🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook Bồi Dưỡng Học Sinh Giỏi Lịch Sử 12 Ebooks Nhóm Zalo LOI NOI DAU Cac ban d6n§ nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Lh&n men! Hii^n nay Lrdn Lhi Lniong sach Lham khao mon Ljch sii c6 r^L nhing le do. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da ma ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijch su vT dai cho each mang Vi^t Nam. Vi du, dethi theo cau true can 5: So sdnh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 vd chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 195 dethd'y dugc buac tien cua ta trong khdng chien chongPhdp. Vai npi dung ciia cau hoi nay khong yeu cau hoc sinh trinh bay dien bien ciia chien djch Vi?t B3c thu - dong nam 1947 va chien djch Bien gioi thu - d6ng nam 1950, va tren co so npi dung ciia hai chien djch do phai so sanh de thay dupe buoc tien ciia ta trong cupc khang chien ehong Phap. Cu the can l$p bang so sanh nhu sau: Tieu chi so sanh Chien dich Vi?t Bac Chien djch Bien gioi 1) Chii dpng tan cong djch Ta danh bai ciia tan c6ng len Vi^t BSc ciia djch - Ta chii dpng tien cong dich o 2) Quan djch bj loai khoi vung chien 6000 ten dich - 8.300 djch 6 bien giai Vi?t - Trung^ 3) Qiai phong da't Ta bao ve dugc Vif t Bac dai Giai phong bien gioi Vi^t - Trung dai 750km 4) Y nghia quan trpng nha't ciia thing Igi - Bao dupe Vi§t Bac, can cu dau nao ciia khang chien - Lam pha san am muu "danh nhanh, thSng nhanh" ciia djch. - Khai thong bien gioi Vi^t - Trung - Gianh the'chii dpng ve chien lupc tren chien truong chinh. N h u vay, so voi chien djch Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947, chien dich Bien gioi thu - dong nam 1950 the hien buoc tien ciia quan dan ta trong cuoc khang chien chong Phap do la, tix cho djch chii dong tan cong ta, den cho ta chii dpng tan cong djch. T u cho lam pha san am mu u "danh nhanh, thang nhanh ciia djch" den cho ta da gianh the'chii dpng tren chien truong chi'nh Bac Bp. Vi du, dethi theo cm true cau 6: Tren ca aa trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lai cm cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luac, hay phan tich mot nguxjen nhan c6 tinh chat quyet dinh nha't. Truvc het yen cau hoc sinh trinh bay ngan gon cdc ngiiyen nhan thang lai cua cuoc khang chien chong Phap: N h d lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, dun g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi Minh , vol duon g 161 khang chien diin g d^n, sang tao. Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, dGng cam trong chien dau, trong lao dpng san xua't. N h o h$ thong chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc, c6 mat tran dan tpc thong nha't dupe ciing co va mo rong, c6 lye lupng v u trang som dupe xay dun g va khong ngung Ion manh, co hau phuong rong Idn, vun g chSc ve m pi mat. N ho tinh than doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nude Dong Duong chong ke thu chung. N h o CO su dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do ciia Trung Quo'e, Lien Xo va eiia cae nuoc dan chii nhan dan khae, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai nguoi tie'n bp. Sau do yeu can hoc sinh phan tich mot nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat: Trong cae nguyen nhan neu tren thi nguyen nhan ve sy lanh dao ciia Dang, dun g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi Min h la nguyen nhan quye't djnh nha't. Trong cupe khang chien chong thye dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta, Dang ta va Chii tjch H o Chi Min h da de ra duong loi khang chien toan dan, toan di^n, lau dai va t u lye canh sinh. Duong loi do dupe ap dun g trong suot tie'n tranh each mang t u nam 1946 den nam 1954. Nh o co duon g loi do. Dang ta da doan ke't dupe mpt lye lupng each mang ciia dong dao quan chiing de thye hi^n cupe khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cae mat tran kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa, quan sy. Cijng nho co duong loi do ma Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien dau lau dai, ben bi, Ian lupt danh bai tung am mu u ciia dich de tie'n len danh bai hoan toan cuoc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thye dan Phap co sy giiip sue ciia MT. Sy lanh dao cua Dang, dun g dau la Chii tich H o Chi Min h voi duong 161 each mang dun g dan da giiip cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan ke't mpt long, chien dau v i myc tieu doe lap dan tpc va chii nghla xa hpi. Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien dau voi tinh than "Tha hi sinh tat ca chu nha't djnh kh6ng chju mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam n6 \q". Voi tinh than ay, cupe chien dau dii lau dai, dya vao siic minh la chinh nhung ehiing ta da gianh dupe th^ng Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thye dan Phap phai e6ng nhan doc l^p chii quyen, thong nha't va toan v^n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D6ng Duong . Vi du, dethi theo cau true cau 7: Phan tich chu triamg dieu chinh chien lirac each mang the giai ciia Quae teCong san tqi Dai hoi Ian thu VU (7 - 1935J. Nguyen nhan dan tai chu truang do. Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung: Mot la, Chu truang dieu chinh chick luoc cdch mtnig thegiai: Xae dinh ke thu nguy hiem truoc mil ciia nhan dan the gioi khong phai la chii nghla de'quoc noi chung, ma la ehii nghTa phat xit. De ra nhi^m vu each mang the gioi la dau tranh chong ehii nghTa phat xit va nguy CO chien tranh the'gioi do ehii nghla phat xit gay ra. Chii truong thanh lap mat tran nhan dan o cae nuoc, nham tap hpp rpng rai lye lupng dan ehii. Hai la, Nguyen nhan dan toi ehii truong do: Do sy xua't hien ciia chii nghla phat xit va nguy co chien tranh the'gioi. De giai quye't nhi>ng hau qua ciia cuoc khiing hoang kinh te'1929 - 1933, khi ehii nghla phat xit tam thoi thang the o mpt so nuoc. Phong trao chong ehii nghla phat xit phat trien nhieu noi tren the'gioi. PhAn 2: LjC H SO VIET NA M HIEN DA I C/iuy^n de I: VIET NAM TU NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1930 I . CONG CUOC KHA I THAC THUOC DIA LA N THl / HA I CUA THl/ C DA N PHAP 1. Th\rc dan Phap tien hanh kha i thac Vi? t Na m ngay sau Chien tranh the gio i th u nhat • Qua trinh khai thac Idn thu hai: Sau Chien tranh the gioi th u nhat (1914 - 1918), de quoc Phap tuy la nude thin g tran, nhung lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne, kinh te sa sut nghiem trpng. Them vao do, cuoc khiing hoang kinh te trong the gioi t u ban chu nghla cang gay kho khan cho nen kinh tePhap. Nha m han gan vet thuong chien tranh, bij dap nhung thiet hai do chien tranh gay ra, khoi phuc va ciing co dja vj trong thegiod t u ban chii nghla de quoc Phap mot mat tang cuong boc lot nhan dan trong nuoc, mat khac day manh khai thac boc lot thuoc dia. Cuoc khai thac thupc dja Ian th u hai ma thyc dan Phap tien hanh 6 Dong Duon g la nam trong y do do. De tien hanh khai thac thupc dja Ian thu hai 6 Vi^ t Nam , Phap tang cuong dau t u von vao Vi^ t Na m vo i quy mo va toe dp nhanh gap nhieu Ian so vo i trudc chien tranh. Chi trong vong 6 nam (1924 - 1929) tong so von dau t u vao Vi^ t Na m tang gap 6 Ian so vo i 20 nam truac chien tranh (1898 - 1918). V o i so von do, Phap tap trung khai thac cac ITnh vuc sau: Ve nong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh vi?c cuop da't, lap don dien, chu yeu la don dien cao su. Tinh den nam 1930, di$n tich don dien do chu nguoi Phap nam gii> toi 1,2 trieu hec ta da't dai, bang 1/4 tong di f n tich da't canh tac 6 Vi^ t Nam . Nhieu Cong ti Ian phuc vu cho vi^c khai thac cung Ian lupt ra dai: Cong ti Da't do, Cong ti M i so Lanh, Cong ti trong cay nhi^t doi... Ve cong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh khai thac mo (chii yeu la mo than). Nhieu Cong ti than ma i ra doi: Cong ti than Ha Long, Dong Dang, Cong ti than Dong Trieu... Ngoai ra, t u ban Phap con mo them mpt so ca so cong nghiep khong c6 kha nang canh tranh voi cong nghiep Phap, chu yeu la cong nghiep che'bien. Ve thuong nghiep: de nam chat hon thj truong Vi^ t Na m va Dong Duong, Phap ban hanh dao luat dong thuenang hang ngoai nhap nhat la hang Trung Quoc va Nha t Ban. Ve giao thong van tai: Phap tang cuong dau t u m o them nhieu tuyen duon g nham phuc vu dac luc cho vif c chuyen cho nguyen vat li#u cung nh u luu thong hang hoa trong npi dja va vo i nuoc ngoai. ^ * Diem mm trong chucmg trinh khai thac thuoc dia Idn thii hai: Tap trung von nhieu nhat vao nong nghifp (chii yeu la don dien cao su) va khai thac mo (chu yeu la mo than). ' 'ill Phap con dau t u von vao cong nghiep nhe va thuong nghiep. Lap ngan hang Dong Duon g de nam quyen chi huy kinh te. Dat ra cac th u thue'moi nhu: thue'rupu, thue'muoi, thue thuoc phien.. . Tuy vay, kinh te Vi f t Na m ve co ban van khong c6 gi thay doi, Phap he't sue han chephat trien cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghi?p nang, nham cpt chat kinh te Dong Duon g 1$ thupc vao kinh te Phap va bien Dong Duon g thanh thj truong dpc chie'm ciia Phap. 2. Tac dpn g ciia cupc kha i thac thupc dia Ian th u ha i ciia thy c dan Phap d o i vo i nen kin h te va xa hp i Vi? t Na m * Vekinh te Qua trinh khai thac thupc dja ciia Phap o Viet Na m lam cho nen kinh te'Vi^t N a m C O su chuyen bien theo huong t u ban. Chinh su tham nhap ciia phuang thuc san xuat t u ban chu nghla dan toi su tan ra dan cua nen kinh te'ty nhien, ty cap, t y tiic 6 nong thon. Nen kinh te'hang hoa, do do co dieu ki^n de phat trien. Tuy nhien, do muc dich ciia thuc dan Phap bien Viet Na m thanh thj truong cung un g nguyen vat li^ u va tieu thu hang hoa, nen tac dyn g ciia phuang thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla du nhap vao cung chi han che. M a t khac, Phap van tie'p tuc duy tri quan h# san xuat phong kien 6 Vi^ t Nam, tie'p tyc su dyn g giai cap dja chii phong kien. V i vay, Vi^ t Na m khong con la nuoc dpc lap va khong the co nen kinh te'dan tpc phat trien binh thuong len t u ban chii nghla, ma tro thanh mpt nuoc thupc dja niia phong kien. Hay noi tom lai, nen kinh te Viet Na m Iiic bay gio la nen kinh te dan xen ton tai phuong thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla va phuong thuc san xuat phong kien. Va suy cho cung, do la nen kinh te nong nghiep lac hau, que quat 1? thupc vao nen kinh te'Phap. * Vexa hgi Dud i tac dpng ciia cupc khai thac thupc dja Ian th u hai ciia thyc dan Phap l am cho xa hpi Vi^ t Na m bj phan hoa sau sSc. Ben cgnh nhung giai cap cu van con, gio day da xuat hi§n cac giai cap moi. a. Doi voi giai cap cu: Giai cap liia chit phon^ kick: tiep tuc bj phan hoa va chia ra hai bo phan, moi bo phan c6 thai do chinh tri l dpi. nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bj an tu ba nam d Con Dao. Nam 1911, thuc dan Phap dua ong sang Phap. Suot 14 nam song d trung tam chau Au, Phan Chau Trinh van giu dudng Id'i cai each, keu gpi dan quyen, dan sinh, dan khi. Vao dau nam 1922, Phan Chau Trinh den Mae-xay. Nhan djp vua Khai Djnh sang du cupc trien lam thupe dja khuye'eh truong cai gpi la "cong lao khai hoa" ciia Phap, Phan Chau Trinh viet Thai die'u thw vaeh ra 7 tpi dang chem ciia Khai Djnh. Phan Chau Trinh con to chuc dien thuyet len an che'dp quan chii va quan truong d Viet Nam, tie'p tuc ho hao "Khai dan tri, chan dan khi, hqu dan khi"... Thang 6 - 1925, Phan Chau Trinh ve nirdc. Mac du sue khde da yeu ong van tie'p tuc hoat dpng, da pha che'dp quan chii, de cao dan quyen. Nhieu tang Idp nhan dan, nha't la thanh nien rat men mo va hudng ling hoat dpng ciia Phan Chau Trinh. d. Hoat dong cua tu san va tie'u tu san Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, tu san Vi^t Nam da to chuc cupc tay chay tu san Hoa Kieu (1919) d mot so tinh va thanh phd'nhu Sai Gdn, Ha Npi, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh... d Ha Npi ed cupc van dpng ngudi Vi?t Nam chi mua hang cua ngudi Vict Nam. Nam 1923, dai chii va tu san Vi?t Nam dau tranh chong tu ban Phap dpc quyen cang Sai Gdn, dpc quyen xua't cang liia gao Nam Ki. Ngoai ra, giai cap tu san da diing bao chi de benh vuc quyen Ipi cho minh trong phong trao chdng dpc quyen. Mpt so tu san va dia chii Idn d Nam Ki (Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long.) da tap hpp nhau lai thanh mpt to chuc cd ten la Dang Lap hien (1923). Co quan ngon luan ciia Dang lap hien la to Dien dan Dong Duong va Tieng doi An Nam. Khi dupe thuc dan Phap nhupng bp cho it quyen Ipi (chu cho tham gia Hpi dong Quan hat Nam Ki), hp da thda hiep vdi chiing. Sau chie'n tranh, cac tang Idp tie'u tu san tri thuc (gom sinh vien truong Cao dSng Ha Npi, hpe sinh va cac giao vien cac trudng, vien chuc, nha van, nha bao..v..v..) sdi ndi dau tranh ddi quyen tu do dan chii. Giiia nhCrng nam 20, cd nhieu thanh nien yeu nude sang Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) tim dudng cuu nude. Nam 1923, hp thanh lap to chuc Tam tam xa. Mpt so to chuc chinh trj nhu Viet Nam nghia doan. Hoi Phuc Vict, Dang Thanh nien ra ddi vdi nhieu hoat dpng phong phii sdi dpng (mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai khoa V..V..). Nhieu to bao tie'n bp Ian lupt ra ddi. Bao tieng Phap ed cac to Chuong re. An Nam Ire, Ngudi nha que; bao tieng Viet cd td Huu thanh, Tieng dan, Dong Phap then bao, thuc nghiep dan bao....Hp lap ra nhijng nha xua't ban tien bp nhu Nam dong thuxa (Ha Npi), Cuang hoc thuxa (Sai Gdn), Quan tai lung thu (Hue)... Trong phong trao yeu nude dan chii cong khai hoi do ed mpt so su kifn ndi bat la cupc dau tranh ddi nha cam quyen Phap tha Phan Bpi Chau (1925), cac cupc truy dieu, de tang Phan Chau Trinh (1926). Rieng d Sai Gdn, dam tang Phan Chau Trinh da thu hiit khoang 14 van ngudi tham du. e. Cac cuoc dau tranh ciia cong nhan Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan tuy con le te va tu phat nhung da ndi len y thuc giai cap dang phat trien nhanh chdng lam CO sd cho eac td chuc va phong trao chinh trj cao hon ve sau. Ngay tu n5m 1920, cong nhan Sai Gon - Chp Ldn da thanh lap cong hpi (bi mat) do Ton Due Thang diing dau. Cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan va thiiy thii Phap tren eac tau Phap ghe ; nhu-jcacrupe^aii^tranh ciia vao cang Hai Phong (1919) va S^'f^fy(|9^^j^^?p*|f^^ 17 cong nhan va thuy thvi Trung Quoc tai cac cang Ion Huang Cang, Ao Mon, Thirgng Hai (1921) da gop phan c6 vu, dgng vien cong nhan Vi?t Nam hang hai da'u tranh. Nam 1922, cong nhan va vien chuc cac so cong thuong cua tu nhan a Bac Ki doi chu tu ban nguoi Phap phai cho hp nghi ngay chu nhat c6 tra luong. Cung nSm do con c6 cupc bai cong cua cong nhan cac nha may d^t, rugu, xay xat gao d Nam Djnh, Ha Npi, Hai Duong v.v... Thang 8 - 1925, thg may xuong Ba Son tai cang Sai Gon khong chju sua chiia chien ham Mi-so-le cua Phap truoc khi chien ham nay cha linh sang tham gia dan ap phong trao da'u tranh each mang cua nhan dan va thuy thii Trung Quoc. Cupc bai cong no ra voi yeu sach doi tang luong 20% va phai de cho nhijng cong nhan mat vi^c lam dugc tro lai lam vi^c. CUQC bai cong Ba Son thang Igi danh da'u buoc tien moi ciia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Nam. 4. Nhan dinh ve phong trao dau tranh trong nhimg nam 1919 -1925 a. Phong trao giai cua cap tu sdn dan toe Doi mpt so' quyen Igi ve kinh te: giai cap tu san dan tgc nhan da lam Sn thuan muon vuon len gianh lay vj tri kha hon trong kinh te Vi?t Nam sau chien tranh. Doi cac quyen tu do dan chu: cung voi hoat dpng kinh te^ giai cap tu san dan tpc da dung bao chi de benh vuc quyen Igi ciia minh. Mpt so' tu san va dja chii Ion Nam Ki dai bieu la Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long... dung ra to chuc Dang Lap hieh de tap hgp luc lugng, roi dua ra mpt so khau hi^u: Doi t\ do, dan chu de tranh thii su ung hp ciia quan chiing, lam ap luc doi voi Phap. Cac phong trao cua giai cap tu san dan tpc the hi^n rinh chat: da'u tranh theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san, cac hoat dpng cua hp mang tinh chat cai luong, thoa hi^p. b. Phong trao cua cac tang lap tie'u tu sdn 1 Cho'ng cuong quyen, ap buc, doi cac quyen ty do, dan chii. Cac tang lop tie'u tu san da the hif n long yeu nuoc cua minh bang nhieu each. Ngoai vi^c tham gia vao cac phong trao yeu nuoc, dan chu cong khai liic bay gio, hp da tap hpp nhau lai trong nhirng to chuc yeu nuoc moi, tien hanh da'u tranh c6 to chuc. Nhieu to chuc chi'nh trj yeu nuoc ciia tri thuc Nha van, Nha bao, Nha giao, hpc sinh, sinh vien... da ra doi nhu; Tan Vi?t Thanh nien Doan (1923) Vift Nam Nghia Doan (1925) Hpi Phuc Vi^t (1925) Dang Thanh nien (1926)... Cac to chuc da cho ra doi nhCrng to bao tien bp, nhu Chuong re. An Nam tre, Nguai nha que... lap ra nhiing nha xua't ban tien bp, nhu Cuang hoc thu xa i» ...... , (Sai Gon), Nam Dong thie xa (Ha Npi)... Hp dung sach bao lam phuong ti?n truyen ba tu tuong yeu nuoc, tien bp, neu quan diem lap truong chinh trj ciia minh. Trong cao trao yeu nuoc luc bay gio c6 ba su kien tieu bieu nhat: vu Pham Hong Thai muu sat toan quyen Mec-lanh, vu doi tha Phan Bpi Chau va vy de tang Phan Chu Trinh. Thang 6 - 1924, toan quyen Dong Duong la Mec-lanh sang Nhat va Trung Hoa, am muu ca'u ke't voi chinh quyen phan dpng hai nuoc nay de pha hogi each mang Viet Nam. Tarn Tam xa giao cho Pham Hong Thai nhi^m vu tru khu ten thyc dan dau so. Cupc muu sat khong thanh, nhung hanh dpng ciia Pham Hong Thai da gay tie'ng vang Ion 6 trong va ngoai nuoc, gio'ng nhu "canh chim bao hieu mua xuan" vua c6 tac dung c6 vu, vua thiic day phong trao yeu nuoc. Phan Bpi Chau la nha yeu nuoc, hoat dpng each mang tu dau the'ki XX. Sau Chien tranh the'gioi thii nhat, Phan Bpi Chau tie'p tuc hoat dpng 6 Trung Quoc. Giua nam 1925, ong bj thuc dan Phap bat o Thupng Hai va bi mat dua ve nuoc giam 6 Hoa L6 (Ha Npi) voi am muu sat hai eu. Nhan dan ea nuoc da'u tranh bupc thyc dan Phap dua ey ra xet xii cong khai, tha bong va giam long 6 Hue cho den khi mat (1940). Cung hoat dpng voi Phan Bpi Chau, dau the'ki XX c6 Phan Chau Trinh. Khi v v chong thue'o Nam Ki xay ra (1908) Phan Chau Trinh bj bat va bj day di Con Dao ba nam. Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1926, eu Phan Chau Trinh qua doi sau mpt thoi gian 6'm nang tai Sai Gon. 14 van nguoi da xuong dua cy ve noi an nghi cuo'i cung. Sau dam tang, khap Bac Trung, Nam deu to ehiie le truy di^u. Nhin chung, Phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc tuy the hi^n long yeu nuoc nhung mang tinh chat thoa hifp, cai luong va ngay xa roi di den cho doi lap voi quan chiing. Tie'ng noi va hoat dpng ciia tieu tu san manh me hon nhieu, ehiia dyng nhieu yeu to tien bp, dupe quan chiing ling hp, song Cling khong the dua cupc da'u tranh den thang Ipi, do thie'u duong 161 chinh trj diingdan. c. Nhung mat tich cue va han checua phong trao - Phong trao cua giai cap tie sdn dan tpc: Ti'eh cue: giai cap tu san dan tpc Vi^t Nam da c6 co gang trong vi^e da'u tranh chong su canh tranh, ehen ep ciia tu san nuoc ngoai. Han che: cac hoat dpng ciia hp chi mang tinh chat cai luong, gioi han trong khuon kho ciia che dp thye dan, phuc vu quyen Ipi ciia cac tang lop tren va nhanh chong bj phong trao quan chiing vupt qua. 19 - Phong trao cua tang lap tieu tu sdn: Tich cue: c6 tacdung thuc tinh long yeu nuoc, truyen ba t u tuong t u do dan chu trong nhan dan, truyen ba nhung t u tuong each mang moi. H an che: ho ehua to chuc thanh chinh dang nen dau tranh mang tinh chat xoc noi, a'u tn . 5, Gia i quyet van de dan tQC, dan chu trong nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XX a. Hoan canh lich su * Trong nucfc: N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap xam luge nuoc ta, van de giai phong dan tgc dugc dat ra cho toan the dan toe. Nhieu cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap cuoi ciing bj that bai. Den nam 1858, thuc dan Phap chinh thuc dat ach thong trj do ho nuoc ta, van de dan toe lai tro nen cap thie't. Luc nay cac phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan toe do giai cap phong kien lanh dao ma tieu bieu la phong trao Can vuong cung bj that bai. Nhiem vu gii>a nuoc va giai phong dan toe chua dugc giai quyet. Cho nen, muon cuu nuoc, muon giai phong dan toe, khong the lam n h u cij, phai c6 con duong ciiu nuoc moi. * The giai: Su thanh cong cua cuoc cai each Min h Trj 6 Nhat Ban nam 1868 da c6 tac dpng manh me vao cac bac sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Viet Nam. Cuoc van dong Duy tan 6 Trung Quoc dau the ki XX da true tiep Ian truyen vao cac the he yeu nuoc Viet Nam. h. Phuong huanggidi quyet van dedan toe trong nhung nutn 20 cuu the hi XX.* Dai di?n la hai bac sT phu yeu nuoc Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh. Phan Boi Chau chii truong giuong cao ngon c6 dan toe, truoc het phai tap trung cho van de giai phong dan toe, sau do se lam nhiem vu dan chii. Bien phap giai quyet van de dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau la dua vao Nhat de danh Phap, dong thoi thuc hif n cai each duy tan theo guong Nhat. Phan Chau Trinh thi neu cao nhiem vu danh phong kien, thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu, sau do moi danh Phap, giai phong dan toe. Phan Boi Chau xem van de dan toe la dieu kien de xay dun g nen dan chii, con Phan Chau Trinh thi xem dan chii la tien de de thuc hien nhiem vu dan tgc. Con duong giai phong dan toe ciia Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh cuoi ciang cijng bj that bai, lam cho each mang Viet Na m "duon g nh u nam trong dem toi, khong c6 duon g ra". 6. Dac diem cua phong trao yeu nuoc dau the k i XX Phong trao chju su tac dgng ciia cuoc khai thac thuoc dja Ian th u nhat cua thuc dan Phap. Cupc khai thac nay lam cho co cau kinh te^ xa hoi Vi^t Na m eo 20 Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t nhieu bien chuyen. Xa hoi Viet Nam hinh thanh nhung giai cap va tang lop m o i nh u t u san dan toe, tieu t u san, cong nhan. Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t N a m cung c6 nhung chuyen bien ve t u tuong. Su tac dong ciia cac trao luu t u tuong ben ngoai, tieu bieu la Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc, lam cho each mang Viet Nam c6 nhung net moi, khac truoc, do la phong trao chuyen t u khuynh huong phong kien sang khuynh huong dan chii t u san. Dong luc cua phong trao: khong chi c6 nong dan ma con eo cac luc lugng moi tham gia nh u t u san, tieu t u san, cong nhan, sT phu yeu nuoc, binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan doi Phap. Hin h thuc dau tranh: ben canh cac cuoc dau tranh via trang, con xua't hien cac hinh thuc dau tranh chinh trj, ngoai giao, cai each xa hoi. Quy mo phong trao rong Ion, thu hut dugc nhieu tang lop nhan dan tham gia. M uc tieu dau tranh nh^m danh duoi thuc dan Phap de gianh doc lap dan tgc va thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu. III. HOA T DQN G YEU Nl/6C CUA NGUYE N AI QUO C 1. Nguyen Ai Quoc tu chu nghia yeu nuoc den voi chu nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong cuu nuoc dung dan Nguyen A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo, yeu nuoc, tren que huong giau truyen thong each mang. Lon len trong hoan canh nuoc mat nha tan, lai dugc ehung kien cac cuoc dau tranh cua cac bac tien boi bj tha't bai. Tat ca da hun due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc non nang va quyet tarn ra d i tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Dau tien Nguo i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, M i Latinh. Den nam 1917, k hi Cach mang thang Muo i Nga thang Igi, Nguo i t u Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari (Phap) de nghien cuu, hgc tap Cach mang thang Muo i Nga. Ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet Na m yeu nuoc tai Phap, Nguo i giri den Ho i nghj Vecxai Ban i/cn sdch cua nhan dan An Nam. Ban yeu sach doi Chinh phii Phap va cac nuoc dong min h thua nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n Nam. Thang 7 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc dgc ban Sa thdo Ian Ihu nhat luan citang ve van dedan toe thuoc dia cua V.I. Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dao ciia Dang Xa hgi Phap. Luan cuong ciia Lenin da giiip Nguyen Ai Quoc kh^ng djnh muon cuu nuoc va giai phong dan tgc la phai di theo con duong each mang vd san. I Thang 12 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc tham d u Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia ban xa hoi Pha tai thanh ho Tua. Nuo i da dun ve hia da so di bieu bo 3St duOn^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Tha. Truofig Ngpc Thai phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc teCpng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap. Den day Nguyen Quoc Quoc da the hi^n hanh dpng cua minh la quye't tarn di theo con duang each mang v6 san. Sau do, Nguyen Ai Quoc cang ti'ch cue ho^t dpng va tie'p tuc hoc tap, nghien cuu If luan ve con duong each mang thuoe dja de truyen ba vao Vi?t Nam. * Nhan dinh ve con duong tim chan l i ciia Nguyen A i Quoc Cac bac tien boi ma tieu bieu la Phan Boi Chau da chon con duong cihi nuac do la di sang phuong Dong chii yeu la Nhat, vi a do da tung dien ra cupc cai each Minh Trj 1868 lam cho Nhat thoat khoi so phan mot nuoc thuoe dja; vi Nhat da danh bai de quoc Nga trong cupe chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 -1905) va Nhat eon la nuoc "dong van dong chiing" vai Vift Nam. Doi tupng ciia Phan Bpi Chau gap go la nhung chinh khach Nhat de xin hp giiip Viet Nam danh Phap. Phuong phap ciia cu la van dong, to chue giai cap, cung cac tang lop tren de huy dpng luc lupng da'u tranh bao dong. Con Nguyen Ai Quoc lua chpn huong di sang phuong Tay, noi dupe m?nh danh eo tu tuong tu do, binh dang bac ai, c6 khoa hoc ki thuat, eo nen van minh phat trien. Cach di ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc la di vao tat ca cac giai cap, tang lop, di vao phong trao quan chiing giac ngp, doan ket hp dung len dau tranh gianh doe lap that su, bang sue manh ciia minh la chinh. Nguoi luon de cao hpc tap, nghien ciiu li luan va kinh nghi^m each mang moi nhat ciia thoi dai de tren eo so do bat gap chan li Cach mang thang Muoi Nga. Day la con duong cuu nuoc duy nhat diing dan doi voi dan toe ta, cCing nhu doi vol cac dan tpc thupc dja va phu thupc khac, vi no phu hop voi su phat trien cua Ijeh su. 2. Hoat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc ve vi^c chuan bi ve chinh tri, tu tuong va to chuc cho s\ ra doi chinh dang v6 san o Vi?t Nam Sau khi tie'p nhan chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciru nuoc diing dan, Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng nhSm truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao trong nuoc. Qua trinh nay trai qua cac thai ki sau : * Thai ki a Phap (1920 - 1923) Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan Phap, tranh thii su ling hp ciia giai cap cong nhan Phap doi voi Vif t Nam. Nguoi tham gia Hpi "Nhirng nguoi yeu nuoc tai Phap" van dpng kieu bao ling hp da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc. Nguoi cung mpt so nha yeu nuoc d cac thupc dja Phap, sang lap hpi "Lien hi?p cac dan tpc thupc dja" (1921) de gay tinh doan ket giua each m^ng Vi?t Nam voi each mang the gioi. CtyTNHHMTVC>)r/H Khang Vi^ Nguoi tham gia xay dung bao "Le Pa-ria" "Nguoi ciing kho" vao nam 1922. Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai dang tren bdo "Nhan dao", "Doi song cong nhan". Tieu bieu nhat la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. Nhirng sach bao do Nguoi viet, mpt mat to cao tpi ac ciia bpn de quoc, nhat la de quoc Phap 6 Dong Duong; mat khae khich 1^ long yeu nuoc cho dong bao, tuyen truyen chii nghla Mae - Lenin van dpng quan chiing da'u tranh. * Thai ki a Lien Xo (1923 - 1924) Giua 1923, Nguyen Ai Quoc bi m|t roi Phap sang Lien X6 du hpi nghj Quoc te nong dan (10-1923). Sau do, Nguoi o Lien X6 mpt thoi gian ngan de hoat dpng trong Quoc te Cpng san, hpc tap them ve ly luan ciia chii nghla Mac - Lenin va thuc tien ve Cach mang thang Muoi Nga. Trong thoi gian nay, Nguoi vie't nhieu bai dang tren bao " Su that" Co quan ngon luan ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, "Thu tin quoc te*' ca quan ngon luan ciia Quoc te Cpng san. Thang 7 -1924, Nguoi du Dai hpi V ciia Quoc teCpng san va dpe tham luan tai Dai hpi, trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve vi tri chien lupc eiia each mang thupc dja, moi quan h$ giiia phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each mang d cac nuoc thupc dja, ve vai tro va sue mgnh to Ion ciia giai cap nong dan o cac nuoc thupc dja. NhCrng hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong thai gian nay chii yeu tren m|t t r ^ tu tuong - chinh trj nham truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao nuoc ta. ' • * Thai ki d Trung Quoc (1924 - 1927) Thang 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tu Lien X6 ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) de tap hop nhCrng nguoi yeu nuoc o Vi^t Nam, truyen ba, giao due cho hp chii nghla Mac - Lenin. Dau tien Nguoi tim hieu va cai to Tam Tarn xa thanh Hpi Vi#t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien (6-1925). Nguoi sang lap bao "Thanh nien" (1925). Cung voi nhieu nha each mang cac nuoc, Nguoi tham gia sang lap "Hpi lien hi?p cac dan tpc bi ap biic 6 A Dong" de gay tinh doan ket giua each mang cac nuoc trong khu vuc. Tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguoi da mo nhieu lop huan luy^n va da dao tao dupe 75 can bp cho each mang Vi?t Nam. Nhung bai giang ciia Nguoi sau nay tap hop lai trong cuon Dif&ng kdch menh dupe xuat ban 6 Trung Quoc vao nam 1927. Nhung hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc da eo tac dung quye't djnh trong viee chuan bj ve chinh trj, tu tuong va to chue cho vi?c thanh l^p chinh dang ^ ii n i^ Nm BSidLfdn^ H5G Lich eCr 12 - The. TrLrong Ngpc Thai 3. Qua trinh chuyen bien ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc tir mpt chien si yeu nuoc tro thanh mpt chien si cpng san - TiV mot chiC'it s7 I/I'H nuvc: Nguyen A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong mot gia din h nha nho ngheo, yeu nuoc, tren que Huong giau truyen thong each mang. Lon len trong hoan canh nuoc mat nha tan, lai dugc chung kien cac cupc da'u tranh cua cac bac tien boi bj that bai. Tat ca da hun due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc nong nan va quye't tam ra di tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Dau tien Nguo i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, MT Latinh. Den nam 1917, k hi Cach mang thang Muo i Nga thang Igi, Nguo i tir Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari (Phap) de nghien cuu, hoc tap Cach mang thang Muo i Nga. Roi den ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet Nam yeu nuoc tai Phap, Nguo i gui den Ho i nghi Vecxai Biiu yen sack cm nhan dan An Nam. Ban yeu sach doi Chinh phu Phap va cac nuoc dong minh thira nhan cac quyen tu do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n Nam. N h u vay, t u nam 1911 den dau 1920, la thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh chien sT yeu nuoc. - Tra thanh mot chien si con^ san: qua trinh chuyen t u chien sT yeu nuoc tro thanh chien sT cong dugc danh da'u b^ng thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc den voi chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung din , do la con duong each mang v6 san. Nguyen A i Quoc quye't tam dua each mang Viet Na m d i theo con duong nay. Dieu do dugc the hien: Thang 7 nam 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc doc ban So thdo Ian thu nhat luan citang vevan dc dan toe thuoc dia ciia V.I. Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dqo ciia Dang Xa hgi Phap. Luan cuong cua Lenin da giup Nguyen A i Quoc khSng djnh muon ciiu nuoc va giai phong dan toe la phai di theo eon duong each mang v6 san. Thang 12 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc tham dir Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia Dang Xa hgi Phap tai thanh phoTua . Nguo i da dung ve phia da so dai bieu bo phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc te'Cgng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap. Den day Nguyen A i Quoc da the hien hanh dong ciia minh la quye't tam di theo eon duong each mang v6 san. Sau do, Nguyen A i Quoc eang tich cue hoat dgng va tiep tuc hgc tap, nghien ciiu li luan ve con duong each mang thuoc dja de truyen ba vao Viet Nam. Tir nam 1921 den nam 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc tiep tuc hoat dgng 6 Phap. Nguo i cung voi mot so nguoi yeu nuoc ciia Angieri, Maroe, Tuynidi lap ra Hp; Hen /ij'tT cac dan tgc thuoc dja 6 Pari de doan ket cac li,rc lugng each mane Cty TNHH MTV PWI Khang Vift chong chii nghla thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan ciia Hg i la bao N^itai cun^ kho do Nguo i lam chu nhiem kiem chii biit. Nguo i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao (ciia Dang Cong san I'hap), dai son^ con^ nhan... va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. Cac sach bao ncSi tren dugc bi mat chuyen ve Viet Nam da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan tgc trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon. Tir nam 1923 den 1924, Nguyen A i Quoc hoat dgng 6 Lien X6. Tai day, Ngutri d u Hoi n<^hi Quoc te'Non^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va duge bau vao Ban Chap hanh Hgi . Nguo i 6 lai Lien X6, viia nghien ciiu, hgc tap, vie't bai cho bao Sif that ciia Dang Cong san Lien X6, tap chi Thw tin Quoc tecita Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai Dai hgi Quoc te'Cgng san Ian thir V (1924), Nguyen A i Quoc trinh bay lap truong quan diem cua minh ve vj tri chien luge ciia each mang cac nuoc thuge dja, ve moi quan he giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de'quoe voi phong trao each mang 6 cac nuoc thuge dja. Tir nam 1924 den 1925, Nguyen Ai Quoc hoat dgng 6 Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) de true tiep dao tao can bg, xay dung to chiic each mang, truyen ba l i luan each mang giai phong dan tgc vao Viet Nam. Thang 6 - 1925, tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) Nguyen A i Quoc nhom hgp nhung thanh nien yeu nuoc Vi^t Nam trong to ehiic Tam tam xa roi di den thanh lap Hg i Vi^ t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin ve trong nuoc. N h u vay, Nguyen A i Quoc tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung dan, den cho huong dan nhan dan ta thuc hien con duong each mang v6 san theo quan diem ciia ehii nghia Mae - Lenin. Do chinh la thc7i ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh chien sT cong san. 4. Nhirn g cong hien cua Nguyen A i Quoc doi vo i each mang Vi? t Nam trong thai gian tii 1911 den 1930. Den voi chu nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung din (ket hgp dgc lap dan tgc voi chii nghia xa hgi, gan each mang Viet Nam voi each mang thc'gioi). Chuan bi ve chinh trj t u tuong va to chue cho si^ thanh lap Dang Cgng san Vi^t Nam ngay 3 -2 - 1930. Chii tri Hg i nghj hgp nhat ba to chiie cgng san de thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam . Viet va thong qua Cuong linh trj dau tien ciia Dang. Xac djnh duong 161 dung cho euge da'u tranh giai phong dan tgc, duo i su lanh dao ciia Dang. * Con^ hien to Ian nhat tron^; qua trinh hoat dou;^ cm N^^uyen Ai Quoc dcS la deh voi chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong eiru nuoc diing dan - con duong , each mang v6 san. BSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch Su 12 - The. Tnrong Ngpc Thai Sau mpt thoi gian bon ba 6 hai ngoai, Ngua i vua khao sat thuc tien each mang cac nuoc vua d i ti m con duong cuu nuoc cho dan tQ C Vi ? t Nam. Den thang 7 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc doc so thao Luan cuang ciia Lenin ve van de dan toe va thuoc dia. Den day Nguo i da tim ra con duong cuu nuoc dung dan cho dan toe Vi^t Nam, do la eon duong each mang v 6 san. Nguo i quye't tarn dua each mang Viet Na m d i theo con duong nay. Nguo i khang djnh: "Muo n cuu nude, muon giai phong dan tpc, khong c6 con duong nao khae eon duong each mang v 6 san". i T u viec ti m ra con duong cuu nuoc dung dan va xac djnh each mang Viet N a m phai d i theo con duong each mang v 6 san de roi Nguyen A i Quoc tiep tyc hoat dong truyen ba eon duong nay vao Vi?t Nam, tren co so do chuan bi ve t u tuong chinh t n va to chuc cho su thanh lap Dang, roi tien den thanh lap Dang Cong san Viet Na m de lanh dao each mang Viet Na m d i dung quy d^o ciia eupc each mang v 6 san. N h u vay, vi^c ti m ra eon duong each mang dung dan no eo tac dung quye't djnh doi voi thang \q'i eiia each mang Vi^t Nam. Chinh v i the^ day la eong hien Ion nhat ciia Nguyen A i Quoc doi voi dan toe Vi ? t Na m trong qua trinh hoat dpng cuu nuoc ciia minh. , 6. Nhung npi dung co ban cua tac pham Dudttg kdch menh ciia Nguyen A i Quoc Cach mang la su nghiep cua quan chiing gom sT, nong, cong, thuang trong do eong - nong la goe each mang con hpc tro, nha buon nho, dien chii nho la bau ban cua eong - nong. Cach mang phai co dang theo chii nghla Mae - Lenin lanh dao. Dang co vung mo i thanh eong, cQng nh u nguoi cam lai co vim g thuyen mo i chay. Cach mang cua mo i nuoc la mot bp phan cua each mang quoc te. Can phai doan ket va tranh thii su giiip do ciia giai cap v 6 san va cac dan toe bj ap bue tren the gioi, song truoe he't phai dua vao sue manh cua chinh minh. Cach mang giai phong dan toe la mpt bp phan ciia each mang thai dgi - each mang v 6 san. Cach mang dan tpc phai gan lien voi giai phong nhan dan lao dpng, giai phong giai cap eong nhan. Do la su nghiep to Ion, lau dai. Chi co giai phong giai cap v 6 san mo i giai phong dupe dan tpc. Ca hai eupc each mang nay la sy nghiep ciia chii nghla epng san va each mang the gioi. Sach neu ro mpi nguoi phai dong tam, hif p luc, phai co to ehiic va phuong phap da'u tranh diing de danh do giai cap thong tr i chi i khong phai la am sat ca nhan. Tac pham Ducmg kdch mcnh da vu trang li luan each mang cho can bp ciia Hpi^i ( f t Na m Cach m^rig Thanh nien tuyen truyen vao giai cap cong nhan va Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ Vi^ cac tang lop nhan dan Vi^t Nam, chuan bj kT ve t u tuong va to chiic cho vi#c thanh lap Dang Cong san Viet Nam. IV. SV" CHUYE N HO A CU A PHON G TRA O YEU Nl/O C 6 VIE T NA M TRON G NHi^N G NA M CUO I TH E KY XIX DA U TH E K i XX N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap tan eong Da N3ng, m o dau eupc xam lupc nuoc ta, trieu dinh nha Nguyen to ra bat luc truoc su xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap, nhung nhan dan ta van kien tri da'u tranh anh dung, cho'ng xam lupc. Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc da nhan thiic ro, muon bao v^ To quoc phai danh ca "Trieu Ian Tay". Cupe da'u tranh ciia nhan dan ta 6 niia cuoi the ki XIX, tieu bieu la phong trao Can vuong chiing to rang: y thiie doe lap dan tpc trong nhan dan la bat di?t nhung cuoi cung bj that bai do che'dp phong kien tro nen loi thoi. Vife ling hp mot ong vua, du la ong vua yeu nuoc cung khong the tap hpp dupe dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan chong Phap. Vao dau the k i XX, sau khi binh djnh xong ve quan su, thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thae thupe dja nuoc ta, cupe khai thae nay da lam cho xa hpi Vi^t Nam C O nhiing bie'n doi sau sac: ben canh cac giai cap cii nh u dja ehii phong kien va nong dan van eon, gio day da xua't hi^n cac giai cap va tang lop mo i n hu t u san dan tpc, tieu t u san va eong nhan. Su ehuyen bien sau sac ve kinh te^ xa hpi da tao nen mpt tinh the moi trong eupc da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc. Vi vay, each mang Viet Na m dau the'ki XX phai bao ham hai npi dung dan tpc va dan chii, tiie la phai danh de'quoe, phong kien tay sai de giai phong dan tpc, giai phong giai cap. Yeu eau ciia ljch su Viet Na m dau the ki XX bao ham npi dung sau sac hon, bao tru m hon cuoi the'ki XIX. H o n nii'a, vao dau the'ki XX, cupe each mang t u san 6 cac nuoc phuong Tay phat trien manh me dan den su hinh thanh chii nghla t u ban, roi chii nghla de quoc. Cung vo i su phat trien do, phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan cac nuoc thupe dja phat trien manh me. NhCrng dieu kien trong nuoc va su tac dpng ciia the gioi lam xua't hi^n trao liru mo i trong vi^e xac djnh con duong ciiu nuoc khae con duong phong kien truoc do. Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc khong eon giuong cao ngpn co quan chii ma huong ve cai each dan chii. Tuy nhien, tren con duong cuu nuoc nay cung xua't hi?n nhieu mau sMc, khuynh huong khae nhau. Con duong eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau chii yeu lay phuong thiic bao dpng vu trang de gianh dpc lap. Vi^c xac djnh con duong eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau co nhieu diem moi, Hen bp hon con duong ciiu nuoc phong kien truoe do. Phan nao phu hpp voi yeu cau mo i ciia thoi d^i. Song, con duong eiiu nuoc eiia Phan Bpi Chau cung BdidiJ&ngHSGLjch Sir 12- Thf,. Tn/an^ Ngpc Thai bpc Ip nhieu non yeu, nhirpc diem vi , tu tuong dan chu tir san den dau the ki XX khong con la t u tuong tien bo, khi he tu tuang v6 san da phat trien. Con duon g ciiu nuoc ciia Phan Chau Trinh chu yeu la dua vao Phap de thuc hien dan chu, thuc hien cai each. Con duong cuu nuoc ciia Phan Chau Trinh khong the thuc hien dupe trong che'dp thuoc dja nira phong kien nhu Vi?t Na m vi , bon thuc dan Phap phai duy tri, nuoi duon g bpn vua quan phong kien de lam tay sai trong vi^c dan ap, boc lot nhan dan ta. Ngoai con duong cuu nuoc cua Phan Bpi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh con c6 cae cupe dau tranh co tinh chat t u phat cua nong dan va cac dan toe it nguoi, tieu bieu la cuoc khoi nghTa nong dan Yen The. Roi phong trao dau tranh cua giai cap t u san dan toe va cua tang lop tieu t u san... Nhi n chung cac phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong phong kien cung n hu dan chu t u san da to ra bat luc, khong the dua cupe dau tranh giai phong dan toe, giai phong giai cap den thang Ipi. Cupe khung hoang ve con duong cuu nuoc ngay cang tram trpng, lam cho each mang Vi?t Na m "duon g nhu nam trong dem toi, khong c6 duong ra". Do la su khung hoang ve duong loi chu khong phai khung hoang ve phong trao yeu nuoc, nhung do khiing hoang ve duong loi nen phong trao yeu nuoc theo do ma tha't bai. Truoc su khung hoang ve con duong cuu nuoc nh u vay, Nguyen A i Quoc quyet djnh ra di tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Truoc khi buoc chan xuong tau ngay 5-6-1911 , Nguyen A i Quoc da chuan bj cho minh nhCrng tien de t u tuong xem xet cac con duong ciiu nude de Kra chpn huong d i va dich toi cho minh mot each dung d5n. Sau nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, thang 7 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc da ti m den chii nghTa Mac - Lenin, tim ra eon duong cuu nuoc dung d<1n, do la con duong each mang v6 san. Nguo i khcing dinh: "Muo n cuu nude, muon giai phong dan toe, khong c6 con duong nao khac, con duong each mang v6 san". K hi da xac djnh dupe con duong eiiu nuac dung dan, Nguyen A i Quo'c ra sue hoat dpng de dua vao Viet Na m nh^m lanh dao each mang Vi f t Na m d i theo eon duong each mang v6 san. Su lua chpn con duong cuu nuoc cua Nguyen A i Quoc da tao ra nhung tien de, nhi>ng nhan to moi dua cupe dau tranh giai phong dan tpc vao quy dao each mang vo san. De truyen ba ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin vao Vi f t Nam, dua con duon g each mang vo san vao nuoc ta, Nguyen A i Quoc da thanh lap Hp i Viet N a m Cach mang Thanh nien, viet tac pham Dubn'g kdch menh. Thong qua Hp i Vi?t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien va Diimt;^ kdch menh, chu nghTa Mae - Lenin Ian lupt dupe truyen ba vao Viet Nam. jChi chu nghTa Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Viet Nam , nhat la tir nam 1928 tro di , lam cho phong trao cong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc phat trien manh me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Dap uTi g y^'" '^^^ 'i*^ ^ " ^'^ ^ ^^" ^ ^^^^ *° ^^"' ^ "^^^"S nhung su hoat dpng rieng le ciia ba to chiic cpng san gay anh huong khong tot cten tien trinh each mang. V i vay, den dau nam 1930, tai Hp i nghj hpp nhat ba to chuc cpng san t u ngay 6 -1 den ngay 7-2 - 1930, Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam ra ddi. Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam ra ddi da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con dudng each mang v6 san ma Nguyen A i Quo'c da lua chpn. Qua 15 nam dau tranh chong thuc dan, phong kien nhan dan ta da viet nen trang su ve vang cua Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945; trai qua 9 nam khang chie'n lau dai, ben bi, nhan dan ta da lam nen chien thang Dien Bien Phii nam 1954, danh bai hoan toan chu nghTa thuc dan eu tren da't nude ta; trai qua 21 nam khang chie'n chd'ng MT xam lupc vdi dai thang Xuan nam 1975 da danh cho "MT cut, nguy nhao", thu non song ve mot moi, dua ca nude tien len xay dyng chu nghTa xa hpi. T u khi xac djnh dupe eon dudn g cuu nude dung dan. Dang ta da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con dudng each mang dd va da gianh dupe th^ng Ipi hoan toan. N h u vay, qua trinh ehuyen hda t u phong trao yeu nude theo khuynh hudng phong kien, roi khuynh hudng dan chu t u san va eud'i cung la khuynh hudng vo san la qua trinh dau tranh lau dai, gian khd cua nhan dan ta. Day la qua trinh ehuyen hda hpp quy luat va xu hudng phat trien cua thdi dai nen chung ta da gianh thang Ipi. V. VA I TRO CUA NGUYE N A I QUOC TRON G VIEC CHUYE N LAP TRLfONG GIA I PHON G DA N TO C THE O HlJON G V O SA N V A TRON G VIEC CHUA N BI THAN H LAP DAN G a. Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quo'c trong viec ehuyen lap trudng... Nhi>ng nam hai muo i cua the ki XX, phong trao yeu nude d Viet Na m lam vao tinh trang khung hoang dudng 16'i chinh trj va vai trd lanh dao mot each sau sic. Giua luc dd, Nguyen A i Quoc - nguoi cpng san Viet Na m dau tien xuat hien va trd thanh vj lanh tu d budc ngoat cua ljch sir, tuyen ba eon dudn g Clh i nude md i de giai phdng dan tpc: con dudn g each mang vo san. Sau Cach mang thang Mud i Nga nam 1917, tren thegidi da hinh thanh hai con dudng phat trien xa hpi: chu nghTa t u ban va chu nghTa xa hpi, trong do Van de dpc lap dan tpc gan lien vdi chu nghTa xa hpi dang dat ra cho cac nude 29 thuQC dja can phai giai quye't. Trong tinh hinh do, mo i dan tpc phai lya chgn cho min h con duan g phat trien phii hop voi thoi dai va dieu ki^n lich sir rieng ciia minh. O Viet Nam, sir lua chon con duong dien ra suot thap k i 20 cua the k i nay. Do la qua trinh kiem nghiem Hen tuc ciia thuc te'khach quan doi vo i cac xu huong, dang phai chinh trj de tim kiem mpt con duon g dung nha't. Nguyen A i Quoc bang thien tai va linh cam nhay ben chinh trj ciia min h da nhan thuc day du xu the cua thai dai va yeu cau cua Hch sir dan tpc, vua t qua tam nhirt cua nhi>ng nguoi yeu nuoc duang thoi ve van de dan tpc. Van de dan tpc khong chi c6 doc lap dan tpc, ma ca giai phong dan tpc va giai phong giai cap Do do, Nguo i khong chpn kieu Cach mang MT (1776), cung khong theo kieu each mang dan chii t u san Phap (1789) ma chpn con duan g Cach mang thang Muo i Nga (1917) - each mang v6 san. De thuc hien viec lira chpn con duong each mang do, Nguyen A i Quoc phai trai qua mpt cupc hanh trinh tim duong cuu nuoc day gian kho. Na m 1911, Nguo i quye't dinh sang phuong Tay tim duong cuu nuoc, day la moc quan trpng danh da'u su lira chpn dau tien ciia Nguoi . Trong khi nhirng nguoi ciing thai di phuong Dong, sang Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc thi Nguyen A i Quoc re loi khac, buac quye't dinh nay la ket qua ciia qua trinh chuan bj ve nhan thuc t u tuang. Con duon g sang phuong Tay, voi nhung boat dpng thuc tien va l i luan phong phii da tao ra nhung nhan to mo i dua Nguyen A i Quoc tie'p can chan li ciia thoi dai de c6 su lira chpn con duong ciiu nuoc diing dan. Qua muo i nam boat dpng (1911 - 1920) Nguyen A i Quoc da den nhieu nuoc khac nhau tren cac luc dja A, Phi, M i Latinh va t u bie'n minh thanh nguo i v6 san. Trong qua trinh do, Nguyen A i Quoc da riit ra dupe ket luan sau sac rang: a dau bpn de quoc va thuc dan cung tan bao, doc ac, 6 dau nguoi lao dpng cung bi ap biic, boo Ipt nang ne. Nhirn g nhan thuc moi me nay cang nung na'u suy nghT giai phong dan tpc va m o uoc quyen song ciia nhung nguoi ciing kho ma Nguo i da tran tro trudc luc xua't duong, cang thoi thuc Nguo i quye't tarn ti m con duang giai phong dan tpc. Giira nam 1917, Nguyen A i Quoc tro lai nuoc Phap, Nguo i lao vao hogt dpng chinh trj va nghien cuu each mang tu san Phap. Nhun g va i kinh nghiem r ut ra tir quan sat va boat dpng thuc tien, Nguyen A i Quoc tha'y giai cap t u san khong con la giai cap tien bp ciia thoi dai. Do do, Nguo i khong d i theo Cach mang MT, Cach mang Phap ma phai tim con duong each mang khac. Day la quye't djnh quan trpng trong qua trinh lira chpn con duon g ciru nuoc ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc. •in Cuol nam 1917, Cach mang thang Muo i Nga thanh cong, Chien tranh the giai thir nhat sap ket thiic, Nguyen A i Quoc ban hoan chao don Cach mang thang Muo i Nga, mac dau luc do Nguo i chua hieu gi ve cupc each mang nay. Thang 6 - 1919, cac nuoc de quo'c thang tran hpp Hp i ngbi Vecxai, nhan danh la nguo i A n Na m yeu nuoc, Nguyen A i Quoc giri den Hp i nghj ban yeu sach doi cac quyen t u do dan chii, binh dang va dan tpc tir quye't cho nhan dan ta. Mac dau khong dupe bpn de'quoc, nhat la de'quoc Phap chap nhan nhim g ban yeu sach da lam chan dpng the gioi va vang dpi ve nuoc tao ra buac chuyen trong phong trao giai phong dan tpc. Thang 7 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc dupe dpc so thao Luan cuong ciia Lenin ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja dang tren bao Sir that. Den day Nguyen A i Quo'c da ti m ra con duan g each mang dung dan cho dan tpc Vif t Nam, do la con duong each mang v6 san. Roi thang 12 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc tham du Dgi hpi ciia Dang Xa hpi Phap hpp 6 thanh pho Tua, bo phieu tan thanh Quoc te Cong san va gia nhap Dang Cpng san Phap. Nhirng sir kien do chung to rang, den nam 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc ket thiic chan duang tim phuong cuu nuoc, qua trinh lira chpn con duong cuu nuoc diing dan. N h u vay, qua trinh ti m kiem con duang ciiu nuoc ciia Nguyen Ai Quo'c la qua trinh hoc tap, khao sat, nghien cuu, kiem nghiem l i luan va thuc tien day gian kho, phiic tap. Nguyen Ai Quoc da ket hop dupe hai yeu to dan tpc va thai d?i de chpn con duong cuu nuoc thich hpp vai sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir dan tpc. Do la con duong each mang v6 san, con duang theo chii nghla Mac - Lenin. b. Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quoc doi vai qua trinh van dong chuan hi thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam Sau thoi gian dai ra di ti m duang ciiu nuoc, den nam 1920, Nguyen Ai Quoc da den va i chii nghia Mac - Lenin va ti m ra con duan g cuu nuoc diing d^n cho each mang Vi f t Nam, do la con duong each mang v6 san. K h i ti m den chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc diing dan, Nguyen Ai Quoc tie'p tyc boat dpng de truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve Vi^t Nam . Qua trinh boat dpng do la: N a m 1921, cung vo i mpt so nguoi yeu nuoc ciia Angieri, Maroc, Tuynidi.. . Nguyen Ai Quoc lap ra Hp; lien hiep cac dan tpc thupc dja 6 Pari de doan ket cac lyc lupng each mang chong chii nghia thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan cua H p i la bao Ngieai cung kho do Nguo i lam chu nhi^m kiem chu biit. Nguo i con Viet nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dqo (cua Dang Cong san Phap), Dai song cong nhan (cua Tong Lien doan Lao dpng Phap)... va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo 31 thtiT dan Phdf). Cac sach bao noi tren dvtgc bi mat chuyen ve Vi^t Na m da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan toe trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon. Thang 6 - 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi mat roi nuoc Phap sang Lien X6 d y Hoi n^^lii Quoc tc'NCnt;^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va dupe bau vao Ban Chap hanh Hpi . Nguo i a lai Lien X6, vua nghien ciiu, hpc tap, vic't bai cho bao Su that ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, tap chi Thu tin Quoc tccua Quoc teCpn g san. Tai Dai hpi Quoc teCpng san Ian th u V (1924), Nguyen A i Quoc trinh bay lap truong quan diem ciia minh ve vj tri chien lupc ciia each mang cac nuoc thuoc dja, ve moi quan h^ giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each mang 6 cac nuoc thuoc dja. Ngay 11 - 11 - 1924, Nguyen A i Quoc den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) de true tie'p dao tao can bp, xay dun g to chuc each mang, truyen ba li luan each mang giai phong dan toe vao Viet Nam. Thang 6 - 1925, tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) Nguyen A i Quoc nhom hpp nhirng thanh nien yeu nucVc Vi^t Nam trong to chiic Tam tam xa roi d i den thanh lap Ho i Viet Na m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghia Mac - Lenin ve trong nuoc. NhOng boat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc t u nam 1920 den nam 1925 c6 tac dung chuan bj ve t u tuong ehinh trj va to chuc cho sy thanh l|p Dang Cpng san ViQtNam (3-2 - 1930). Chii nghia Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba rpng rai vao Vi^t Na m lam cho phong trao cong nhan va phong trao ycu nuoc phat trien manh me, doi hoi phai CO ehinh dang eua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Dap ung yeu eau khach quan Ijch su do 6 Viet Nam Ian Urpt xuat hien ba to chuc cong san; Dong Duon g Cpng san dang. A n Na m Cong san dang va Dong Duong Cong san lien doan. Nhun g su boat dpng rieng re eua ba to ehiie cpng san gay anh huong khong tot den tien trinh phat trien ciia each mang Vi^t Nam. Truoe tinh hinh do, Nguyen A i Quoc lien roi khoi Xiem sang Trung Quoc de thong nha't cac to chuc cpng san. V oi chuc trach la phai vien ciia Quoc te'Cpng san c6 quyen quyet djnh mpi van de lien quan toi phong trao each mang 6 Dong Duong . Nguyen A i Quoc trieu tap dai bieu eiia Dong Duong Cong san dang den Ciru Long de ban vi^e thong nha't Dang. T u ngay 6 - 1 den 7 - 2 - 1930, Hp i nghj hpp nha't Dang hpp 6 Cuu Long (Huon g Cang) do Nguyen A i Quoc chvi tri. Hp i nghj nha't tri hpp nha't ba to chuc cpng san thanh mpt dan^ duy nha't lay ten la Dang Cpng san^yi^t Nam . 32 uy v v y V I. PHON G TRA O DA N TQC DA N CH U 6 Vlf T NA M TU" 1925 DE N N A M 1930 1. Sv va boat dpng cua cac to chuc Hpi Vift Nam Cach mang Thanh nien. Tan Vif t each mang dang va Vi? t Nam Quoc dan dang. a) Hqi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien Sau khi ve den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguyen A i Quoc m o lop huan luyen dao t^io can bp. Phan Ion hpc vien la thanh nien, hpc sinh, tri thuc Vi?t N a m yeu nuoc. Nguye n A i Quoc lua chpn mpt so thanh nien tich eye trong Tam tam xa de to chuc thanh nhom Cpng san Doan (2 -1925). Thang 6 -1925, Nguyen A i Quoc thanh lap Hp i Vi f t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien nham to chuc va lanh dao quan chiing doan ket lai, kich liet tranh da'u de danh do dequoc chii nghia Phap va tay sai de t u cuu minh . Thong qua Bao Thanh nien la co quan ngon luan trung uon g ciia Hp i do Nguyen A i Quoc sang lap va pham Duong Kdch menh dupe xuat ban nam 1927. Bao Thanh nien va sach Duong Kdch menh da trang bj l i luan each mang cho can bp ciia Hp i Vif t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien de tuyen truyen giai cap cong nhan va cac tang lop nhan dan Vi?t Nam. Tir cuoi nam 1928, sau khi c6 chii truong "v6 san hoa", nhieu can bp ciia H pi da d i sau vao cac nha may, xi nghif p, don dien ciing lao dpng va song vo i cong nhan de tuyen truyen va van dpng each mang. Phong trao quan chiing phat trien manh me. b) Dang Tan Vi^t Ngay 14 - 7 - 1925, mpt so ti i ehinh tri cu 6 Trung K i cung mpt nhom sinh vien Truon g Cao din g 6 H a Np i lap ra Hp i Phuc Vi?t (1925) sau do doi thanh H p i Hun g Nam . Thang 7 - 1926, Hp i doi ten thanh Vi^t Na m each mang dang va den thang 7 -1927, lai doi ten la Vi^t Na m each mang dong chi hpi. Hp i da nhieu Ian ban de hpp nha't vo i Hp i Vi f t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien song khong thanh. D en 14 - 7 - 1928, Hp i hpp Da i hpi t^i Hue^ quyet djn h doi ten thanh Dang Tan Vi f t. Dang Tan Viet chii truong lanh dao quan chiing 6 trong nuoc va lien lac vo i cac dan tpc bj ap buc tren the'gioi de danh do dequo'c chii nghia nham thiet , lap mpt xa hpi binh dSng va bac ai. Dang tap hpp nhiing tri thuc nho va thanh nien tieu t u san yeu nuoc. Dja ban hoat dpng chii yeu 6 Trung Ki . Dang Tan Vi?t ra doi va hoat dpng trong dieu kif n Hp i Vi?t Na m Cach j mang Thanh nien phat trien manh nen tu tuong each m^ng ciia Nguyen A i 3 ^ Quoc va duong 161 cua Hpi c6 anh huang cuon hiit nhieu dang vien tre, tien tien aia Dang Tan Vi§t. Mpt so' dang vien tien tien da chuyen sang Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien. So dang vien tien tien con lai thi tich cue chuan bi de tien tai thanh lap mpt chinh dang theo tu tuong each m^ng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc, cua hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin. c) Vift Nam Quoc dan dang i Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang duQ^c thanh lap ngay 25 -12 -1927. Hat nhan dau tien ciia Dang la Nam dong thu xa, mpt nha xuat ban tien bp do Ph^m Tuah Tai lap ra dau nam 1927. Vi^t Nam Quoc dan dang do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pho Due Chinh... sang lap la mpt chinh dang theo khuynh hudng each m^ing dan chii tu san, dai bleu cho tu san dan tpc Vi^t Nam. Liic moi thanh lap. Dang chua c6 myc dich ton chi ro r|t ma chi neu chung chung la: "Truoc lam dan tpc each mang, sau lam the gioi each mang". Ve sau, myc dich ciia Dang la doan ket lye lupng de: - Day manh each mang dan tpc - Xay dyng nen dan chu true tiep - Giiip do cac dan tpc bj ap buc Ban chuong trinh hanh dpng ctia Dang cong bo nam 1929 da neu nguyen tac ciia Dang la: "Tu do - Binh dang - Bdc ai". Chuong trinh boat dpng cua Dang chia thanh 4 thoi ki euol cung la bat hpp tac v6i Chinh phii Phap va trieu dinh nha Nguyen, c6 dpng bai cong, danh duoi gi$c Phap, danh do ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen. Vift Nam Quoc dan dang chu truong tien hanh "each mang bang sat va mau", chu trpng lay lye lupng chii luc. To chuc CO so cua Dang trong quan chiing rat it. Dja ban hoat dpng cua Dang chi bo h§p trong mpt so'dja phuong 6 Bac Ki con 6 Trung Ki khong dang ke. * So sanh ba to chuc yeu nuoc each mang: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach m^ng Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien Dang Tan Vi?t Vift Nam quoc dan dang Thoi gian hoat dpng Tu thang 6 - 1925 denthang7-1929 Tu thang 7 - 1927 den cuoi nam 1929 Tir thang 12 - 1927 den dau 1930 Lanh d^o Nguyen Ai Quo'c Tang lop tri thue tu san: Dgng Thai Nguyin Thai hpc, Pham Tuan Tai, Lyc lupng Cong nhan, tri thiic, thanh nien yeu nuoc. Nhiem vu Truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin, dao tao can bp lam each mang. Xu huong Lam each mang dan chii, lam each mang v6 san. Mai, Ton Quang Phi?t Nhieu tang lop gom tieu tu san, hoc sinh, sinh vien. Danh duoi thye dan Phap nhung chua CO duong loi ro ret. Phan hoa theo hai huang. Nguyen Khac Nhu, Pho Due Chinh Tu san, tieu tu san, dja ehu, cong chuc, binh linh nguai Vi?t... Danh duoi de quoc, xoa bo ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen. Di theo con duong tu an nhung bj be tac, tan ra. * Cac dieu ki#n dan toi vi?c thanh l?p Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang va nhung non yeu aia to chuc do ve chinh trj, tu tirong, to chuc va phuong thuc ho^t dpng. - Dim kien thanh lap: Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nha't, tu tuong each mang tu san tiep tyc dpi vao Vi^t Nam, tieu bieu la anh huong chii nghia Tam dan eiia Ton Trung Son. Anh huong cua chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai, giai cap tu san ra doi va ngay cang phat trien. Phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong dan ehii tu san nhung nam 1919 - 1925 phat trien manh me. - Nhieng non yeu: ' Ve chinh tri, tu tuong quoc: Lay chii nghia Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son, mpt trao luu dan chii tu san thjnh hanh 6 Trung Quoc lam nen tang chinh trj, tu tuong; nhung nhiing nguyen tac, chinh sach eo tinh each mang da bj Ipai bo (Khau hi^u Binh quan dja quyen, chinh sach Lien Nga, lien Cpng phu trp cong nong). Ton chi, myc dich: Con chung chung, khong ro rang (nhSm danh duoi giSc Phap, danh do ngoi vua, sau cung thie't lap dan quyen). Ve to chuc: Day la dang each mang theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san, tieu bieu cho bp phan tu san dan tpc do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pham Tuan Tai, Nguyen Kh^c Nhu va Pho Due Chinh sang l^p, chii truong xay dyng thanh 4 cap tir trung uong: Tong bp, Ki bp, Tinh bp den Chi bp eo so nhung chua bao gi6 tr6 thanh h? tho'ng trong ca nuoc. 35 Thanh phan dang vien trong Vi f t Na m quo'c dan dang phuc tap, ke't nap hoc sinh, sinh vien, cong chuc, t u san dan tpc, phti nong, than hao dia chu va ca mot so binh h'nh nguoi Viet trong quan dpi Phap. La mpt dang hoat dpng bi mat nhung to chuc long leo, k i luat thieu nghiem minh, ke't nap dang vien bua bai, thyc dan Phap Ipi dun g so ho nay dua tay chan vao dang, theo doi nam bat mpi hoat dong cua dang va cha djp ra tay dan ap. Phuong thiic hoat dong: Chu truong bao dong v u trang, it chii y den tuyen truyen van dpng quan chiing. Khong c6 co quan ngon luan hoac tai li^u van kien chinh thuc de giai thich ton chi, muc dich. Khong c6 l i luan lam co so cho duon g loi va phuong phap da'u tranh nen hoat dgng thien ve quan sy, nang ve am sat ca nhan. * Nguyen nhan chung dan den qua trin h chuyen hoa ciia Hp i Vi^ t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien, su phan hoa cua Tan Vi#t, sy that bai cua Vi^ t Nam Quoc dan dang. T u nua sau nhiing nam 20 cua the ki XX 6 Vi^t Nam dien ra mot thuc te'ljch su: Qua trinh truyen ba chu nghla Mac - Lenin va nhiin g quan diem cua Nguyen A i Quoc ve duan g 161 each mang tren lap truong v6 san a Vi^t Na m do Ho i Vi^t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien tie'n hanh. Nhun g chinh su phat trien do lai vug-t qua tam lanh dao cua Hgi . De dap ung yeu cau thuc tien each mang Vi^t Na m liic nay, Hp i Vi?t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien da chuyen hoa thanh hai to chuc Cong san: Dong Duon g Cong san dang (6 -1929) va A n Na m Cpng san dang (8 -1929). Cung chju anh huong ngay cang sau sac ciia con duon g each mang v6 san, nen Tan Viet each mang dang ciing co su phan hoa: Mo t bp phan tien tie'n ciia Tan Viet da gia nhap vao Hp i Vi^t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien; mo t bp phan con lai sau nay tie'n den thanh lap Dong Duon g cpng san lien doan. To chuc Viet Na m Quoc dan dang theo xu huong each mang dan chii t u san. Duon g loi each mang khong dap ung yeu cau cua dan tpc, do vay Vi^t N a m quo'c dan dang khong xay dyn g dupe co so cua min h trong cae giai cap CO ban, khong dupe quan chung ling hp. Do la nguyen nhan dan den su that bai cua khoi nghTa Yen Bai do Viet Nam quo'c dan dang khoi xuong va lanh dao. Khoi nghia Yen Bai that bai keo theo su tan ra cua Viet Nam quoc dan dang. T u thuc tedo , ta co the ni t ra nguyen nhan chung dan den su chuyen hoa ciia Hp i Vi?t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien, su phan hoa ciia Tan Vi$t va su that bai roi tan ra ciia Vi^t Na m quo'c dan dang la: qua trinh truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao Vi?t Nam, cung la qua trinh tuyen truyen nhiing quan diem 1A Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vift Ciia Nguyen A i Quo'c ve con duon g giai phong dan tpc tren lap truong v6 san o Vi?t Nam . Con duon g each mang tren lap truong v6 san dap ung dupe yeu cau co ban cua dan tpc va ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam. V i vay, con duon g each mang v6 san, cac to chuc each mang tren lap truong v6 san dupe quan chiing nhan dan hau thuan ngay cang chiem uu the'va da gi u vai tro chii dao trong phong trao each mang Vi?t Nam. 2. Phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan trong nhiin g nam 1925 - 1929. E)|c diem va y nghia ciia no do i vo i vi^c thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi^ t Na m *Dien bien: ^ Trong hai nam 1926 -1927, da no ra 27 eupe da'u tranh eiia cong nhan. Cuoi nam 1928, sau khi co chii truong "v6 san hod", nhieu can bp Hp i Vi^t N am Cach mang Thanh nien di vao cae nha may, ham mo, don dien, ciing sinh hoat va lao dong voi cong nhan de tuyen truyen van dpng each mang, nang cao y thuc chinh trj eho giai cap cong nhan. Phong trao cong nhan phat trien mgnh, tro thanh nong cot ciia phong trao dan tpc trong ca nuoc. Trong hai nam 1928 - 1929 da eo toi 40 eupc da'u tranh ciia cong nhan no ra t ^i cae trung tam kinh te - chinh trj . Do la bai cong ciia cong nhan mo than Mao Khe, nha may nuoc La-ruy Sai Gon, don dien Lpe Ninh , nha may cua Ben Thiiy, nha may xi mang Hai Phong, nha may in Pooc-tay Sai Gon, don dien cao su Cam Tiem, hang dau Nha Be, nha may to Na m Djnh v.v. Cae eupe bai cong do khong chi giai han trong mot pham v i mot xuong, mot dia phuong, mpt nganh ma da bat dau co su lien ke't thanh phong trao chung. Cung vo i cac eupc bai cong ciia cong nhan, cac eupe da'u tranh ciia nong dan, tieu thuong, tieu chii, hoc sinh ciing da dien ra a mpt so noi. * Dac diem: Phong trao no ra lien tue, rpng khap. ' ^ Nhieu nha may, xi nghi^p thanh lap dupe Cong hpi do. Cae eupc da'u tranh da co su phoi hop kha chat ehe va eo su lanh dao ciia H p i Vi^t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien. Khau hieu da'u tranh t u doi quyen Ipi kinh te chuyen sang doi ca quyen Ipi chinh trj . *Y nghia: Phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me co anh huong rpng Ion trong toan quoc va thuc su tro thanh mpt luc lupng chinh trj dpc lap, co sue thu hut cae lue lupng xa hpi khae. Su phat trien ciia phong trao cong nhan da thiic day nhanh chong viee hinh hnh hii n n Dn Dn n n n A n N m n n dang va Dong Duon g Cong san lien doan de den dau nam 1930 thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam. 3. Qua trin h phan hoa t u Hp i Vi^ t Na m Cach m?ng Thanh nien den sy thanh lap Dang Cpng skn Vi? t Na m H p i Vi^t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien dupe thanh lap t u thang 6 - 1925, t^i Quang Chau - Trung Quoc, do Nguyen A i Quoc sang lap. N am 1928, Hp i thyc hien chii truong "v6 san hoa", dua can bp ve nuoc hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan nham truyen ba chu nghla Mac - Lenin cho hp. K hi phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap v6 san lanh dao. Vai tro ciia Hpi Vi^t Na m khong con phia hpp nCra. T u do, Hp i Viet Na m Cach mang Thanh nien phan hoa nh u sau: + Mp t so thanh vien ciia Hp i 6 B3c K i tien toi thanh l$p Dong Duon g Cpng san dang (6-1929). + Mp t so thanh vien ciia Hp i 6 Na m K i va Quang Chau - Trung Quoc tieh t oi thanh lap A n Na m Cpng san dang (8 - 1929). Den nam 1930, ca hai to chuc Dong Duong Cpng san dang. A n Na m Cpng san cung vo i Dong Duon g Cpng san lien doan hpp nha't lai thanh Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam . 4. Hoan canh lich su, qua trin h thanh l^p va y nghia l}ch su ciia sv xuat hi^n cac to chuc cpng san nam 1929 a. Hoan canh lich sik Cuoi nam 1928 dau nam 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Vif t Nam, tao dieu ki^n cho phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me. Vai tro lanh dao ciia Hp i Vipt Na m Cach mang Thanh nien khong con phu h pp nua, can c6 chinh dang v6 san lanh dao de dua phong trao phat trien. h. Qua trinh thanh lap Cuoi thang 3 - 1929, vo i su nhay cam ve chinh trj, mpt so'hpi vien tien tieh ciia Hp i Vi^t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien 6 Bac K i hpp tai so nha 5D pho Ha m Long (Ha Npi) lap ra Chi bp cpng san dau tien 6 Vi^t Na m gom c6 7 dang vien. C hi bp m o rpng cupc van dpng de thanh lap mpt dang cpng san nham thay the cho Hp i Vipt Na m Cach mang Thanh nien. Tir ngay 1 den ngay 9 - 5 - 1929, Dai hpi Ian thi i nha't ciia Hp i Vipt Na m Cach mang Thanh nien hpp tai Huon g Cang. Tai Dai hpi, doan dai bieu Bac K i d|t van de thanh lap ngay Dang Cpng san de thay the Hp i Vipt Na m Cach mang Thanh nien, song khong dupe dai hpi chap nhan nen da bo dai hpi ve nuoc. Ngay 17 - 6 - 1929 dai bieu cac to chiic co so cpng san 6 mien BSc hpp dai h pi tai nha so 312 pho Kham Thien, Ha Npi , quye't djnh thanh lap Dong Duong Cong san dang, thong qua Tuyen ngon, Dieu 1$ ciia Dang, ra bao Bua Hem lam co quan ngon luan va cu ra Ban Chap hanh Trung uong ciia Dang. Khoang thang 8 -1929, cac can bp lanh dao tien tieh trong Tong bp va K i bp H p i Vipt Na m Cach mang Thanh nien 6 Na m K i cung da quye't djnh l^p An t^am Cong san dang. M p t so dang vien tien tieh ciia Dang Tan Vipt cung tieh cvre van dpng lap cac chi bp cpng san va xiic tien vipe ehuan bi lap Dang Cpng san. Thang 9 - 1929, nhirng nguo i cpng san trong Tan Vipt tuyen bo thanh lap Dong Ducmg Cong san lien doan. c. Y nghia Dap ung yeu cau khach quan ciia each mang giai phong dan tpc 6 Vipt Nam. Chung to sy Ion manh va kha nang each mang ciia phong trao cong nhan. La su ehuan bi true tie'p cho sy thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam . 5, Dang Cpng san Vipt Na m thanh l?p a. Nguyen nhan dan tai Hoi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam N a m 1929, do tac dpng ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin, phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh, y thue giai cap, y thue chinh trj ngay cang ro rpt. Ciing vo i cac phong trao dau tranh yeu nuoc khae, ke't thanh mpt Ian song each mang dan tpc, dan chii manh me, trong do giai cap cong nhan da thyc sy tro thanh lye lupng tien phong. Thyc tien do doi hoi cap thie't sy lanh dao thong nha't, chat che ciia mpt chinh dang ciia giai cap v6 san. Trong khi do, d Vipt Na m da xuat hipn ba to chuc cpng san, ba to chuc nay lai nay sinh mau thuan, nh u tranh gianh dang vien, tranh gianh quan chiing, tranh gianh anh. huong, tham chi con bai xich Ian nhau lam cho quan chiing khong bie't theo sy lanh dao ciia to chuc nao. Tinh hinh ngay cang keo dai, cang bat Ipi cho each mang. Truoc tinh hinh ay, dupe sy uy nhipm ciia Quoc te cpng san, Nguyen A i Quoc da trieu tap Hp i nghj gom cac dai bieu ciia cac to chuc cpng san de ban vipe hpp nha't thanh mpt Dang, tai Cuu Long, canh Huon g Cang (Trung Quoc) t u ngay 6 - 1 den ngay 7 - 2 -1930. Sang lap ra Dang Cpng san Vipt Na m la cong lao to Ion ciia Nguyen A i Quo'e dol voi dan tpc va giai cap. b. Ngi dung Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Nguyen A i Quoc da phe phan nhCrng quan diem sai lam ciia moi to chuc cpng san rieng re va neu ro ehuong trinh ciia Hp i nghi. i Hp i nghj da thao luan va nha't tri thong nha't cac to chuc cpng san thanh mpt Dang duy nha't la'y ten la Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam, thong qua chinh cuong 39 v3n tat, sach luge vSn tat ciia Dang... do Nguyen Ai Quo'c soan thao. Do la cuong ITnh each mang dau tien eua Dang. Nhan djp Dang ra doi, Nguyen Ai Quoe ra loi keu gpi eong nhan, nong dan, binh linh, thanh nien, hgc sinh, anh chj em bj ap biic boc Ipt. Hpi nghj hp-p nhat cac to chue epng san Vi^t Nam mang tarn voc Ijch sir ciia mpt dai hoi thanh lap Dang. c. Ynghia thanh lap Dang Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai la ke't qua tat yeu eua cupc dau tranh dan tpe va giai cap ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam. Dang la san pham ciia sy ke't hop chu nghla Mac - Lenin voi phong trao eong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc Viet Nam trong thoi dai moi. Vi^c thanh lap Dang la mpt bude ngoat vT dai trong Ijch su Vi^t Nam. Tu day, each mang giai phong dan tpe eua nhan dan Vi?t Nam da dat duoi sy lanh dao duy nhat eua Dang Cong san Vi^t Nam, mpt Dang theo hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin va tu tuong Ho Chi Minh, c6 duang 161 each mang khoa hpc sang tao CO to chuc chat che, c6 dpi ngij can bp dang vien kien trung nguy^n suot doi hi sinh cho li tuong eua Dang, la mpt nhan to' thang Ipi eiia each mang. Dang ra dai la su chuan bj tat yeu dau tien c6 tfnh quye't dmh cho nhiing buae phat trien nhay vpt moi trong Ijch su dan tpe Vi^t Nam. 6. Npi dung Chinh cuong vin tit, Sach lug^c vSn tat ciia Dang Cpng san Vif t Nam. Tinh dung dan va sang t^o cua Cuong linh chinh tr\ a. Npi dung: Tai Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vift Nam (6 - 1 - 1930), cac dai bieu da thao luan va th6ng qua Chinh cuong van tat, Sach lupc van tat ciia Dang do Nguyen Ai Quo'c soan thao. Do la cuong ITnh each mang dau tien ciia Dang. Cuong ITnh xac djnh duang 161 chie'n lupc each mang Dang la tien hanh cupc "tu san dan quyen each mang va tho dja each mang de di toi xa hpi epng san". Nhifm vu ciia each mang la danh do de'quoe Phap, bpn phong kien va tu san phan each mang lam cho nuoc Vi^t Nam dupe doc lap tu do; lap chinh phu eong nong binh; to chue quan dpi c6ng n6ng, tjch thu he't san nghifp Idn cua de'quoe, tjch thu rupng dat cua de quo'c va bpn phan each mang chia cho dan cay ngheo, tien hanh each mang rupng dat v.v. HI! Lye lupng each mang la eong nong, tieu tu san, tri thuc. Con phii nong, trung tieu dja ehii va tu ban thl Ipi dung hoae trung lap, dong thoi phai lien lac voi cac dan tpe bj ap bue va v6 san the'gioi. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, dpi tien phong ciia giai cap v6 san se giu vai tro lanh d?o each m^ng. , , i l Cuang link chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam do Ngui/en Ai Quoc soan thao tuy con vdn tSt song day la mpt citcmg linh giai phong dan toe sang tao, sam kei hap dung dan vevah dedan toe va giai cap. Doc lap va tu do la tu tuong chit yeu cua cuang ITnh nay. b. Tinh dung dan, sang tao: Tinh dung din the hi?n: nhirng npi dung eua Cuong ITnh rat diing vai cac quan diem ciia chu nghTa Mae - Lenin va thyc tien Viet Nam. Ngay tu dau. Dang ta da tha'u su6't con dudng phat trien tat yeu ciia each mang Vif t Nam, do la eon duang ke't hop va giuong cao ngpn eo doc lap dan tpe va chii nghTa xa hpi. Chinh vi vay, duong loi nay da dua each mang Viet Nam di tu th3ng ipi nay den thang Ipi khac va thang Ipi hoan toan. Tinh sang tao the hi^n: nhirng quan diem ciia ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin dupe Nguyen Ai Quo'c van dung sang tao vao hoan canh Vi^t Nam, vi nhu Cuong ITnh ke't hop diing di n van de dan tpe va giai cap, trong do doe lap dan tpe la tu tuong ehii yeu. Ve lye lupng each mang, Cuong ITnh da the hi^n dupe van de doan ke't dan tpe rpng rai de danh duoi ke thu. Dieu nay rat diing vai hoan canh mpt nuoc thupe dja nhu Viet Nam. Chinh cuong vin tit, sach lupc vin tat la cuong ITnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang. Tuy con vin tat nhung no la Cuong ITnh each mang giai phong dan tpe diing dan va sang tao, nhuan nhuyen ve quan diem giai cap, tha'm dupm tinh dan tpe va nhan van. Doe lap ty do la tu tuong cot loi ciia cuong ITnh nay. * 7. Dang Cpng san Vif t Nam ra doi la san pham lich su cupc dau tranh yeu nuoc ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam trong ba thap nien dau the ki XX Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam ra doi la ke't qua tat yeu ciia cupc dau tranh dan tpe va giai ca'p ciia nhan dan Viet Nam trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX. Trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX, thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai 6 Viet Nam, ciing voi qua trlnh khai thac ciia thyc dan Phap lam xua't hien nhOng mau thuan trong xa hpi Viet Nam, mau than eo ban nhat do la, mau thuan giOa toan the dan tpe Viet Nam voi thyc dan Phap va mau thuan giOa giai cap n6ng dan Vi^t Nam vai bpn dja ehii phong kien tay sai. De giai quye't cac mau thuan do, nhan dan ta da dung len chong thyc dan Phap va phong kien tay sai. Cupc dau tranh dien ra manh me, quye't li^t trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX do la: Thu nhat, phong trao dau tranh dan tpe theo khuynh hudng dan ehii tu san, do giai cap tu san dan tpe va tang lop tieu tu san khoi xuong va lanh dao. Phong trao nay the hi^n tinh than yeu nuae, y thiic dan tpe eiia giai cap tu san va tang lop tieu tu san. Dae bi^t la cac phong trao dau tranh do tang lop tieu tu san khai xuong va lanh dao da loi keo dugc dong dao cac tang lop nhan dan tham gia. Nhung cuoi cung cac phong trao da'u tranh theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san trong nhung nam 1919 - 1925 deu bi that bai do bi khiing hoang ve duong 161 each mang. Chinh tu trong phong trao nay dat ra yeu cau cap thiet cho each mang Viet Nam muon da'u tranh gianh thang loi phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap v6 san voi duong 16'i each mang dung dan sang tao. Thii hai, phong trao da'u tranh giai cap, do chinh la cac cupc da'u tranh cua giai cap cong nhan Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam 1919 - 1929. Trong nhung nam 1919 - 1925, phong trao da'u tranh cua cong nhan Vi^t Nam chu yeu doi cac quyen Ipi ve kinh te'nen con mang tinh tu phat. Sang nhCrng nam 1926 - 1929, do chu nghla Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Vipt Nam nen phong trao da chuyen sang da'u tranh tu giac. Khi phong trao da'u tranh ciia cong nhan ngay cang phat trien, no dat ra yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap v6 san lanh dao de tie'p tuc dua phong trao tie'n len. Vi vay, phong trao cong nhan chinh la co so xa hpi va dieu kipn co ban de dan den sy thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. .jt, N hu vay, phong trao da'u tranh yeu nuoc cua nhan dan ta trong ba thap nien dau the ki XX, do la phong trao dan tpc theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san va phong trao cong nhan. Hai phong trao nay la co so xa hpi va dieu kipn quyet dinh de dan den su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. 8. Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam ra doi mo ra mpt buoc ngoat v6 cung quan trpng trong Ijch su dan tpc Vipt Nam. Vai tro cua Nguyen A i Quoc trong Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Dang ra doi da vach ra duong 161 chien lupc cho each mgng. Duong 161 do la: Truoc lam each mang dan tpc dan chu roi sau tie'n thang len chii nghla xa hpi bo qua giai doan phat trien che dp tu ban chii nghla. Tu nay each mang Vipt Nam eha'm dut su khiing hoang ve duong 161 va co sy lanh dao dung dan de di den thang Ipi. Dang ra doi, xay dung dupe mpt lue lupng moi cho each mang ma chii yeu la lien minh e6ng nong. Dang ra doi de ra hai khau hipu chien lupc la: "Dpc lap dan tpc" va "Rupng dat dan cay". Hai khau hipu nay dap ung dupe nguypn vpng cua da so'nhan dan, nha't la n6ng dan. Do do, 16i eu6'n dupe d6ng dao n6ng dan di theo each mang, xay dung dupe khol lien minh e6ng n6ng, t^o ra dupe mpt nhan toco ban nua, dam bao thSng Ipi cho each mang Vipt Nam. Dang ra doi vach ra dupe phuong phap each mang dung dan. Do la dung phuong phap da'u tranh each mang bang bao lue ciia quan chiing theo quan diem chu nghla Mac - Lenin. Nho do ta bie't xay dyng va sir dyng hai lye lupng chinh trj, vu trang de tie'n hanh khoi nghla. Dang ra doi xay dyng dupe ban dong minh moi. Dang ra doi lam cho each mang Vipt Nam tro thanh mpt bp phan khang kbit ciia thegioi. Nho vay, tir do (Jen nay, ta da tranh thu dupe sy dong tinh va iing hp to Ion ciia cac lye lupng caeh mang the giai, tao nen sire manh tong hpp de chien thang mpi ke thu. Vi nhirng le do. Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam ra doi da mo ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijeh sir vT dai cho each mang Viet Nam. * Vai tro eiia Nguyen A i Quoc: Trye tie'p to chire va chu tri Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam t^i Huong Cang - Trung Qu6'e vao ngay 3 - 2 -1930. Phe phan nhirng hanh dpng thie'u thong nha't ciia cac to chiirc cpng san trong nuoc trong vipe tranh gianh quyen lanh dao, tranh gianh quan ehiing, tranh gianh dang vien. D|t ra yeu cau cap thiet phai hpp nha't cac to ehue cpng san de di den thanh l^p Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Viet va th6ng qua Chinh cuong van tat, Saeh lupc v3n tat, Dieu Ip vMn tat. Do chinh la Cuong ITnh chinh trj dau tien cua Dang da vach ra nhiing net co ban ve duong 161 chien lupc va saeh lupc cho each mang Vipt Nam. De ra ke'hoaeh de cac to chiic cpng san ve nuoc xiic tie'n vipe hpp nha't, roi di den thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. cAu H6I ON TAP Cau 1. Trinh bay npi dung cupc khai thae thupc dia Ian thu hai ciia thye dan Phap 6 D6ng Duong va phan tich anh huong ciia no d61 voi sy phan hoa giai cap trong xa hpi Vipt Nam tir nam 1919 den nam 1929. Cau 2. Phan tieh thai dp chinh trj va kha nang each mang cua cac giai cap va tang lop o Vipt Nam sau Chien tranh thegioi thir nha't. Van de nay da dupe de ra trong Cuong llnh ehinh tri dau tien eiia Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam (3 - 2 - 1930) nhu thenao? Cau 3. Lap bang so sanh cupc khai thae thupc dia Ian nha't (1897 - 1914) voi cupc khai thae Ian thu hai 1919 - 1929) eiia thye dan Phap 6 Vipt Nam ve hoan canh Ijeh sir, mye dieh, npi dung, hp qua va tac dpng den kinh te^ xa hpi Vipt Nam. Cau 4. Trinh bay nhirng tien de dan den phong trao each mang giai phong dan tpc Vipt Nam sau Chien tranh thegioi thir nha't. Sy vuon len va trien vpng cua cac khuynh huong each mang lue do ? 43 Cdu 5. Tit cupc khai thac thuoc dja Ian thi i nha't va Ian th u hai cua thuc dan Phap 6 Dong Duong . Hay neu nhan xet ciia anh (chi) ve sy tac dpng cua no do! v di kinh te'va doi song xa hoi 6 Vi|t Nam. Cau 6. Neu mpt bien chuyen Ion nha't trong cuoc khai thac thupc dja cua thuc dan Phap 6 Dong Duong . Tac dung cua bien chuyen do do vo i su nghi^p giai phong dan tpc a nuoc ta. Cau 7. An h (chj) hay giai thich vi sao ngoai hai giai cap cong nhan va nong dan, cac giai cap, tang lop khac o Viet Nam cCing c6 the van dong, loi cuon ho tham gia each mang. Cau 8. NhOng cuoc van dong cuu nuoc cua cac bac tien boi da de lai nhung bai hpc kinh nghiem gi? Nguyen A i Quoc tiep thu nhirng bai hpc do nh u the nao trong qua trinh ti m duong cuu nuoc ciia minh. Cdu 9. Chu truong cuu nuoc ciia Nguyen A i Quoc c6 nhirng diem gi go'ng va khac voi cac bac tien boi. Cdu 10. Hay chon loc va trinh bay 3 dong gop to Ion nha't ciia lanh tu Nguyen A i Quoc trong 20 nam dau cua the'ki XX. L i giai su lua chpn do? Cdu 11. Hoan canh ra doi, t u tuong chieh luge, sach luge each mang giai phong dan tgc va y nghla eiia tac pham Dumg kach menh cua Nguyen A i Quoc. Cdu 12. Chu nghla Mac - Lenin dugc truyen ba vao Viet Na m bang eon duong boat dong ciia to chiic each mang nao? Hoat dong ciia to chue each mang do dien ra nh u thenao? Cdu 13. Su chuyen hoa eiia to ehiic Hg i Viet Na m Cach mang thanh nien. Tan Vi^t Cach mang dang va Viet Nam Quoc dan dang dien ra nh u the nao? Cdu 14. Qua trinh chuyen t u t u phat sang t u giac eiia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Na m trong nhirng nam 1919 - 1929 dien ra nh u the nao? Yeu to nao giir vai tro eo ban nha't cho su chuyen hoa do. Cdu 15. V i sao hoat dong cua Hgi Vif t Na m Cach mang thanh nien va Tan Vi^t Cach mang dang da eo tac dung thiic day phong trao cong nhan phat trien tir t y phat sang t u giac. Cdu 16. Lap bang so sanh ve cac to ehirc chinh tr| ciia giai cap v6 san, tieu t u T en to chiic Tha i gian thanh lap Qua trinh hoat dpng Xu huong Ket qua Cdu 17. Trinh bay nhiing co'ng hie'n ciia Nguyen A i Quoc doi vo i ijch sir dan tpc ta tir nam 1911 den nam 1945. Phan tich mpt cong hien ma anh (chi) cho rang noi bat nha't. Cdu 18. Trinh bay nhirng mat tich cue va han che ciia cac phong trao dau tranh yeu nuoc va dan chu cong khai nhirng nam 1919 -1925. Cdu 19- Lap bang so sanh ba to chuc yeu nude each mang (Hgi Vi?t Na m Cach mang Thanh nien. Dang Tan Vi?t va Vi f t Na m Quo'c dan dang) theo yeu cau sau day: H p i VNCMT N Tan Vi^t C M dang VNQ D dang Thai gian Thai gian hoat dong hoat dong Lanh dao Lye lugng Nhif m v u Xu huong Cdu 20. Qua Hch sir Viet Na m tir 1858 den truac 1930, hay ehung minh : - Sy khung hoang ve duong loi cuu nuoc ciia cac bac tien boi. - Cong lao ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong vi^e tim ra con duong cuu nuoc diing dan. Cdu 21. Phan tich nhirng cong lao to Ion cua Nguyen Ai Quoc doi vo i sy chuan bj tien toi thanh lap Dang Cong san Vi^t Na m nam 1930. Cdu 22. Trinh bay va phan tich ba yeu to dan den sy thanh l?p Dang Cgng san Vi?t Nam . Cdu 23. Qua trinh dau tranh giai cap va dau tranh dan tgc dan den su thanh lap Dang Cong san Vi^t Na m dien ra nh u the nao? Cdu 24. Phan tich nhirng uu diem noi bat ciia Cyong ITnh chinh t n dau tien "luge dong chi Nguyen Ai Quoc trinh bay tai Hg i nghj thanh lap Dang. Cdu 25. Trinh bay va phan tich ngi dung eo ban eiia Cyon g llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang do dong chi Nguyen Ai Quoc khoi thao. Nhi? m v u cua each "lang Vi^t Na m neu trong Cuong llnh da dugc ap dyn g nh u the nao trong thai kicach mang 1930-1945? Cdu 26. Yi sao noi rang. Dang Cong san Vi f t Na m ra doi m o ra mot budc •^goat v6 ciing quan trgng trong Hch sir dan tpc Vi^t Nam? Vai tro ciia Nguyen Quoc doi vo i Hp i nghj thanh lap Dang. Chuy§n de 2: VIE T NA M TI T NA M 193 0 D^ N NA M 194 5 I. PHONG TRAO CACH MANG 1930 - 1931 1. Tac dpng cua tinh hinh the gjoi den Vif t Nam sau Chien tranh the gjoi thu nhat Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nhat, cac nuoc de quo'c thang tran da ciing nhau phan chia lai the gioi, thiet lap mpt trat tv hoa binh, an ninh men. Hau qua cua chien tranh, khiing hoang kinh te 6 cac nuoc tu ban chu nghia va anh huong cua cupc each mang thang Muoi Nga (thang 11 -1917). Giai cap cong nhan cac nuoc da thanh lap nhimg to chuc rieng cua minh. Cac dang cpng san 6 cac nuoc tu ban chii nghia, cac nuoc thupc dja va nira thupc dja Ian lupt ra doi. Quoc teCpng san (Quoc te thu ba) dupe thanh lap 6 Mat-xco-va (thang 3 - 1919) dam nhan su menh tap hpp va lanh dao phong trao each mang v6 san va phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 cac nuoc tren the gioi. Cac dieu ki^n khach quan do cua the gioi da tac dpng Ion den su phat trien cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc Vi^t Nam. 2. Thyc trang kinh te - xa hpi Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam khung hoang kinh te the giai 1929-1933 - Thuc trang kinh. te: Tu nam 1930, kinh te Viet Nam buoc vao thoi ki suy thoai. La mpt nuoc nong nghiep. Liia gao bj syt gia. Rupng dat bo hoang nam 1930 la 200.000ha, nam 1933 la SOO.OOOha. San xuat cong nghiep bi suy giam. Nam 1929 tong gia trj san lupng khai khoang cua Dong Duong la 18 tri^u dong, nam 1933 chi con 10 tri^u dong. Trong thuong nghiep, xuat nhap khau dinh don. Hang hoa khan hiem, gia ca dat do. H^u qua cua cupc khiing hoang kinh te o Vi^t Nam rat nang ne so vai cac thupc dja khac ciia Phap ciing nhu so vdi cac nuoc trong khu vyc. - Thuc trang xa hoi: Nhieu cong nhan bj sa thai. Cupc song ciia thp thuyen ngay cang kho khan. Nong dan phai chiu canh thue'cao, vay np nang lai, nong pham lam ra phai ban ha gia. Rupng dat bj dia chii nguoi Phap va nguoi Vi^t chiem doat. Hp bj ban cung hoa. Cac tang lop nhan dan lao dpng khac nhu tieu thuong, tieu chii, vien chuc, tri thuc nho va mpt so tu san dan tpc... cung khong tranh khoi tac dpng xau ciia khiing hoang kinh te. Cac nghe thii cong bj pha san, nha buon nho phai dong cira, vien chuc bj sa thai, hpc sinh ra truong khong c6 vi?c. Mpt so dong tu san dan tpc cung gap nhieu kho khan trong kinh doanh. Mau thuan xa hpi ngay cang sau s3c, trong do c6 hai mau thuan ca ban la mau thuan giira dan tpc Vi^t Nam voi thuc dan Phap va mau thuan giiia nong dan voi dia chii phong kien, trong do chii yeu la mau thuan giCra dan tpc Vi$t Nam voi thuc dan Phap va tay sai phan dpng. 3. Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 a. Nguyen nhan bung no: * Vekinh te: Do bj dequoc va phong kien ap biic boc lot nang ne, them vao do tu 1929 -1933, the gioi lai dien ra cupc khiing hoang kinh te ciia chii nghia tu ban, lam cho dai song ciia nhan dan ta von da khon kho cang them khon kho. Mau thuan xa hpi cang gay gat, khien cho nhan dan ta nhan thay chi con mpt con duong viing len dau tranh chong ach ap biie boc Ipt ciia thye dan, phong kien, thoat khoi cupc dai trau ngua. * Ve chink tri: Dau nam 1930, cupc khoi nghia Yen Bai oia Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang biing no va that bai. Loi dung co hpi nay bpn de quoc tien hanh khiing bo trang doi voi each mang. Hang nghin nguoi bj bat, tra tan, tu day. Tmh hinh do lam cho khong khi chinh trj d Dong Duong von da cang thang lai cang them cang thing. * Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai: Cung vao dau nam 1930, Dang Cpng san Vi#t Nam ra dai, de ta hai khau hi?u chien lupc: "Dpc lap dan tpc"va "Rupng dat dan cay". Hai khau hi§u nay da dap ling nguy^n vpng dai da so nhan dan, nhat la nong dan. Dang da kjp thai lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh chong dequoc Phap va phong kien tay sai gianh dpc lap, tu do. Tu ba nguyen nhan ay dan toi su biing no phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 6 nuoc ta. Trong ba nguyen nhan tren, Dang ra doi va lanh dao la nguyen nhan ca ban nhat, quye't dinh sy bung no phong trao. b. Dien bien cua phong trao: IV- Trong bol eanh ciia eupe khiing hoang kinh te va phong trao each mang dang cao, ngay sau khi ra doi. Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam ra dai kjp thai lanh dgo phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing cong - nong khSp ea nuoc. Trong thang 2 - 1930, no ra cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan, nong dan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac. Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan don dien cao su Phii Rieng, Dau Tieng. • Thang 3 va 4 - 1930, dien ra cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan nha may spi Nam Djnh, nha may diem Ben Thuy. M y c tieu dau tranh la doi cai thif n doi song. Cong nhan doi tang luong, giam gio lam. Non g dan doi giam suu, giam thue. Ben canh do, cung xuat hi^n nhCrng khau hieu chinh tri. Thang 5, tren pham v i ca nuoc bung no nhieu cupc dau tranh nhan ngay Quo'c te'lao dong 1-5. Tir thang 6 den thang 8 nam 1930, ca nuoc c6 121 cupc dau tranh, trong do cong nhan c6 22 cupc, nong dan c6 95 cupc, cac tang lop khac c6 4 cupc. Cac cupc dau tranh nay danh dau buoc ngoat ciia phong trao each mang. Lan dau tien, cong nhan Viet Na m bleu tinh ki ni?m ngay Quo'c te lao dpng, dau tranh doi quyen Ipi cho nhan dan lao dpng trong nuoc va the hi^n tinh doan ket each mang vo i nhan dan lao dpng the gioi. Sang thang 9, phong trao dau tranh dang cao, nha't la 6 hai tinh Ngh$ A n va Ha Tinh. Nhiin g cupc bieu tinh ciia nong dan (c6 vu trang t u ve) vo i hang nghin nguoi tham gia keo den huy^n Ij, tinh Ij doi giam suu, giam thue a cac huyen Na m Dan, Thanh Chuong, Dien Chau, An h Son, Ngh i Lpc, Hun g Nguyen, Do Luon g (Nghe An), Can Lpc, Thach Ha, Cam Xuyen, K i An h (Ha Tinh). Cac cupc dau tranh nay dupe cong nhan Vin h - Ben Thuy huong ung. He thong chinh quyen thue dan, phong kien bj te li^t, tan ra 6 nhieu huy^n, xa. Nhieu ten tri huy f n, l i truong bo tron hoac dau thang. Trong tinh hin h do, nhieu cap uy Dang d thon xa lanh dao nhan dan dung ra lam ehii van mfn h ciia minh, t u quan li doi song chinh trj , kinh ie, van hoa, xa hpi 6 dia phuang, lam chue nang ciia chinh quyen, ma trong Ijch sii gpi la X6 viet Ngh ^ - Tinh. c. Su ra doi va hoat dgng cua Xd viei Nghe - Tinh Tai Nghe An , X6 viet ra doi ngay sau cac cupc bieu tinh t u thang 9 - 1930 6 cac xa huyen Thanh Chuong, Na m Dan, mot phan huy^n An h Son, Ngh i Lpc, Hun g Nguyen, Dien Chau. 6 Ha Tinh, X6 viet hinh thanh 6 cac xa thupc huy^n Can Lpc, Ngh i Xuan, Huon g Khe vao cuoi n3m 1930, dau nam 1931. Cac x6 viet da to chiic, lanh dao quan chiing lam cae vi^c sau day: Ve chinh trj, quan ehiing dupe t u do tham gia hoat dpng trong cac doan the each mang, t u do hoi hop. Cae dpi t u v^ do va toa an nhan dan dupe thanh lap. Ve'kinh te, thi hanh cae bien phap tjch thu rupng dat cong, tien liia cong chia cho dan cay ngheo; bai bo thue than, thue'ehp, thue'do, thue'muoi, xoa no cho nguoi ngheo, chii trpng d3p de phong lut, tu sua cau cong, duon g giao thong; thanh lap cac hinh thiic to chiic san xuat de nong dan giiip do nhau. Vevan hod - xa hoi, xoa bo cac te nan xa hpi cu nh u me tin, d i doan, te rupu j-he, CO bac, trpm cap. Trat t u tri an dupe gi u virng. Tinh than doan ket, giiip nhau trong nhan dan dupe xay dung. X6 viel Nghe - Tinh la dinh cao ciia phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 va la nguSn co'vH mqnh me quan chiing nhan dan trong ca nuac. d. Ynghia lich sivd bai hoc kinh nghiem ciia phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 Phong trao khang djnh duong 16'i diing dan ciia Dang, quyen lanh dao ciia giai cap cong nhan doi vo i each mang cac nuoc 6 Dong Duong. T u phong trao, kho'i lien min h cong - nong hinh thanh, cong nhan va nong dan da doan ket vo i nhau trong dau tranh each mang. Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dupe danh gia cao trong phong trao epng san va cong nhan quo'c te. Quo'c te Cpng san da cong nhan Dang Cpng san Dong Duon g la bp phan doe lap true thupc Quo'c teCpng san. Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 da de lai cho Dang ta nhieu bai hpe kinh nghi?m quy bau: + Bai hpe ve cong tae t u tuong trong Dang va trong quan chiing each mang. + Bai hpe ve xay dung khoi lien minh cong nong va mat tran dan tpc thong nha't. + Bai hpe ve vai tro to ehiie va lanh dao quan chiing ciia Dang. + Bai hpe ve sii dun g bao luc each mang de gianh chinh quyen va xay dyn g chinh quyen theo hinh thiic X6 viet. e. Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la cugc dien tap dau tien chuan bj cho Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945 Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 chi dien ra trong mpt thd i gian ngi n nhung CO y nghla Jich sii to ion: N o khang djnh duon g 16'i diin g dan ciia Dang, quyen lanh dao ciia giai cap cong nhan doi voi each mang cac nuoc 6 Dong Duong. T u phong trao, kho'i lien minh cong - nong hinh thanh, cong nhan va nong dan da doan ket voi nhau trong dau tranh each mang. Phong trao the hien sue manh ciia cong - nong dud i su lanh dao ciia Dang. Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dupe danh gia cao trong phon g trao cpng !J va cong nhan quo'c te. Quo'c teCpn g san da cong nhan Dan g Cpng san 'ng Duon g la bp phan doc lap true thupe Quo'c te'Cpng san. Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 da de lai cho Dang ta nhieu bai hpe kinh •^ghifm quy bau ve cong tac t u tuong, ve xay dung khoi lien min h cong nong mat tran dan tpc thong nha't, ve to chiic va lanh dao quan chiing dau tranh * ^hinh VI vqy, phong trao cdch mang 1930 - 1931 Id cuoc dien tap dau tien chuan bi W> Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945 3. Npi dung co ban cua Luan cuong chinh tri thang 10 - 1930 ciia E)ing Cpng skn Dong Duong, l/ u diem va h?n che cua Lu^n cuong. So sanh npi dung Cuong linh chinh tri dau tien cua DAng voi Lu^n cuong chinh ti i nam 1930. a. Nqi dung Luan cucmg xac djnh nhihig van de chien lugrc va sach lugfc aia each mang Dong Duong. Cach mang Dong Duong liic dau la CUQ C each mang tu san dan quyen, sau d6 se tiep tyc phat trien, bo qua thoi ki tu ban ehii nghia, tien thiuig len eon duong xa hpi, ehu nghia. Hai nhi^m vy chien lupc cua each mang la danh phong kien va danh de quo'e, C O quan h^ khang khit voi nhau. Dpng lure each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan. Lanh dgo each m^ng la giai cap v6 san voi dpi tien phong aia no la Dang Cpng san. Lu^n cuong chinh trj ciing neu ro hinh thue va phucmg phap dau tranh, ve moi quan h$ giua each m^ng Vi$t Nam va each mang the gioi. b. iXu diem va han che - LTM diem: Lu^n cuong xac djnh dupe nhi^m vu chien luge, sach lupe cua each mgng Dong Duong. V^ch ra eon duong dau tranh giai phong giai cap va dan tpc. Thay dupe nhan to quyet djnh mpi thang Ipi cua each mang Dong Duong la vai tro lanh dao cua Dang. Biet dat each mang Vi^t Nam trong moi quan h^ voi each mgng the gioi. - Han che: Lu^n cuong con c6 nhung m^t hgn ehe^ nhu chua neu dupe mau thuan chu yeu cua xa hpi Dong Duong, khong dua ngpn eo dan tpc len hang dau ma n$ng ve dau tranh giai cap va each mang rupng dat. Danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang eiia tang lop tieu tu san dan tpc, kha nSng loi keo mpt bp phan trung, tieu d\a chii tham gia m|t tr$n dan tpc thong nhat ehong de quoc va lay sai c. So sdnh Luan cuong voi Cuong linh N pi dung so sinh Cuong linh Lu^n cuong Tinh chat xa hpi Xa hpi Vi§t Nam la xa hpi thupc dia nua phong kien, bao gom hai mau thuan, do la mau thuan giua toan the dan tpc Vi#t Nam voi de quoc Xa hpi Dong Duong gom hai mau thuan, mau thuan dan toe va giai cap, trong do mau thuan giai cap la co bi n Tinh chat each m?ng Ke thii ciia each m^ng Lyelupng each mgng Vai tro lanh dao eiia Dang Phap xam lupc va mau thuan giua nhan dan lao dpng, chii yeu la nong dan voi dia chii phong ki&h, trong do mau thuan C O ban nhat la mau thuan giira dan tpc Vi^t Nam voi thye dan Phap. Lam each mang tu san dan quyen va each mang tho dja de tien len chii nghia cpng san, hai giai doan ke tiep khong CO buc tuong ngan each. Xac djnh de quoc Phap, vua quan phong kien va tu san phan each mang, da xac dinh ke thii ro rang khong phai la toan bp phong kien va tu san. Giai cap eong nhan, nong dan la dpng lye, la go'c eiia each mgng can phai lien minh voi giai cap tieu tu san, tu san dan tpc, trung tieu dja chii. Giai cap eong nhan thong qua dpi tien phong la Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam. Cach mang Dong Duong la each mang tu san dan quyen, sau khi th^ng Ipi tien thSng len chii nghia xa hpi khong qua giai do?n phat trien tu ban chu nghia. Hoan thanh thang Ipi giai dogn nay moi lam tiep giai dogn khae. Xac djnh de quoc va phong kien, khong phan bi^t giai cap phong kien co bp ph§n tien bp, khong de c|p den giai cap tusanm^iban. Chi gom cong nhan, nong dan khong de c|p den eac giai cap khae: tu san dan tpc, tieu tu san, trung nong va dia chii. Chi khae la Dang Cpng san Dong Duong, trong khi do 6 Lao va Campuehia chua co giai eong nhan. Qua bang so sanh ehiing ta thay, Luan cuong chinh tri tiep thu nhung van de C O ban eiia van kif n thanh lap Dang va bo sung them phuong phap each m^ng, song hai van de nhi?m vy va lye lupng eiia each mgng tu san dan quyen con h?n che: dat nhi^m vy ehong phong kien len tren chorig de quoic va khong thay kha nang each mang eiia cac tang lop khae trong xa hpi Vi^t Nam. Nhimg h?n che nay phai trai qua mpt qua trinh dau tranh trong thye tien mdi khie phyc dupe. 51 4. Nhan xet ve quy mo, tinh chat va hinh thuc dau tranh ciia phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 Ngay t u khi Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da phat dpng quan chiing dau tranh chong thuc dan, phong kien de doi doc lap dan tpc va rupng da't dan cay. Thuc hi^n myc tieu do, phong trao da dien ra vdi quy mo rpng khap, mang tinh chat each mang tri^ t de va su dyn g hinh thuc dau tranh quyet li^t. Tinh quy mo rong khap: Phong trao da phat trien tren quy mo ca nuoc, keo dai suo't gan hai nam (tu dau nam 1930 den cuoi nam 1931). Phong trao da thu hut dupe sy tham gia dong dao cac tang lop nhan dan, chu ye'u la quan chiing cong nong, vo i hang tram cupc dau tranh Ion nho, tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia 5.000 cong nhan va nong dan Vin h - Ben Thiiy vao ngay 1 - 5 -1930, cupc bieu tinh cua ban 2 van nong dan Thanh Chuong ngay 1 - 9 - 1930 va cupc bieu tinh tuan hanh ciia 6 v^ n nong dan liuy?n Hun g Nguyen ngay 12 - 9 -1930. Tinh each mang triet de: Phong trao da nham vao hai ke thu ca ban ciia nhan dan ta la bpn de quoc va phong kien tay sai. Tai mpt so nai thupc hai tinh Nghe A n va Ha Tinh, truoc sue manh dau tranh ciia quan chiing, h$ thong chinh quyen djch bj tan ra tirng mang, bpn quan lai va cuong hao bo tron, chinh quyen cong nong binh thanh lap dua i hinh thuc X6 viet. Sit dung hinh thue dau tranh qui/el Hit: Phong trao su dung hinh thuc dau tranh t u thap den cao, tit mit tinh, bieu tinh den dot huy^n duong, pha nha lao, ket hpp bieu tinh thj uy va i boat dpng nira v u trang de tie'n cong djch. Trong thang 9 va thang 10 -1930 phong trao da sir dung hinh thuc vi i trang khoi nghla cuop chinh quyen djch thanh lap chinh quyen each mang. Nhtf vqy, phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 ma dinh cao la Xd viel Nghe Tinh la phong trao each mang rong Ian dau tien cua quan chiing cong ndng a nieoe ta do ' Dang lanh dqo. Tinh quy mo rong l&n, tinh chat each mang triet deva hinh thiee dau tranh quyel Hit cua phong trao da chung minh buac phat trien nhay vgt ve chat cua cuge dau tranh gidi phong dan toe a nuac ta mot khi c6 Dang lanh dqo. 5. SI/ PHy C HO I PHON G TRA O CAC H MAN G 1932 -1935 a. Cuoc dau tranh phuc hoi phong trao K h i phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 13ng xuong, thyc dan Phap van tiep tyc thi hanh chinh sach khiing bo'va mj dan. 52 Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Yift Hang van ngudi bj bat bo, tii day. Cac trai giam va nha tu chat nich tu chinh trj nh u nha tu Hoa L6 (Ha Npi), Kham Lon (Sai Gon), nha tu Con Dao, Kon Turn, Lao Bao, Son La... T u nam 1931 den giiia nam 1932, hau het cac li y vien Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang, X u li y B^c Ki , Trung Ki , Nam K i bj b3t. Cling va i vi?c khiing bo^ thuc dan Phap diing nhiing thii doan m j dan, lua bit loi keo cac tang lop quan lai, dja chii, t u san, tri thuc, me hoac nhan dan. Ve chinh trj , chiing cho tang so dai di?n nguai Vi^ t vao ca quan lap phap cap ki ; ve kinh te^ chiing cho ngudi ban xi i dupe tham gia dau thau mpt so'cong trinh thiiy Ipi, cau duong ; ve giao due, chiing cho to chue lai Truang Cao dSng Dong Duon g va Truong Luat de thu hiit con em tang lap tren; Ipi dyn g cac giao phai de chia re phong trao nhan dan. Trong hoan canh do, nhii-ng nguoi cpng san van kien euang dau tranh phii h pp vo i dieu kien ciia minh . NhOng dang vien trong ti i cuong tri bao v$ lap truong, quan diem each mang ciia Dang, tong ket bai hpe kinh nghi^m ehi dao phong trao, to chue vupt ngye, nhi>ng dang vien khong bj bat thi ti m each gay dyn g lai to chiic Dang va quan chiing. M p t so dang vien dang boat dpng 6 Trung Quoc va Thai Lan tro ve nuoc hogt dpng. N a m 1932, Le Hon g Phong va mpt so dong ehi 6 trong nuac va ngoai nuoc nhan chi thj Quoc te Cpng san to ehiic Ban lanh dao Trung uong eiia Dang. Thang 6 - 1932, Ban lanh dao Trung uong thao ra chuong trinh hanh dpng ciia Dang. Chuong trinh hanh dpng neu chii truong dau tranh doi cac quyen t y do dan chii cho nhan dan lao dpng, tha tu chinh trj , bai bo cac thi i thue bat cong. Clin g cova phat trien cae doan the each mang ciia quan chiing. D y a vao chuong trinh hanh dpng, phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing dupe nhen nhom tro lai voi cae to chiie nhu Hpi cay, Hpi cay, Hp i hieu hi, Hpi dpc sach bao v.v... Nhieu cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan da no ra: nam 1932 c6 230 cupc, nam 1933 CO 244 cupc, tap trung 6 cae tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Sai Gon, Gia Djnh . Non g dan eac tinh Gia Djnh, Long Xuyen, Tra Vinh , Khanh Hoa, Nin h Thuan, Binh Thuan, Cao B3ng, Lang Son lien tiep c6 cac cupc dau tranh. Trong thoi ki nay, mpt so hinh thiic dau tranh khae xuat hi?n nh u van dpng bau cu, boat dpng tren linh vyc bao ehi. Na m 1935, dai bieu cho nhung nguoi lao dpng da triing cii vao Hp i dong thanh pho Sai Gon. Mp t so dang vien boat jd9ng hptp phap da sii dyn g bao chi cong khai dau tranh chong nhirng quan BSI due>n^ H5G Lfch Si} 12 - Tha. Truong Ngpc Thai diem chinh trj, trie't hpc, van hpc, ngh^ thuat t u san, tuyen truyen chii nghia Mac-Lenin va duong loi chu truang ciia Dang. Den cuo'i nam 1933, cac to chuc Dang dan dan dupe phuc hoi va cung c6'. Dau nam 1934, Ban lanh dao Hai ngoai dupe thanh lap do Le Hong Phong dung dau. Cuo i nam 1934 dau nam 1935, cac x u liy Bac Ki, Trung Ki, Na m K i dupe lap lai. Dau nam 1935, cac to chuc Dang va phong trao dupe phuc hoi. b. Nqi dung va y nghia cua Dai hqi dai him toan quoc Idn thUnhat cua Dang - Ngi dung: Tir ngay 27 den ngay 31 - 3 - 1935, Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian th u nhat ciia Dang hpp tai M a Cao (Trung Quoc). Tham d y dai hpi c6 13 dai bieu thay mat cho hon 500 dang vien thupc cac dang bp trong nuoc va nuoc ngoai. Sau khi danh gia tinh hinh, Dai hpi xac djnh ba nhi^m vy cua Dang trong thai gian truoe mat la: cung cos y phat trien Dang; tranh thi i quan chiing rpng rai; cho'ng chien tranh de quoc. Dai hpi thong qua Nghj quyet chinh tri, Dieu 1? Dang, cac nghj quyet ve v^n dpng cong nhan, nong dan, binh linh, phu nu ; ve cong tac trong cac dan tpc thieu so', ve dpi t y v^ va cuu te do. Dai hpi bau ra Ban chap hanh Trung uong gom 13 nguo i va bau Le Hong Phong lam Tong Bi th u ciia Dang. Nguyen A i Quoc dupe ci i lam dai di?n ciia Dang ben canh Quoc te Cong san. - y nghia: Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian th u nhat eiia Dang danh dau mo'c quan trpng: Dang da khoi phuc dupe h f thong to chuc t u Trung uang den dja phuong, t u trong nuae deh ngoai nuoc, da khoi phyc dupe cac to chuc quan chiing ciia Dang. c. Vai trd lanh dao cua Dang trong phong trao each ntang 1930 - 1935 - Thai kt cao trao: Dang la nguoi phat dong va lanh dao phong trao: Phong trao dupe sy chi dao thong nhat ciia Dang no ra tir Bac chi Nam, a ca cong nhan, nong dan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac, trong do giai cap cong nhan la lye lupng d i dau. Mue tieu dau tranh: Khong chi doi quyen Ipi cho cong nhan, nong dan, cac tang lap khac ma con to ro dau hi^u doan ket vai v6 san the giai. Tieu bieu la cupe bieu tinh ngay 1-5-1930. Duo i sy lanh dao ciia Dang, cao trao dau tranh da nham vao hai ke thu chinh ciia dan tpc la de quoc Phap va bpn phong kien. Hin h thurc dau tranh: Ket hpp dau tranh chinh tr j v6 i via trang, trong do dau tjanh chinh tr i la chii yeu. - Thai ki thodi trao: Tuy bi thue dan Phap dan ap khiing bo da man, phong trao tarn lin g xuong, cac ca so dang bi pha va, song sue song ciia Dang khong the b i tieu di^t. Vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang van dupe giu vCrng va luon d i dau trong ehong Idiiing bo', tuyen truyen giae ngp, gay dyn g lai ca so ciia Dang va quan chiing. Dau tranh d trong tu ciia cac dang vien cpng san. Gay dyn g lai co so va phong trao quan chiing. ^I^Vi • Lpi dung cac dien dan cong khai de tuyen truyen co dpng quan chiing theo cac khau hieu ciia Dang. Thanh lap Ban lanh dao ciia Dang va ra chuong trinh hanh dpng de phat dpng quan chiing dau tranh. I I. PHON G TRA O DA N CH U 1936 - 1939 1. Tin h hin h kin h te - xa hp i a Vi| t Na m trong nhun g nam 1936 -1939 * Tinh hinh kinh te: Sau cupc khiing hoan kinh te the giai 1929 - 1933, chinh quyen thyc dan Phap a Dong Duon g tap trung dau tu , khai thac thupc dja de bu dap sy thieu hyt cho kinh te "chinh quoc". Ve nong nghiep, chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc thyc dan tao mp i dieu ki^n cho tu ban Phap chiem doat rupng dat ciia nong dan, lam cho 2/3 nong dan khong c6 rupng hoac chi co it rupng. ''" Ve cong nghi?p, nganh khai thac mo dupe day manh. Tong san lupng khai no nam 1939 la 29,5 trieu dong. ' > Ve thuong nghi?p, nha nuoc thyc dan doc quyen ban thuoe phi?n, rupu, nuoi, thu dupe lpi nhuan rat cao. Hang xuat khau chii yeu la khoang san, 6ng san. Nhap cang may moc thie't bj va hang cong nghif p tieu dung . Nhi n chung, nhung nam 1936 - 1939 la thoi k i phyc hoi va phat trien nen rth te 6 Vi?t Nam, nhung chi tap trung vao mpt so nganh dap ling co nhu cau llie'n tranh. Nen kinh te Vi^t Na m van lac hau va 1? thupc kinh te Phap. •< I 'Tinh hinhxdhoi: • ^ ^'t-' ' D a i song cac tang lop nhan dan van gap nhieu kho khan do chinh sach tSng hue ciia nha nuoc thyc dan, phong kien. So' cong nhan tha't nghiep con nhieu. Ngay ca nhihi g nguoi co viec lam, nuc luong van khong hang thoi ki khiing hoang. Nong dan khong di i rupng cay. H p con chiu mii c dja to cao va nhieu thu ko^n hoc Ipt khac ciia dja chii cuong hao, nhung hu tyc cuoi cheo, dinh dam... 55 T u san dan tpc c6 it von nen chi lap dupe nhOng cong ti nho, phai chiu thue cao, bj tu ban Phap chen ep. Nhieu nguai trong gioi tieu tu san tri thiic that nghiep. Cong chuc nhan dupe muc luong tha'p. Cac tang Idp lao dpng khac phai chju thue khoa nang ne, sinh boat dat do. Doi song da so nhan dan kho khan, cue kho. Chfnh vi the hp hang hai tham gia phong trao dau tranh doi tu do, com ao duoi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. 2. Hpi nghi Trung uong Dang thang 7 -1936 a) Hodn earth: * The gioi: Cupc khiing hoang kinh te the gioi 1929 - 1933 da gay nen hau qua nghiem trpng, nhat la cac nuoc tu ban chu nghla phat trien. Tai cac nuoc tu ban chii nghla, kinh te suy syp, mau thuan xa hpi gay gat. Mot so' nuoc da giai quyet khung hoang bang con duong phat xit hoa che dp. Chu nghla phat xit Due, Italia, Nhat Ban da tro thanh nguy co de dpa nen hoa binh va an ninh the gioi. Truoc tinh hinh do, Dai hpi Quoc te Cpng san Ian thu VII hpp 6 Matxcova (7 - 1935) da xac dinh ke thu nguy hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan the gioi la chu nghla phat xit. D? i hpi chvi truong thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan chong chu nghla phat xit. ' Thue hi?n chu truong cua Quoc te Cpng san, nhieu nuoc thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan. O Phap, dau nam 1936, Mat tran nhan dan Phap gianh thang Ipi trong cupc tuyen cu va len nSm chinh quyen. Chinh phii ciia Mat tran nhan dan Phap da ban hanh chinh sach tien bp doi voi cac nuoc thupc dja nhu tha ty do til chinh trj, thanh lap liy ban dieu tra tinh hinh thupc dja, thi hanh mpt so cai each xa hpi cho nhan dan lao dpng. * Trong nuoc: Do chinh sach ve tu do dan chu cua Chinh phii Mat tran nhan dan Phap ma 6 Viet Nam mpt so tu chinh tri dupe tha tu do va hp tim each boat dpng tro lai. Do cupc khiing hoang kinh te^ thue dan Phap lai tiep tyc chinh sach boc lot, khiing bo va dan ap nhan dan Viet Nam lam cho nhan dan Viet Nam bj ban cung kho'n kho. Liic nay. Dang ta va lye lupng each mang da phue hoi, each mang c6 them dieu ki^n dechuyen sang thoi ki dau tranh moi. Truoc nhOng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 7 - 1936, Hpi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cpng san Dong Duong do Le Hong Phong chii tri hpp 6 Thupng Hai (Trung Quoc). Hpi nghj dua theo Nghj quyet dai hpi Ian thu VII ciia Quoc teCpng san, can cii vao tinh hinh cu the o Vi?t Nam de dinh ra duong 161 va phuong phap dau tranh. Hpi nghi xac dinh: b) Ngi dung Hoi nghi: Hpi nghi xac djnh nhi?m vu chien lupc ciia each mang tu san dan quyen Dong Duong la eho'ng de'quo'c va phong kien; nhi^m vy true tiep, truoc mat la dau tranh chong che dp phan dpng thupc dia, chong phat xit, chong nguy co chien tranh, doi tu do, dan sinh, dan chii, com ao va hoa binh. Phuong phap dau tranh la ket hpp cac hinh thue cong khai va bi mat, hpp phap va bat hpp phap. Hpi nghi chii truong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Duong. Dang Cpng san Dong Duong keu gpi cac dang phai chinh trj, cac to chuc quan chiing va nhan dan Dong Duong hanh dpng, dau tranh cho dan chii. Phong dau tranh quan chiing Ian rpng trong ca nuoc. :, Tiep do, Hpi nghj Trung uong cac nam 1937 va 1938 bo sung va phat trien npi dung co ban ciia Nghj quyet hpi nghj Trung uong thang 7 - 1936. Tai Hpi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong thang 3 -1938, Mat tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de'Dong Duong doi thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, gpi tit la Mat tran dan chu Dong Duong 3. Nhtrng phong trao dau tranh tieu bleu a) Phong trao Dong Duong dai hoi ,i v . Dupe tin Quoc hpi Phap cir phai doan sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong Duong, Dang chii truong phat dpng va to chuc cac tang lop nhan dan hpp hpi thao, ra ban nguyen vpng de giii toi phai doan. Dang cung keu gpi cac dang phai chinh trj, cac to chuc quan chiing cung tham gia. Truoc su Ian rpng ciia phong trao, bpn phan dpng thupc dja dan ap va chia re quan chiing. Ngay 15-9-1936, chiing ra l^nh giai tan Uy ban hanh dpng, cam hpi hpp, tjch thu cac bao co dpng cho Dong Duong Dai hpi. Phong trao Dong Duong Dai hpi nhanh chong bj dan ap nhung cung dgt dupe myc dieh ciia minh. Dong dao quan chiing giae mp, doan ket dau tranh doi quyen song. Dang Cpng san Dong Duong thu dupe mpt so'kinh nghiem ve phat dpng va lanh dao phong trao dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap. b) Phong trao dau tranh doi tu do, dan sinh, dan chu Sdu thang ciwi nam 1936 co 361 cupe dau tranh, trong do co 236 cupc dau tranh eiia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 23-11 ciia cong nhan Hon Gai, Cam Pha, Mong Duong... doi tang luong 25%. Ngay nay tro thanh ngay hpi truyen thong ciia cong nhan mo. Nam 1937 c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la CUQ C dau tranh ciia cong nhan xe lua Nam Dong Duong ngay 9-7-1937 va mo than Vang Danh ngay 28-9-1937. 15 cupc dau tranh ciia nong dan doi giam to, giam tuc... Tieu thuong 6 Ha Npi, Hai Phong, cac thanh pho va thj xa khac bai thi, doi giam thue chp, thue hang. Trong thang 1 va 2-1937 con c6 nhirng cupc mft tinh va bieu tinh Ion cua nhan dan ca nuac nham bieu duong luc lupng khi Goda - phai vien ciia Chinh phu Phap sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong Duong va Brevie sang nhan chuc toan quyen Dong Duong. Trong thang 3 va thang 7, Trung uong Dang Cong san Dong Duong hpp de ban ve cong tac quan chiing. Dang quyet djnh lap Cong hpi thay Cong hpi do, Doan thanh nien phan de thay Doan thanh nien cpng san, Hpi cuu te binh dan thay Hpi ciiu te do v.v... 6 nong thon, lap Hpi cay, Hpi cay, Hpi hieu hi v.v... Nhung hinh thiic to chuc linh hoat, hoat dpng cong khai, nua cong khai da tap hpp rpng rai cac tang lop nhan dan tham gia. Nam 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tuy so lupng cupc dau tranh giam so voi nam truoc, nhung chat lupng cao hon bieu hi^n a trinh dp giac ngp ciia quan chiing, khau hi^u dau tranh, su phan pho'i dau tranh giiia cac dia phuong. Cuol nam 1938 d Nam Ki xay ra nan doi. Nong dan nhieu nai bieu tinh. Dien hinh la cupc bieu tinh ciia hon 1000 nong dan Ca Mau thang 10-1938. Phong trao dau tranh ciia tieu thuong, hpc sinh dang cao. Dac bift la cupc dau tranh ngay 1-5-1938. Lan dau tien, trong ngay Quoc te Lao dpng, nhieu cupc to chuc mit tinh dupe cong khai 6 Ha Npi, Sai Gon va nhieu noi khac, da thu hiit dong dao quan chiing tham gia. Nam 1939, phong trao dau tranh trong 3 thang dau nam bj giam siit. Tu thang tu phong trao len dan va dat toi dinh cao vao thang 6. Phong trao tap trung 6 nhiing trung tam cong nghi^p Ion nhu Ha Npi, Hai Phong, Sai Gon, Chp Lon... c) Dau tranh nghj trudng Dau tranh 6 nghj truong la mot ITnh vyc dau tranh mdi me ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. Trong cupc bau cu vao Vi?n Dan bieu Trung Ki thang 8-1937, Dang van dpng nhiing nguoi Hen bp trong hang ngii tri thiic ra ling cii. Dang sii dung bao chi de tuyen truyen va van dpng cu tri bo phieu cho nhii'ng nguoi nay. Ke't qua la ha'u het cac ling cii vien do Dang van dpng ra ling cii da triing cir. I Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vlft Trong ki hpp ciia Vien Dan bieu thang 9-1938, cac nghj vien dan bieu da bac j,5 dupe du an thue than va thue dien tho ciia chinh phii thupc dia. jsjam 1938, trong cupc tranh cii vao Vi^n Dan bieu Bac Ki, 15 ling cu vien cia M^t tr?" 'i^n chii da triing cu. Mat tran dan chii con gianh thang Ipi trong jipi dong kinh te li tai Dong Duong - co quan "dan cii" cao nhat 6 Dong Duong. jsjam 1939, dien ra cupc tuyen cii vao Hpi dong Quan hat Nam Ki. Trong cUpc tuyen cu nay. Mat tran dan chii bj that bai do nh&ng thii doan tham dpc dia bpn phan dpng thupc dia, do npi bp mat tran dan chii y kien thong nhat. Bang Cong san Dong Duong quyei dinh tham gia dau tranh cong khai a nghj irticfng nham muc dich ma rang luc lugng cua Mat tran dan chii va vqch tran chinh sdch phan dong cua bon thue dan va tay sai, henh vuc quyen Igi cua nhan dan. d) Dau tranh tren linh vuc bdo chi Day Cling la ITnh vuc dau tranh moi me ciia Dang. Nhi>ng nguoi Cpng san rim mpi each xuat ban bao. Tu nam 1937, bao chi cong khai ciia Dang phat trien nhanh chong. Cac bao ciia Dang tuyen truyen, gioi thi^u ve chii nghla Mac - Lenin, Dang Cpng san E>6ng Duong, Lien X6, Quoc te'Cpng san. Mat tran nhan dan Phap v.v... Bao chi each mang tro thanh miii xung kich trong nhi>ng phong trao lon ciia cupc van dong dan chii, dan sinh ki 1936 - 1939 nhu Dong Duong Dai Hpi, "don" Go-da va Bre-vi-e, nhijng cupc bau cii va dau tranh nghj truong v.v... Trong thoi gian nay, nhieu sach chinh tri - li luan dupe xuat ban cong khai ho^c dua tu Phap ve. Nhieu tac pham hi?n thue phe phan ra doi nhu Buac duong Cling ciia Nguyen Cong Hoan; Tdt den. Leu chong ciia Ngo Tat To; Giong to, So do ciia Vii Trpng Phung; tha each mang ciia To Huu; kich c6 tac pham Kim tien ciia vj Huyen Dae, Dai co Luu ciia Tran HCru Trang. Cuoi nam 1937, Dang phat dpng phon trao truyen ba chu Quoc ngu nham giup quan chiing lao dpng dpc sach bao, nang cao sy hieu biet ve chinh trj va each mang. Cuoc dau tranh cua Dang tren linh vuc bdo chi trong nhimg nam 1936-1939 da ^hu dugc kel qua to lan, truac hel vevan hoa - tu tuang. Dong dao cac tang lap nhan '^n dugc giac mg vecon duong each mang cua Dang. " ' ''• e. Daii tranh chong bgn tcrroikit Trong nhung nam 1936 -1939, Dang Cpng san Dong Duong khong chi dau tranh chong bpn phan dpng Phap ma con chong bpn tay sai ciia chiing, cac <*ing phai chinh trj, nhu Dang Lap hien (ciia dja chii va tu san). Dang Dong t>Uorng dan chii (ciia tri thiic than Phap) Phuc quoc Dong minh hpi (ciia Cuong i v.v... Nhung doi thii nguy hiem nhat la bpn tarolkit. Chiing mang chieu bai each mang de pha hoai each mang, lua bjt quan chving, chia re hang ngu con, nhan va Ma t tran dan tpc thong nhat, pha hoai nhiing to ehuc va hogt dorij cua Dang Cpng san. Chiing dua ra khau l^nh khong phu hop, dan phong tra,, den that bai. Chung ho hao "lam each mang v6 san" de doi lap vo l chu truorip "chohg phat xit chong chien tranh", lap "Doan thanh nien cong san" thay cho "Doan thanh nien dan chii", lap "Hgi cuu te" thay cho "Hoi Cuxi te'binh dan" v.v Dang Cpng san Dong Duon g da dau tranh kien quye't vo i bpn toro'tkit. Cupc dau tranh do da giup quan chiing nhan ro bp mat that cua bpn tarotkit, kip thoj ngan chan am mu u pha hoai cua chung. 4. Ket qua va y nghia va bai hpc kin h nghi^ m cua phon g trao * Kei qua: Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 -1939 la mpt phong trao quan chung rpng Ion, CO to chuc, dua i su lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san Dong Duong . Bang sue manh doan ket cua quan chung, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii. Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj , da tham gia MSt tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau cua each mang; can bp dupe tap hop thanh dpi ngu dong dao va truong thanh. * Y nghia: Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 - 1939 la mpt phong trao quan chiing rpng Ion, CO to chuc, dua i su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. Bang sue manh doan ket ciia quan chiing, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii. Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj , da tham gia Mat tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau ciia each mang can bp duoc tap hop thanh dpi ngii dong dao va truong thanh. * Bai hoc kinh nghiem: Trong qua trinh dau tranh, Dang Cpng san Dong Duon g tich liiy dupe ' nhieu bai hpe kinh nghiem: Bai hpe ve xay dun g Mat tran thong nhat. Bai hpe ve to chuc, lanh dao quan chiing dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap. Bai hpe ve dau tranh t u tuong trong npi bp Dang va vo i dang phai chinh trj phan dpng. Dong thoi. Dang thay dupe nhirng han che ciia minh trong cong tac mat tran, van de dan tpc... Co the noi, phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 nh u cupc dien tap, chuan b| cho cupc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam sau nay. iiong trao each mang 1936 - 1939 la cupc dien tap Ian thu hai chuan bj cho each mang thang Tam 1945 jsjeii nh u phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 da tao ra nhiing nhan to'ca ban ^am bao cho thin g Ipi Cach mang thang Tam thi phong trao 1936 - 1939 lai tiep boi bo va phat trien nhung nhan to do len mpt buoc mo i cao hon. Thong qua phong trao nay. Dang da dupe truong thanh them ve t u tuong to chuc. Nen tang t u tuong ciia Dang la chii nghia Mae - Lenin cang ngay cang them tham nhuan trong t u tuong, hanh dpng ciia cac dang vien cpng san Sn sau, toa rpng trong cac tang lop nhan dan. Dang da xay dun g va phat tri^'n dupe mpt dpi ngu can bp c6 nang luc va giau kinh nghiem, dong thoi phat trien them cae to chuc eo so, tang cuong mol day lien he vo i quan chiing. ua phong trao, nghe thuat chi dao chien lupc each mang ciia Dang, trinh dp iae ngp ciia dang vien va uy tin ciia Dang nang len mpt buoc ro ret. Cung vo i su truong thanh ciia Dang, luc lupng each mang cung Ion manh hong ngung. Qua thuc tien dau tranh. Dang da xay dun g mpt dpi quan chinh rj hiing hau gom hang trieu nguoi a ca thanh thj va nong thon, tap hpp trong pt mat tran dan tpc thong nhat rpng rai. Cung qua dau tranh ma quan chiing ach mang dupe toi luy^ n va th u thach day dan. Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 con de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh nghif m quy ia cho giai doan each mang sau. Do la bai hpe ve to chuc, tap hop quan chiing au tranh; Bai hpe ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii. Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 da chuan bj nhiiTig dieu kien can thie't de ua Dang va quan chiing each mang buoc vao thoi ki dau tranh true tiep gianh hinh quyen. V i vay, day la cupc dien tap Ian th u hai chuan bj cho Cach mang hang Tam 1945. . D|c diem ve hinh thuc dau tranh, nhi^m vy chinh tri, hinh thuc to chuc uan chiing, mat tran trong thai ki 1936 -1939 Ve hinh thiic dau tranh: Dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap, ban cong khai, ban ^Vp phap, bat hpp phap va bi mat. Day la thoi k i su dung hinh thiie dau tranh hong phii nhat. Chii ye'u la dau tranh chinh trj . Ve nhi^m v u chinh trj : Chong bpn phan dpng thupe dja va tay sai doi cac uyen ty do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh. Ve hinh thuc to chuc quan chiing: Tap hpp quan chiing trong Mat tran, da loi lye lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing hang trieu nguoi dung ve phia each mang. I Ve cong tac Ma t tran: Truoc tien thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan thong nhat de'Dong Duon g den 3 - 1938 doi thanh Ma t tran dan chii Dong Duon g p hu hpp vo i mue tieu dau tranh. 7. So sanh tha i k i each mging nam 1930 - 1931 va i tha i k i nam 1936 - 1939 N p i dun g 1930 -1931 1936 -1939 Ke thu De quoc Phap va bpn phong kien tay sal ciia Phap Nhi? m v y Chong de quoc Phap de gianh dpc lap dan tpc, chong phong kien de gianh rupng dat cho dan cay. M a t tran C hi thanh lap Hp i phan de nhimg chua hoat dpng. Khong phai la thyc da^ Phap noi chung ma la bpj^ phan dpng thupc dja va tay sai cua chiing. Chong phat xit, chong chie'ji tranh, chong bpn phan dprig va tay sai ciia chiing de doj t u do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh. M a t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Duong, sau doi thanh Ma t tr$n Dan chii Dong Duong . Hin h thii c va phuon g phap dau tranh Bi mat, bat hpp phap, bao dpng vu trang. H p p phap, cong khai, ban cong khai. Ket qua dat dupe The hi$n vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang. Thuc hi?n lien min h cong nong. La cupc dien tap dau tien cho Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945. Tap hpp dupe mpt luc lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing dong dao. Su dyng nhieu hinh thii c dau tranh phong phii . La cupc dien tap Ian th u hai cho Cach mang thang Tarn. Nh^ n xet So vo i thoi k i 1930 - 1931, chii truong sach lupc, chie'n lupc va hinh thiic dau tranh trong thoi k i 1936 - 1939 c6 net khac nhau. Dac bi?t la su thanh lap Ma t tr^ n nhan dan de doan ket cac lyc lupng dan chii, chong Phap doi cac quyen t y do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh. 8. Phong trao dan chu 1936 - 1939 thu hut dupe dupe dong dko ci c tang W nhan dan tham gia va su dyng hinh thue dau tranh phong phu * Phong trao thu hut dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan: i Sau thang cuol nam 1936, c6 361 cupc dau tranh, trong do c6 236 cupc tranh ciia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 23-1 1 ciia cong nh^ H o n Gai, Cam Pha, Mon g Duong... doi tang luong 25%. 62 N 3 m 1937, c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan xe lua Na m Dong Duon g ngay 9 - 7 - 1937 va mo than Vang Danh ngay 28 - 9 - 1937. 15 cupc dau tranh ciia nong dan doi giam to, giam tuc... Tieu thuong 6 Ha Npi , Ha i Phong, cac thanh pho va thj xa khac bai thj, d oi giam thue'chp, thue hang. N a m 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tuy so lupn g cupc dau tranh giam so vo i nam truoc, nhung chat lupng cao hon bieu hif n 6 trinh dp giac ngp ciia quan chiing, khau hi^u dau tranh, su lien ket dau tranh giiia cac dja phuong. Dgc bi?t la cupc dau tranh ngay 1 - 5 - 1938. Lan dau tien, trong ngay Quoc te Lao dpng, nhieu cupc to chiic mit tinh dupe cong khai 6 Ha Npi , Sai Gon va nhieu noi khac, da thu hiit dong dao quan chiing tham gia. N a m 1939, phong trao dau tranh trong 3 thang dau nam b i giam siit. Tir thang 4 phong trao len dan va dat toi dinh cao vao thang 6. Phong trao tap trung 6 nhung trung tam cong nghi^p Ion nh u Ha Npi , Ha i Phong, Sai Gon, Chp Lon... * Sit dung hinh thiec dau tranh phong phu: L p i dyn g kha nMng dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap, ban cong khai, ban hpp phap nen phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 sii dyn g nhieu hinh thiic dau tranh phong phii : Van dpng, to chiic quan chiing hpi hpp, thao ra ban "dan nguy^n " gui den phai doan ciia Phap sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong Duong . Bai cong, bai thj, bai khoa ciia cong nhan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac. M i t tinh, bieu tinh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii. D au tranh tren llnh vy c nghi truong, ITnh vuc bao chi. III. PHON G TRA O GIA I PHON G DA N TQC 1939 -1945 11. Tin h hin h chinh trj, kin h te - xa hp i nude ta trong nhun g nam 1939 -1945 a. Tinh hinh chinh trj: Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi thi i hai bung no. Ngay 3 - 9 -1939, Phap va An h tuyen chien vo i Diic . Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phi i Phap thyc hi^n chinh sach thii djch doi vo i cac lyc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong trao each mang 6 cac thupc dja. Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due. 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen mo i ciia Phap thyc hi?n mpt logt chinh sach v o vet sue nguoi, sue ciia eiia Vi^ t Na m doc vao cupc chien tranh Cuol thang 9 - 1940, quan Nha t vupt bien gioi Vi?t - Trung vao mien B^c Vi?t Nam. Quan Phap nhanh chong dau hang. Phat xit Nha t gii i nguyen bp 63 may thong trj ciia thuc dan Phap, dung no deboc Ipt kin h tephuc vu cho nhu cau chien tranh va dan ap phong trao each mang. Viet Na m bj dat dua i ach thong trj ciia Nha t - Phap. 6 Viet Na m liic nay khong chi c6 nhirng dang phai than Phap ma ca nhung dang phai than Nhat, nh u Dai Viet, Phuc Quoc... Thang 6-1941 , Due tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6 trong cuoc chien tranh v$ quoc da c6 vu manh me phong trao each mang Vi?t Nam. b. Tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te- xa hoi: * Kinh te: Thyc dan Phap thi hanh chinh sach "Kinh te chi huy". Chiing tang muc thue cia, dat them muc thue moi.. . dong thoi lam sa thai bot cong nhan, vien chue, giam tien luong, tang gio lam... Chung kiem soat gat gao san xuat va phan pho'i, an djnh gia ca... K h i Nhat va Dong Duong, Phap buoc phai de cho Nha t su dun g phuong ti^n giao thong kiem soat he thong duang sk va cac tau bien. Nha t con bat chinh quyen thuc dan Phap hMng nam nop cho chiing khoan tien Ion. Quan Nha t eon cuap rupng dat ciia nong dan, bMt nong dan nho lua, ngo de trong day, thau dau phuc v u cho nhu cau chien tranh. Nha t yeu cau chinh quyen thuc dan Phap xua't cang cac nguyen lieu, chien luge sang Nha t vo i gia re so vo i gia ciia thi truong thegid i nh u than, sat, cao su, xi mang v.v... M o t so cong ti ciia Nhat dau t u vao nhiing nganh phuc v u cho nhu cau quan su nh u khai thac manggan, sat 6 Thai Nguyen, phot phat 6 Lao Cai, crom 6 Thanh Hoa. *Xahgi: Chinh sach vo vet boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat da day nhan dan ta toi cho ciing cue. Hau qua la cuoi nam 1944 den nam 1945 eo toi 2 tri^u dong bao ta ehet doi. Tat ca cac giai cap, tang lop xa hoi 6 nuoc ta, tr u bpn tay sai de quoc, dai dja chu t u san mai ban, deu bi anh huong boi chinh sach boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat. Cong nhan bj boc Ipt nang nem phai lam viec t u 10 den 12 gio/ngay, tien luang giam, gia ca sinh hoat dat do. Non g dan phai chju suu cao, thue nang, phai d i linh, d i phu, bi euong buc nho Ilia trong day, thau dau. Tieu t u san tri thuc, vien chue mat vi^e lam hoac bj giam luong; tieu thuong ban e'hang, nhieu tieu chii phai ngung san xuat. T u san dan tpc vira bj chinh sach "Kinh techi huy" lam cho pha san, vita hi thi?t hai ve sue mua eiia nhan dan giam siit. 64 Oin chii vun va nho bj thiet hai va bj pha san v i chien tranh, do phai npp thoc ta, chju thuc cao. l^hfmg him chuyen do ciia tinh hinh thegidi va trong nude dat ra cho Dang ta phai nam bat kjp thai tmh hinh c6 ddnh gia chinh xac, dera duang lot dau tranh phii hap. 2. Nhun g chuyen bien cua tinh hin h the gio i trong nhiiti g nam dau cuQC Chien tranh the gio i th u hai. Hg i nghj Trun g uon g Dang thang 11 -1939 a. Nhihtg chuyen bien cua tinh hinh the giai Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi th u hai biing no. Ngay 3 - 9 - 1939, phap tuyen chien vo i Due. Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phii Phap thi^c hif n chinh sach thu dich doi vo i cac luc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong trao each mang a cac thupe dja. Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due. 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen ma i ciia Phap thyc hien mot loat chinh sach v a vet sue nguai, sue eiia ciia Vi^ t Na m doc vao ciipe chien tranh. Thang 6 - 1941, Due tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6 trong eupc chien tranh v? quoc da eo via manh me phong trao each mang Vi^t Nam . Nhtin g bien chuyen do ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc dat ra cho Dang ta phai nam bi t kip thai tinh hinh c6 danh gia chinh xac, de ra duong 161 dau tranh phix hop. b. Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang thang 11 -1939 Thnng 11 -1939, Hp i nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang trieu tap tai Ba Diem (Hoe Mo n - Gia Djnh) do Tong bi th u Nguyen Van C u chii tri . Sau khi phan tich tinh chat eiia eupc Chien tranh the gioi th u hai, nhan dinh ve tinh hinh the giai va Dong Duong , Hp i nghi xac din h muc tieu chien lupc trudc mat ciia each mang Dong Duon g la danh do de quoc va tay sai, giai phong cac dm tpc Dong Duong , lam cho Dong Duon g hoan toan dpe lap. L Hp i nghj chii truong tarn gac khau hi^u each mang rupng dat va de ra khau hi^u tjeh thu rupng dat ciia dequoe va dja chii phan bpi quyen Ipi ciia dan tpc, chong to cao, lai nang. Khau hi#u lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh ,i4upc thay the bSng khau hi?u lap chinh quyen dan chii epng hoa. l i ' Ve phuong phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang dau tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de quoc va tay sai; t u hoat dpng hpp phap, nua hpp phap sang ho?t dpng b i mat, bat hpp phap. , j , ; Dang chii chuang thanh lap Ma t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho Ma t tran dan chii Dong Duong. Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang Ian thdng 11 — 1939 "ddnh dau buac chuyen huang quan trgng vechi dqo chien luge", thehien su nhqy ben vechinh tri vd nang luc sang tqo cua Dang. 3. Van de nhi?m v\ va Ivrc lug^ng each mang duqrc giai quyet trong Cuong Ilnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang, trong Luan cuoiig chinh tri thang 10 - 1930 va trong Hpi nghj Trung uo«g Dang thang 11 -1939 * Van denhi^m vu each mang: - Trong Cuang Itnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang: Nguyen Ai Quoc chii trucmg dat nhi^m vy giai phong dan toe len tren nhi?m vy giai phong giai cap. Cuong llnh neu ro: Nhi?m vu ciia each mang Vi?t Nam la danh do de quoc Phap, bpn phong kien va phan each mang lam cho nuoc Vi?t Nam dpc lap, tu do. - Trong Luan cuang chinh tri thdng 10 -1930: Xac djnh nhi^m vy danh phong kien truoc danh de quoc sau. Luan cucmg neu ro: Nhi^m vy ciia each mang la danh do phong kien va danh do de quoc, hai nhi?m vy nay c6 quan h$ voi nhau. - Trong Hoi nghi Trung ucmg Dang thdng 11- 1939: Truoc nhirng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the' gioi va trong nuoc, nhat la khi Chien tranh the giai Ian thii hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, roi sau do, Nhat nhay vao Dong Duong cau ket voi Phap dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. Tmh hinh do. Dang ta trif u tap Hpi nghj thang 11 - 1939, chii truong giuong cao ngpn ca giai phong dan tpc, d|t rthi^m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thie't. N hu v^y, so voi Cuong llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang va chii tnrang ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang Dang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1030 con han che do la: chua neu dupe mau thuan chii yeu eiia xa hpi Dong Duong, khong dua ngpn ca dan tpc len hang dau ma nang ve dau tranh giai cap va each mang rupng dat. * Van de luc lugng each mang: - Trong Cucmg llnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang: Xac djnh luc lupng each mang la cong nhan, nong dan, tieu tu san, tri thuc. Doi voi phii nong, trung tieu dja chii va tu ban thi Ipi dung hoae trung lap, dong thai phai lien h? vai cac dan tpc bj ap biie va v6 san the gioi. - Trong Luan cucmg chinh tri thdng 10 -1930: Xac djnh lye lupng each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan. 66 - Trong Hpi nghi Trung uang Dang thdng 11 - 1939: Xac dinh luc lupng each mang la toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam. Hpi nghj chii truong thanh lap M|it tran thong nhat dan tpc Phan de Dong Duong de tap hpp mpi lupng ciia dan tpc vao nhi^m vu chii yeu la chong chien tranh de quoc va ach thong tri phat xit thupe dia. r. N hu vay, ve luc lupng each mang, so voi Cuang llnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang va chii truong ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong cung mSc sai lam do la: danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang ciia tang \cfp tieu tu san, kha nang chong dequoc va phong kien 6 miic dp nhat dinh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc, kha nang loi keo mot bp phan trung, tieu dja chii tham gia mat tran dan tpc thong nhat chong dequoc va tay sai. 4. Nguyen nhan, dien bien, nguyen nhan that bai, y nghia lich su ciia Khoi nghia Bhc Son, Khoi nghia Nam K i va Binh bien Do Luong. * Cuoc khai nghia Bac San (27-9- 1940) -Nguyen nhan: Ngay 22 - 9 - 1940, quan Nhat vupt qua bien gioi Vi^t - Trung, danh chiem Lang Son, nem bom Hai Phong, do bp len Do San 6 Lang Son, quan Phap bj ton that nang ne. So Ion quan Phap dau hang, so con l^i riit chay ve Thai Nguyen qua duong Bae San. - Dien bien: Dem ngay 27 - 9 - 1940, nhan dan Bae Son duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang bp dja phuong da noi day danh quan Phap, chiem don Mo Nhai. Ngyy quyen 6 Bac Son tan ra. Nhan dan lam chii chau Ij va cac viing Ian can. Dpi du kich BMc Son dupe thanh lap. Tuy Phap va Nhat mau thuan vai nhau, nhung deu hoang sp truoc lyc lupng each mang, da nhanh chong cau ket lai. May hom sau Nhat tha tu binh Phap va cho quan Phap tro lai dong cac don bo't 6 Lang Son. Thye dan Phap tien hanh khiing bo phong trao each mang Bac San. Chiing dot pha lang ban, don lang, tap trung dan, bat giet nhung nguoi tham gia khoi nghia. - y nghia vd bai hoc kinh nghiem cua khai nghia Bdc San: No ma dau cho phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan tpc sau khi c6 chii truong ehuyen huong dau tranh eiia Dang. Khai nghia BSc San giiip Dang ta nit ra nhirng bai hpc quy bau ve khoi nghia vii trang, chpn thai co, quyet tam gianh thSng Ipi. * CMOCkhai nghia Nam Ki(23-ll-1940) - Nguyen nhan: Thang 11 - 1940, xay ra cupc xung dpt giiia thye dan Phap va Xiem (Thai Lan). Chinh quyen thye dan Phap bit thanh nien Vi?t Nam va Cao Mien di 67 lam bia do dan. Nhan dan Na m K i va binh linh dau tranh khong dua linh ra m | t tran Trong boi canh do, X u uy Na m Ki chuan bj phat dong nhan dan kha i nghia va cu dai bieu ra Bac xin chi thj cua Trung uong. .-,Dien bien: Cupc khoi nghia no ra vao dem rang sang 23 - 11 - 1940. Kho i nghia biing no t u mien Dong den mien Tay Na m Bp; Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh , Chp Lan, Tan A n , Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Can Tho, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, \ Tho, Vinh Long. Chinh quyen each mang da thanh lap 6 nhieu noi. T u trong khoi nghia, lan dau tien xuat hi^n c6 do sao vang. Do ke hoach bj Ip, thuc dan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho. Chung cho may bay nem bom tan sat nhan dan nhirng vung noi day, bat nhieu ngudi. Luc lupng nghia quan con lai phai riit ve Dong Thap va U Min h de cung co lyc lupng. - y nghia: Cupc khoi nghia Na m K i chung to tinh than yeu nuoc ciia cac tang lop nhan dan Vi^ t Nam , san sang dung len chie'u dau chong quan thu. * Cmc binh bien Do Luffng (13-1- 941) - Nguyen nhan: Trong khi thyc dan Phap khiing bo du dpi nhCrng nguo i tham gia khoi nghia Na m Ki , tai mien Trung nhirng binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan dpi Phap da lam binh bien, chong lai vi^c Phap dua binh linh nguo i Vi^ t sang Lao danh nhau vo i quan Thai Lan. - Dien bien: Ngay 13 - 1 -1941, binh linh don Chp Rang (Ngh^ An) duo i su chi huy ai a D p i Cung (Nguyen Van Cung) da noi day. Toi hom do, hp da danh chiem don Do Luon g roi len 6 to tien ve Vinh de phoi hpp vdi binh linh 6 day chiem thanh. Nhun g ke hogch khong thuc hi^n dupe. Quan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho. Horn sau, loan bp binh linh tham gia noi day bi bat. Ngay 11 - 2 - 1941, Dp i Cung bj sa vao tay giac Ngay 24 - 4 - 1941, thyc dan Phap x u ban Dpi Cung cung 10 dong chi ciia ong. Nhieu nguo i khac bj ket an kho sai dua di day. - Y nghia: The hi^n tinh than yeu nuoc va y thuc dan tpc cua binh linh nguoi Vi^ t trong quan dpi Phap. - Nguyen nhan that bqi: Cupc kho i nghia Bac Son, Na m K i va cupc binh bien Do Luan g cuol cung bj that bai, do thuc dan Phap luc do con m^nh, khoi nghia no ra chua chin muoi, chua dung thoi co. 68 Cty TNHH MTVP^'H Khang Vift - Y nghia cua ba su kien tren: N o i len long yeu nuoc nong nan, the hi§n tinh than dau tranh bat khuat v i (Jpc lap t v do ciia dan tpc ta. Giang mot don chi t u vao thuc Phap, canh cao nghiem khac phat xit Nha t vua mo i dat chan len dat nuoc ta. "Do la nhCrng tien sung bao hi^u ciia cupc khoi nghia toan quoc". De Igi cho each mang nhieu bai hpc kinh nghiem qui gia, nhat bai hpc ve thoi CO khoi nghia. Rieng khoi nghia Bac Son de lai cho each mang dpi du kich Bac Son, khoi nghia Na m K i de lai cho each mang la co do sao vang nam canh, sau nay tro thanh Quoc ki - mpt bieu tupng thieng lieng ciia dat nuoc. N h u vay, trong thoi gian 3 thang, 3 cupc noi day noi tie'p no ra a 3 mien dat nuoc, do nhieu tang lop nhan dan va binh linh tham gia da neu cao tinh than bat khuat ciia dan tpc. Cac cupc noi day da that bai v i dieu kif n chua chin uoi, nhung "Do la nhiing tien siing bao hieu cho cupc khoi nghia toan quoc, la buoc dau dau tranh bang vu luc ciia cac dan tpc Dong Duong". . Tin h hin h the gioi , trong nuoc nhun g nam 1940 - 1941. Hp i ngh i lan th u 8 an Chap hanh Trun g uon g (5 - 1941). Tarn quan trpng ciia Hp i ngh i Trun g ig Ian th u 8. a. Tinh hinh the gioi, trong nuoc * Thegiai: Chien tranh the gioi lan th u hai da buoc sang nam thi i ba, sau khi chiem han Ion chau Au , phat xit Due chuan bj tan cong Lien X6, Nha t m o rpng xam upc Trung Quoc, chuan bj chien tranh Thai Binh Duong. * Trong nuac: Nha t nhay vao Dong Duong, Phap dau hang Nhat, Nha t lan tung buoc de ien Dong Duon g thanh thupc dja va can cii chien tranh ciia chiing. Nhan dan ng Duon g phai chju hai tang ap biic, boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat, mau thuan lira cac dan tpc Dong Duon g voi dequoc, phat xit Phap - Nhat phat trien gay t, van m?nh cac dan tpc Dong Duong nguy vong hon bao gio het. Nhan dan Dong Duon g ngay cang each mang hoa, nhieu cupc dau tranh da - ra, tieu bieu la cupc khoi nghia Bac Son (9 -1940) Na m K i (11 -1940) va cupc i n h bien Do Luon g (1 -1941). Truoc tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc ngay cang khan truong, ngay 28 - 1 -1941 guyen A i Quoc ve nuoc va trieu tap Hp i nghi Trung uong Dang lan th u VIII, ipp tir ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 t^ i PSc Bo (Cao Bang) chu truong d?t nhi^ m V giai phong dan tpc len tren het. ' b. Hgi nghi Idn thu 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (5 - 1941) Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quo'c ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang. Sau mQt thai gian chuan bj, Nguo i trieu tap va chu tri Ho i nghi Trung uong Ian th u 8 tai Pac Bo (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941. Nghj quyet Hp i nghi neu ro: Nhie m v u chu yeu truoc mat ciia each mang la giai phong dan tpc. Tam gac khau hi^u each mang ruong da't, neu khau hieu giam to, giam tue, chia lai rupng dat cong, tien toi thue hien nguoi cay c6 ruong. Chu truong thanh lap Chinh phu nhan dan. Thay ten cac Hp i Phan de thanh Hp i Cuu quoc, thanh lap Vi?t Nam doc lap dong min h gpi tat la Viet Min h thay cho Ma t tran thong nhat dan toe phan de'Dong Duon g va giiip do vi^c lap mat tran 6 cac nude Lao, Campuchia. Xae djnh hinh thai cupe khoi nghla o nuoc ta la d i t u kho i nghTa tung phan tien len tong khoi nghla va ket luan: chuan bj khoi nghla v u trang la nhi^m vu trung tam cua toan Dang, toan dan trong giai doan hi^n tai. Chinh thuc dupe bau ra Ban Chap hanh Trung uong moi , bau Truong Chinh lam Tong Bi thu. H p i nghj Ian th u 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trun g uon g Dang da hoan chinh chu truon g chuyen huon g dau tranh dupe de ra t u hpi nghj Trung uon g Ian t h u 6 (11 - 1939), nham giai quyet mue tieu so 1 cua each mang la doe lap dan tpc va de ra nhieu ehti truong sang tao thue hi|n mue tieu ay. H p i nghj Trung Ian thu 8 c6 y nghla Ijch su to Ion - da hoan chinh vi^c chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc each mang eiia Dang de ra t u Hp i nghj Trung uong Ian thi i 6 (11 - 1939). Kien quyet giuong cao hon nixa ngpn c6 giai phong dan tpc, dat nhi^m vu giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao g io het. Giai quyet diing di n moi quan h f gii>a hai nhi?m v y chien lupc chohg de quo'c va phong kien. De ra phuong phap each mang cu the: tich cue chuain bj lyc lupng de khoi nghla v u trang gianh chinh quyen, d i t u khoi nghla timg phan tien len Tong khoi nghla. c. Tam quan trgng cua Hgi nghi Trung uong Idn thii 8 Dpng vien toan Dang, toan dan tich cue chuan bj tien toi Cach mang thang Tam. V o i chu truong eiia Hp i nghj. Ma t tran Viet Min h ra doi, qua do Dang xay dun g dupe khoi doan ket toan dan viing chac. Tiep do luc lupng vu trang Ian lupt ra doi, can cu dia each mang thanh lap, phong trao dau tranh phat trien manh me chuan bi tien toi Tong khoi nghla trong toan quoc. Cty TNHH MTVP'/V' < Kh.ing 6, Chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua Dang tvr Hpi nghi Trung ifong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941). Va i tro cua Ho C hi Minh trong vi^c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien Iif^^c cua Dang va chuan bi tien toi khoi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen. a. Chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien luge: Truoc nhijng bien chuyen eiia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 11 -1939, Dang hpp Hp i nghj Trung uong Ian th u 6, de ra ehii truong: t »v'tf H p i nghj xae dinh muc tieu chien lupc truoc mat ciia each mang Dong Duong la danh do de quo'c va tay sai, giai phong cac dan tpc Dong Duong, lam cho Dong Duon g hoan toan doe lap. H p i nghi chii truong tam gac khau hieu each mang ruong da't va de ra khau hi?u tjch thu rupng da't cua de'quoc va dja chu phan bpi quyen Ipi cua dan tpc, cho'ng to cao, lai nang. Khau hieu lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh dupe thay the'bang khau hi^u lap chinh quyen dan chii cong hoa. • '' '' Ve phuong phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang da'u tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de'quoc va tay sai; t u boat dpng hpp phap, niia hpp phap sang hoat dpng bi mat, bat hpp phap. Dang ehii chuong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho Ma t tran dan chii Dong Duong. Nghi quyei Hoi nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thang 11- 1939 "danh dau buac chuyen hu&ng quan trgng vechi dao chien luge", the hien su nhqy ben ve chinh tri va nang luc sang tqo cua Dang. Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quoc ve nude tryc tiep lanh dao each m^ng. Sau mpt thdi gian chuan bj, Nguo i tri^u tap va ehii trj Hp i nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 tai Pie Bd (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 -1941. Nghj quyet Hp i nghj neu ro: Nhi f m vu chii yeu trude mSt ciia each mang la giai phdng dan tpc. Tam gac khau hieu each mang rupng da't, neu khau hi^u giam to, giam tiic, chia lai rupng da't cong, tien tdi thuc hien nguoi cay cd rupng. Chii truong thanh lap Chinh phii nhan dan. Thay ten cac Hp i Phan de thanh Hp i Ciiu quo'c, thanh lap Viet Na m doe lap dong min h gpi tat la Vi^t Min h thay cho Ma t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong Duon g va giiip do vi^c lap mat tran d cac nude Lao, Campuchia. Xae djnh hinh thai cupe khdi nghTa d nude ta la di t u khdi nghla tung phan Hen len tong khdi nghTa va ket luan: chuan bj khdi nghTa vu trang la nhi?m vy trung tam ciia toan Dang, toan dan trong giai dogn hi?n tai. Chinh thuc duoc bau ra Ban Chap hanh Trung irang moi , bau Truong Chinh lam Tong Bi thu. Hoi nghi Ian thu 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uvng Dang da hocin chinh chu truang chuyen hif&ng dau tranh dugc dim tit hoi nghi Trung imng Ian thie 6 - 11 . 1939, nhhm gidi quyei muc tieu sol cua each mqng la doc lap dan toe va dera nhieu chu trucmg sang tqo thuc hien muc tieu ay. b. Vai trd cua Ho Chi Minh: Sau 30 nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den ngay 28 - 1 - 1941 Nguyen Ai Quoc ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang. Nguo i da to chuc va chii tri Hp i nghi Trung uong Ian th u 8 tai P5c P6 (Cao B^ng) tu ngay 10 den 19-5-1941 . Tai Ho i nghj nay, Nguyen A i Quoc da chu truong hoan chinh chuyen huong chi dao chien luge dugc de ra trong Hgi nghj Trung uong Ian th u 6 (11- 1939). Hg i nghi dat van de giai phong dan tgc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao gio he't. Quyet dinh thanh lap Ma t tran Viet Min h de chuan bj tien tdi Tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc. Quyet djnh xiic tien cong tac chuan bi khoi nghia vu trang. Coi do la nhif m v u trung tam ciia Dang trong giai doan hi^n tai. N h u vay, den Hg i nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thu 8 da chuan bj xong vc duong loi de tien toi Tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong Cach mang thang Tam 1945. Nguyen A i Quoc - H o Chi Min h la nguoi true tiep chii tri va quyet djnh nhOng van de co ban cua hgi nghj. Sau Hg i nghj Trun g uong Ian th u 8 (5 - 1941), Nguen A i Quoc - H o Chi Min h tiep tuc chuan bj de tien tdi Tong khoi nghia thang Tam 1945. Ra chi thj thanh lap Dgi Vi^t Na m tuyen truyen giai phong quan (22 - 12 - 1944). To chuc xay dun g can cu dja each mang, ban dau la can cu Cao BSng, den thang 6 - 1945, thanh lap Khu giai phong Vi?t B3c. Na m 1942, Nguo i di Trung Quoc lien tiep tranh thii su ung hg cua cac luc lugng dong minh . 7, Cong cupc chuan b i kho i nghia aia Dang t u sau Hg i nghi Trung uong 8 (5 -1941) * Xay dung luc lugng chinh tri: M g t trong nhi>ng nhi^m v y cap bach cua Dang la van dgng quan chiing tham gia Vi^t Minh . Cao Bang la noi thi diem cugc van dgng xay dun g cac Hoi ci'fu quoc trong mat tran Vi^t Minh . Den nam 1942, khap cac chau a Cao B5ng deu CO hgi cuu quoc, trong do c6 ba chau "hoan toan". Tiep do, Uy ban Vi?t Min h tinh Cao Bang va Uy ban Vif t Min h lam thoi lien tinh Cao - Bac - L?ng dugc thanh lap. Cty TNHHMn-PVV'i Kh.in.^i ViSt_ O nhieu tinh mien Bac, mgt so tinh mien Trung, 6 Ha Ngi , Ha i Phong hau he't cac Hoi phdn ^e'chuyen thanh Hoi Cuu quoc dong thoi nhieu hgi cuu quoc oidi dugc thanh lap. Trong khi chu trgng tdi cong nhan va nong dan. Dang con tranh thu tap hgp rgng rai cac tang Idp khac nh u sinh vien, hgc sinh, tri thuc, t u san dan tgc vao mat tran cuu nude. Na m 1943, Dang dua ra ban Decimng Van hod Viet Nam , v$n dgng thanh lap Hoi van hod citu quoc Viet Nam va Dang dan chu Viet Nam dung trong Ma t tran Viet Minh . Dang cung tang cudng cong tac van dgng binh linh ngudi Viet trong quan dgi Phap, nhiing ngoai kieu d Dong Duon g chdng phat xit. * Xay dung luc lugng vu trang: Cling vd i viec xay dun g luc lugng chinh trj , cong tac xay dun g luc lugng v u trang each mang dugc Dang dac biet coi trgng. Sau cugc khoi nghia Bac Son that bai, mgt bg phan luc lugng khdi nghia v u trang chuyen sang xay dung thanh nhirng dgi du kich hoat dgng d nhiing cu dja BMc Son - Vi i Nhai. Budc sang nam 1941, nhirng dgi du kich Bac Son Idn manh len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung dgi cuu quoc quan / (14 - 2 - 1941). Cuu quoc quan phat dgng chien tranh du kich trong 8 thang (tir thang 7 - 1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de doi phd vdi su vay quet ciia dich, sau do phan tan thanh nhieu bg phan de chan chinh luc lugng, gay dun g co so chinh trj trong quan chiing tai cac tinh Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Lang Son. Ngay 15 - 9 -1941, Trung doi citu quoc II ra doi * Xay dieng can cu dja: Cong tac xay dun g can cu dja each mang cung dugc Dang quan tam. Viing B5c Son - Vi i Nha i dugc xay dung thanh can cu dia each mang. N a m 1941, sau khi ve nude, Nguyen A i Quoc chgn Cao Bang de xay dyn g can cu dja dua tren co sd luc lugng chinh trj dugc to chuc va phat trien. Do la hai trung tam can cu dja dua tren co sd luc lugng chinh tri dugc to chuc va phat trien. Do la hai trung tam can cu dia dau tien cua each mang nude ta. .« ' T u dau nam 1943, cugc chien tranh the gidi chuyen bien cd Igi cho each mang. Hon g quan Lien X6 chuyen sang phan cong quan Due, su that bai cua chii nghia phat xit da rd rang. Tinh hinh do doi hoi Dang ta day manh hon nira cong tac chuan bi cho cugc khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen. T u ngay 25 den 28 - 2 -1943, Ban Thudng v u Trung uong Dang hgp d Vong (Dong An h - Phiic Yen). Hg i nghj da vach ra mgt keho^ch cy the ve cong i^c chuan bj toan di^n cho cugc khdi nghia vu trang T^i cac tinh vun g nii i phi'a Bac cong cupc chuan bi khoi nghia dien ra khan truang. O can cu Bac San - V u Nhai, Cuu quoc quan hoat dpng manh, tuyen truyen v u trang, gay dun g co so chinh trj , m a rgng khu can cu. Trong qua trinh do, Trung doi cuu quae III ra doi (25 - 2 -1944). O can cu Cao Bang, nhung d pi t u ve v u trang, doi du kich dugc thanh lap. Na m 1943, Ban Vi?t Min h lien tinh Cao - Bac - Lang lap ra 19 ban "xung phong Nam tien" de lien lac vo i can cu d|a Bac Son - Vi i Nha i va phat trien luc luong xuong cac tinh mien xuoi Ngay 7 - 5 - 1944, Tong bq> Viet Min h ra chi thj cho cac cap "Siea soqn khai nghia" va keu goi nhan dan "S^m vu khi duoi thii chung". Ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, theo chu tich H o Chi Minh , Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan dugc thanh lap. Sau khi ra doi, dpi da danh thang lien tiep d hai tran 6 Phay Khat va Na Ngan (Cao Bang). Can cu Cao - Bac - Lang du••i^•>i.^;l''':^^:VT:')••'h:;>>;i;^;' M;);;!?:.,:;;,*; Den giij-a thang 8 - 1945, khi the each mang sue soi trong ca nuoe. Ttr ngay 14 - 8, mpt so cap bo Dang va to chuc Viet Min h tuy ehua nhan dugc lenh tong khoi nghia do thong tin lien lac kho khan, nhung da can cu vao tinh hinh cu the cua dia phuong va van dung chi thj "Nhqt-Phdp ban nhau va hank dong cua chiing ta" da phat dong nhan dan khoi nghia 6 nhieu xa, huyen thuoc cac tinh diau tho song Hong, Thanh Hoa, Ngh§ An, Ha Tinh, Thua Thien - Hue^ Khanh Hoa... Chieu 16 - 8 - 1945 theo lenh cua Uy ban khoi nghia, mo t don v j giai phong quan do V6 Nguyen Giap chi huy, xuat phat t u Tan Trao tien ve thj xa Thai Nguyen. Ngay 18 - 8 - 1945, nhan dan Bac Giang, Ha i Duong, Ha Tinh, Quang Na m gianh dugc chinh quyen o tinh Ij. *dHaN6i: Chieu 17- 8 quan chung noi, ngoai thanh to chuc mit tinh 6 Nha hat Lon, sau do xep thanh dpi ngCi, d i t u Nha hat Lon qua cac trung tarn, ho vang cac khau hi^u: :"Ung ho Viet Minh", "Dd ddo bit nhin", "Viet Nam doc lap"... U y ban khoi nghia quyet djnh khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 19 - 8 -1945. Ngay 18 - 8, ca do sao vang xuat hi?n tren cac thanh pho'chinh cua Ha Noi . Ngay 19-8 , hang chuc van nhan dan noi ngoai thanh xuo'ng dudn g bieu duong luc lugng. Quan chung each mang c6 su ho trg ciia cac dpi t u v? chien dau, Ian lugt chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia djch: Phu Kham sai Bac Bg, So Canh sat Trung uong. So Buu dien. So Bao an binh... Toi 19 - 8, cugc kho i nghia gianh chinh quyen 6 Ha No i thang Igi. *dHue: Ngay 20 - 8, Uy ban khoi nghia tinh dugc thanh lap. Uy ban quyet djnh gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 23 - 8. Hang chuc van nhan dan noi, ngoai thanh keo ve thj uy chiem cac cong so, chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan. Chieu 30 - 8, truoc cugc mit tinh lon co hang van quan chiing tham gia, vua Bao Dai tuyen bo thoai vj . * Tqi Sai Gdn: ' ' ' X u uy Na m K i quyet djnh khoi nghia 6 Sai Gon va cac tinh vao ngay 25 - 8. Sang 25 - 8, cac don vj "Xung phong cong doan:", Thanh nien tien phong" cong flhan, nong dan cac tinh Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Thii Dau Mgt, M I Tho keo ve thanh pho'. Quan ehiing chiem So mat tham. So Canh sat, Nh a ga, Buu di^n, fjha may di?n... va gianh chinh quyen. Kho i nghia thang Igi 6 ba thanh pho lon da tac dgng quyet din h den cac dia jyhu'ong trong ca nuoe. Nhieu noi t u rung niii , nong thon t u thanh thi noi tie'p 0hau kho i nghia. Dong Na i Thugng va Ha Tien la nhiin g dia phuong gianh i n h quyen mug n nhat vao ngay 28 - 8. ^ Nhu vqy, trit may thi xa do luc luang cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc Tieang Gidi Thqch tay sai chiem dong tie truac (Mong cdi, Hd Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chdu, Vtnh Yen), tong khai nghia gianh dugc thang Igi trcn ca nuac trong vdng nua thdng, tie 14 den ngay 28 - 8-1945. }' c. Y nghia lich su: Cach mang thang Tam "ma ra mot biwc ngoqt Ian trong lich sit dan tgc ta". N o pha tan xieng xich no le cua thuc dan Phap hon 80 nam, ach thong tri ciia at xit Nha t gan 5 nam, lat nhao ngai vang phong kien ng u t n ngot chuc the a nuoe ta, lap nen nude Vi f t Na m Dan chu Cgng hoa - Nha nude do nhan lao dgng lam chii. I, Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam danh dau buoc phat trien nhay vgt "cua each mang Vi?t Nam , m o dau k i nguyen mo i cua dan tgc: k i nguyen doe l^p, t u do; k i nguyen nhan dan lao dgng nam quyen, lam ehii dat nuoe, lam ehii vgn m^nh dan tgc; k i nguyen giai phong dan tgc gan lien voi giai phong xa hgi. Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam da gop phan chien thang ehii nghia phat xit trong Chien tranh the gioi th u hai, da chgc thiing khau ye'u nhat trong h? thong thugc dia eiia ehii nghia de'quoc, gop phan lam suy ye'u chiing, co v u mgnh me cac dan tgc thugc dja dau tranh t u giai phong, "co anh huong tryc tie'p va rat to lon den hai dan tgc ban la Mie n va Lao". d. Nguyen nhan thang Iqti: - Nguyen nhan khdch quan: , Chien thang Dong min h trong cugc chien tranh chong bgn phat xit, dac bi^t chien thang phat xit Due va bgn quan phi^n Nha t Ban ciia Hon g quan Lien Xo da CO vCi tinh than, ciing co niem tin cho nhan dan ta trong su nghi^p dau tranh giai phong dan tgc, tao thoi co de nhan dan ta dun g len Tong khoi nghia. - Nguyen nhan chu quan: ('(" Dan tgc ta von co truyen thong yeu nuoe nong nan, tung trai qua nhung piQc da'u tranh kien cuong, bat khuat cho doe lap t u do. V i vay, khi Dang ing san Dong Duon g va MSt tran Vi$t Min h phat cao co eiiu nuoe thi toan dan nhat te dun g len eiiu nuoe, cuu nha. .'C,'.^'':::^;'; 77 Cach mang thang Tam do Dang Cpng san Dong Duong va Ho Chi Minh lanh dao, da de ra duong loi chien luoc, chu truong chi dao chien lug-c va sach lu<7c diing din dya tren co so li luan Mac - Lenin duoc van dyng sang t^io vao hoan canh Viet Nam. De gianh thing Igi Cach mang thang Tarn, Dang ta co qua trinh chuain bj trong suot 15 nam, qua cac phong trao each mang 1930 -1931, 1936 - 1939 thoai trao each mang nam 1932 - 1935, da due riit nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi^m thanh cong va that bai, dac bi^t la qua trinh xay dung luc lugng chinh tn, luc lugng vu trang, can cu dja trong thoi ki van dong giai phong dan tgc 1939 -1945. Trong nhi>ng ngay khoi nghia, toan Dang, toan dan nhat tri, dong long, khong so hi sinh, gian kho, quyet tam gianh dpc lap tu do. Cac cap bp Dang va chop thoi C O phat dong quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen. quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen. Trong cac nguyen nhan tren phai thay rang, nguyen nhan chii quan dong vai tro quyet djnh, nguyen nhan khach quan chi co tac dung dua Cach mang thang Tam nhanh chong gianh dupe thang Ipi va it do mau. Trong cac nguyen nhan chii quan do thi nguyen nhan ve vai tro lanh dao cua Dang va ciia Ho C hi Minh la nguyen nhan quyet djnh nhat. Dang va Ho Chi Minh da de ra duong 161 each mang diing dSn, sang tao phu hap vai dieu kien lich su Viet Nam trong cupe da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc va giai phong giai cap, ket hpp giira dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi. Voi duong 161 each mang do. Dang ta va Ho Chi Minh lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh trong 15 nam, qua cae Ian dien tap (1930 - 1931) (1936 - 1939) (1939 - 1945). Dae bi?t, khi Nh^t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), Dang ta va Ho Chi Minh phat dong cao trao khang Nhat euu nuac, lam tien de cho tong khoi nghia. Va khi thoi co xuat hifn. Dang ta va Ho Chi Minh da nhanh chong chop thoi co phat dong tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc, dua Cach mang thang Tam den thang Ipi cu6i ciing. e. Bai hgc kinh nghiem: Bai hoc ve van dung sang tao chii nghia Mac - Lenin vao thyc tien Vi^t Nam, nam bat dupe tinh hinh the giai va each mang trong nuoc de thay doi chu truang chii dao chien lupe cho phu hpp. Bai hpc ve vi^c giai quyet diing dan giua nhi^m vy dan tpc va dan chii, de cao van de dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau. Bai hpc ve tap hpp, to chiie doan ket lye lupng each mang trong Mat tran dan tpc th6'ng nhat rpng rai, tren co so lien minh cong n6ng, tao nen sue manh toan dan, phan hoa va e6 lap cao dp ke thii roi tien len danh bgi chiing. 78 Bai hoc ve sy linh hoat ket hpp dau tranh chinh trj voi da'u tranh via trang, ket hpp voi chien tranh du kich, da'u tranh chinh tri va khoi nghia tung phan, Idioi nghia 6 nong thon va thanh thj tien toi Tong khoi nghia. Bai hpc ve vi?c ket hpp giiia da'u tranh va xay dyng de ngay eang v&ng manh ve to chiic, tu tuong chinh trj. 3, Nuoc Vi? t Nam Da n chii Cpng hoa ra doi. Npi dung co ban ciia Tuyen ngon \f>QC lap ngay 2 - 9 -1945. Ngay 25 - 8 -1945, Chii tieh Ho Chi Minh eung vai Trung uong Dang va Uy lan dan tpc giai phong Vi^t Nam tu Tan Trao ve den Ha Npi. Theo de nghj ciia Ho Chi Minh, Uy ban dan tpc giai phong Vi^t Nam cai to thanh Chinh phu lam thai nuac Vict Nam Dan chu Cong hoa. Trong nhimg ngay Ijch sii nay. Ho Chi Minh soan thao ban Tuj/Sn ngon Doc lap, chuan bj cho mpi mg vi^c Chinh phii lam thai ra mat quoc dan. Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, tai quang truang Ba Dinh (Ha Npi) truoc cupc mit tinh Ion ciia hang chuc van nhan dan thii d6 va cac viing lan can, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh thay mat Chinh phii lam thoi dpc ban Tui/en ngon Doc lap, trjnh trpng tuyen b6'vai quoc dan va the gioi: Nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap. Noi dung cua ban Tuyen ngon Dpc lap: Khang djnh quyen thieng lieng bat kha xam pham ciia cac dan tpc: "Tat ca mpi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh dSng, tao hoa cho hp co quyen dupe song, dupe ty do va muu eau hanh phiic". KhSng djnh quyen ty do, dpc lap ciia dan tpc ta tren hai phuong di^n: phap li va thyc tien: "Nuoc Vi^t Nam co quyen dupe huong ty do dpe lap, va sy th^t da tro thanh mpt nuoc ty do dpc lap". Khang djnh thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam, ban Tuyen ng6n neu ro: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi. Dan ta danh do cae xieng xich thyc dan gan 100 nam nay de xay dyng nen nuoc Vi^t Nam dpc lap. Dan ta danh do che dp quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che dp dan chii cpng hoa" Cuol ban tuyen ng6n. Ho Chi Minh thay mat nhan dan Vi?t Nam khSng djnh y chi sat da ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam quyet giii viJng nen ty do dpc lap vua gianh dupe: "Toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lye lupng, tinh mang va ciia cai de giir vihig quyen ty do dpc lap ay". Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, mai mai di vao lich sir Vi^t Nam la mpt trong nhCing ngay hpi lan nha't, ve vang nhat ciia dan tpc. 79 Bai hQc ve thyc hif n lien minh cong - nong: Trong qua trinh dien ra Cach mgng thang Tam, lye luong each mang hang hai va dong dao nha't la cong nhan va nong dan, nhung nguoi gop phan viet nen trang su vang cua Cach m^ng thang Tam. Bai hpc ve su dung bao lyc de gianh chinh quyen: Cach mang thang Tam di tir dau tranh chinh tri den khoi nghia vu trang de gianh chinh quyen trong toan quo'c, trong do khoi nghia vu trang giCr vai tro quyet djnh. Bai hgc ve xay dung chinh quyen nha nude: khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh thay mat Dang va Chinh phu dpc Tuyen ngon dpc lap, tuyen bo'khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. Bai hpc ve cong tac mat tran: De tien toi Cach mang thang Tam, Dang ta da cho xay dung m|it tran nham doan ket cac luc luong yeu nuac chong ke thu cua dan tpc va chuan bj cho thSng Ipi cua Cach mang thang Tam. Do la Mat tran dan tpc thong nhat phan de Dong Duong (1939) va Mat tran Vi?t Minh (1941). - Van dung bai hgc kinh nghiem tif phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939: Bai hpc ve tap hpp luc lupng chinh trj cua dong dao quan chung: Cach m^ing thang Tam no ra va gianh thang Ipi, ben canh lyc lupng vu trang con c6 lyc lypng chinh trj ciia quan chiing da chuan bi san sang, khi c6 l^nh Tong khoi nghia la hp nhat te vung day. Bai hpc ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii: Cach mgng thang Tam la cupc each m^ng bao lyc, 6 do ket hpp dypc nhieu hinh thuc va phuong dau tranh phong phii nhu vu trang khoi nghia, mit tinh, bieu tinh, tuan hanh,... de danh chiehi cac try so aia dich, giai tan chinh quyen djch. 6. Cac hinh thuc to chiic m|t tr|n dan tpc thong nhat tir nam 1930 den nam 1945. Vai tro ciia tung m|t tr^n Ten m|t tr|n Hinh thuc to chuc Vai tro M^t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Doi-^g Duong. Den thang 3 - 1938, doi thanh M3t' tr|in dan chu Dong Duong. 82 Van dpng quan chiing tham gia vao m^t tran de tranh chong phat xit va bpn phan dpng thupc dia doi cac quyen ty do dan chii, com ao hoa binh. Tgp hpp dong dao quan chiing hang tri^u nguoi dau tranh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii. Giao dye va giac ngp quan chiing hieu dypc chii truong ciia Dang, san sang tham gia dau tranh each mang.