duoc hinh thanh bdng cach tach di Hl+) tu nguyen tu cua mot nguyen td nao dd trong phan tu huu co. Chung cd ten rat da dang lien quan den ten cua phan tu chat n6n. Thf du : c 6h 5o'-> Phenolat Phenoxit Phenyloxidanua (ide) c h 3s (- ) ( Q H ^ C ^ Metanthiolat Anion trityl Metylsunfua Anion triphenylmetyl Metylsunfanua (ide) Dudi day chi xem xet cac anion mang dien tfch am tap trung d nguyen tu cacbon (goi la cac cacbanion) va anion-goc cung d cacbon. I I-5-3-1 Cacbanion Do la nhung tieu phan mang dien tfch am d nguyen tu cacbon, duoc hinh thanh bang cach bdt di mdt hay nhieu H*+* tuf hidrua nen. Cd hai cach goi t6n : n-5 g 6 c c a c b o n tit d o , ion vA ion g 6 c 79 a) Them tir "anion" hoac "dianion"... vao ten ciia gdc tuong ung. b) Them hau td -ua (tir tie'ng Anh la -ide) vao ten cua hidrua nen. Thf du : CH3(_) (CH3)2CH (" ) = r'(-) a) Anion metyl b) Metanua (Metanide) O - a) Anion propan-2-yl b) Propan-2-ua (Propan-2-ide'l >(-) - a) Anion but-1 -in-1 -yl b) B u t-l-in -l-u a (B u t-l-in -l-id e) a) Anion phenyl b) Benzenua (Benzenide) H -5-2-2 Anion-goc a) Anion \iclopenta-2,4-dien-l-yI b) Xiclopenta-2,4-dien-l-ua (Xiclopenta-2,4-dien-1 -ide) Anion-goc la nhung tieu phan chua d6ng thdi dien tfch am va electron tu do. Ten cua chung duoc hinh thanh bang cach them hau to -yl vao ten cua anion tuong urng. Thi du : CH2 - C H 2 C H j- C H ^ E tan -2-u a-l-yl E tan -l-u a-l-yl (Etan-2-id-1 -yl) (E tan-1 -id -1 -yl) 11-6 DANH PHAP D| VONG1’1 Ten ciia cac di vong don (hay don vong) g6m ba loai chii yeu : ten th6ng thudng va nira he thdng, ten he thdng theo danh phap Hantzsch-Widman va ten trao d6i. Ddi vdi cac dj vong da (hay da vong), ngoai ten th6ng thudng va ten trao d6i con cd cac loai ten khac nua, dac biet la ten dung hop. (*) Ndi dung diy du v£ danh ph&p di vong duo: trinh b&y trong sach Ca sd hoa hoc di vong cua Trin Qu6c Son, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, Ha N6i, 2010. 80 CHL/ONG II - DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, ION VA GOC TL/DQ 11-6-1 Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong I 1-6-1-1 Nhieu dj vdng don va dj vdng da dung hop (ngung tu) co ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong dirge dung rat pho bien. IUPAC luu dung khoang hon 60 nhung ten nhu vay, ke ca khi co nhom the. Sau day la mot so thf du dien hinh co ghi ca cach danh so (xem day du hon 6 chucmg V) : 1 H I M 4 3 1 n 4 3 1 4 3 11 M H S N3 Pirole 1 H 1.N ' ' V / 4 3 Pirazole Indole Furan 'O 5 / \ ..2 4 31 Isoxazole Pirimidin 3 Thiophen 4 3 Isothiazole I n ,N4 Pirazin 5 4 Quinolin Imidazole 1 H 1 M 4 3 Pirolidin H 6[/ |2 4 Piperidin 5 4 Isoquinolin 3 " 4 ~N 9 3 H 5 4 8 .N N - 2 Purin (danh so ngoai le) Quinazolin 5 4 Pteridin H -6-1-2 Ten cua c a c n hdm (goc) d j vdng dugc hinh thanh bdng cach them vao ten di vong nhung hau to nhu -yl, -diyl, -yliden... (kem theo "locant"). Thf du : 1 H N 4 3 Pirol-2-yl Purin-8-yl V tc 5 4 Quinolin-2,6-diyl