🔙 Quay lại trang tải sách pdf ebook 600 Basic Japanese Verbs: The Essential Reference Guide Ebooks Nhóm Zalo Dear Reader: In order to view all colored text and non-English text accurately, please ensure that the PUBLISHER DEFAULTS SETTING on your reading device is switched to ON. This will allow you to view all non-English characters and colored text in this book. —Tuttle Publishing 2 3 Compiled by HIRŌ JAPANESE CENTER TUTTLE Publishing Tokyo | Rutland, Vermont | Singapore 4 Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www.tuttlepublishing.com © 1989, 2013 by HJC International, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-4629-1336-7 (ebook) Distributed by: North America, Latin America and Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon VT 05759-9436 USA. Tel: 1(802) 773-8930 Fax: 1(802) 773-6993 [email protected] www.tuttlepublishing.com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 1410032, Japan Tel: (81) 3 5437 0171 Fax: (81) 3 5437 0755 [email protected] www.tuttle.co.jp Asia Pacific 5 Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12, Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330 Fax: (65) 6280-6290 [email protected] www.periplus.com 16 15 14 13 5 4 3 2 1 1306MP Printed in Singapore TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. 6 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction for the Revised Edition Introduction VERB GROUPINGS EXPLANATION OF VERB FORMS POLITE LANGUAGE: HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE SPEECH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE KEY TO SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A Guide to Japanese Verbs A List of Compound Verbs A List of Suru Verbs 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the following people for their help with the publication of this revised book: first, our students, who in one way or another have both guided and prodded us to seek new and better approaches to teaching Japanese; and second, Thomas Manson and Tara Tudor, who were all kind enough to help out with the tedious job of proofreading. Special gratitude is due to Sandra Korinchak, senior editor of Tuttle Publishing for offering the opportunity to revise our original book published in 1989. Hitoshi Watanabe, Naomi Watanabe Takae Watanabe Hirō Japanese Center: Phone: +81-3-3444-3481 Fax: +81-3-3444-3483 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.japaneselanguage.net 8 INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION Although there have been many changes made in this revised edition, there are a few we find of particular importance. In the prior edition, we used only the Roman alphabet to transcribe the example sentences. We found that our intermediate and advanced students prefer to use the native script. Therefore this edition includes example sentences in Hiragana, Katakana and Jōyō-Kanji, the 2,136 Chinese characters recommended for daily use. The second notable change is the revision to the compound verb section. The prior edition only provided examples of select compound verbs. The revised edition supplies the reader with verb endings that can be used with the pre-masu form as a stem to create customized compounds, allowing for flexibility in the student’s learning method. There are also many minor changes, such as the inclusion of Katakana-based loanwords (a very popular trend in Japanese speech in recent years) used as suru-verbs; we also revised the example sentences to better reflect the many changes made in modern-day society. 9 INTRODUCTION Fluency in a language cannot be attained without a solid understanding of that language’s verbs and their usages. Especially with Japanese, it is crucial for the student to master verbs in order to be able to communicate effectively. In Japanese, the importance of the subject-verb relationship is not stressed as it is in Indo-European languages such as English. In English, verb forms change depending on whether the subject is singular or plural, first person or second person, and so on. Thus, for the verb “to go,” one says “I go” and “He goes.” More complicated are some of the many languages whose verb forms change depending on whether the subject is feminine or masculine. In Japanese, however, verbs are not affected by their subjects in this manner; it does not make any difference whether the subject is singular or plural, or first person or second person. This, plus the fact that there are relatively few exceptions to the rules, makes Japanese verbs relatively less complicated to learn than those of many other languages. Once the students master certain rules for making such forms as the masu, imperative, te, and conditional forms, they will be able to apply these rules to almost any verb. Of course, the students should be aware that while any form can in theory be made from any verb, forms of some verbs are seldom used in ordinary situations. Along with the main entries and their example sentences, this introduction will help students learn both the conjugation and the usage of Japanese verbs. VERB GROUPINGS One way to approach Japanese verbs is to classify them into three major groupings according to the way they are conjugated when spelled with Roman letters. (This classification method does not apply when they are written in the Japanese syllabary.) These groups are: 10 Group 1: The u -dropping conjugation Group 2: The ru -dropping conjugation Group 3: Irregular conjugation Knowing which group a verb belongs to enables one to determine the stem of a verb. Group 1: (the u -dropping conjugation) Most of the verbs in Group 1 are easy to recognize. With the exception of suru and kuru, if the ending of the plain (dictionary) form of a verb is anything but -eru or -iru, the verb belongs to this group. As shown below, to determine the stem, simply drop the final -u ending. The masu forms are then made by attaching -imasu/- imasen to the stem. If the ending of a verb is either -eru or -iru, one must consult a reference source to determine if it belongs to Group 1 or Group 2. A 11 small percentage of verbs ending in -eru and -iru do belong to Group 1, and likewise form their stem by dropping the final -u ending. Confusion may arise when words spelled the same have different meanings. For example, the word kiru, accenting the ki syllable, means “to cut” and belongs to Group 1; its stem is kir-. On the other hand, the kiru that accents the ru syllable means “to wear” and belongs to Group 2; its stem is ki-. In the same manner, the word kaeru, accenting the ka syllable, means “to return” and belongs to Group 1; its stem is kaer-. The kaeru that accents the e syllable, however, means “to change” and belongs to Group 2; its stem is kae-. Sometimes, there are no pronunciation differences, as exemplified by iru. Thus, while the word iru meaning “to need” belongs to Group 1, iru meaning “to exist” belongs to Group 2. Both are pronounced the same. Examples of Group 1 verbs whose endings are -eru or -iru are listed below. The stem is formed by dropping the final -u ending; the masu forms, by attaching -imasu/-imasen to the stem. Group 2: (the ru -dropping conjugation) Most verbs ending in -eru or -iru belong to this group. The stem is formed by dropping the -ru ending, and the masu forms are made by adding -masu/-masen to the stem. 12 Group 3: (irregular conjugation) This group has only two verbs, kuru (来る) “to come” and suru (す る) “to do.” Their verb forms are shown in their respective entries in the main text of this book (pages 143 and 255, respectively). Verb stem + adjuncts Many adjuncts are attached to the verb stem to alter the verb’s original meaning. Some of the more common examples are listed below. a. Kare no Nihon-go wa wakari-yasui. 彼の日本語は分かりやすい。 His Japanese is easy to understand. b. Kanojo no Nihon-go wa wakari-nikui. 彼女の日本語は分かりにくい。 Her Japanese is difficult to understand. c. Watashi wa benkyō shi-tai desu. Shigoto wa shi-takunai desu. 私は勉強したいです。仕事は、したくないです。 I want to study. I don’t want to work. d. Kare wa Nihon e iki-tagatte imasu. 彼は日本へ行きたがっています。 He wants to go to Japan. e. Terebi o mi-nagara, shokuji shimashita. テレビを見ながら、食事しました。 I ate while watching television. 13 f. Ame ga furi-sō desu. 雨が降りそうです。 It looks like it will rain. g. Kanojo wa eiga o mi ni ikimashita. 彼女は映画を見に行きました。 She went to see a movie. h. Kono kanji no yomi-kata ga wakarimasen. この漢字の読み方が分かりません。 I don’t know how to read this kanji. i. Isogi-nasai 急ぎなさい。 Hurry up. EXPLANATIONS OF VERB FORMS The following are explanations and examples of each of the verb forms listed in the main entries. The Plain Form The plain form—including the plain forms of the present, past, conditional, presumptive, volitional, potential, passive, causative, and causative passive forms— is used in everyday conversation among friends, family, and other close relationships. The present tense of the plain form of verbs is sometimes called the “dictionary form.” Note that there is a slight change regarding the conjugation of the negative forms of verbs such as kau, iu, and omou —Group 1 verbs that have the final -u preceded by a vowel. Instead of attaching -anai/-anakatta to the stem of these Group 1 verbs, - wanai/-wanakatta is attached to make the negative forms. Thus, kau becomes kawanai, iu becomes iwanai, and omou becomes omowanai. The plain form generally is used as follows. 1. In informal conversations: a. Ashita tomodachi ni au? 14 明日、友達に会う？ Will you meet your friend tomorrow? b. Un, au. うん、会う。 Yes, I will. c. Uun, awanai. ううん、会わない。 No, I won’t. d. Kinō tomodachi ni atta? 昨日、友達に会った？ Did you meet your friend yesterday? e. Uun, awanakatta. ううん、会わなかった。 No, I didn’t. 2. Within a clause of a complex sentence: a. Kare wa ashita kuru to iimashita. 彼は明日来ると言いました。 He said he would come tomorrow. b. Kare wa ashita iku ka dō ka wakarimasen. 彼は明日行くかどうか分かりません。 I don’t know whether he will go or not tomorrow. c. Kare wa aruku’n desu ka. 彼は歩くんですか。 Will he walk? d. Kare ga oshieru no wa Getsuyōbi desu. 彼が教えるのは月曜日です。 He teaches on Mondays. e. Kare ni ashita hanasanai yō ni itte kudasai. 彼に明日話さないように言ってください。 Tell him not to talk tomorrow. f. Gakkō e kuru toki tomodachi ni aimashita. 学校へ来るとき、友達に会いました。 I met a friend of mine on my way to school. 15 3. Before adjuncts: a. Raishū tegami o kaku tsumori desu. 来週手紙を書くつもりです。 I intend to write a letter next week. b. Kare wa mata kuru hazu desu. 彼はまた来るはずです。 He is supposed to come again. c. Kare wa Amerika e kaetta sō desu. 彼はアメリカへ帰ったそうです。 I heard he went back to the United States. d. Tomodachi ni denwa shita hō ga ii desu yo. 友達に電話したほうがいいですよ。 You should call your friend. e. Igirisu ni itta koto ga arimasu ka. イギリスに行ったことがありますか。 Have you been to England? f. Pātii de nonda-ri tabeta-ri shimashita. パーティーで飲んだり食べたりしました。 I ate and drank at the party. g. Koko de tabako o suwanai de kudasai. ここでタバコを吸わないでください。 Please don’t smoke here. The Masu Form The masu form is often referred to as the “polite form.” Suitable for a wide range of circumstances, the masu form is considered a polite, conventional way of speaking. Note that the present masu form covers both the English present and future tenses. The present masu form is made by attaching -imasu/-imasen to the stem of Group 1 verbs, or -masu/-masen to the stem of Group 2 verbs. The masu forms for the potential, passive, causative, and causative passive forms are made by dropping the final -ru syllable, and attaching -masu/- masen. For the masu forms for the humble and honorific forms, refer to the entries for naru, nasaru, suru, and itasu. 16 a. Ashita dekakemasu ka. 明日出かけますか。 Will you go out tomorrow? b. lie, dekakemasen. いいえ、出かけません。 No, I won’t. c. Kesa shinbun o yomimashita ka. 今朝新聞を読みましたか。 Did you read the newspaper this morning? d. lie, yomimasen deshita. いいえ、読みませんでした。 No, I didn’t. e. Piano o hikimasu ka. ピアノを弾きますか。 Do you play the piano? f. Ame ni furaremashita. 雨に降られました。 I was caught in the rain. g. Mō ichido yaraseraremashita. もう一度やらせられました。 They made me do it one more time. The Te Form The te form can be considered to be the Japanese equivalent of the English gerund. For most verbs, the te forms are made as follows: Group 1 verbs: 1. Change the -ku ending to -ite.* aku (to open) aite 2. Change the -gu ending to -ide. sawagu (to be noisy) sawaide 3. Change the -su ending to -shite. hanasu (to speak) hanashite 4. Change the -bu, -mu, and -nu endings to -nde. 17 tobu (to fly) tonde yomu (to read) yonde shinu (to die) shinde 5. Change the -ru and -tsu endings to -tte. kaeru (to return) kaette katte (to win) katte 6. Change the -u ending when preceded by a vowel to -tte. kau (to buy) katte iu (to say) itte Group 2 verbs: Change the -ru ending to -te. miru (to see) mite Group 3 verbs: See the individual entries for suru and kuru. (pages 143 and 255, respectively). To make the te forms of the potential, passive, causative, and causative passive forms of verbs, change the -ru ending to -te. 1. State of Doing The te form, when combined with iru/imasu, indicates a state of doing; in other words, a state where the action is continuous. a. Ima, nani o shite imasu ka. 今、何をしていますか。 What are you doing now? b. Nihon-go o benkyō shite iru. 日本語を勉強している。 I’m studying Japanese. c. Yūbe hachi-ji goro watashi wa tegami o kaite imashita. 夕べ、８時ごろ私は手紙を書いていました。 I was writing a letter at about eight o’clock last night. 2. Present Perfect The present perfect tense is also indicated by the te form. It is made by combining the te form with iru/imasu. Note that the te iru 18 form is often used in Japanese for conditions that are not always indicated in English by the present perfect tense. a. Eiga wa mō hajimatte imasu ka. 映画はもう始まっていますか。 Has the movie started yet? b. lie, mada hajimatte imasen. いいえまだ始まっていません。 No, it has not started yet. c. Ame wa yande iru. 雨はやんでいる。 The rain has stopped. d. Michi wa migi ni magatte iru. 道は右に曲がっている。 The road curves to the right. e. Kare wa futotte imasu. 彼は太っています。 He is fat. f. Kare wa chichi-oya ni nite imashita. 彼は父親に似ていました。 He looked like his father. g. Tanaka-san o shitte imasu ka. 田中さんを知っていますか。 Do you know Mr. Tanaka? lie, shirimasen. いいえ、知りません。 No, I don’t. h. Kanojo no namae o oboete imasu. 彼女の名前を覚えています。 I remember her name. i. Nihon-go no jisho o motte imasu. 日本語の辞書を持っています。 I have a Japanese dictionary. j. Kissaten de matte imasu. 19 喫茶店で待っています。 I’ll wait for you at the coffee shop. 3. Recording Events The te form is used when recording events according to a time sequence. In some cases, where one action stops and another starts is not always clear. a. Resutoran ni haitte, kōhii o nonda. レストランに入って、コーヒーを飲んだ。 I went into a restaurant and had some coffee. b. Roku-ji ni okite, ie o dete, hachi-ji ni kaisha ni tsuita. ６時に起きて、家を出て、８時に会社に着いた。 I got up at six, left the house, and reached the company at eight. c. Tomodachi ni atte, eiga o mite kara, ie ni kaerimashita. 友達に会って、映画を見てから家に帰りました。 I met a friend, saw a movie, and then went home. d. Kaban o motte kimasu. カバンを持ってきます。 I’ll bring my briefcase. e. Pātii ni tomodachi o tsurete ikimasu. パーティーに友達を連れて行きます。 I’ll take my friend to the party. 4. Something Caused Something The te form is used to indicate that something happened, something that caused something else (often an emotion). a. Tegami o yonde, anshin shimashita. 手紙を読んで、安心しました。 Having read the letter, I was relieved. b. Nyūsu o kiite, bikkuri shimashita. ニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。 I was surprised to hear the news. c. Byōki ga naotte, ureshii desu. 20 病気が治って、うれしいです。 I’m glad you got well. 5. Giving and Receiving The te form is used with verbs such as ageru and morau to indicate giving and receiving. The level of politeness required for a particular situation dictates which verbs follow the te form; for instance, a person of lower status rarely would use ageru to a superior. In the examples below, notice how the verb following the te form changes according to the degree of politeness. (See also pages 24-26 for an explanation of honorific and humble speech.) a. Tomodachi wa shashin o misete kuremashita. 友達は写真を見せてくれました。 My friend showed me some photos. b. Sensei wa shashin o misete kudasaimashita. 先生は写真を見せてくださいました。 My teacher (kindly) showed me some photos. c. Tomodachi ni shashin o misete moraimashita. 友達に写真を見せてもらいました。 I got my friend to show me some photos. d. Sensei ni shashin o misete itadakimashita. 先生に写真を見せていただきました。 I got my teacher to show me some photos. e. Tomodachi ni shashin o misete agemashita. 友達に写真を見せてあげました。 I showed some photos to my friend. f. Sensei ni shashin o misete sashiagemashita. 先生に写真を見せてさしあげました。 I showed some photos to my teacher. g. Tanaka-san wa haha ni shashin o misete kuremashita. 田中さんは母に写真を見せてくれました。 Mr. Tanaka showed my mother some photos. h. Shachō wa chichi ni shashin o misete kudasaimashita. 社長は父に写真を見せてくださいました。 21 The president of the company showed my father some photos. i. Haha wa Tanaka-san ni shashin o misete moraimashita. 母は田中さんに写真を見せてもらいました。 My mother got Mr. Tanaka to show her some photos. j. Chichi wa shachō ni shashin o misete itadakimashita. 父は社長に写真を見せていただきました。 My father got the president of the company to show him some photos. k. Imōto wa tomodachi ni shashin o misete agemashita. 妹は友達に写真を見せてあげました。 My younger sister showed some photos to her friend. l. Imōto wa sensei ni shashin o misete sashiagemashita. 妹は先生に写真を見せてさしあげました。 My younger sister showed some photos to her teacher. 6. With Other Verbs and Adjuncts The te form is also used with other verbs and adjuncts. a. Haitte mo ii desu ka. 入ってもいいですか。 May I come in? b. Sawatte wa ikemasen. 触ってはいけません。 Don’t touch. c. Doa o nokku shite mimashita. ドアをノックしてみました。 I tried knocking on the door. d. Ashita jū-ji ni kite hoshii desu. 明日10時に来てほしいです。 I want you to come at ten o’clock tomorrow. e. Heya o sōji shite okimashita. 部屋を掃除しておきました。 I cleaned the room (to have it ready in advance). f. Gohan o tabete shimaimashita. ご飯を食べてしまいました。 22 I finished the meal. The Conditional Form One way to make the conditional form for all verbs is to drop the final -u and add -eba. Thus furu becomes fureba. The negative conditional form is made by dropping the final -i of the plain negative form and adding -kereba ; therefore, furanai becomes furanakereba. Another way to make the conditional form is to add the adjunct ra to the past plain forms or past masu forms, such as futta ra, fura nakatta ra, furimashita ra, or furimasen deshita ra. In this book, to help students understand how to make this ra conditional form, it is written as two separate words (futta ra). Students should be aware, however, that it conventionally is written as one word (futtara). While there are slight changes in nuance between the forms using ra and the forms using -eba, in many cases, they can be used interchangeably with little difference in meaning. a. Ame ga fureba, ie ni imasu. 雨が降れば、家にいます。 Ame ga futta ra, ie ni imasu. 雨が降ったら、家にいます。 Ame ga furimashita ra, ie ni imasu. (polite) 雨が降りましたら、家にいます。 If it rains, I’ll stay home. b. Jisho o mireba, wakarimasu. 辞書を見れば、わかります。 Jisho o mita ra, wakarimasu. 辞書を見たら、わかります。 If you check the dictionary, you will understand. Generally speaking, when a specific request follows the conditional clause, or if the sentence has the meaning ‘‘when something happens, I will do this,” the form using ra is preferred 23 over the form using -eba. a. Kare ni atta ra, yoroshiku to itte kudasai. (correct) 彼に会ったら、よろしくと言ってください。 If you meet him, please say hello for me. Kare ni aeba, yoroshiku to itte kudasai. (incorrect) b. Nyū Yōku ni tsuita ra, renraku suru tsumori desu. (correct) ニューヨークに着いたら、連絡するつもりです。 When I reach New York, I intend to get in touch with you. Nyū Yōku ni tsukeba, renraku suru tsumori desu. (incorrect) The Volitional Form This form indicating volition is made by adding -ō/-imashō to the stem of Group 1 verbs, and by adding -yō/-mashō to the stem of Group 2 verbs. One should note that for some verbs, the volitional form conventionally is not used; students should avoid using this form if it has been set inside parentheses in the main entries. a. Rainen, Nihon e ikō to omoimasu. 来年、日本へ行こうと思います。 I think I’ll go to Japan next year. b. Saifu o kaeshimashō. 財布を返しましょう。 Let’s return the wallet. c. Nichiyōbi ni eiga o miyō to omou. 日曜日に映画を見ようと思う。 I think I’ll see a movie on Sunday. d. Yamemashō. やめましょう。 Let’s quit. e. Benkyō shimashō. 勉強しましょう。 Let’s study. The Imperative Form 24 The imperative (command) form is said by a superior to an inferior. This form is made by adding -e to the stem of Group 1 verbs, and by adding -ro to the stem of Group 2 verbs. For negative imperatives, add the adjunct na to the plain present form of the verb. Note that with some verbs, the imperative form conventionally is not used; students should avoid using this form if it has been set inside parentheses in the main entries. a. Suware. 座れ。 Sit down. b. Okane o tamero. お金をためろ。 Save your money. c. Shizuka ni shiro. 静かにしろ。 Be quiet. d. Dare ni mo iu na. 誰にも言うな。 Don’t say this to anyone. A less harsh way to make a command is to use nasai. Add -i + nasai to the stem of Group 1 verbs, and -nasai to the stem of Group 2 verbs. Shi-nasai and kinasai are for suru and kuru. a. Suwari-nasai. 座りなさい。 Sit down. b. Kaku no wa yame-nasai. 書くのはやめなさい。 Stop writing. The Potential Form This form, expressing possibility or capability, is made by adding - eru/-emasu to the stem of Group 1 verbs, and by adding -rareru/- raremasu to the stem of Group 2 verbs. The negative form is made 25 by adding -enai/-emasen to the stem of Group 1 verbs, and -rarenai/- raremasen to the stem of Group 2 verbs. For the potential forms of the honorific and humble forms, refer to the entries for naru, nasaru, suru, and itasu. Recently, the potential forms of Group 2 verbs have come to be constructed like Group 1 verbs; since this is considered unacceptable by many, in the main entries, this more colloquial form is listed underneath the standard form. Also note that for some verbs, the potential form rarely is used; students should avoid using this form if it has been set inside parentheses in the main entries. a. Ashita jū-ji goro aemasu ka. 明日10時ごろ会えますか。 Can I meet you about ten o’clock tomorrow? b. Ashita aenakereba, asatte wa dō desu ka. 明日会えなければ、あさっては、どうですか。 If I cannot meet you tomorrow, how about the day after? c. Nan-ji goro deraremasu ka. 何時ごろ出られますか。 About what time can you go out? The Passive Form The passive form conveys the idea that something was done to you and you were adversely affected. It is formed by adding -areru/- aremasu to the stem of Group 1 verbs (-wareru/-waremasu for verbs ending in two vowels such as omou), and -rareru/-raremasu to the stem of Group 2 verbs. The negative form is made by adding - arenai/-aremasen to the stem of Group 1 verbs (-warenai/-waremasen for verbs ending in two vowels), and -rarenai/-raremasen to the stem of Group 2 verbs. Note that the potential and passive forms of Group 2 verbs are identical and that both transitive and some intransitive verbs can be used in a passive sentence. Also note that for some verbs, the passive form is rarely used; students should avoid using this form if it has been set inside parentheses in the main entries. 26 a. Dorobō ni okane o nusumaremashita. 泥棒にお金を盗まれました。 My money was stolen by the thief. b. Ie ni kaeru tochū de, ame ni furaremashita. 家に帰る途中で、雨に降られました。 On my way home, I was caught in the rain. c. Minna ni mitsumerarete, komatta. みんなに見つめられて、困った。 I didn’t know what to do because everyone was staring at me. The Causative Form This form, conveying the idea of making someone do something, is formed by adding -aseru/-asemasu (-asenai/-asemasen for negative forms) to the stem of most Group 1 verbs. For Group 1 verbs that end in two vowels, such as utau, the causative is formed by adding - waseru/-wasemasu (-wasenai/-wasemasen for the negative forms) to the stem. For Group 2 verbs, the causative is formed by adding - saseru/-sasemasu to the stem (-sasenai/-sasemasen for negative forms). Note that with some verbs, the causative form rarely is used; students should avoid using this form if it has been set inside parentheses in the main entries. a. Kare wa musuko o kaimono ni ikaseta. 彼は息子を買い物に行かせた。 He made his son go shopping. b. Kanojo wa kodomo ni piano o narawasemashita. 彼女は子どもにピアノを習わせました。 She made her child learn to play the piano. c. Watashi ni harawasete kudasai. 私に払わせてください。 Please let me pay. d. Sono koto wa mō sukoshi kangaesasete kuremasen ka. そのことはもう少し考えさせてくれませんか。 Could you please let me think it over some more? 27 The Causative Passive Form This form conveys the idea of “I was made to do something and was adversely affected by it.” It is formed by adding -aserareru/- aseraremasu (-aserarenai/-aseraremasen for negative forms) to the stem of most Group 1 verbs, and -saserareru/-saseraremasu (- saserarenai/-saseraremasen for negative forms) to the stem of Group 2 verbs. For Group 1 verbs that end in two vowels, such as utau, the causative passive form is made by adding -waserareru/- waseraremasu (-waserarenai/-waseraremasen for negative forms) to the stem. As with the potential forms, in colloquial speech, causative passive forms of Group 2 may be formed similarly to the Group 1 verbs. In the main entries, this non-standard form is listed below the conventional forms. Also, for some verbs, the causative passive form is rarely used—such cases are marked off by parentheses in the main entries. a. Shigoto de Hon Kon ni ikaseraremashita. 仕事で香港に行かせられました。 I was made to go to Hong Kong on business. b. Watashi-tachi wa uta o utawaseraremashita. 私たちは歌を歌わせられました。 We were made to sing a song. c. Kare wa sensei ni takusan benkyō saserareta. 彼は先生にたくさん勉強させられた。 He was made to study a lot by his teacher. POLITE LANGUAGE: HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE SPEECH The use of polite language, that is, of honorific and humble forms, is an integral part of the Japanese language, and it is recommended that the student be at least familiar with it. In general, honorific speech is used when the subject is, or is related to, someone else, and humble speech is used when the subject concerns yourself or that which is associated with yourself. Basically, there are three 28 situations which require the use of polite language. 1. A speaker uses polite language to an in-group member (such as someone in his school or company) when that person is senior in age or status. Thus, a worker uses both honorific and humble speech (depending on the subject) when speaking to his boss, as does a student to his teacher. Also, a worker would generally use honorific language when speaking to a fellow worker when the subject is their boss. If, however, a worker is talking about either himself or his boss to a person who does not belong to his in-group, humble language is used. Thus, a worker would use humble language to describe his boss’s actions if he were talking to someone in a different company. 2. In general, a speaker uses polite language to a non-in-group person, unless that person is clearly junior in age or status to him. Thus, a worker uses polite language to a president of another company, as well as to a worker at another company when speaking about that worker’s president. If the speaker is of the same social status as the person he is talking to, whether polite language is used or not depends on how well the two people know each other. If they are just casual acquaintances, honorific and humble speeches usually are used. 3. When the speaker is not sure of the social status of the person he is talking to, usually he will opt for polite language. Thus, people meeting for the first time tend to use polite language with each other. How to Make Honorific and Humble Verb Forms Note that many verbs have special honorific and humble verb counterparts. One example is the verb iku (to go), whose humble form is the verb mairu, and whose honorific form is the verb irassharu. These special counterparts are listed in the main entries. For those verbs not having such counterparts, the honorific and humble forms can be made as follows: 29 1. HONORIFIC: o + verb stem + ni naru The most common way to make an honorific form out of a verb is to add o to the verb stem, and then follow it with ni naru. a. Sensei wa hon o o-yomi ni narimasu. 先生は本をお読みになります。 The teacher reads the book. b. Tegami o o-kaki ni narimashita ka. 手紙をお書きになりましたか。 Have you written the letter? Though used with less frequency, a politer honorific form can be made by replacing ni naru with nasaru : o + verb stem + nasaru. a. Ano e o o-kai nasaimashita ka. あの絵をお買いなさいましたか。 Did you buy that painting? b. Futari no kekkon no koto o o-kiki nasaimashita ka. 二人の結婚のことをお聞きなさいましたか。 Did you hear about their marriage? 2. HONORIFIC: passive form The passive form of verbs also is used to express politeness. a. Tanaka-san, kinō hon’ ya ni ikaremashita ka. 田中さん、昨日、本屋に行かれましたか。 Mr. Tanaka, did you go to the bookstore yesterday? b. Sensei wa denwa de sugu kotaeraremashita. 先生は電話ですぐ答えられました。 The teacher answered immediately by telephone. 3. HONORIFIC: dōzo + o + verb stem + kudasai A polite way of making a request is to add dōzo and kudasai around the o + verb stem. a. Dōzo o-kake kudasai. どうぞ、おかけください。 Please have a seat. 30 b. Dōzo o-meshiagari kudasai. どうぞ、お召し上がりください。 Please start eating. 4. HUMBLE: o + verb stem + suru With most verbs, the humble form can be made by adding o to the verb stem, and then following it with suru. a. Ashita, shachō-shitsu ni o-kaeshi shimasu. 明日、社長室にお返しします。 I will return it to the president’s office tomorrow. b. Mina-sama ni kyūryō ni tsuite o-hanashi shitai to omoimasu. 皆様に給料についてお話したいと思います。 I would like to talk with everyone about salaries. Suru generally can be replaced with itasu : o + verb stem + itasu. a. Sūtsu-kēsu o o-mochi itashimasu. スーツケースをお持ちいたします。 Let me carry your suitcase. b. Sū-fun-kan no uchi ni o-yobi itashimasu. 数分間の内に、お呼びいたします。 I will call for you in a few minutes. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE In Japanese, verbs classified as transitive take a direct object, and thus use the particle o. a. Watashi wa tegami o kakimashita. 私は手紙を書きました。 I wrote a letter. b. Mado o shimete kudasai. 窓を閉めてください。 Please close the windows. A verb classified as intransitive does not take a direct object, and usually does not use an o as a particle. 31 a. Kyūryō ga agarimashita. 給料が上がりました。 Our salaries went up. b. Kabe ni e ga kakatte iru. 壁に絵がかかっている。 There is a picture hanging on the wall. In Japanese, some intransitive verbs use the particle o, as shown below. These intransitive verbs tend to have meanings referring to motion, and used with o, give the idea of “going through a defined area.” a. Watashi wa kōen o hashirimashita. 私は公園を走りました。 I ran at the park. b. Watashi wa go-fun de kōsu o hashirimashita. 私は五分でコースを走りました。 I ran the course in five minutes. In cases where a verb has both a transitive form and an intransitive form, the form more commonly used is listed first; for instance, (intrans. and trans.). Note the change in meanings of such verbs, as shown below a. Shigoto ni isogu. 仕事に急ぐ。 To hurry to work. b. Shigoto o isogu. 仕事を急ぐ。 To work faster. c. Mise ga hiraku. 店が開く。 The shop opens. d. Mise o hiraku. 店を開く。 We open a shop. 32 Note: The Romanization system used in this book is a modification of the Hepburn system. Macrons are used for double vowels (ā, ō, ū), and n (rather than m) is used before b, m, or p. Also, all characters used here are part of the list of 2,136 characters prescribed for everyday use by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan. Those verbs with characters not in that list are written in hiragana. KEY TO SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS The verb forms enclosed in parentheses are rarely used in () modern Japanese, and thus it is advisable that the reader avoid using them. PLAIN FORM aru IMPERATIVE (are) TE FORM atte The comma is used in the example sentences to help the student understand the meaning of the sentence. Its usage in , some sentences may differ from conventional grammatical usage. In the verb definitions, a semi-colon differentiates a) more ; than two different verbs pronounced similarly, or b) the transitive and intransitive cases of a verb. a) 話す to speak; 離す to keep away; 放す to set free, let go: (all trans.) b) 出す to put out, send, pay, submit: (trans.); begin doing: (intrans.) :The colon is used to indicate that all preceding verbs are either transitive or intransitive. 開ける to open; 空ける to empty, keep the day open: (both trans.); 開ける the day breaks: (intrans.) 33 *The asterisk is used in the verb definitions to indicate that the student should refer to the note at the bottom of the page. trans. transitive intrans. intransitive lit., literally caus. causative Footnote * One exception is iku (to go); the te form is not iite, but itte . 34 A GUIDE TO JAPANESE VERBS 35 agaru あがる 上がる to go up, rise, get nervous, to finish, enter: (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST agaru agaranai agatta agaranakatta PRESENT PAST agarimasu agarimasen agarimashita agarimasen deshita agatte agaranakute PLAIN FORMAL agareba/agatta ra agaranakereba agaranakatta ra agarimashita ra agarimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL agarō - agarimashō - agare agaru na Affirmative Affirmative agareru CAUS. PASSIVE agaraserareru/ agarasareru agarareru HONORIFIC oagari ni naru/ agarareru agaraseru HUMBLE (oagari suru) 1. Kyūryō ga agarimashita. 給料が上がりました。 My salary went up. 2. Kaze de netsu ga 39do made agatta. 風邪で熱が39度まで上がった。 My temperature went up to 39° because of cold. 3. Supiichi o suru toki, itsumo agarimasu. スピーチをするとき、いつも上がります。 When I make a speech, I always get nervous. 4. Ame ga agatta ra, dekakemashō ka. 雨が上がったら、出かけましょうか。 When it stops raining, let’s go out. 36 5. Enryo shinaide, dōzo oagari kudasai. 遠慮しないで、どうぞお上がりください。 Don’t hesitate. Come in please. 37 ageru あげる 上げる to raise, lift, give, (attached to a verb) finish; 挙げる to raise; 揚げる to fly: (all trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST ageru agenai ageta agenakatta PRESENT PAST agemasu agemasen agemashita agemasen deshita agete agenakute PLAIN FORMAL agereba ageta ra agenakereba agenakatta ra agemashita ra agemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL ageyō - agemashō - agero ageru na Affirmative Affirmative agerareru/agereru CAUS. PASSIVE agesaserareru agerareru HONORIFIC oage ni naru/ agerareru agesaseru HUMBLE oage suru 1. Kaban o tana ni agemasu. かばんを棚に上げます。 I’ll put my bag on the shelf. 2. Tomodachi no tanjōbi ni purezento o agemashita. 友達の誕生日にプレゼントをあげました。 I gave a present to my friend on his birthday. 3. Shitsumon ga atta ra, te o agete kudasai. 質問があったら、手を挙げてください。 Please raise your hand if you have a question. 4. Nihon-go o oshiete agemashō ka. 日本語を教えてあげましょうか。 Shall I teach you Japanese? 38 5. Ronbun o kaki-ageta ra renraku shimasu. 論文を書き上げたら、連絡します。 When I finish writing my thesis, I’ll contact you. 39 akeru あける 開ける to open; 空ける to empty, keep the day open: (both trans.); 明 ける the day breaks: (intrans.)* GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM PRESENT PAST akeru akenai aketa akenakatta PRESENT PAST akemasu akemasen akemashita akemasen deshita akete akenakute PLAIN FORMAL akereba/ aketa ra akenakereba/ akenakatta ra akemashita ra akemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL akeyō - akemashō - akero akeru na CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE Affirmative Affirmative POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: akerareru/akereru CAUS. PASSIVE akesaserareru akerareru HONORIFIC oake ni naru/ akerareru akesaseru HUMBLE oake suru 1. Mado o akete mo ii desu ka. 窓を開けてもいいですか。 May I open the window? 2. Doa ni kagi ga kakatteite, akeraremasen. ドアに鍵がかかっていて、開けられません。 I can’t open the door because it is locked. 3. Ryokō ni iku node, shibaraku ie o akemasu. 旅行に行くので、しばらく家を空けます。 Since we are going on a trip, we’ll be away from home for a while. 4. Kondo no Nichiyōbi o akete oite kudasai. 今度の日曜日を空けておいてください。 40 Please keep this Sunday open. 5. Akemashite omedetō gozaimasu. 明けましておめでとうございます。 A Happy New Year. * The intransitive akeru 明ける, meaning “the day breaks,” generally has no imperative, 41 akirameru あきらめる あきらめる to give up: (trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST akirameru akiramenai akirameta akiramenakatta PRESENT PAST akiramemasu akiramemasen akiramemashita akiramemasen deshita akiramete akiramenakute PLAIN FORMAL akiramereba/ akirameta ra akiramenakereba/ akiramenakatta ra akiramemashita ra akiramemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL akirameyō - akiramemashō - akiramero akirameru na Affirmative Affirmative akiramerareru/ akiramereru CAUS. PASSIVE akiramesaserareru akiramerareru HONORIFIC oakirame ni naru/ akiramerareru akiramesaseru HUMBLE (oakirame suru) 1. Nebō shita node, asagohan o taberu no o akiramemashita. 寝坊したので、朝御飯を食べるのをあきらめました。 I gave up eating breakfast because I overslept. 2. Kono kikaku wa mikomi ga nai. Akirameyō. この企画は見込みがない。あきらめよう。 This plan has no chance of success. Let’s give it up. 3. Akiramete wa ikemasen. あきらめてはいけません。 You must not give it up. 4. Gōru wa mō sukoshi da. Akirameru na. ゴールはもう少しだ。あきらめるな。 The goal is just an inch. Do not give it up. 42 5. Nani o iwarete mo, watashi wa akiramenakatta. 何を言われても、私はあきらめなかった。 Even though I was told something, I did not give it up. 43 akiru あきる 飽きる to be tired of, fed up with: (intrans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE PRESENT PAST akiru akinai akita akinakatta PRESENT PAST akimasu akimasen akimashita akimasen deshita akite akinakute PLAIN FORMAL akireba/akita ra akinakereba/ akinakatta ra akimashita ra akimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL akiyō - akimashō - akiro akiru na Affirmative Affirmative akirareru/akireru CAUS. PASSIVE akisaserareru akirareru HONORIFIC oaki ni naru/ akirareru akisaseru HUMBLE (oaki suru) Examples: 1. Mainichi onaji shigoto o suru no ni akimashita. 毎日同じ仕事をするのに飽きました。 I’m tired of doing the same work everyday. 2. Musuko wa sono omocha ni mō akita yō da. 息子はそのおもちゃにもう飽きたようだ。 Already my son seems to be fed up with the toy. 3. Benkyō ni akita ra, sanpo shimasu. 勉強に飽きたら、散歩します。 When I’m tired of studying, I take a walk. 4. Sugu ni akiru no wa anata no warui kuse da. すぐに飽きるのはあなたの悪い癖だ。 It is your bad habit to get tired immediately. 5. Sonna sekkyō wa kiki-akita. 44 そんな説教は聞き飽きた。 I’m fed up with listening to that lecture. 45 aku あく 開く to open, begin; 空く to become vacant, be free: (both intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM PRESENT PAST aku akanai aita akanakatta PRESENT PAST akimasu akimasen akimashita akimasen deshita aite akanakute PLAIN FORMAL akeba/aita ra akanakereba/ akanakatta ra akimashita ra akimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL akō - akimashō - ake aku na CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE Affirmative Affirmative POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE akeru CAUS. PASSIVE akaserareru akareru HONORIFIC oaki ni naru/akareru akaseru HUMBLE (oaki suru) Examples: 1. Kono botan o osu to, doa ga akimasu. このボタンを押すと、ドアが開きます。 The door will open when you press this button. 2. Kagi ga kowarete ite, mado ga akanai. 鍵が壊れていて、窓が開かない。 Since the key is broken, the window won’t open. 3. Ginkō wa ku-ji ni aku sō desu. 銀行は9時に開くそうです。 I heard the bank opens at nine o’clock. 4. Sono seki wa aite imasu ka. その席は空いていますか。 Is that seat vacant? 5. Doyōbi wa isogashii kedo, Nichiyōbi nara aite imasu. 46 土曜日は忙しいけど、日曜日なら空いています。 I’ll be busy on Saturday, but I’'ll be free on Sunday. 47 arasou あらそう 争う to fight, compete, dispute, contend: (trans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST arasou arasowanai arasotta arasowanakatta PRESENT PAST arasoimasu arasoimasen arasoimashita arasoimasen deshita arasotte arasowanakute PLAIN FORMAL arasoeba/arasotta ra arasowanakereba/ arasowanakatta ra arasoimashita ra arasoimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL arasoō - arasoimashō - arasoe arasou na Affirmative Affirmative arasoeru CAUS. PASSIVE arasowaserareru/ arasowasareru arasowareru HONORIFIC oarasoi ni naru/ arasowareru arasowaseru HUMBLE (oarasoi suru) 1. Kyonen, sono futatsu no chiimu wa yūshō o arasotta. 去年、その二つのチームは優勝を争った。 Those two teams fought for victory last year. 2. Suzuki-san wa Satō-san to shōshin o arasotte iru. 鈴木さんは佐藤さんと昇進を争っている。 Mr. Suzuki is competing with Mr. Sato for the promotion. 3. Sono tochi ga dare no mono ka, hōtei de arasowareta. その土地が誰の物か、法廷で争われた。 We fought in court over whose land it was. 4. Arasou no wa suki ja nai. 争うのは好きじゃない。 I do not like fighting. 48 5. Ima wa ikkoku o arasou toki desu. 今は一刻を争う時です。 There’s no time to lose now. 49 arau あらう 洗う to wash, inquire into, wash one’s hands of an affair: (trans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE PRESENT PAST arau arawanai aratta arawanakatta PRESENT PAST araimasu araimasen araimashita araimasen deshita aratte arawanakute PLAIN FORMAL araeba/aratta ra arawanakereba/ arawanakatta ra araimashita ra araimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL araō - araimashō - arae arau na Affirmative Affirmative araeru CAUS. PASSIVE arawaserareru/ arawasareru arawareru HONORIFIC oarai ni naru/ arawareru arawaseru HUMBLE oarai suru POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: 1. Shokuji no mae ni, te o araimashita. 食事の前に、手を洗いました。 I washed my hands before a meal. 2. Kono sētā wa mizu demo araemasu. このセーターは水でも洗えます。 You can wash this sweater even with water. 3. Kanojo wa kodomotachi ni osara o arawasemasu. 彼女は子供たちにお皿を洗わせます。 She makes her children wash up dishes. 4. Nando arattemo, kono shimi wa ochinai. 何度洗っても、このしみは落ちない。 This stain does not go off even if I wash it many times. 50 5. Shizen no naka ni iru to, kokoro ga arawareru yō da. 自然の中にいると、心が洗われるようだ。 It is refreshing when I spend time outdoors. 51 arawareru あらわれる 現れる to appear; 表れる to become visible, show: (both intrans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST arawareru arawarenai arawareta arawarenakatta PRESENT PAST arawaremasu arawaremasen arawaremashita arawaremasen deshita arawarete arawarenakute PLAIN FORMAL arawarereba/ arawareta ra arawarenakereba/ arawarenakatta ra arawaremasnita ra arawaremasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL arawareyō - arawaremashō - araware ro arawareru na Affirmative Affirmative arawarerareru CAUS. PASSIVE arawaresaserareru arawarerareru HONORIFIC oaraware ni naru/ arawarerareru arawaresaseru HUMBLE (oaraware suru) 1. Mori kara kuma ga arawareta. 森から熊が現れた。 A bear came out of the woods. 2. Ichi-jikan matte mo, kare wa arawarenakatta. 一時間待っても、彼は現れなかった。 I waited for an hour, but he didn’t appear. 3. Kare wa iradachi ga koe ni arawareteita. 彼は、いら立ちが声に表れていた。 He had an edge to his voice. 4. Kanojo wa kimochi ga sugu kao ni arawareru. 彼女は気持ちがすぐ顔に表れる。 She soon shows her feelings through her face. 52 5. Yuki ga tokete, jimen ga araware-dashimashita. 雪がとけて、地面が現れ出しました。 Since the snow was melting, the ground began to be exposed. 53 arawasu あらわす 現す to appear; 表す to show, express; 著す to write: (all trans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST arawasu arawasanai arawashita arawasanakatta PRESENT PAST arawashimasu arawashimasen arawashimashita arawashimasen deshita arawashite arawasanakute PLAIN FORMAL arawaseba/ arawashita ra arawasanakereba/ arawasanakatta ra arawashimashita ra arawashimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL arawasō - arawashimashō - arawase arawasu na Affirmative Affirmative arawaseru CAUS. PASSIVE arawasaserareru arawasareru HONORIFIC oarawashi ni naru/ arawasareru arawasaseru HUMBLE oarawashi suru 1. Totsuzen monokage kara otoko ga sugata o arawashita. 突然物陰から男が姿を現した。 Suddenly, a man appeared from hiding. 2. Kanojo wa kanjō o taido ni arawashimasen. 彼女は感情を態度に表しません。 She shows no feelings in her behavior. 3. Ano kanban wa nani o arawashite iru no deshō ka. あの看板は何を表しているのでしょうか。 I wonder what that sign means. 4. Sono keshiki no utsukushisa wa kotoba de wa arawasenai. その景色の美しさは言葉では表せない。 I can’t express how beautiful the scenery is 54 5. Kare wa nakunaru ichi-nen mae ni jiden o arawashimashita. 彼は亡くなる一年前に自伝を著しました。 He wrote his autobiography one year before he died. 55 aru ある 有る or 在る to be, have: (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST aru nai atta nakatta PRESENT PAST arimasu arimasen arimashita arimasen deshita atte nakute PLAIN FORMAL areba/atta ra nakereba/nakatta ra arimashita ra arimasen desnita ra PLAIN FORMAL (arō) - (arimashō) - (are) (aru na) Affirmative Affirmative (areru) CAUS. PASSIVE (araserareru) (arareru) HONORIFIC gozaru* (araseru) HUMBLE (oari suru) 1. Yūbin-kyoku wa eki no soba ni arimasu. 郵便局は駅のそばにあります。 The post office is near the station. 2. Jikan to okane ga areba, Kyōto e ikitai desu. 時間とお金があれば、京都へ行きたいです。 If I have time and money, I’d like to go to Kyoto. 3. Tanaka-san kara denwa ga arimashita. 田中さんから電話がありました。 There was a phone call from Mr. Tanaka. 4. San-ji kara kaigi ga aru node, shitsurei shimasu. 3時から会議があるので、失礼します。 Please excuse me. I must go since I have a meeting at three o’clock. 56 5. Yūbe osoku ni jishin ga arimashita. ゆうべ遅くに地震がありました。 We had an earthquake late last night. * See gozaru. 57 aruku あるく 歩く to walk: (intrans.)* GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE PRESENT PAST aruku arukanai aruita arukanakatta PRESENT PAST arukimasu arukimasen arukimashita arukimasen deshita aruite arukanakute PLAIN FORMAL arukeba/aruita ra arukanakereba/ arukanakatta ra arukimashita ra arukimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL arukō - arukimashō - aruke aruku na Affirmative Affirmative arukeru CAUS. PASSIVE arukaserareru/ arukasareru arukareru HONORIFIC oaruki ni naru/ arukareru arukaseru HUMBLE oaruki suru POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: 1. Ginza no machi o arukimashita. 銀座の街を歩きました。 I walked in the city of Ginza. 2. San-jup-pun aruite, yatto eki ni tsuita. 三十分歩いて、やっと駅に着いた。 After walking for thirty minutes, we finally arrived at the station. 3. Chotto arukō ka. ちょっと歩こうか。 Shall we walk for a while? 4. Eki kara ie made aruite go-fun gurai desu. 駅から家まで歩いて五分ぐらいです。 It’s about a five-minute walk from the station to my house. 58 5. Ashi ga itakute, arukemasen. 足が痛くて、歩けません。 Since my leg hurts, I cannot walk. * As with other verbs indicating movement, aruku 歩く may take a direct object, thus giving an idea of ‘‘going through a defined area.” (See example 1.) 59 asobu あそぶ 遊ぶ to play, enjoy oneself: (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE PRESENT PAST asobu asobanai asonda asobanakatta PRESENT PAST asobimasu asobimasen asobimashita asobimasen deshita asonde asobanakute PLAIN FORMAL asobeba/asonda ra asobanakereba/ asobanakatta ra asobimashita ra asobimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL asobō - asobimashō - asobe asobu na Affirmative Affirmative asoberu CAUS. PASSIVE asobaserareru/ asobasareru asobareru HONORIFIC oasobi ni naru/ asobareru asobaseru HUMBLE oasobi suru POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: 1. Shūmatsu, tomodachi to Roppongi de asonda. 週末、友達と六本木で遊んだ。 We enjoyed ourselves at Roppongi last weekend. 2. Otōto to gēmu o shite asobu tsumori desu. 弟とゲームをして遊ぶつもりです。 I intend to play some games with my younger brother. 3. Asonde bakari inai de, benkyō shinasai. 遊んでばかりいないで、勉強しなさい。 Stop playing around and start studying! 4. Kiken. Kono kawa de asobu na. 危険。この川で遊ぶな。 It’s dangerous. Do not play in this river. 5. Dōzo chikai uchi ni asobi ni kite kudasai. 60 どうぞ近いうちに遊びに来てください。 Please come visit us soon. 61 ataru あたる 当たる to hit, shine upon: (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST ataru ataranai atatta ataranakatta PRESENT PAST atarimasu atarimasen atarimashita atarimasen deshita atatte ataranakute PLAIN FORMAL atareba/atatta ra ataranakereba/ ataranakattara atarimashita ra atarimasen desnita ra PLAIN FORMAL atarō - atarimashō - atare nataru na Affirmative Affirmative atareru CAUS. PASSIVE ataraserareru/ atarasareru atarareru HONORIFIC oatari ni naru/ atarareru ataraseru HUMBLE oatari suru 1. Bōru ga mado ni atatte, garasu ga wareta. ボールが窓に当たって、ガラスが割れた。 The ball hit the window and smashed the glass. 2. Tenki-yohō ga atatte, gogo kara yuki ga futta. 天気予報が当たって、午後から雪が降った。 It snowed in the afternoon just as the weather forecasted. 3. Takarakuji de hyaku-man en ga atatta. 宝くじで百万円が当たった。 I won one million yen in the lottery. 4. Sono eiga wa totemo atatta. その映画はとても当たった。 The movie was a great hit. 62 5. Watashi no heya wa hi ga ataranai. 私の部屋は日が当たらない。 My room gets no sunshine. 63 ateru あてる 当てる to hit, guess, put; あてる to address to: (both trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE PRESENT PAST agaru atenai ateta atenakatta PRESENT PAST atemasu atemasen atemashita atemasen deshita atete atenakute PLAIN FORMAL atereba/ateta ra atenakereba/atenakatta ra atemashita ra atemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL ateyō - atemashō - atero ateru na Affirmative Affirmative aterareru/atereru CAUS. PASSIVE atesaserareru aterareru HONORIFIC oate ni naru/ aterareru atesaseru HUMBLE oate suru Examples: 1. Dātsu o mato no chūshin ni ateru no wa muzukashii. ダーツを的の中心に当てるのは難しい。 It is difficult to hit the center of the target when I play darts. 2. Kuizu no kotae o atemashita. クイズの答えを当てました。 In the quiz, I guessed the right answer. 3. Kono hako no naka wa nani ka atete mite kudasai. この箱の中身は何か当ててみてください。 Please guess what’s in this box. 4. Hitai ni te o atete mitara, atsukatta. 額に手を当ててみたら、熱かった。 When I put my hand on my forehead, it felt hot. 5. Kore wa anata ni ateta tegami desu. 64 これはあなたにあてた手紙です。 This is a letter addressed to you. 65 atsumaru あつまる 集まる to get together, assemble: (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST atsumaru atsumaranai atsumatta atsumaranakatta PRESENT PAST atsumarimasu atsumarimasen atsumarimashita atsumarimasen deshita atsumatte atsumaranakute PLAIN FORMAL atsumareba/ atsumatta ra atsumaranakereba/ atsumaranakatta ra atsumarimashita ra atsumarimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL atsumarō - atsumarimashō - atsumare atsumaru na Affirmative Affirmative atsumareru CAUS. PASSIVE atsumaraserareru/ atsumarasareru atsumarareru HONORIFIC oatsumari ni naru/ atsumarareru atsumaraseru HUMBLE (oatsumari suru) 1. Kitte ga takusan atsumatta. 切手がたくさん集まった。 A lot of stamps were gathered. 2. Ashita wa nan-ji ni atsumareba ii desu ka. 明日は何時に集まればいいですか。 What time should we meet tomorrow? 3. Jū-ji ni atsumatte kudasai. 十時に集まってください。 Assemble at ten o'clock, please. 4. Mata itsuka atsumarimashō. またいつか集まりましょう。 Let’s get together again sometime. 66 5. Konsāto ni san-zen-nin gurai no hito ga atsumarimashita. コンサートに三千人ぐらいの人が集まりました。 About three thousand people gathered for the concert. 67 atsumeru あつめる 集める to collect, gather: (trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST atsumeru atsumenai atsumeta atsumenakatta PRESENT PAST atsumemasu atsumemasen atsumemashita atsumemasen deshita atsumete atsumenakute PLAIN FORMAL atsumereba/ atsumeta ra atsumenakereba/ atsumenakatta ra atsumemashita ra atsumemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL atsumeyō - atsumemashō - atsumero atsumeru na Affirmative Affirmative atsumerareru/ atsumereru CAUS. PASSIVE atsumesaserareru atsumerareru HONORIFIC oatsume ni naru/ atsumerareru atsumesaseru HUMBLE oatsume suru 1. Watashi wa kitte o atsumete imasu. 私は切手を集めています。 I collect stamps. 2. Seito-tachi wa zen-in kōtei ni atsumerareta. 生徒たちは全員校庭に集められた。 All the students were assembled in the school ground. 3. Ronbun o kaku tame ni, shiryō o atsumete okimasu. 論文を書くために、資料を集めておきます。 I will gather material in order to write a thesis. 4. Atsumeta gomi o moyashimashō. 集めたごみを燃やしましょう。 Let’s burn the trash we collected. 68 5. Kanojo no fuku wa mawari no hito no chūmoku o atsumeta. 彼女の服は、周りの人の注目を集めた。 Her clothes attracted the attention of passers-by. 69 au あう 会う to meet; 合う to match, fit: (both intrans.)* GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST au awanai atta awanakatta PRESENT PAST aimasu aimasen aimashita aimasen deshita atte awanakute PLAIN FORMAL aeba/atta ra awanakereba/ awanakatta ra aimashita ra aimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL aō - aimashō - ae au na Affirmative Affirmative aeru CAUS. PASSIVE awaserareru/awasareru awareru HONORIFIC oai ni naru/awareru awaseru HUMBLE oai suru/ome ni kakaru 1. Shigoto no ato de tomodachi to atte, shokuji ni ikimasu. 仕事の後で友達と会って、食事に行きます。 When I finish work, I will meet a friend for dinner. 2. Ashita san-ji ni eki de aimashō. 明日三時に駅で会いましょう。 Let’s meet at the station at three o’clock tomorrow. 3. Dokoka de oai shimasendeshita ka. どこかでお会いしませんでしたか。 Haven’t we met somewhere before? 4. Kono kutsu wa saizu ga aimasen. Mō sukoshi chiisai no o kudasai. この靴はサイズが合いません。もう少し小さいのをください。 This pair of shoes doesn’t fit me. Please show me a smaller 70 size. 5. Kotae ga atte iru ka dō ka, tashikamete kudasai. 答えが合っているかどうか、確かめてください。 Please check if my answer is correct. * The au 合う meaning ‘‘to match, fit” generally has no imperative, volitional, potential, or passive forms. 71 ayamaru あやまる 謝る to apologize; 誤る to make a mistake: (both trans.)* GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST ayamaru ayamaranai ayamatta ayamaranakatta PRESENT PAST ayamarimasu ayamarimasen ayamarimashita ayamarimasen deshita ayamatte ayamaranakute PLAIN FORMAL ayamareba/ayamatta ra ayamaranakereba/ ayamaranakatta ra ayamarimashita ra ayamarimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL ayamarō - ayamarimashō - ayamare ayamaru na Affirmative Affirmative ayamareru CAUS. PASSIVE ayamaraserareru/ ayamarasareru ayamarareru HONORIFIC oayamari ni naru/ ayamarareru ayamaraseru HUMBLE oayamari suru 1. Okureta koto o kare ni ayamatta hō ga ii. 遅れたことを彼に謝ったほうがいい。 You should apologize to him for being late. 2. Shōjiki ni ayamattara, kanojo wa yurushite kureta. 正直に謝ったら、彼女は許してくれた。 When I apologized to her truthfully, she forgave me. 3. Kanojo wa totemo okotte, kare ni ayamaraseta. 彼女はとても怒って、彼に謝らせた。 She was very angry with him and she made him apologize to her. 4. Handan o ayamatta kamo-shirenai. 判断を誤ったかもしれない。 I might have made a wrong judgment. 72 5. Ayamatte, taisetsu na shorui o sutete shimatta. 誤って、大切な書類を捨ててしまった。 I accidentally threw away the important documents. * The verb 誤る ayamaru meaning ‘‘to make a mistake” generally has no volitional, potential, passive, humble, causative, or causative passive forms. 73 azukaru あずかる 預かる to keep, take charge of: (trans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST azukaru azukaranai azukatta azukaranakatta PRESENT PAST azukarimasu azukarimasen azukarimashita azukarimasen deshita azukatte azukaranakute PLAIN FORMAL azukareba/azukatta ra azukaranakereba/ azukaranakatta ra azukarimashita ra azukarimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL azukarō - azukarimashō - azukare azukaru na Affirmative Affirmative azukareru CAUS. PASSIVE azukaraserareru/ azukarasareru azukarareru HONORIFIC oazukari ni naru/ azukarareru azukaraseru HUMBLE oazukari suru 1. Anata no nimotsu o azukatte imasu. あなたの荷物を預かっています。 I am keeping the luggage for you. 2. Kono kaban o azukatte moraemasu ka. このかばんを預かってもらえますか。 Can you keep this bag for me? 3. Kōto wa doko de azukatte kuremasu ka. コートはどこで預かってくれますか。 Where can I leave my coat? 4. Kochira de oazukari itashimasu. こちらでお預かりいたします。 We’ll keep your coat here. 74 5. Tomodachi ga kodomo o azukatte kureta. 友達が子供を預かってくれた。 My friend took care of my child for me. 75 azukeru あずける 預ける to leave a person or thing under someone’s care, deposit: (trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PRESENT PAST azukeru azukenai azuketa azukenakatta PRESENT PAST azukemasu azukemasen azukemashita azukemasen deshita azukete azukenakute PLAIN FORMAL azukereba/azuketa ra azukenakereba/ azukenakatta ra azukemashita ra azukemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL azukeyō - azukemashō - azukero azukeru na Affirmative Affirmative azukerareru/ azukereru CAUS. PASSIVE azukesaserareru azukerareru HONORIFIC oazuke ni naru/ azukerareru azukesaseru HUMBLE oazuke suru PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: 1. Nimotsu o uketsuke ni azukemashita. 荷物を受付に預けました。 I left my luggage at the reception desk. 2. Nimotsu o azukeru tokoro wa doko desu ka. 荷物を預ける所は、どこですか。 Where can I leave my luggage? 3. Asoko ni azukeraremasu yo. あそこに預けられますよ。 You can leave it over there. 4. Karera wa kodomo o hoikuen ni azukete hataraite iru. 彼らは子供を保育園に預けて働いている。 They work, leaving their child in the care of a nursery school. 76 5. Suzuki-san wa ginkō ni hyaku-man en o azukete iru. 鈴木さんは銀行に百万円を預けている。 Mr. Suzuki has one million yen deposited in the bank. 77 butsukaru ぶつかる ぶつかる to hit, face (difficulties), fall on (dates): (intrans.) GROUP 1 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST butsukaru butsukaranai butsukatta butsukaranakatta PRESENT PAST butsukarimasu butsukarimasen butsukarimashita butsukarimasen desnita butsukatte butsukaranakute PLAIN FORMAL butsukareba/ butsukatta ra butsukaranakereba/ butsukaranakatta ra butsukarimashita ra butsukarimasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL butsukarō - butsukarimashō - butsukare butsukaru na Affirmative Affirmative butsukareru CAUS. PASSIVE butsukaraserareru/ butsukarasareru butsukarareru HONORIFIC obutsukari ni naru/ butsukarareru butsukaraseru HUMBLE (obutsukari suru) 1. Kata ga doa ni butsukarimashita. 肩がドアにぶつかりました。 My shoulder struck the door. 2. Kōsaten de kuruma to baiku ga butsukatta. 交差点で車とバイクがぶつかった。 A car and a motorcycle ran into each other at the crossing. 3. Kono michi wa sukoshi saki de kawa to butsukarimasu. この道は少し先で川とぶつかります。 This road meets a river a little ahead. 4. Yamada-san wa yoku jōshi to butsukatte iru. 山田さんはよく上司とぶつかっている。 Mr. Yamada often quarrels with his boss. 78 5. Kyonen wa Kurisumasu to Nichiyōbi ga butsukatta. 去年はクリスマスと日曜日がぶつかった。 Christmas fell on a Sunday last year. 79 butsukeru ぶつける ぶつける to hit against, strike, throw: (trans.) GROUP 2 Affirmative Negative PLAIN FORM MASU FORM TE FORM CONDITIONAL VOLITIONAL IMPERATIVE POTENTIAL PASSIVE CAUSATIVE Examples: PRESENT PAST butsukeru butsukenai butsuketa butsukenakatta PRESENT PAST butsukemasu butsukemasen butsukemashita butsukemasen deshita butsukete butsukenakute PLAIN FORMAL butsukereba/butsuketa ra butsukenakereba/ butsukenakatta ra butsukemashita ra butsukemasen deshita ra PLAIN FORMAL butsukeyō - butsukemashō - butsukero butsukeru na Affirmative Affirmative butsukerareru/ butsukereru CAUS. PASSIVE butsukesaserareru butsukerareru HONORIFIC obutsuke ni naru/ butsukerareru butsukesaseru HUMBLE (obutsuke suru) 1. Ashi o tsukue no kado ni butsukete shimatta. 足を机の角にぶつけてしまった。 I hit my leg against the corner of the desk. 2. Kanojo wa kuruma o gādorēru ni butsukemashita. 彼女は車をガードレールにぶつけました。 She hit her car against the guardrail. 3. Koronde, atama o yuka ni butsuke sō ni natta. 転んで、頭を床にぶつけそうになった。 I fell down and almost hit my head on the floor. 4. Kuruma o chūshajō ni tomete oita ra, dareka ni butsukerareta. 車を駐車場に止めておいたら、誰かにぶつけられた。 When I left my car in the parking lot, it was hit by somebody. 80