🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Cẩm Nang Sử Dụng Từ Nối Trong Tiếng Anh Ebooks Nhóm Zalo f I T n g lE H c o n lH T T d n s a q 3 Cam nang si) dung T O ' N O I T R O N G T I E N G A N H HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH CONJUNTION USAGE CDBK N H A XL/AT BAN T l/D I^ N B A C H K H O A ANDBOOK OF ENGLISH CONJUNTIO C A M N A N G SLf D U N G T tf N O I T R O N G 7 . A r H HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH CONJUNTION USAGE TH.S TRAN TRONG DLfCfNG NGUYEN QUOC KHANH CAM NANG Stf DUNG Tlf NOI TRONG 7 [enq HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH CONJUNTION USAGE n h A x u a t b a n tlJ b i e n b Ac h k h o a GIQfl THIEU CHUNG ■ A. Dinh nghta lur noi la tir dung de noi lien hai tu, hai cum tir hoac hai menh de vai nhau. B. Cac loai tir noi f Co hai loai tir noi. 1. Tir noi kct hop (co-ordinating conjunction) noi hai cau dan trong mot cau ghep (compound sentence): Vi du: 4 He had a pen and a pencil. (he had a pen, he had a pencil) (Arth la co mot cai but nnrc va mot cai but chi) He went to the door and opened it. (he went to the door, he opened it) (Anh la di ra cira va mo no ra) He goes to the market and buys flowers. (he goes to the market, he buys flowers) (Anh ta di cho va mua hoa) My house has a dog and a cat. (my house has a dog, my house has a cat) (Nha toi co mot con cho va mot con meo) My brother learns English and China. 5 (my brother learns English, my brother learns China) (Anh trai loi hoc liengAnh va tieng Tnmg) 2. Tu* noi phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) noi menh de phu vai menh de chinh trong cau phirc (complex sentence): Vi du: Menh de chinh Lien lie Menh ile phu She said that she would help. (Co dy noi rang co dy se giup do) You will recognize him when you see him. (Anh se lihan ra anh dy khi anh gap anh dy) He did not see where I had gone. (Anh la khong I hay noi loi da di) Do you understand why I do that9 (Anh co hieu lai sao loi lam dien do?) You can visit my house whenever you like (Ban co the den tham nha ioi bat cu li'ic ndo ban thich) 6 Ttf NOI K E T KtfP■ (CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS) r Co bon nhom chinh: 1. Nhom AND : (Vci, ngu y: them vao). 2. Nhom BUT : (Nhung ma, ngu y: phan nguac) 3. Nhom OR : (Hoac, nguy: chon lira) 4. Nhom SO : (VI the, nguy: hau qua) V aFO R : (Vi: chi ly do). Trong tirng nhom co nhieu tir dong nghTa, tuy nhien moi tir co mot sac thai nghTa rieng. B A I 1 NHOM AND Nhom and dung de dien ta y cong them 1. And : va Vidu: He was tired and hungry. (Anh dy met va dot). He plays squash and rugby. (Anh ta chai bong quan va bong bdu due). My mother is beautiful and gentle. (Me cua toi xinh dep va diu dang). My teacher has a house and a car. 7 (Co giao cua toi co mot cai nha va mot cai o to). « Peter can play the guitar and piano. (Peter co the choi diroc ghita va chcomg cam). My house has a garage and a garden. (Nha toi co mot cai gara va mot khu viran). He likes reading books and watching television. (Anh ta thich doc sdch va xem ti vi). I make the payments and keep the accounts. (Toi tra tien va giir bien lai). I have two sisters and a brother. (Toi co hai chi gai va mot anh trai). 2. B oth...anD : vira... vira, ca...dcu Vi du : He was both tired and hungry. (Anh ta vira met vi'ra doi). She was both pretty and intelligent. (Co ta vira dep vim thong minh). He both learned and watched television. (Anh ta vira hoc vira xem ti vi). Both men and women were drafted into the armv.J (Ca dan dug Ian dan ba deu diroc tint nap vao quan doi). Both Nam and Lan go to the English club. (Ca Nam va Lan deu di den cau lac bo tiingAnh). Both my father and my mother are teachers. (Ca bo va me toi deu lam giao vien). She was both attractive and lovely. r r , (Co dy vira quyen ru vira dangyeu). My closest friend is good at both Maths and chemistry. (Ban than cua toi vira hoc gidi toan vira hoc gidi hoa). His research is both clear and logical. (Nghien ciru cua anh dy vira ro rang vira logic). 3. As well as: cung, viia...nfra Vi du: He was tired as well as hungry. (Anh dy vira met lai vira doi). I speak English as well as Italian. r r r (Toi vira noi diroc tiengAnh vira noi dupe tieng Y). He can drive a motobike as well as a car. (Anh ta co the di duoc ca xe may va o to). My dog was quick as well as lovely. (Con cho cua toi vira nhanh nhen vira dangyeu). The weather is hot as well as cold. (Thai tiet vira nong vira I anh). My school is large as well as nice. (Tnrang cita toi vira rong vira dep). Our hometown is quiet as well as peacful. (Que huang cua chung toi vira tinh lang vayen binh). This road was clean as well as romantic. (Con dirang nay vira sack se vira lang man). My computer is cheap as well as useful. (May tinh cua toi vira re vira tien ich). 9 4. And also, and...too: va cung Vi du: He was tired and also hungry, or : He was tired and hungry too. (Anh ta met va cung doi mra). This book is interesting and also romantic, or : This book is interesting and romantic too. (Quyen sdch nay hay va cung lang man mra). My brother is naughty and also clever, o r,: My brother is naughty and clever too. (Anh trai cua toi nghich ngcnn va cung thong minh mra). He plays football and also volleyball, or : He plays football and volleyball too. (Anh dy biet choi bong da va ca bong chuyen mra). My teachers learned in Australia and also America, or : My teachers learned in Australia and America too. (Cdc thdy co giao cua toi da hoc d Uc va cung a My mra). My girl likes watching Chinese film and also Korean film, or : My girl likes watching Chinese film and Korean film too. (Con gdi toi thich xem phim Trung Quoc va cung thick xem phim Han Quoc mra). 5. Not only...but also : khong n h u n g ...m a con, khong chi...m a con Vi du: He was not only tired but also hungry. (Anh dy khong nhung doi ma con met nua). 10 He was not only a translator but also a tour guide. (Anh dy khong nhicng la phien dich vien md con la hudng dan vien du lich nica). Her brother is hot only handsome but also friendly. (Anh trai cua co dy khong nhicng dep trai ma con than thien nua). The doctor was not only good but also enthusiastic. (Vi bac si nay khong nhicng gioi ma con nhiet tinh nua) My tour was not only interesting but also impressed. (Chuyen du lich cua toi khong chi thu vi ma con rat an tuang nua) She is not only pretty but also sings well. (Co dy khong nhicng xinh dep ma con hat hay nica). This car was not only cheap but also very fashionable. r r (Chiec xe nay khong nhicng re ma cdn rat thdi trang). He works not only quickly but also effectively. (Anh dy lam viec khong nhicng nhanh ma cdn rat hieu qua). She is not only smart but also hard. (Co dy khong nhicng thong minh ma cdn chain chi). My dress is not only nice but also attractive. (Cai vdy cua toi khong nhicng dep md cdn quyen rii). Chu y: > t f Co the dat not only a dau cau de nhan manh. Dong tir sau do phai chia d dang dao. Vi du: Not only was he tired but he was also hungry. (Anh ta khong nhicng met md cdn doi nica). 11 Not only men but also women were chosen. (Khong nhimg dan ong ma dan ba cung diroc chon mra). Not only did he spend all his money but he also borrowed some from me. (Khong nhung anh ta tieu het tien cua anh ta ma anh ta cdn vay cua .toi nua). Not only is the watch the oldest but also it is the most expensive. X ^ r r r (Cai dong ho nay khong nhimg cu nhdt md cdn dat nhdt). Not only does the sun give us light but it also gives us heat. (Mat trai khong nhung mang lai anh sang md cdn sudi dm cho chung ta nua). Not only did he refuse to take the medicine but also hit the nurse. (Anh ta khong nhiiiig tir choi iiong thuoc md cdn dam coy ta nua). * 6. Furtherm ore, besides, m oreover, w hat is more (w hat's more): them nua, hon nua Vi du: The car was almost new; furthermore (besides, moreover, what’s more) it was in excellent condition. (Cai xe o to gan nhu moi; hon nua no cdn tdt I dm). Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden. (Ngodi viec nan nudug toi cdn trong nom khu vucni nua). 12 She is very beautiful, moreover she,is intelligent. f r r r (Co dy rat xinh, hon nua co dy con rat thong minh). Besides learning in the university she works in the company. (Ben canh viec hoc tap a truang co dy con lam viec a cong ty) 13 B A I 2 NHOM BUT Nhom but dien ta y nguoc hay doi lap nhau. 1. But: nhung Vi du: The coat was thin but warm. r r (Chiec do nay mong nhung dm). Learning Korean is very difficult but interesting. (Hoc tieng Han rat kho nhung thii vi). The car is quite old but in excellent condition. (Cai xe nay klid cu nhung van con tot). 1 want to go to the party, but I have to work. (Toi muon di du dec nhung toi phdi 1dm viec). We came in first but we didn't win the race. (Chung toi den truac nhung khong thdng dupe cuoc dua). He is intelligent but lazy. (Anh ta thong minh nhung luai). This dress is cheap but very fashionable. (Cai vay nay re nhung rat thai trang). He is very rich but he is very mean. (Anh ta gidu nhung rat keo kiet). I will come but perhaps it will be late. (Toi se den nhung co le se muon). 14 I am poor but I am honest. (Toi ngheo nhimg toi that tha). 2. Still, yet: tuy nhien, tuy rang > r # ^ No thirong dung triroc menh de phu, truoc tir noi nay r t thirong co dau phay (,). Vi du: You are not rich, still / yet you can do something to help him. (Ban khong giau lam tuy nhien ban van co the lam mot cai gi do de giup da anh ta). Doctors in this hospital are good, still / yet they are not enthusiastic. (Nhung bac si a benh vien nay gidi tuy nhien ho khong duac nhiet tinh cho lam). Boys in my class are naughty, still / yet they are very intelligent. (Con trai lop toi nghich ngam tuy nhien ho rat thong minh). This car is too expensive, still / yet it is good. t r (Cai xe nay qua dcit tuy nhien no lai tot). I le had a good salaiy, still / yet he was unhappy in his job. (Anh ta co licong cao tuy nhien anh ta van khong hcii long vai cong viec cua anh dy). My foot was injured, still / yet I managed to go to school. (Chan cua toi bi dau tuy vay toi van co gang di den truang). My parents don't like me go out with my friends on this Sunday, still / yet I go out with them. 15 (Bo me toi khong thich toi di choi v&i ban toi vao chu nhat tuan nay tuy nhien toi van di cung ho). ^ C huy 1: Ta con thay still / yet blng cac lien tu nhir: however, nevertheless, on the contrary, notw ithstanding th at (mac dau). Vi du: The car is quite old, still / yet it is good condition. however / nevertheless (Cai xe nay khd cu tuy nhien no van con tot). Ta con dung notwithstanding that: mac dau la Vi du: Notwithstanding that it was raining, we went to the workshop. (Mac dii troi dang mica, chung toi van di hoi thao). Notwithstanding that she is beautiful, everybody don't like her. (Mac du co ay xinh, moi ngiroi deu khong thich co dy). Notwithstanding that this exercise is difficult, it is very interesting. (Mac du bai tap nay khd, no rdt thu vi). ^ C huy 2: Trong truong hop still, yet la trang tu (adverb) Still (trang tir): van con Vi du: It is 10 o’clock and Tom is still in bed. (Da micoi gid md Tom van con ngii). .16 Yet (trang tir): chira, dung trong cau hoi va cau phu dinh Vi du: Have you been to London yet? (Ban da den Luan Don chira? ) I haven't read this story yet. (Toi van chira doc quyen truyen nay). 3. W hereas, while: trong khi ma, con... thi lai... Vi du: Nam is in the 6th form, whereas (while) Dong, who is a year older, is only in the 5th form. * (Nam hoc a lap 6, trong khi Dong hart no mot tuoi lai chi mai hoc a lop 5). He is very clever and wins all the prizes, while his brother never seems to know anything. (No thong minh va doqt tat ca cac gicii thirong trong khi do ngiroi anh thi hinh nhir khong biet cai gi ca). He is small, while he is very intelligent. (Anh ta nho trong khi do anh ta lai rdt thong minh). My brother is lazy, whereas he learns very well. (Em trai cua toi hrai trong khi do no lai hoc rdt gioi). r > 4. But that: neu nhu...khong (chi dieu kien) Sau that thirong la menh de. Vi du: But that you helped us, we should have failed. (Neu ban khong giup do chung toi, chung toi se tnrpt). 17 I would have gone but that I was busy. (Toi se di rteu nhu toi khong ban). I would have gone to school but that I phoned you. (Toi se di hoc neu nhir toi khong goi dien cho ban). But that you gave me money, I would gone out. (Niu ban khong dua cho toi tien, toi se di khoi day). She would have married him but that he killed that person. , % r r r r * (Co dy se dong y lay anh dy neu nhu anh dy khong giet nguoi kia). But that you learned well, you should have failed. (Neu ban khong hoc gioi, ban se trupt). He would have died but that you excepted his proposal. (Anh ta se chet neu ban khong nhan loi cau hon cua anh ta). But that you listened to your parents' opinion, they would have been unhappy. (Neu ban khong Icing nghe y kien cua bo me ban, ho se rdt buon). Nhu vay trong cau co lien tu but that thi menh dd chinh la gia dinh. 5. But yet: nhung, tuy nhien, tuy r5ng Vi du: I agree with you but yet I cannot leave from this house at once. (Toi dong y voi ban tuy nhien toi khong thi rdi khoi cdn nha nay ngay lap tire). I like to go out but yet I have many exercises to do. (Toi thich di choi nhung toi co rdt nhieu bai tap phai lam). He doesn't love her but yet he has to marry her. - (Anh ta khong yeu co dy tuy nhien anh ta van phai r cuai co dy). I want to learn English but yet my parents like me to learn Maths. (Toi muon hoc tieng Anh tuy nhien bo me toi thich toi hoc toan). He doesn't have money but yet he buys many things for me. > > r (Anh ta-khong co nhieu tien tuy nhien anh ta mua rdt nhieu thu cho toi). He is very lazy but yet he passes the test. (Anh ta rdt luai hoc tuy nhien anh ta lai vuat qua duo’c ky thi). She is a beautiful girl but yet very few people love her. r r r (Co dy la mot co gai xinh xan tuy nhien rdt it nguoi yeu co dy). He wants to visit England but yet he has no money. (Anh ta muon den nude Anh tuy nhien anh ta khong co tien). Everybody wants singer to sing this song but yet she cannot. (Moi nguoi deu muon ca si hat bai hat nay nhung co ta khong thi). 19 6. But for, without: neu khong co, ma khong Dong tir trong cau d the gia dinh thuong dung duoi dang: But for + Noun ( N- phrase) Vi du: But for the leadership of the Party, we could not have succeeded. (Neu khong co sir lanh dao cua Dang, chung ta khong the thanh cong diroc). But for the weather, we could be at the seaside now. (Neu khong vi thoi tiet thi bay gio chung toi da co mat o bien). But for my help, you wouldn't have got such a high mark. (Neu khong co sic giup do cua toi, ban da khong dat diroc diem cao nhir the). But for his father's allowance, he wouldn't have paid the fee. (Neu khong co khoan vien trp cua bo anh ta, anh ta se khong trd diroc tien hoc phi). But for this meeting, I would be at restaurant and have dinner. (Neu khong co cuoc hop nay thi toi da dang o nha hang va an toi roi). But for the gravity, we would float in the air. (Neu khong co lire hut, chung ta se bdng b'enh trong khong khi). 20 But for the phone called, I could go out with you now. (Neu khong vi cu dien thoai thi bay gia toi se di chai cung ban). But for your help, .1 would not have gained more success. , (Neu khong co sir giiip do cua ban, toi da khong dat * f diroc thanh cong nhieu nhir the). I will go out without you. (Anh se di choi ma khong co em). 7. None but + Noun: chi, chi co Vi du: We choose none but the best. r r (Chung toi chi chon nguoi tot nhdt). He loves none but the most beautiful girl. (Anh ta chi yeu co gai xinh nhdt). My class has none but this only boy. (Lap toi chi co cau con trai duy nhdt nay thoi). I have none but the pink shirt. (Toi chi co mot chiec do hong thoi). None but fools have ever believed it. > y r (Chi co nhung thang khd mai tin vao dieu dy thoi). 8. None other but than...: khong ai khac ma chinh la... Vidyt: The visitor was none other but than the president. (Vi khdch do khong ai khac chinh Id thu tirong). That kid is none other but than my younger brother. (Thang nhoc do khong ai khac chinh Id em trai cua toi). 21 That man is none other but than the robber who robbed the bank yesterday. (Nguoi dan ong do khong ai khac chinh la ten cuop da cuop nha bang hom qua). This girl is none other but than my elder brother's sweetheart. (Co gai nay khong ai khac chinh la ngicoi yeu cua anh trai toi). 2? B A I 3 NHOM OR Nhom OR chi sir lira chon, tirong tu 1. OR: hay, hoac... Vi du: Will you take tea or coffee? (Ban dung tra hay ca phe?). Take this book or that one. (Lay quyen nay hay lay quyen kia tuy anh). You eat an apple or an orange. (Ban an tao hay an cam tuy ban). Do you like going out or staying at home? (Ban thich di chai hay a nha?). He will be here at 5 or 6? (Anh dy se co mat a day vao luc 5 hay 6 gia?). He or I will go to your party. r r (Toi hoac anh dy se den die bua tiec cua ban). You like red shirt or white shirt? (Ban thich do mau do hay mau trang?). r x 2. O r else: neu khong thi, bang khong Vi du: Hurry up or else you will be late. (Nhanh len bang khong ban se bi muon). 23 Take umbrella or else you will be ill. r » (Mang o di neu khong thi ban se bi dm). Go out or else you will be hit. (Ra ngoai neu khong thi ban se bi an dam day). Hurry up or else you will miss the train. (Nhanh len neu khong thi ban se bi Id tau). Do the exercise in the morning or else you will become fat. — f ^ y # (Tap the due buoi sang di neu khong thi ban se tro nen beo day). Have a breakfast or else you are hungry. (An sang di neu khong thi ban se bi doi). 3. Otherw ise: neu khong Vi du: You should work harder, otherwise you will be put into another class. (Anh phai hoc cham chi hon neu khong anh se bi xep vao mot lop khcic day). You have to tell him the truth, otherwise he is very sad. (Ban phai noi cho anh ta sic that neu khong anh ta se rdt budn). You should concentrate on learning, otherwise you will be failed. (Ban nen tap trung vao viec hoc neu khong ban se bi tricot). Take this medicine, otherwise you will be ill. (Hay uong nhicng vien thudc nay di, niu khong ban se bi dm). 24 You should put a hat on, otherwise you get sun stroke. (Ban nen doi mil vao, neu khong ban se bi cam nang). Turn off the light, otherwise I can't sleep well. r r * (Lam cm tat dien di, neu khong toi khong the ngii ngon dime). He had to wear warm clothes, otherwise he had a cold. ^ f r f (Anh dy phai mac do dm, neu khong anh dy se bi cam lanh). 4. Either... or: hoac...hoac • • Either...or khong the la chu tir cua mot dong tir phu djnh ■> nhirng co the la chu tir hay tuc tir cua dong tir o the xac dinh hay nghi van, muc dich de nhan manh sir lira chon. Vi du: You can have either soup or fruit juice. (Ban co the dung sup hay nude trai cay). You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow. (Ban phai di ngay hay doi den mai cung duoc). It's urgent, so could you either phone or telex? (Dieu do that cap f’dch, vi the ban hoac goi dien hoac danh telex?). Either you or your sister has done it. (Hoac anh hoac em gai anh da lam viec dy). You can come to see me on either Monday or Tuesday. (Anh co the den thdm toi hodc vao ngay thu hai hoac vao ngay thu ba). 25 Please, either come in or go out, don't stand there in the doorway. (Hoac la di vao hoac la di ra, xin dung dimg truac cua nhu vay). Either my answer or yours is wrong. (Hoac la cau tra lai cua toi hoac la cau tra lai cua anh sai). Chuy: E ither...or + dong tir o’ phu djnh co the thay bang neither...nor Vi du: I like him although he isn't either handsome or intelligent. = I like him although he is neither handsome nor intelligent. (Toi thich anh dy mac du anh dy khong dep trai cung khong thong minh). He didn't either write or phone. = He neither wrote nor phoned. (Anh ta khong viet thu cung khong goi dien thoai). 5. N either...nor (phu djnh cua either...or): khong...ma cung khong Neither...nor + dong tir xac dinh la mot cach nhin manh cua viec ket hop hai phu dinh. Vi du: Neither threats nor arguments had any effect on him. (Ca de doa lan Iv le deu khong lay dong duac anh dv). 26 They said the room was large and bright but it was neither large nor bright. (Ho noi cdn phdng lan va sang sua nhimg no khong lan cung khong sang sua). He neither wrote or phoned. r (Anh ta khong viet thu va cung khong goi dien thoai). He neither eats nor drinks because he is seriously ill. * f r r r (Anh ta chang an chang uong gi bai vi anh dy dm nang). Neither my answer nor yours is right. m ' jT * (Ca cau tra lai cua toi lan cdu tra lai cua anh deu khong dung). He is neither young nor old. (Anh ta khong gia cung khd fig tre). "s. C huy: Khi dung either...or, neither...nor r r Ton trong quy tac doi xung: Vi du: You must come either on Monday or on Tuesday. I am too busy to see you any other day. (Ban phai den thdm toi hoac Id vdo ngay thu hai hoac la vdo ngay thu ba. Toi qua ban de gap ban vdo nhung ngay khac). He has had neither food nor drink for three days. (Anh ta khong an cung khong uong da ba ngay nay roi). Khong viet la: Either he is rouge or a fool. (Hoac la anh dy la ke lira ddo hoac la anh dy Id thang ngdc). 27 Ma nen viet: He is either a rouge or a fool. ^ Luu y quy taC. a, Dong tir hop voi chu ngir nao dimg gan no nhat Vi du: Either Nam or I ant to blame. (Hoac la toi hoac la Nam co loi). Neither you nor he is to blame. (Ca ban va anh ta deu khong co loi). Co the viet: Either Nam is to blame or I am. (Hoac la Nam co loi hoac la toi). He is not to blame, neither are you. (Anh ta khong co loi, ban cung khong). b, Voi either...or, neither...nor dong tir o so it Vi du: Come and have a lunch with me: either Wednesday or Saturday is convenient for me. (Den va an tnra vcri toi, hoac la thu tu hoac la thu bay la thuan tien cho toi). I'm sorry, neither Wednesday nor Saturday is convenient for me. (Toi xin loi, ca thu tir va thu bay deu khong thuan tien cho toi). 28 6. YVhether...or not: co...hay khong Vi du: I don't know whether it is true or not. (Toi khong biet dieu do co dung hay khong). I don't know whether it rains or not. (Toi khong biet trai co mua hay khong). I want to know whether his family is rich or not. (Toi muon biet gia dinh anh ta co giau hay khong). I don't know whether he is happy or not. (Toi khong biet anh dy co vui hay khong)-. I don't care whether he is handsome or not. (Toi khong quan tarn anh dy co dep trai hay khong). Tell me whether he has come there or not. . r r r (Lam an noi cho toi biet anh dy co den day khong). 7. N either: cung khong Vi du: They aren't tired - Neither am I. (Ho khong met, toi cung khong). Robert didn’t see that movie, and neither did I. (Robert khong xem bo phim dy va toi cung khong). Neither of them was any good. Which did you buy? Neither. (Ca hai cai deu khong tot. Anh mua cai nao? Chang cai nao ca). Her mother isn't beautiful. Neither is she. r f (Me co dy khong xinh, co ay cung vay). 29 B A I 4 NHOM SO Nhom SO chi ket qua, hau qua 1. So: do vay, do do Vi du: The rain began to fall, so we went home. (Mua bdt ddu rai, vi thi chung toi ve nha). Our luggage is too heavy, so we take a taxi. (Hanh ly cua chung toi qua nang, vi the chung toi bat taxi). He is ill, so I visit him. f r (Anh ta bi dm, vi vdy toi den thdm anh ta). He is a good learner, so he is going abroad. (Anh ta hoc gidi, vi vdy anh ta dupe di nucrc ngoai). 1 am very busy, so I am afraid I can't come. (Toi rdt ban, vi vay toi e rang toi khong the den dupe). "a. Chuy: Can phan biet so (trang tu) dung trong mau so...that: den noi ma Vi du: She is so beautiful that everybody looks at her. (Co ayxinh den noi md moi ngircri deu ngam nhin co dy). It's so cold that I can't go out. (Trai Iqnh den noi md toi khong the di ra ngoai dupe). 30 The book was so good that I couldn't put it down. (Quyen sach hay den noi md toi khong the dat no xuong). r 2. T herefore: vi the, cho nen Vi du: My class has a week off, therefore we will go a picnic. (Lap chung toi co mot tuan nghi, vi the chung toi di da ngoai). He has ulcer, therefore he doesn't drink. r r (Anh dy bi ung loet, cho nen anh dy khong .duac r uong ruau). 4*-^ twAt He broke the rules of the school, therefore he had to be punished. (Anh dy vi pham noi quy cua truang, vi the anh ta bi phat). Peter has no money, therefore he has to leave school. > r (Peter khong co tien, cho nen cau dy phai nghi hoc). He is very confident, therefore he passes the examination easily. (Anh ta rdt tic tin, vi vay anh ta vicot qua ky thi mot cach de dang). ^ C huy: r Ta co the thay the therefore bang thus (vi vay), hence (vi the), consequently (vi vay, cho nen). Vi du: The table has a hole, thus it needs to be repaired. (Cai ban nay co mot 16 thung, vi vay no cdn dicac sua). 31 This house was too old, hence they built a new one. (Cai nha nay da qua cu, vi the ho da xay mot cai mai). My girlfriend is intelligent, consequently many pepole like her. (Ban gai cua toi thong minh, cho nen rdt nhieu ngicoi thich co dy). He doesn't understand clearly, thus he wants you to clarify it. (Anh dy khong hieu ro lam, vi vay anh dy muon ban lam r6 no hem). 32 B A I 5 FOR For. Vi (chi ly do) Vi du: We had better open the window, for it is very hot. (Chung ta nen ma cua so ra thi hem, vi trai nong qua). r r Cach dung tir noi ket hop For: . ^ Menh de for khong the di lien trirdc dong tir ma no giai thich, dac biet khong bao gio de menh de for dung dau cau. Vi du: Because it was raining he took a taxi, (dung) For it was raining he took a taxi, (sai) r (Vi trai mica nen anh ta bat taxi). For it was very hot, he felt tired and thirsty, (sai) N hung: Because it was very hot, he felt tired and thirsty, (dung) He felt tired and thirsty, for it was very hot. (dung) He felt tired and thirsty because it was very hot. (dung) (Vi trai nong qua, anh dy cam thay met va doi). ^ Menh de for khong the co not, but hay tu n6i nao di lien truoc no. Vi du: He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing. 33 (Anh ta an cap khong vi anh ta cdn tien md vi anh ta thich tro an cap). Khong dung: He stole, not for he wanted the money but for he liked stealing, Menh d ^ fo r khong the dung trong cau tra loi cho mot cau hoi. Vi du: Why did you do it? I did because I was angry, (khong dung for diroc) (Tai sao anh lai lam dieu do? Toi lam vi toi qua tuc gidn). Why were you absent from class yesterday? Bccause 1 was ill. (khong dung for duoc) (Tai sao hom qua ban nghi hoc? Vi toi bi dm). Menh de for khong the chi la sir lap lai cua nhung gi da noi ra, ma luon lugn bao ham mot so thong tin moi. Vi du: He spoke in French. She was angry because he had spoken in French. (Anh ta noi being tieng Phdp. Co dy gian vi anh dy da noi bang tieng Phdp). Nhung: She was angry, for she didn't know French. (Co dy gidn vi co dy khong biit tiing Phdp). 4- Menh de for co cach dung han che nhu vay vi no khong noi cho ta biet ly do vi sao mot hanh dong nao do duoc thuc hien. ma chi dua ra mot thong tin phu giup cho viec giai thich ma thoi. 34 Vi du: The days were short, for it was now December. (Ngay tin ngan, vi bay gia da la thang 12 roi). « He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. r * (Anh ta ham ha lay time an vi tir to md sang den gid anh ta khong an gi ca). When I saw her in the river I was frightened. For at that point the currents were dangerous. (Khi toi gap co ta a dirdi song toi phat khiep. Vi tai cho do dong song chay nguy hiem qua). C huy: Trong loi noi ta ngirng mot chut truoc menh de for va trong van viet ta dung dau phay(,) va doi khi bang mot dau chain. BAITAP• Bai tap 1. Rewrite the following sentences by using conjunction o f and group. (Viet lai nhung cau sau bang cach sir dung tir noi thuoc nhom and). 1. We know him. We know his friends. 2. The coat was soft. The coat was warm. 3. You must tell him where you are going. You must also tell him when you will be back. 35 4. He was the best in our class at maths. He was the best in our class at English. He was the best footballer in our class. 5. He is very fond of music. He is very fond of reading. 6. It is very stupid to do that. It is quite unnecessary. 7 . 1 told him to come at three. I told him to bring his friend with him. 8. These books are too long. They are too difficult. 9. I want to visit Cuba. I want to visit Japan. 10. He is very good at football. He is very good at . basketball. He always does his work very well. 11. Mary is interested in reading books. She is interested in listening to music. 12. The fur coat is soft. The fur coat is w'arm. 13. I met Jane. I met her husband. 14. The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. 15. We sang all night. We danced all night. 16. It was cold. It was wet. 17. He is an actor. He is also a director. 18. He acts well. He also directs very well. Bai tap 2. Connect the following sentences with and and too. (Noi nhung cau sau voi and va too). 1. John can speak English. Mary can speak English. John............................................................................... 2. He has to learn Spanish. She has to learn Spanish. He has....*.................................................................... 36 3. He is studying it now. She is studying it now. He is............................. ................................................ «* 4. He studied French last year. She studied French-last year. He studied........................... ........................................ 5. He is taking a course in French now. She is taking a course in French now. He is taking................................................................. 6. He is going to study French tonight. She is going to study French tonight. He is.............................................................................. 7. He studies every night. She studies every night. He studies.................................................................... 8. He will have an exam tomorrow. She will have an exam tomorrow. He will have........................... ...............................,..... 9. He has to take the exam. She has to take the exam. He has........................................................................- 10. He should study for it tonight. She should study for'it tonight. He should..................................................................... 11. He might pass the exam. She might pass the exam. He might....................................................................... 12. He passed the last exam. She passed the last exam. He passed...................................................................... 13. He must be a good student. She must be a good student. He must be..................................................................... 4 37 14. Examinations are necessary. Homework is necessary. Examinations.................................................................. 15. John and Marv have to do a lot of homework. We have to do a lot of homework. John and Mary............................................................... 16. They had to study last night. We had to study last night. They had......................................................................... 17. John can play the piano. Alice can play the piano. John can......................................................................... 18. George wrote a letter. Paul wrote a letter. George wrote................................................................ 19. Paul is a student. Mary is a student. Paul............ .................................................................... 20. Helen is going to play tennis. Alice is going to play tennis. Helen............................................................................. Bai tap 3. Using conjunction o f but group in order to write these following sentences. (Dung nhung tir noi thuoc nhom but viet lai nhung cau sau day): 1. I want to go. He wanted to stay. 2. I was very tired. I determined to walk on to the next village. 3. Geography is a very important and interesting subject. Very few people study it thoroughly. 4. The sun is shining and there are very clouds. I am sure it is going to rain. 38 5. Your arguments are strong. They do not convince me. 6. I remember her clearly. I can't remember her name. 7. This shirt costs 10 dollar. That one over there cost only 7 dollar. 8. You can cross the river on that fallen tree. Be careful not to slip. 9. I- tried to persuade her. She would insist on leaving home at once. 10. The pain was bad. He did not conplain. 11. Some reported that work was making great progress. Others said that it was worse than ever. 12. It looks as if it were going to rain. He does not bring any waterproof with him. Bai tap 4. Join the two sentences below with but. (Noi hai cau duoi day dung but). 1. John is a student. Mr. Hill isn't a student. John is............................................................. 2. Peter can play the piano. Mary can't play the piano. Peter can........................................................ 3. John is tired. George isn't tired. John................................................................. 4. Alan won't go. Ken will go. Alan................................................... ............. 5. John lives in the city. George doesn't live in the city. John lives........................................................ 39 6. Mr Smith wasn't happy yesterday. Mrs Smith was happy yesterday. Mr Smith......................................................... 7. John isn't going to have a cup of coffee. George is going to have a cup of coffee. John isn't......................................................... 8. John bought a new radio. George didn't buy a new radio. John bought................................................... 9. John didn't know the answer. George knew the answer. John didn't know............................................ 10. John watched television last night. George didn't watch television last night. John watched................................................. 11. John should eat more for breakfast. George shouldn't eat more for breakfast. John should eat............................................... 12. John doesn't like hot dogs. George likes hot dogs. John doesn't like............................................. 13. Paul doesn't study very much. He should study a lot. Paul................................................................... v 14. Paul watches television every evening. He shouldn't watch television every evening. Paul watches television.................................. 15. Paul shouldn't go to the movies tonight. He might go to the movies. Paul shouldn't go............................................. 40 Bai tap 5. Using conjunction to link these following sentences. (Dung tu noi de noi nhung cau sau day). t 1. The husband looks out his window one sunny morning. He sees a unicorn in the garden. 2. He tells his wife about the unicorn. She doesn't believe him. 3. The husband speaks politely. The wife answers very rudely. 4. The husband leaves. The wife calls the police and a psychiatrist. 5. She is very excited. She wants to get rid of her - husband. 6. The police and the psychiatrist arrive. They ask some questions. 7. They ask the husband about the unicorn. He denies everything about this mythical animal. 8. They take the wife away. They think she is cazy person. 9. I really enjoy "The Unicorn in the Garden". The ending is so ironical 10.1 was expecting the police and the psychiatrist to take the man away. They end up taking the wife away instead. 11.1 also like the ending. The rude wife doesn't succeed in her plan to get rid of her husband. 12. He's polite. She's rude. 13. She gets what she deserves. He lives happily ever after. 41 Bai tap 6. Matching these sentences and rewrite them a single sentences beginning with But fo r the. (Noi nhung cau sau va viet lai chung thanh mot cau dcm bat dau bang But fo r the). 1. The teachers were very enthusiastic. 2. His family encouraged him greatly. 3. The two reporter had tremendous energy. 4. British people living abroad gave the party financial support. 5. (Governments around the world gave millions of dollars’ world of aid. If they hadn’t, he would never become a writer. If they hadn’t, most people in the country would have starved to death. Without it, the story would probably not have come to light. Without this, the school play would never have been perfomed. Otherwise, the party would not have been able to mount such a successful election campaign Bai tap 7. Rewrite these following sentences bv using conjunction o f or group. (Viet lai nhung cau sau b4ng cac dung tir noi thuoc nhom or). 1. It is about 7 miles from here. It is about 8 miles from here. 2. He will be here at 5. He will be here at 6. 42 3. You are not to blame. He is not to blame. 4. You will have to go now. You will miss the train if you don't. 5. You must fasten the boat to that pole. The current will •L carry it away if you don't. 6. You can go there by bus. You can go there by train. 7. The climate o f this region is not too hot in Summer. It is not too cold in Winter. 8. He has had nothing to eat for sfeyefal days. He has had nothing to drink for several days. 9. The office is shut from 11 to 2. You must come before 11. You must come after 2. 10. My answer is wrong. Yours is wrong. Bai tap 8. Write responses to these statements using So or Neither / Nor and the word in brackets. (Viet loi dap lai cho nhung cau sau, sir dung So hoac Neither/ Nor va tir cho trong ngoac). 1. You’ve got a cold. (I) 2. Peter doesn’t eat meat. (Steve) 3. Sarah had a baby last year. (Joe) 4. W e’re going away for the New Year. (We) 5. I’d like to have a pet. (I) 43 6. Harry hasn’t finished his essay. (Paul) 7. I won’t be able to go to the meeting. (I) 8. Jenny could read when she was three. (Fiona) 9. I wasn’t very interested in history when I was at school. (I) 10. You should do more exercise. (You) Bai tap 9. Rewrite the following sentences by using r \ both...and or neither...nor. (Viet lai nhung cau sau bang cach sir dung both...and hoac neither...nor). 1. Greg likes surfing. Liz likes surfing. 2. The house wasn’t attractive. The garden wasn’t attractive. 3. The food was terrible. The service was terrible too. 4. Angle played the piano. Lucy also played the piano. 5. Jessica wasn’t at home. Chloe wasn’t at home. 6. His family didn’t know about his accident. His friends didn't know about his accident. 44 7. Eagles hunt small animals. Wolves hunt small animals. 8. The film is very funny. The book is also funny. 9. The beach isn’t far away. The shops aren’t far away. a l 10. Japan has a lot o f earthquakes. California has a lot of earthquakes. Bai tap 10. Combine the two following sentences by using r > and and either. (Ket hop nhung cau sau bang cach sir dung and va either). 1. John isn’t a teacher. Mary isn’t a teacher. John isn't....................................................... 2. Paul can’t play the violin. Alice can’t play the violin. Paul can't...................................................... 3. Helen doesn’t play baseball. Alice doesn’t play baseball. Helen doesn't............................................... 4. Alice isn’t going to eat in restaurant. Helen isn’t going to eat in restaurant. Alice isn't going............................................ 5. Paul wasn’t hungry. George wasn’t hungry. Paul wasn't...................................................... 45 6. Mr. Smith didn't forget the address. Miss Ford didn’t , forget the address. Mr. Smith didn't.............................................. 7. Homework isn’t always easy. Examinations aren’t always easy. Homework isn't............................................. 8. George doesn’t sing well. Paul doesn't sing well. Goerge doesn't................................................ 9. George didn’t play tennis yesterday. Paul didn’t play tennis yesterday. George didn't play.......................................... 10. Peter might not be here tomorrow. Mary might not be here tomorrow. Peter might not................................................ 1 l.M r Carton isn’t always early. Mrs Carton isn’t always early. Mr Carton isn't................................................ 12. My brother doesn’t drink beer. My father doesn’t drink beer. My brother....................................................... 13. George w asn’t at the movies yesterday. Paul w asn’t at the movies yesterday. George w asn't................................................. 14. Alice might not go to the movie tonight. Marv rnioht not go to the movie tonight. Alice might not.............................................. 46 15. Alice isn’t going to be late. Mary isn’t going to be late. Alice isn't going............................................ 16. Mr Smith doesn’t like cigarette smoke. Mr Ken doesn’t like cigarette smoke. Mr S m ith ........................................................ 17. Alice wasn’t very busy yesterday. Mary wasn’t very busy yesterday. Alice wasn't.................................................... Bai tap 11. Rewrite the following sentences by using and...loo and a n d ...either. (Viet lai nhung cau sau su dung' and...too va and...either). 1. George read a good book last night. Alice read a good book last night. George read........................................... ....... 2. George isn't hungry. Alice isn’t hungry. George isn't hungry...................................... 3. Peter isn’t studying. Mary isn’t studying. Peter isn't....................................................... 4. He can play the piano. She can play the piano. He can play..................!............................... 5. George can’t go to the party tonight. Alice can’t go to the party tonight. George can't go............................................ 6. Mr Bin isn't tired now. John isn’t tired now. Mr B in........................................................... 47 7. Bob and Alice will be here tomorrow. We will be here tomorrow. Bob and Alice.............................................. 8. They don’t have to come. We don’t have to come. They don't have........................................ 9. > John should write home. Mary should write home. John should write........................................ 10. John studies every day. Mary studies every day. John studies.................................................. 11. We shouldn’t arrive late. The teacher shouldn’t arrive late. We shouldn't arrive.................................... 12. We have to arrive on time. He has to arrive on time. We have to ................................................... 13. We don’t have to arrive early. He doesn’t have to arrive early. We don't have to......................................... 14. John arrived late yesterday. His friend arrived late yesterday. John arrived................................................ 15. John is going to visit Canada. George is going to visit Canada. John is........................................................... 16. My shoes were expensive. My suit was expensive. My shoes were............................................ 17. They won’t go to the store. I won’t go to the store. They won’t .....................:............................ 48 18. Mr. Hill plays volleyball very well. Mr. Smith plays volleyball very well. Mr. H ill....!.................................................. Bai tap 12. Rewrite these following sentences, using and...too, and...either, blit. (Viet lai nhung cau sau dung and...too, and...either, but). 1. He can go to the party. His friends can go to the party. He can............................................................. 2. He doesn't wear a hat. His friends don't wear hats. He doesn't wear.................... .......................• 3. Mary arrived early. Her friends didn't arrive early. Mary arrived................................................ 4. John was here yesterday. Paul was here yesterday. John was here.............................................. 5. They weren't in Chicago. Mary was in Chicago. They weren't................................................ 6. They should come to class every day. She should come to class every day. They should come........................................ 7. They shouldn't miss class. She shouldn't miss class. They shouldn't.............................................. 8. They have to take an exam. She has to take an exam. They have to.................................................. 9. Mary can't go to the dance tomorrow night. John can go to the dance tomorrow night. 49 Mary can't go................................................ 10. John didn’t go to Mexico last summer. Bob went to Mexico last summer. John didn't go................................................ 11. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson will come to the party. Their children will come to the party. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson............................. 12. Mr. and Mrs. Smith might not come. Their friends might not come. Mr. and Mrs. Smith...................................... 13. Uruguay isn't a very big country. Brazil is a very big country. Uruguay isn’t................................................ 14. Paul and George never go to the movies. John goes to the movies. Paul and George............................................ 15. Mary frequently goes to the movies. John frequently goes.to the movies. Mary frequently goes................................... 16. Bob often sees John. We rarely see John. Bob often........................................................ Bai tap 13. Insert either...or, neither ...nor, or, otherwise, whether as needed. (Dien either...or, neither...nor, or, otherwise, whether neu can thiei). 1. He drinks..... beer......... wine. 2. You can go there....... by coach......... by rail. 50 3. Don’t go into that field.......you will have a bull after you. 4. I know you can keep a secret..........I shouldn’t have told you this. 5. Tomorrow there will be.....rain....snow......both. 6. T don’t know..... it is black or navy blue. 7. I don’t care......you are in change here. You’ve no right to give such an order! 8..........you like it or not, it is an order and must be obeyed. 9. You like watching television..... reading books Bai tap 14. Rewrite the following sentences by using conjunction o f so group. (Dung nhung tir noi thuoc nhom so viet lai nhung cau sau day) 1. The examination was very stiff. Very few were able to pass. 2. I was feeling very tired. I went to bed when I got home. 3. There was no one there. I went away. 4. He was very young and had no experience of that type of work. He was not given the post. 5. It was raining hard. I stayed at home. 6. It was very late. I decided to stay there for the night. 7. He has done very good work for the company. He deserves great praise. » 8. He was bom in London. He speaks English like a native. 51 9. Every time I went to see him, he seemed to be busy. I decided to send him a letter to explain what I wanted. 10. Singapore lies very near to the equator. The weather is very hot all the year round. Bai tap 15. Using the word given to link the two sentences to make one sentence. D on’t change the order o f the two * f original sentence. (Sir dung nhung tu cho san de noi hai cau thanh mot cau. Khong duoc thay doi trat tu cua hai cau da cho). 1. She was very tired. She went to bed. (so) 2. He hasn’t done any work. I don’t think he’ll pass the exam, (therefore) 3. It was raining. We decided not to go out. (thus) 4. Sunday is a public holiday. W e’re going to spend the weekend in the mountains, (consequently) 5. You haven’t seen the cathedral yet. I’ll take you there on Sunday, (so) 6. The singer was ill. The concert was cancelled, (thus) 7. The earth is getting warm. The climate is changing, (therefore) 8. My car is broken down. I can’t use it. (hence) 9. The driv^p fell asleep. The bus crashed, (so) 10. Romeo thought Juliet was dead. He committed suicide, (thus) 52 Tir NOI PHU THUOC ■ ■ (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS) Phan 1. Tuf noi phu thudc gidri thieu menh de danh tijf (Subordinating conjuctions introducing noun clauses) I. CO NHIEU TU' DUNG DE G IO I THIEU M ENH DE PHU DANH T I/: T hat (rang); who (ai); where (a dau); why (tai sao); how r i ' (the nao); if/ w hether (lieu, xem, co...hay khong); w hat (cai gi); w herever (bat cu noi dau)... Vi du: that (cai gi): He thinks that you are right. > r (Anh nghi rang ban dung day). I thought that the train arrived at 6 p.m. > r r (Toi nghi rang chuyen tau da den luc 6 gid chieu). ■ who (ai): I do not know who she is. * f r (Toi khong biet co dy la ai). James lets me know who broke that vase. (James noi cho toi biet ai dftdanh va cai binh do). 53 w here (or dau): He did not see where I had gone. (Anh ta khong biet toi da di dau). Jojo does not know where Brown comes from. • (Jojo khong biet Brown den tir dau). why (tai sao): Do you know why he has done that? (Ban co biet tai sao anh ta lai lam nhu the khong?). I will give you the reason why children enjoy playing games. (Toi se dua ra li do tai sao tre em rdt thich choi game). when (khi nao): She knows exactly when the film starts. (Co dy biet chinh xac khi nao bo phim bat dau). Can you fell me when the train leaves? * f • (Ban co the noi cho minh biet khi nao tau chuyen banh?). how (the nao): They do not realize how we do it. (Ho khong nhan ra duoc chung toi lam dieu do nhu the nao). I don't know how she can live without vou. j * » f r (Toi khong biet co dy song the nao khi md khong co anh). if/ w hethof (lieu, xem, co hay khong): I don't know if he had done it yet. (Toi khong biet lieu anh ta da lam dieu do chuaj 54 She asked me if I liked pop music. (Co dy hoi toi xem toi co thich nhac pop hay khong?). Will you please tell me whether he has come or not? (Ban vui long noi cho minh biet anh dy co den hay khong?). We wonder whether he needs help. (Chung toi thac mac lieu anh ay co cdn sir giiip da khong). I don't know whether he has arrived or not. (Toi khong biet anh dy co den hay khong). Whether the director has signed or not the contract doesn't matter. (Ong giam doc da ki ban hop dong hay chira Id dieu khong quan trong). The question is whether he has done it or not. (Van de la lieu anh dy da 1dm hay chira). w hat (cai gi): Did you hear what she said? (Ban co nghe thay co dy noi gi khong?). Have you done what I told you to do? (Ban da lam nhung gi toi bdo ban chua?). w herever (bat cur noi dau): 1 will go wherever you go. (Em se di bat cu noi nao anh den). I le said that he would take me to wherever I want u go. (Anh dy noi rang anh se dua toi di bat cu noi nao toi muon). r f • Nghien ciru va phdit tick nhung dang can plturc vai menh de phu danh tir dud'i day: 1. Menh de danh tir lam tan ngir cho mot dong tir (object noun clause). a. Tan ngir true tiep: Vi du: I know that you must be tired after a long iounyy. (Tan ngu cho dong tir know) r r _ £ (Toi biet rang cdc ban se rdt met sau mot chuyen ai dai nhic the). b. Tan ngir gian tiep: Can you td l me why this box is so heavy? (Tan ngu cho dong tir tell) * / (Ban co the noi cho toi tai sao cai thiing nay lai nang den the diroc khong?). 2. Menh de danh tir lam tan n boat leaves. (Tan ngu cho gioi tir of) (Cluing toi khong nhan dupe tin khi nao con tau r&i binj 56 3. Menh de danh tir lam chu ngir cho mot dong tir (subject noun clause). a. Menh dedanh tir chu ngu.* Dong tir thirong dirge chia o dang so it. What you have said is quite true. (Nhung gi ban vira noi deu dung ca). Where he goes is no business of yours. (Anh ta di dau khong phai viec cua ban). Whether he will come or not depends on circumstances. (Anh ta co den hay khong cdn phu thuoc vdo hoan canh). How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery. (Lam the nao ten tii dy tron thodt duoc van cdn la mot dieu bi an). “Whv are you so late?” was his remark. ( “Tai sao ban lai muon the nhi?”- la loi nhan xet cua anh ta). b. Nguoi ta thirong dung it: lam chu tir gioi thieu (anticipatory subject) o d.*j cau de thay the cho mot “menh de danh tir chu ngir" dat o diroi. It is a strange thing that he always comes late. (That la la rang anh dy luon luon den muon). It is obvious why he hadn’t come back. r (Ro rang tai sao anh dy khong tra lai). It is unknown whether it is caused by rain or wind. (Khong biet nguyen nhan Id do mua hay gio nua). 57 It seems strange that he can't understand this lesson. (That la la rang anh dy khong hieu bai hoc do). Trong cac cau tren it di truoc de thay the cho cac menh de chu ngir di sau. Nhung menh de do la chii ngur chinh cua dong tu “to be” (is) va (seems) o tren. 4. M enh de danh tir lam bo ngu1 (P recative noun clause). This is reason why he is so happy. f r (Day la li do tai sao anh dy hanh phiic den vay). The question is whether he is able to do it alone. (Cau hoi la lieu anh dy co the lam mot minl\ dupe khong). The fact is that he doesn’t really try. (Thuc te la anh dy khong that sic co gang). What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. ' \ z * z i z (Dieu lam toi ngac nhien Id anh dy noi tieng Anh rdt khd). 5. M enh de danh tir lam dong vj ngu- (Appositive noun clause). Vi du: M enh de danh til' lam The fact The idea The news dong vi ngu- -----------------o_ ■ & that he was guilty that you can't do this work without thinking that we are having a holiday tomorrow 58 was plain to everyone. is quite wrong. is not true. Trong nhung cau tren menh de danh tir lam dong vi ngu noi ro them noi dung cua nhung danh tir "the fact", "the news", "the idea". Nhung menh de loai nay thuong duoc gioi thieu bang "that". ^ C huy: « r y "that" la lien tir dung noi menh de phu danh tir va menh de chinh bao gio cung co nghTA. "rang", "la" khac voi "that" r • ' . j la dai tir quan he noi memh de phu tinh ngu voi menh de chinh va co nghla "ma". Can phan biet menh de danh tir dong vi voi menh de tinh ngu. The news that he told me yesterday is not true. (that = la): menh de dong vi ngu (Tin tire md anh ta noi yd'i toi horn qua la khong dung). > r 6. Menh de danh tir thuong duoc dung voi mot so tinh tir vj ngur nhu: to be sorry, to be certain, to be glad... Vi du: I am certain that I have posted the letter. (Toi chac chan rang toi da giei la tine do roi). She is very glad that you are able to come. f r y 9 r (Co dy rdt vui rang ban co the den). I am sorry that your brother is ill. (Toi rdt tiec rang anh trai cua ban bi dm). He is quite confident that he will pass the examination. r \ f m (Anh dy tir tin rang anh dy se do ki thi do). 59 I am sure that you will find out your mistakes. (Toi chac rang ban se tim ra loi cua minh). , * (Nhung menh de loai nay thuong duoc gioi thieu b5ng that). Ngoai nhung lien tir phu thuoc or tren, chung ta co the dung cum tir trang ngir lien tir (conjunctive adverbial phrase) de dien ta mot cach chinh xac va ro rang horn. ^ C h u y: Trong menh de phu cdc trat tie binlt thuong cua cau ? khdng dinh, nglua Id dong tivtheo sau chu ngur. 1. At what time: luc nao Vi du: Have you found out that at what time the train leaves? r r • (Ban co biet tau roi ben luc nao khong?). Do you know at what time she leaves for Paris? (Ban co biet co dy den Pari luc nao khong?). 2. In what: a... nao Vi du: I told her in what restaurant I would met her. (Toi bao co dy la toi se gap co dy 6 nha hang nao). He didn't know in what district the house could be found. (Anh ta khong biet cdn nha co the duoc tim thdy a quail nao). 60 3. How many, how much, bao nhieu How many + Danh tir dem duoc (countable nouns) Vi du: She asks me how many children I have. (Co dy hoi toi co bao nhieu dua con). They didn't know how many hours he had been there. r f y (Ho khong biet anh ta da a do bao nhieu tieng dong ho roi). How much + Danh tir khong dem duoc (uncountable nouns) Vi du: Do you know how much I love you? (Ban co biet la toi quy ban den nkucmg nao khong?). She told me how much milk I had to buy (Ba ta bao toi phai mua bao nhieu sua). 4. How often: thuongxuyen the nao Vi du: I had heard how often he had done it, but I had forgotten exactly how frequently it was. > (Toi co nghe rang anh ta thuong hay lam viec do nhung toi nha khong chinh xac viec do thuong xuyen r nhu the nao). She asks me how often I go to the cinema. (Co dy hoi toi thuong xuyen di xem phim nhir the nao). 61 5. On what: ve cai gi Vi du: He knows quite well on what business the problem has come. (Anh ta biet rdt ro la vien canh sat tai vi viec gi). 6. On whose: vi Vi du:• \ He refused to tell anyone on whose account he had come to the city. (Anh ta khong he bao cho bat cu ai biet rang anh ta den thanh pho voi li do gi). 7. Which of: nao Vi du: He soon discovered which of the boys in the class had broken the window. (Ong ta da nhanh chong phdt hien ra cau be nao trong lop dd lam gay cdnh cua so). II. DANH MENH DE (THAT) DUNG NHU* CHU T lf CUA CAU: 1. Cac cau co chu tir la danh menh de thuoiis md' dau * • G bang It: Vi du: It is disappointing that Tom can't come (Qua la that vong vi Tom khong the den) "that Tom can't come" la chu tir. 62 2. Cau true thuong dung la It + be/seem + tinh tir + danh menh de. Vidu: It's splendid that you passed your exam. (That la tuyet voi khi cau da qua ky thi). It's strange that there's no lights on. (La that, khong co cai den nao sang ca). Mot s6 tinh tir co the dung voi that...should Vi du: It is essential that everybody knows/should know what to do. * r r r (Dieu thiet yeu la moi nguoi phcii biet lam gi) 3. Cau true thay the duoc la It + bc/seem + a + danh tir + danh menh de. ■> > Cac danh tir co the duoc dung o day gom: mercy, miracle (dieu ky dieu), nuisance (dieu vo ly), pity (dieu dang tiec), shame (dieu dang xau ho), relief (dieu dang mirng), wonder (dieu ngac nhien), a good Ihing (dieu tot lanh) cung co the duoc dung. Vi du: It's a great pity (that) they didn't get married. (Dieu dang tiec la ho da khong lay nhan). It's a wonder (that) you weren't killed. (Dieu ngac nhien la anh khong bi giet). 63 It's a good thing (that) you were insured. ' ' * (Dieu tot lanh la anh da dupe bao hiem). 4. Menh de that sau mot so tinh tir/phan tir nhat dinh. Cau true o day la: chu tir + be + tinh tir/qua khu phan tu + danh menh de. Vidu: I am delighted that you passed your exam. (Toi vui suomg khi anh da dau ky thi). Cau true nay co the dirge dung voi: a) Tinh tir dien ta cam xuC. glad (vui strong), pleased (hai long), relieved (vui long), sorry (buon long). b) Tinh tir/phan tir dien ta sir lo au, tin tiroTig...: afraid r r * f r (e ngai), anxious (lo lang), aware (biet), certain (chac chan), confident (tin chac), conscious (y thirc dugc), convinced (tin). Tir anxious doi hoi co that...should Vi du: I'm afraid that I can't come till next week. (Toi e rang tu nay cho tai tuan tai toi khong thi din dupe). Are you certain that this is the right road? r / (Cau co chac chan day la con duang dung khong?). 5. Menh de “That” sau mot so danh tir nhat djnh. Mot menh de that co the dugc dat sau rat nhieu danh tir triru tugng. Cac danh tir huu dung nhat gom: VJ t Allegation (luan dieu), announcement (lai tuyen bo), belief (sir tin tirang), discovery (sir kham pha), fact (sir viec), fear (noi so hai), guarantee (sir bao dam), hope (niem hy vong), knowledge (sir hieu biet), promise (loi hura), proposal (loi de nghi), report (sir bao cao), rumour (lai don dai), suggestion (lai gai y), suspicion (moi nghi nga). Proposal va suggestion doi hoi co that...should Vi du: The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby aroused immediate opposition. (Co thong bao cho rang mot cai san bay moi dupe xay dung gdn day da gay len mot lan song phan doi). The proposal/suggestion that shops should open on Sundays led to a heated discussion. (Loi de nghj/gpi y rang cdc cua hang nen mo cua vdo Chu nhdt da dua den mot cuoc ban cai nay lira). 6. Danh menh de dung nhu tuc tir cua dong tu r x *> ^ a) Sau rat nhieu dong tir ta co the dung menh de that. Mot so dong tir huu dung nhat la: acknowlegde (chap nhan) indicate (wh) (to ra) admit (thira nhan) inform (cho biet) advise (khuyen) insist (khang khang) agree (dongy) know (wh) (biit) allege (khang dinh) learn (hoc) announce (tuyen bd) make out (xac minh) appear (co ve) mean (co nghia) 65 arrange (wh) (sap xep) ask (wh)(hdi) assume (cho la) assure (bao dam) beg (cau xin) believe (wh) (tin) command (ra lenh) confess (khai) consider (wh) (xem) declare (tuyen bd) r decide (wh) (quyet dinh) demand (yeu cau) demonstrate (chimg to)* determine (dinh ra) discover (phat hien ra) doubt (nghi nga) estimate (wh) (danh gia) expect (mong) fear (so) feel (cam thay) find (wh) (quen) guarrantee (bao dam) happen (xdy ra) hear (why (nghe) hope (hy vong) imagine (wh) (tirong tirong) imply (dm chi) teach (day) 66 notice (wh) (hm y) observe (quan sat) occur to + tan ngu (xay ra) order (ra lenh) perceive (nhan thirc) presume (gia djnh) pretend (gia va) promise (hira)- propose (de nghi) prove (wh) (chimg minh) realize (wh) (nhan ra) recognize (nhan ra) recommend (gioi thieu) remark (nhan xet) remember (nha) remind (nhac nha) request (yeu cau) resolve (quyet dinh) reveal (wh) (tho lo) say (wh) (noi) see (wh) (thay) seem (duong nhir) show (wh) (cho thdy) state ^vh) (phat bieu) stipulate (dinh doat) suggest (wh) (goriy) suppose (gia sir) urge (giuc) • ^ tell (wh) (noi) vow (the) think (wh) (nghi) warn (canh cao) threaten (de doa) wish (mong uoc), turn out (to ra) wonder (wh) (thac mac) understand (wh) (hieu) r Va mot so dong tir khac nhu complain, deny, explain... Vi iu: They alleged/made out that they had been unjustly dismissed. (Ho keu rang ho bi duoi oan ire).. He assumes that we agree with him. (Anh ta cho rang chiing ta dong y voi anh ta). I can prove that she did it. (Toi co the chimg minh rang bd ta da 1dm dieu do). b) Hau het cac dong tir neu tren deu co the dung voi r _ > mot cau true khac. Tuy nhien hay luu y rang mot hanh dong + menh de that khong can thiet phai co cung nghla voi cung dong til'ay + nguyen mau/danh dong tii/hien tai phan tir. Vi du: He saw her answering the letters. r * > r (Anli dy lieu y thay rang co dy dd tra loi cdc hire thuj ' r f r hoac (Anh ta chac chan vi thay co dy tra loi thu). c) Appear, happen, occur, seem, turn out doi hoi co "it" lam chu tir. Vi du: It appears/seems that we have come on the wrong day. (Hinh nhu chimg ta dd den sai ngdy rdi). 67 It occured to me that he might be lying. (Toi chat thay rang han ta dang noi doi). It turned out that nobody remembered the address. (Ro rang la khong ai nha dia chi do ca). d) That + chu tir + should co the duoc dung sau agree, arrange, be anxious, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, be determined, order, resolve, va urge thay cho cau true nguyen mau va sau insist, suggest thay cho danh dong tir. Vi du: They agreed/decided that a statue should be put up. > r y (Ho dong y / quyet dinh rang tuang dai nen duoc dung len). He urged that the matter should go to arbitration. -* y r y (Ong ta giuc rang van de nen duoc dua ra toa). He suggested that a reward should be offered. (Anh ta g a iy rang ta nen treo mot giai thuorng). e) Cac dong tir co danh dau "w.h" o phin (a) co th£ dugc theo sau boi cac danh menh d! bat diu boi w hat, when, w here, who, why hoac how. Vi du: He asked me where he was to go. (Anh ta hoi anh ta phai di dau). They will believe whatever you tell them. (Ho se tin vao bat cu dieu gi anh bao ho). 68 I forget who told me this. (Toi quen la ai da bao voi toi dieu nay). Have you heard how she is getting married to? (Ban co nghe noi co dy lay chong bang cach nao chua?). I can't think why he left his wife. (Toi khong the nghi ra vi sao anh ta bo vp). She wondered when Jimmy would pay her back. r r r V r (Co dy thac mac khi nao Jimmy se tra tien cho co dy day). 7. "So" va "not" tuoiig trirng cho menh de that. a) Sau believe, expect, suppose, think va sau it appears/seems. Vi du: Will Tom be at the party? - 1 expect so/suppose so/think so. (Lieu Tom co den dir tiec khong? - Toi mong/gid sir/nghi la thi). I think he will. (Toi nghi la co). Doi voi the phu dinh ta dung: * Mot dong tir pint dinh voi so: Vi du: Will the scheme be a success? 69 - 1 don't expect so/believe so/suppose so/think so. (Lieu ke hoach co thanh cong khong? Toi khong mong dai/tin/cho la/nghT la the). * Hoac mot dong tir khang dinh voi not: Vi du: It won't take long, will it? - No, I suppose not. (Khong lau dau, phai khong? - Khong, toi cho la khong). The plane didn't land in Canada, did it? - 1 believe not. (Chiec may bay khong dap a Canada phai khong? - Toi tin la khong), hoac. i I don't believe so. (Toi khong tin la thi). b) So va not duoc dung tuong tu nhu the sau hope va be afraid (e rang). Vi du: Is Peter coming with us? - 1 hope so. (Peter se den voi chimg ta cliir? - Toi hy vong la the). Will you have to pay duty on this? - I'm afraid so. (Can se phai tra tien thue cho cai nay a? - Toi e la vay). 70 The phu dinh a day tao boi dong tir khang djnh + not: Vidu: Have you got a work permit? - I'm afraid not. (Anl\ da dupe phep lam viec chua? k - Toi e la chua). c) So va not co the duffc dung sau say va tell + tan ngu1. Vidu: How do you know there is going to be a demonstration? - Jack said so. (Lam the nao ma ban biet se co mot cuoc bai cong vay? r r - Jack noi the/Jack bao vai toi nhu the). I told you so: co the co nghia "toi da bao voi anh ma". Cach nay thuong gay birc boi cho nguoi nghe. Doi voi "tell" chi co mot dang phii djnh la dong tir phu djnh + so: Tom didn't tell me so . (Tom khong noi vai toi nine the). Doi voi "say" co hai dang phu djnh, nhung khac nglu A. Vi du : m Tom didn't say so = Tom didn't say that there would be a demonstration. (Tom khong noi rang se co bai cong). 71 d) If + so/not So/not dung sau if co the thay the cho mot chu tir da de cap truoc hoac hieu ngam + dong tir. Vi du: Will Mary be staying another night? If so, we can give her a better room. If not, could she be out of her room by 12.00? (Mary a lai them mot dem nua co dupe khong? Neu dupe thi chung toi co the danh cho co dy mot can r r f t phong tot hom. Neu khong thi co dy co the di truoc 12 gio khong?). B A IT A P Bai tap 1: Fill in the proper subordonate conjunctions in the blank in the following sentences. (Dieri lien tir phu thuoc thich hop vao cho trong trong cac cau sau). 1. I don't k n o w .......she li.ves. 2. I can't h e a r.........he said. 3. Do you know .......she arrives. 4. She doesn't know.......old she is. 5. I w onder......he needs help. 6. I th in k ..... he is a good actor. 7. He sa id ........he would help me. 8. It's unknow n........it is caused by rain or wind. 9. He saw no idea o f........it should be done. 72 10. We saw several p lay s..........we were in New York. 11.1 don't k n o w .........it is true or not. 12. Please call m e ........he comes. 13. Let's g o .......... your friend goes. 1 4 .1 h o p e ........we will find a double room in this hotel. 15. Tell me.........long I'll have to wait. 16. She w onders........this disease is prevented. 17............ you are doing seems very difficult. 18. You haven't told m e .......road leads to the station. 19.1 can't understand.........he means. 20. Can you tell m e .........this suitcase is so heavy? 21. We don't k n o w ......he has gone. 22. Show me.......this machine works. 23. I'm not su re ........the train leaves. 24. It seemed............ he didn't know............... to do. 25. It's doubtful .......... he came on Friday or on Saturday. 2 6 .1 have no interest i n ......... he says. 27. It's strange.......... ... he didn't come at all. 28. Tell m e ......... you'll be back. 2 9 .1 can't im agine........... you so cross with me. 30............ you have just said is quite wrong. 31.1 don’t know.-.........he has done it yet. 32. The question i s .........she is married to Harry or not. 33. Computer literate is a person who have experience working with computer and k n o w .......... to use them. 73 34. Could you give me the reason ........... y °u didn't come to class yesterday. 35..........you can store luggage in the plane is overhead compartment. 36. We have to know....... the plane lands. 37. This is.........she spends her time. 38............ a company produces are products. 39. Mr Quang Tien explains to me about........to correct . j this answer. 40. Have you ever known............ the well-known composer is in the world? Bai tap 2: Find noun clauses and analyse the function of those clauses in the following sentences. (Tim cac menh de danh tur va phan tich churc nang cua cac menh de trong cac cau sau). 1. That he will come is certain. 2. How he manages to do it is more than I can tell. 3. It's necessary that all should be checked. 4. The question is whether he is able to do it without your help. 5. We have received no news as yet of when he will leave. 6. Can you tell me what time it is? 7. He only laughed at what we said. 8. What surprised me was that he could finish his work in so short a time. 74 9. The news that he was killed in front of that building is not true. 10. It's impossible that he should make a mistake like that. 11. When I go depends on when the train leaves. 12. What's done is done. 13. We are convinced that peace will triump. 14. I should like to know whether it can be done today. ..... 15. They were delighted with what they saw at the picture gallery. 16. She is very glad that you have passed your examination. 17. What you are attempting is really difficult for you. 18. We were greatly amused by what you told us. 19. The notion that people can work less and earn more is contrary to reason. 20. Mary don't know how the machine works. 21. What they have to do is following her instruction. 22. They do not realize how we do it. 23. My boyfriend asked me if we enjoy listening to music. 24. Have they done what their teacher told them to do? 25. I don't know whether it is black or blue. 26. The child told me how we can play with his toy. 27. The news that he failed the exam is unreliable. 28. I can't understand what he means. 29. Where she goes is not mentioned. 30. I wonder where my teacher comes from. 75 Bai tap 3 : Insert "if, "what", "that", "whether, "when”, "who", "how", "where".... as needed. (Dien if', "what", "that", "whether", "when", "who", ' "how", "where"....neu can). 1. I don't k n o w ........... it's black or navy blue. 2. In the ev en in g .......the sun is low, the valley is full of strange shaddows. 3 I smell honey suckle, I am reminded of my children. 4 I die, my nephew Tom Smith will inherit this house. 5. I don't care .......you are in charge here! You have no right to give such an order! 6............ you like it or not, it's an order and must be obeyed. 7. I will mend i t ........ I can but it may be beyond my skill. 8. I h o p e .........it will be better. 9. Can you show me the nearest place ....... we can stop. 10............. I arrived at the football field, the game had started. 11. She asked m e ....I wanted of her. 12. The question i s ............. Tien will arrive or not. 13. It’s important .............. you should learn foreign language. 76 14. I'm standing........... the battle has occured. 15. Tell me the exact address..........I make no mistakes. 16. Tina doesn't understand..........he means. 17. She don't realize...........we solve it. 18. Bill asked m e .........country I come from. 19. Do you know...... the ticket office is. 20. I w onder..........I should do with my heavy luggage. Bai tap 4: There is only one mistake in each following sentence. Find and correct them. Hint-: Mistake relating to subordinating conjunction. (Moi cau duoi day co mot loi sai. Tim va sua lai cho dung). (Ggi y: Loi sai lien quan den lien tu phu thuoc). 1. What he did it is mystery. 2. I wonder who he pays me back. 3. When matters most is good knowledge. 4. If made him do that. 5. When I met Tien first is near my cousin's house. 6. I don't know why the writer's name is. 7. The part of the airport you walk through where you arrive or depart is terminal building. 8. I don't know what to solve this problem. 9. Wherever you get your luggage after you land is baggage claim. 10. What stole my car will be punished. 11. He has received no news as yet of how her parents leave for Paris. 77 12. It’s unknown that he filled the form or not. 13. Do you know that "Tiamo" means. 14. The reason how he was killed is kept secret. 15. Use the browse if you are not sure wherever to find something on the Web. 16. The operator asks me what much money I have to pay every month. 17. I don't know whom the bag belongs to. 18. The teacher lets me know that many daily national newspaper she reads. 19. Whom watches a play at the theatre is audience. 20. She asked what I had any letter for her. 21. A sale forecast is when you think you are going to sell during a future period. 22. This is what she spends her money. 23. That book will show you why to use new words and phrase in context and emphasize learning collocations. 24. The directors have not decided whom they will recommend a dividend or reinvest the profits. 25. I never know whatever he'll do or say next. 26. We'll have to pay the same for the hotel room why we leave today or not. 27. I want to know who you said that. 28. "Challenge and Fun" provides a comprehensive answer key with helpful hints what terms are used. 29. I don't know what you are so strict with me. 30. I have no interested in that he said. 78 Bai tan 5: Choose the correct answer for these sentences below. (Chon dap an dung cho nhung cau dirai day). 1. Do you k n o w ............. Tien lives? A. Where B. What C. That D. How 2. Can you tell m e ..........time it is? A. How B. When C. What D. Why 3............. the entrance exam should be abandoned remains controversial. A. How B. If « C. Who D. Whether 4. - 1 don’t k n o w .........you are so strict with me. - All I’ve done are good for you. A. That B. Who C. How D. Why 5................... matters most is good health. A. Whether B. What C. If D. That 6. She asks m e .................I like playing tennis. A. O B. If C. What D. When 7. I don’t k n o w ..................people kept their food fresh a long time ago. A. How B. When C. What D. That 79 8. It’s very important ............ everyone should write down their answers. A. How B. Which C. That D. Why 9. I can’t understand ............. the teacher is talking about. A. O B. That C. If D. What 10. Could you show m e .............. the police station is? - It’s on the left of Tran Hung Dao street. A. Where B. What . C. Wherever D. O 11. My mother is very glad ......... I have passed the entrance university exam. A. How B. That C. Why D. When 12. My elder brother guided me ...... to use that machine. A. Where B. When C. Who D. How 13..............teaches me English is Canadian. A. Whom B. What C. Who D. Which 14. He doesn’t care .............I want to travel by train or not. A. What B. Whether C. Which D. How 80 15.................... the live concert starts hasn’t been ■ .* 'rJ divided. A. When B. What C. That D. Who 16. Would you kindly tell me ............the powder room is? A. That B. Where C. How D. What 17. My friend’s mother was lecturing him o n .........neat and tidy he should be for his new bride. A. How B. That ‘ & When D. O 18.1 don’t k n o w ..........you say so. A. Who B. When C. That D. Why 19. “You don’t know ...... I am”, the driver said, “I ’m the Chairman of the Board of Coutry Commissioners”. A. W hether B. Where C. Who D. That 2 0 .1 have forgotten ............. wrote “The Tales o f Two Cities”. A. Whom B. Which C. That D. Who 21.1 ask him-............ he had done it all himself. A. Whether B. What C. How D. That 81